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href="#Emperor_(218–222)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Emperor (218–222) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Emperor_(218–222)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Emperor (218–222) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Emperor_(218–222)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Journey_to_Rome_and_political_appointments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Journey_to_Rome_and_political_appointments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Journey to Rome and political appointments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Journey_to_Rome_and_political_appointments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_controversy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Religious controversy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_controversy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriages,_sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriages,_sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Marriages, sexual orientation and gender identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriages,_sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fall_from_power" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fall_from_power"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Fall from power </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fall_from_power-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Sources </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sources-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sources subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cassius_Dio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cassius_Dio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Cassius Dio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cassius_Dio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Herodian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Herodian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Herodian </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Herodian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Augustan_History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Augustan_History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Augustan History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Augustan_History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_historians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_historians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Modern historians </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_historians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_references" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_references"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cultural references </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural references subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_references-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Plays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paintings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paintings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Paintings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paintings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poetry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Poetry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Severan_dynasty_family_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Severan_dynasty_family_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Severan dynasty family tree </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Severan_dynasty_family_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Bibliography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Bibliography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_material" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_material"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Secondary material </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_material-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Images" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Images"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2.1 Images </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Images-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Elagabalus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 78 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-78" aria-hidden="true" > 78 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A4%E1%88%8B%E1%8C%8B%E1%89%A3%E1%88%89%E1%88%B5" title="ኤላጋባሉስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኤላጋባሉስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A8%D9%84" title="إيل جبل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيل جبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliogabalo" title="Heliogabalo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Heliogabalo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliog%C3%A1balu" title="Heliogábalu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Heliogábalu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helioqabal" title="Helioqabal – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Helioqabal" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="هلیوقابال – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="هلیوقابال" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Геліягабал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Геліягабал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Елагабал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Елагабал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliogabal" title="Heliogabal – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Heliogabal" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elag%C3%A0bal" title="Elagàbal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Elagàbal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Гелиогабал – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Гелиогабал" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliogabalus" title="Heliogabalus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Heliogabalus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliogabalus" title="Heliogabalus – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Heliogabalus" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliogabalus" title="Heliogabalus – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Heliogabalus" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabal" title="Elagabal – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Elagabal" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Ηλιογάβαλος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηλιογάβαλος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliog%C3%A1balo" title="Heliogábalo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Heliogábalo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliogabalo" title="Heliogabalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Heliogabalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliogabalo" title="Heliogabalo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Heliogabalo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%88%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84" title="هلیوگابال – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هلیوگابال" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A9liogabale" title="Héliogabale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Héliogabale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliog%C3%A1balo" title="Heliogábalo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Heliogábalo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%98%EB%9D%BC%EA%B0%80%EB%B0%9C%EB%A3%A8%EC%8A%A4" title="엘라가발루스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="엘라가발루스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B7%D5%AC%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Էլագաբալոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Էլագաբալոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabal" title="Elagabal – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Elagabal" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliogabalo" title="Eliogabalo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eliogabalo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%91%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%A1" title="אלאגבאלוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אלאגבאלוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰელიოგაბალუსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჰელიოგაბალუსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabals" title="Elagabals – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Elagabals" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalas" title="Elagabalas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Elagabalas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/eliogabalus" title="eliogabalus – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="eliogabalus" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliogabalus_r%C3%B3mai_cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1r" title="Heliogabalus római császár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Heliogabalus római császár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Елагабал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Елагабал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%B8" title="एलागॅबलस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="एलागॅबलस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%B0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ჰელიოგაბალუსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჰელიოგაბალუსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="الاجابالوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الاجابالوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%98%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AA%E3%82%AC%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B9" title="ヘリオガバルス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヘリオガバルス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliogabalus" title="Heliogabalus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Heliogabalus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elag%C3%A0bal" title="Elagàbal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Elagàbal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliog%C3%A0bal" title="Eliogàbal – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Eliogàbal" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliogabal_(cesarz_rzymski)" title="Heliogabal (cesarz rzymski) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Heliogabal (cesarz rzymski)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliog%C3%A1balo" title="Heliogábalo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Heliogábalo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliogabal" title="Eliogabal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Eliogabal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Гелиогабал – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гелиогабал" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabali" title="Elagabali – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Elagabali" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eliugabalu" title="Eliugabalu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Eliugabalu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliogabalus" title="Heliogabalus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Heliogabalus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabal" title="Elagabal – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Elagabal" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Елагабал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Елагабал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabal" title="Elagabal – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Elagabal" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliogabalus" title="Heliogabalus – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Heliogabalus" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%AA" title="จักรพรรดิเอลากาบาลุส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จักรพรรดิเอลากาบาลุส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Геліогабал – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Геліогабал" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3" title="ایلاگابالوس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایلاگابالوس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%BD%E5%B7%B4%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF" title="埃拉伽巴路斯 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="埃拉伽巴路斯" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%BD%E5%B7%B4%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF" title="埃拉伽巴路斯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="埃拉伽巴路斯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%BD%E5%B7%B4%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF" title="埃拉伽巴路斯 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="埃拉伽巴路斯" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elagabalus" title="Elagabalus – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Elagabalus" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%BD%E5%B7%B4%E8%B7%AF%E6%96%AF" title="埃拉伽巴路斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="埃拉伽巴路斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1762#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Roman emperor from 218 to 222</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the god with the same name, see <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)" title="Elagabalus (deity)">Elagabalus (deity)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Elagabalus</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><a href="/wiki/File:Marble_bust_of_Roman_emperor_Elagabalus,_ca._221_AD,_Capitoline_Museums_(20814003112).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White head statue of a young man" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Marble_bust_of_Roman_emperor_Elagabalus%2C_ca._221_AD%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2820814003112%29.jpg/220px-Marble_bust_of_Roman_emperor_Elagabalus%2C_ca._221_AD%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2820814003112%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Marble_bust_of_Roman_emperor_Elagabalus%2C_ca._221_AD%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2820814003112%29.jpg/330px-Marble_bust_of_Roman_emperor_Elagabalus%2C_ca._221_AD%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2820814003112%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Marble_bust_of_Roman_emperor_Elagabalus%2C_ca._221_AD%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2820814003112%29.jpg/440px-Marble_bust_of_Roman_emperor_Elagabalus%2C_ca._221_AD%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2820814003112%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3079" data-file-height="4787" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Marble bust, <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Museums" title="Capitoline Museums">Capitoline Museums</a>, Rome</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">16 May 218 – 13 March 222</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">(Sextus) Varius Avitus Bassianus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Arrizabalaga_y_Prado2010231-1">[1]</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 204 <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Emesa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">13 March 222 (aged 18)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArrizabalaga201027-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label">Corpse thrown into the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Cornelia_Paula" title="Julia Cornelia Paula">Julia Cornelia Paula</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Aquilia_Severa" title="Aquilia Severa">Aquilia Severa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Annia_Faustina" title="Annia Faustina">Annia Aurelia Faustina</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hierocles_(charioteer)" title="Hierocles (charioteer)">Hierocles</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a> (adoptive)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Imperator Caesar Marcus Aurelius Antoninus Augustus</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Varius_Marcellus" title="Sextus Varius Marcellus">Sextus Varius Marcellus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Soaemias_Bassiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Julia Soaemias Bassiana">Julia Soaemias Bassiana</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Marcus Aurelius Antoninus (born Sextus Varius Avitus Bassianus, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 204 – 13 March 222), better known by his posthumous nicknames Elagabalus (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌɛləˈɡæbələs/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">EL-ə-GAB-ə-ləs</a>) and Heliogabalus (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˌhiːliə-, -lioʊ-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">HEE-lee-ə-, -⁠lee-oh-</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a>), was <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">Roman emperor</a> from 218 to 222, while he was still a teenager. His short reign was notorious for religious controversy and alleged sexual debauchery. A close relative to the <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a>, he came from a prominent <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Arabs">Syrian Arab</a> family in Emesa (<a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Syria</a>, where he served as the head priest of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_deity" title="Solar deity">sun god</a> <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)" title="Elagabalus (deity)">Elagabal</a> from a young age. After the death of his cousin, the emperor <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, Elagabalus was raised to the principate at 14 years of age in an army revolt instigated by his grandmother <a href="/wiki/Julia_Maesa" title="Julia Maesa">Julia Maesa</a> against Caracalla's short-lived successor, <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a>. He only posthumously became known by the Latinised name of his god.<a href="#cite_note-5">[a]</a> Elagabalus is largely known from accounts by the contemporary senator <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> who was strongly hostile to him, and the much later <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>. The reliability of these accounts, particularly their most salacious elements, has been strongly questioned.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[6]</a> Elagabalus showed a disregard for Roman religious traditions. He brought the cult of Elagabal (including the large <a href="/wiki/Baetyl" title="Baetyl">baetyl</a> stone that represented the god) to Rome, making it a prominent part of religious life in the city. He forced leading members of Rome's government to participate in religious rites celebrating this deity, presiding over them in person. According to the accounts of Cassius Dio and the Augusta, he married four women, including a <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgin</a>, in addition to lavishing favours on male courtiers they suggested to have been his lovers,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018129–130,_135–137-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanghellini2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB1ChCAAAQBAJpgPT59_59]-9">[8]</a> and prostituted himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampanileCarlà-UhinkFacella2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid39ENDgAAQBAJpgPT113_113]-10">[9]</a> His behavior estranged the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>, and the common people alike. Amidst growing opposition, at just 18 years of age he was assassinated and replaced by his cousin <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a> in March 222. The assassination plot against Elagabalus was devised by Julia Maesa and carried out by disaffected members of the Praetorian Guard. Elagabalus developed a posthumous reputation for extreme <a href="/wiki/Eccentricity_(behavior)" title="Eccentricity (behavior)">eccentricity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decadence" title="Decadence">decadence</a>, zealotry, and sexual promiscuity. Among writers of the early modern age, he endured one of the worst reputations among Roman emperors. <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a>, notably, wrote that Elagabalus "abandoned himself to the grossest pleasures with ungoverned fury".<a href="#cite_note-Gibbon-11">[10]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Barthold_Georg_Niebuhr" title="Barthold Georg Niebuhr">Barthold Georg Niebuhr</a>, "the name of Elagabalus is branded in history above all others; [...] "Elagabus had nothing at all to make up for his vices, which are of such a kind that it is too disgusting even to allude to them".<a href="#cite_note-Niebuhr1844-12">[11]</a> An example of a modern historian's assessment is <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy" title="Adrian Goldsworthy">Adrian Goldsworthy</a>'s: "Elagabalus was not a tyrant, but he was an incompetent, probably the least able emperor Rome had ever had".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200981-13">[12]</a> Despite near-universal condemnation of his reign, some scholars write warmly about his religious innovations, including the 6th-century Byzantine chronicler <a href="/wiki/John_Malalas" title="John Malalas">John Malalas</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Warwick_Ball" title="Warwick Ball">Warwick Ball</a>, a modern historian who described him as "a tragic enigma lost behind centuries of prejudice".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2016464-14">[13]</a> Modern scholars have questioned the accuracy of Roman accounts of his reign, with suggestions that the reports of his salacious and homosexual behaviour may have been related to Roman stereotypes regarding people from <a href="/wiki/The_Orient" class="mw-redirect" title="The Orient">the Orient</a> as effeminate.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Family_and_priesthood">Family and priesthood</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Severan dynasty family tree">Severan dynasty family tree</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:378px;max-width:378px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Maesa_antoninianus_2.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Julia_Maesa_antoninianus_2.png/220px-Julia_Maesa_antoninianus_2.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Julia_Maesa_antoninianus_2.png 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="230" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">An <a href="/wiki/Antoninianus" title="Antoninianus">Antoninianus</a> coin of <a href="/wiki/Julia_Maesa" title="Julia Maesa">Julia Maesa</a>, inscribed: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style>ivlia maesa <abbr title="AVGVSTA">avg·</abbr></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Perge_-_Julia_Soemias_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Perge_-_Julia_Soemias_2.jpg/150px-Perge_-_Julia_Soemias_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Perge_-_Julia_Soemias_2.jpg/225px-Perge_-_Julia_Soemias_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Perge_-_Julia_Soemias_2.jpg/300px-Perge_-_Julia_Soemias_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A sculpture of <a href="/wiki/Julia_Soaemias" title="Julia Soaemias">Julia Soaemias</a></div></div></div></div></div> Elagabalus was born in 203 or 204,<a href="#cite_note-18">[b]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Varius_Marcellus" title="Sextus Varius Marcellus">Sextus Varius Marcellus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Soaemias" title="Julia Soaemias">Julia Soaemias Bassiana</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott201883–84-19">[17]</a> who had probably married around the year 200 (and no later than 204).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1993119-20">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott201884-21">[19]</a> Elagabalus's full birth name was probably (Sextus) Varius Avitus Bassianus,<a href="#cite_note-22">[c]</a> the last name being apparently a <a href="/wiki/Cognomen" title="Cognomen">cognomen</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201159-23">[20]</a> Marcellus was an <a href="/wiki/Equites" title="Equites">equestrian</a>, later elevated to a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">senatorial</a> position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott201883–84-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blois-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1993119-20">[18]</a> Julia Soaemias was a cousin of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a>, and there were rumors (which Soaemias later publicly supported) that Elagabalus was Caracalla's child.<a href="#cite_note-Blois-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lightman-25">[22]</a> Marcellus's tombstone attests that Elagabalus had at least one sibling, possibly a brother,<a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[24]</a> about whom nothing is known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott201884-21">[19]</a> Elagabalus's grandmother, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Maesa" title="Julia Maesa">Julia Maesa</a>, was the widow of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Avitus_Alexianus" title="Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus">Julius Avitus Alexianus</a>, the sister of <a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a>, and the sister-in-law of the emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott201883–84-19">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillar1993119-20">[18]</a> Other relatives included Elagabalus's aunt <a href="/wiki/Julia_Avita_Mamaea" title="Julia Avita Mamaea">Julia Avita Mamaea</a> and uncle <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Julius_Gessius_Marcianus" title="Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus">Marcus Julius Gessius Marcianus</a> and their son <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott201883–84-19">[17]</a> Elagabalus's family held hereditary rights to the priesthood of the sun god <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)" title="Elagabalus (deity)">Elagabal</a>, of whom Elagabalus was the <a href="/wiki/High_priest" title="High priest">high priest</a> at Emesa (modern <a href="/wiki/Homs" title="Homs">Homs</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a> as part of the Arab <a href="/wiki/Emesene_dynasty" title="Emesene dynasty">Emesene dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall200035–37,_412-28">[25]</a> The deity's Latin name, "Elagabalus", is a Latinized version of the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a> إِلٰهُ الْجَبَلِ Ilāh al-Jabal, from ilāh ("god") and jabal ("mountain"), meaning "God of the Mountain",<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> the Emesene manifestation of <a href="/wiki/Baal" title="Baal">Ba'al</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall200037-30">[27]</a> Initially venerated at Emesa, the deity's cult spread to other parts of the Roman Empire in the second century; a dedication has been found as far away as <a href="/wiki/Woerden" title="Woerden">Woerden</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>), near the Roman <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[28]</a> The god was later imported to Rome and assimilated with the sun god known as <a href="/wiki/Sol_(Roman_mythology)" title="Sol (Roman mythology)">Sol Indiges</a> in the era of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a> and as <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a> during the late third century.<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> In Greek, the sun god is <a href="/wiki/Helios" title="Helios">Helios</a>, hence Elagabal was later known as "Heliogabalus", a hybrid of "Helios" and "Elagabalus".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks2011227-33">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rise_to_power">Rise to power</h2></div> Herodian writes that when the emperor <a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> came to power, he suppressed the threat to his reign from the family of his assassinated predecessor, Caracalla, by exiling them—Julia Maesa, her two daughters, and her eldest grandson Elagabalus—to their estate at Emesa in <a href="/wiki/Syria_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria (Roman province)">Syria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Whittemore_33-34">[31]</a> Almost upon arrival in Syria, Maesa began a plot with her advisor and Elagabalus's tutor, <a href="/wiki/Gannys" title="Gannys">Gannys</a>, to overthrow Macrinus and elevate the fourteen-year-old Elagabalus to the imperial throne.<a href="#cite_note-Whittemore_33-34">[31]</a> Maesa spread a rumor, which Soaemias publicly supported, that Elagabalus was the illegitimate child of Caracalla<a href="#cite_note-Lightman-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2000412-35">[32]</a> and so deserved the loyalty of Roman soldiers and senators who had sworn allegiance to Caracalla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201111-36">[33]</a> The soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Gallica" title="Legio III Gallica">Third Legion Gallica</a> at <a href="/wiki/Raphana" title="Raphana">Raphana</a>, who had enjoyed greater privileges under Caracalla and resented Macrinus (and may have been impressed or bribed by Maesa's wealth), supported this claim.<a href="#cite_note-Blois-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2000412-35">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2006209-37">[34]</a> At sunrise on 16 May 218,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDioBook_79.31-38">[35]</a> Elagabalus was declared emperor by <a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Comazon" title="Publius Valerius Comazon">Publius Valerius Comazon</a>, commander of the legion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPotter2004151-39">[36]</a> To strengthen his legitimacy, Elagabalus adopted the same name Caracalla bore as emperor, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201112-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018106-41">[38]</a> Cassius Dio states that some officers tried to keep the soldiers loyal to Macrinus, but they were unsuccessful.<a href="#cite_note-Blois-24">[21]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-2961-r_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%9E%D0%BA._218%E2%80%94219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/INC-2961-r_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%9E%D0%BA._218%E2%80%94219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/220px-INC-2961-r_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%9E%D0%BA._218%E2%80%94219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/INC-2961-r_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%9E%D0%BA._218%E2%80%94219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/330px-INC-2961-r_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%9E%D0%BA._218%E2%80%94219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/INC-2961-r_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%9E%D0%BA._218%E2%80%94219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/440px-INC-2961-r_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%9E%D0%BA._218%E2%80%94219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Reverse of an <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">aureus</a> of Elagabalus, marked: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">salus antonini <abbr title="AUGUSTUS">aug·</abbr> ("the Health of Antoninus Augustus")</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">Praetorian prefect</a> Ulpius Julianus responded by attacking the Third Legion, most likely on Macrinus's orders (though one account says he acted on his own before Macrinus knew of the rebellion).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott201826,_89-42">[39]</a> Herodian suggests Macrinus underestimated the threat, considering the rebellion inconsequential.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott201889-43">[40]</a> During the fighting, Julianus's soldiers killed their officers and joined Elagabalus's forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201112-40">[37]</a> Macrinus asked the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Roman Senate</a> to denounce Elagabalus as "the False Antoninus", and they complied,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2003300-44">[41]</a> declaring war on Elagabalus and his family.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2006209-37">[34]</a> Macrinus made his son <a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a> co-emperor, and attempted to secure the loyalty of the <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Parthica" title="Legio II Parthica">Second Legion</a> with large cash payments.<a href="#cite_note-Kulikowski-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dando-Collins-46">[43]</a> During a banquet to celebrate this at <a href="/wiki/Apamea,_Syria" title="Apamea, Syria">Apamea</a>, however, a messenger presented Macrinus with the severed head of his defeated prefect Julianus.<a href="#cite_note-Kulikowski-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dando-Collins-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott201826-47">[44]</a> Macrinus therefore retreated to <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a>, after which the Second Legion shifted its loyalties to Elagabalus.<a href="#cite_note-Kulikowski-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dando-Collins-46">[43]</a> Elagabalus's legionaries, commanded by Gannys, defeated Macrinus and Diadumenian and their Praetorian Guard at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antioch_(218)" title="Battle of Antioch (218)">Battle of Antioch</a> on 8 June 218, prevailing when Macrinus's troops broke ranks after he fled the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-48">[45]</a> Macrinus made for Italy, but was intercepted near <a href="/wiki/Chalcedon" title="Chalcedon">Chalcedon</a> and executed in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia" title="Cappadocia">Cappadocia</a>, while Diadumenian was captured at <a href="/wiki/Zeugma,_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="Zeugma, Commagene">Zeugma</a> and executed.<a href="#cite_note-Kulikowski-45">[42]</a> That month, Elagabalus wrote to the Senate, assuming the imperial titles without waiting for senatorial approval,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern200358-49">[46]</a> which violated tradition but was a common practice among third-century emperors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201133-50">[47]</a> Letters of reconciliation were dispatched to <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> extending <a href="/wiki/Amnesty" title="Amnesty">amnesty</a> to the Senate and recognizing its laws, while also condemning the administration of Macrinus and his son.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201114-51">[48]</a> The senators responded by acknowledging Elagabalus as emperor and accepting his claim to be the son of Caracalla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201133-50">[47]</a> Elagabalus was made consul for the year 218 in the middle of June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast1990165–170-52">[49]</a> Caracalla and Julia Domna were both <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult_(Ancient_Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial cult (Ancient Rome)">deified</a> by the Senate, both Julia Maesa and Julia Soaemias were elevated to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustae</a>,<a href="#cite_note-benario-soamias-mamaea-53">[50]</a> and the memory of Macrinus was expunged by the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201133-50">[47]</a> (Elagabalus's imperial artifacts assert that he succeeded Caracalla directly.)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArrizabalaga2010156-54">[51]</a> Comazon was appointed commander of the Praetorian Guard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2003301-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201120-56">[53]</a> Elagabalus was named <a href="/wiki/Pater_Patriae" title="Pater Patriae">Pater Patriae</a> by the Senate before 13 July 218.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast1990165–170-52">[49]</a> On 14 July, Elagabalus was inducted into the colleges of all the Roman priesthoods, including the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Pontiffs" title="College of Pontiffs">College of Pontiffs</a>, of which he was named <a href="/wiki/Pontifex_maximus" title="Pontifex maximus">pontifex maximus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast1990165–170-52">[49]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Emperor_(218–222)">Emperor (218–222)</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Journey_to_Rome_and_political_appointments">Journey to Rome and political appointments</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elagabalus_Denarius_Fortuna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Elagabalus_Denarius_Fortuna.jpg/310px-Elagabalus_Denarius_Fortuna.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Elagabalus_Denarius_Fortuna.jpg/465px-Elagabalus_Denarius_Fortuna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Elagabalus_Denarius_Fortuna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="292" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">Denarius</a> of Elagabalus, inscribed: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><abbr title="IMPERATOR">imp·</abbr> antoninus pius <abbr title="AUGUSTUS">aug·</abbr> on the obverse and <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">fortunae <abbr title="AUGUSTI">aug·</abbr> on the reverse, showing <a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">cornucopia</a> and a rudder on a globe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orto_s_Croce_e_mura_1120340.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Orto_s_Croce_e_mura_1120340.JPG/310px-Orto_s_Croce_e_mura_1120340.JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Orto_s_Croce_e_mura_1120340.JPG/465px-Orto_s_Croce_e_mura_1120340.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Orto_s_Croce_e_mura_1120340.JPG/620px-Orto_s_Croce_e_mura_1120340.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amphitheatrum_Castrense" title="Amphitheatrum Castrense">Amphitheatrum Castrense</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Horti_Spei_Veteris" title="Horti Spei Veteris">Horti Spei Veteris</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Esquiline_Hill" title="Esquiline Hill">Esquiline Hill</a> in Rome</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esquilino_-_Sessorium_1120325.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Esquilino_-_Sessorium_1120325.JPG/310px-Esquilino_-_Sessorium_1120325.JPG" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Esquilino_-_Sessorium_1120325.JPG/465px-Esquilino_-_Sessorium_1120325.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Esquilino_-_Sessorium_1120325.JPG/620px-Esquilino_-_Sessorium_1120325.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>The apse of the Sessorium basilica in the Horti Spei Veteris</figcaption></figure> Elagabalus stayed for a time at Antioch, apparently to quell various mutinies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018116-57">[54]</a> Dio outlines several, which historian <a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Fergus Millar</a> places prior to the winter of 218–219.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018122-58">[55]</a> These included one by <a href="/wiki/Gellius_Maximus" title="Gellius Maximus">Gellius Maximus</a>, who commanded the <a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Scythica" title="Legio IV Scythica">Fourth Legion</a> and was executed,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018122-58">[55]</a> and one by <a href="/wiki/Verus_(senator)" title="Verus (senator)">Verus</a>, who commanded the Third Legion Gallica, which was disbanded once the revolt was put down.<a href="#cite_note-van_Zoonen-59">[56]</a> Next, according to Herodian, Elagabalus and his entourage spent the winter of 218–219 in <a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a> at <a href="/wiki/Nicomedia" title="Nicomedia">Nicomedia</a>, and then traveled through Thrace and <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a> to Italy in the first half of 219,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018116-57">[54]</a> the year of Elagabalus's second consulship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast1990165–170-52">[49]</a> Herodian says that Elagabalus had a painting of himself sent ahead to Rome to be hung over a statue of the goddess <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(mythology)" title="Victoria (mythology)">Victoria</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Curia_Julia" title="Curia Julia">Senate House</a> so people would not be surprised by his Eastern garb, but it is unclear if such a painting actually existed, and Dio does not mention it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018129–130-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArrizabalaga201082,_172-61">[58]</a> If the painting was indeed hung over Victoria, it put senators in the position of seeming to make offerings to Elagabalus when they made offerings to Victoria.<a href="#cite_note-van_Zoonen-59">[56]</a> On his way to Rome, Elagabalus and his allies executed several prominent supporters of Macrinus, such as Syrian governor Fabius Agrippinus and former Thracian governor C. Claudius Attalus Paterculianus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018118–119-62">[59]</a> Arriving at the imperial capital in August or September 219, Elagabalus staged an <a href="/wiki/Adventus_(ceremony)" title="Adventus (ceremony)">adventus</a>, a ceremonial entrance to the city.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast1990165–170-52">[49]</a> In Rome, his offer of amnesty for the Roman upper class was largely honored, though the <a href="/wiki/Jurist" title="Jurist">jurist</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulpian" title="Ulpian">Ulpian</a> was exiled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant199651-63">[60]</a> Elagabalus made Comazon <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">consul</a> (220) and prefect of the city (three times, 220–222), which Dio regarded as a violation of Roman norms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018118–119-62">[59]</a> Elagabalus himself held a consulship for the third year in a row in 220.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast1990165–170-52">[49]</a> Herodian and the Augustan History say that Elagabalus alienated many by giving powerful positions to other allies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201148-64">[61]</a> He developed the imperial palace at <a href="/wiki/Horti_Spei_Veteris" title="Horti Spei Veteris">Horti Spei Veteris</a> with the inclusion of the nearby land inherited from his father <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Varius_Marcellus" title="Sextus Varius Marcellus">Sextus Varius Marcellus</a>. Elagabalus made it his favourite retreat and designed it (as for Nero's Domus Aurea project) as a vast suburban villa divided into various building and landscape nuclei with the <a href="/wiki/Amphitheatrum_Castrense" title="Amphitheatrum Castrense">Amphitheatrum Castrense</a> which he built and the <a href="/wiki/Circus_Varianus" title="Circus Varianus">Circus Varianus</a> hippodrome<a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> fired by his unbridled passion for circuses and his habit of driving chariots inside the villa. He raced chariots under the family name of Varius.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> Dio states that Elagabalus wanted to marry a charioteer named <a href="/wiki/Hierocles_(charioteer)" title="Hierocles (charioteer)">Hierocles</a> and to declare him <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018122-58">[55]</a> just as (Dio says) he had previously wanted to marry Gannys and name him caesar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018122-58">[55]</a> The athlete <a href="/wiki/Aurelius_Zoticus" title="Aurelius Zoticus">Aurelius Zoticus</a> is said by Dio to have been Elagabalus's lover and <a href="/wiki/Cubicularius" title="Cubicularius">cubicularius</a> (a non-administrative role), while the Augustan History says Zoticus was a husband to Elagabalus and held greater political influence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018137-67">[64]</a> Elagabalus's relationships to his mother Julia Soaemias and grandmother Julia Maesa were strong at first; they were influential supporters from the beginning, and Macrinus declared war on them as well as Elagabalus.<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> Accordingly, they became the first women allowed into the Senate,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2006214-69">[66]</a> and both received senatorial titles: Soaemias the established title of Clarissima, and Maesa the more unorthodox Mater Castrorum et Senatus ("Mother of the army camp and of the Senate").<a href="#cite_note-benario-soamias-mamaea-53">[50]</a> They exercised influence over the young emperor throughout his reign, and are found on many coins and inscriptions, a rare honour for Roman women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201119-70">[67]</a> Under Elagabalus, the gradual devaluation of Roman aurei and denarii continued (with the silver purity of the <a href="/wiki/Denarius" title="Denarius">denarius</a> dropping from 58% to 46.5%),<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> though <a href="/wiki/Antoninianus" title="Antoninianus">antoniniani</a> had a higher metal content than under Caracalla.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEArrizabalaga201060-72">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_controversy">Religious controversy</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baetylus_(sacred_stone)_on_four-horse_chariot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Baetylus_%28sacred_stone%29_on_four-horse_chariot.jpg" decoding="async" width="213" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="213" data-file-height="220" /></a><figcaption>Reverse of an aureus of Elagabalus, with the baetyl transported in a <a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">quadriga</a>. Inscription: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><abbr title="SANCTO">sanct·</abbr> deo soli <abbr title="ELAGABALO">elagabal·</abbr> ("to the Holy Sun God El-Gabal")</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Baetylus_(sacred_stone).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Baetylus_%28sacred_stone%29.jpg/220px-Baetylus_%28sacred_stone%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9f/Baetylus_%28sacred_stone%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="323" data-file-height="299" /></a><figcaption>The baetyl of Elgabal back in its home temple at Emesa, on a coin of <a href="/wiki/Uranius" title="Uranius">Uranius</a></figcaption></figure> Since the reign of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Sun worship">sun worship</a> had increased throughout the Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHalsberghe197236-73">[70]</a> At the end of 220, Elagabalus instated <a href="/wiki/Elagabalus_(deity)" title="Elagabalus (deity)">Elagabal</a> as the chief deity of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_pantheon" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman pantheon">Roman pantheon</a>, possibly on the date of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast1990165–170-52">[49]</a> In his official titulature, Elagabalus was then entitled in <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: sacerdos amplissimus dei invicti Soli Elagabali, pontifex maximus, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'highest priest of the unconquered god, the Sun Elgabal, supreme pontiff'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast1990165–170-52">[49]</a> That a foreign god should be honored above <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a>, with Elagabalus himself as chief priest, shocked many Romans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201114–15-74">[71]</a> As a token of respect for Roman religion, however, Elagabalus joined either <a href="/wiki/Astarte" title="Astarte">Astarte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urania" title="Urania">Urania</a>, or some combination of the three to Elagabal as consort.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201163-75">[72]</a> A union between Elagabal and a traditional goddess would have served to strengthen ties between the new religion and the imperial cult. There may have been an effort to introduce Elagabal, Urania, and Athena as the new <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Triad" title="Capitoline Triad">Capitoline Triad</a> of Rome—replacing Jupiter, <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a>, and Minerva.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201132–33-76">[73]</a> He aroused further discontent when he married the <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgin</a> <a href="/wiki/Aquilia_Severa" title="Aquilia Severa">Aquilia Severa</a>, Vesta's high priestess, claiming the marriage would produce "godlike children".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201162-77">[74]</a> This was a flagrant breach of Roman law and tradition, which held that any Vestal found to have engaged in sexual intercourse was to be <a href="/wiki/Buried_alive" class="mw-redirect" title="Buried alive">buried alive</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> A lavish temple called the <a href="/wiki/Elagabalium" title="Elagabalium">Elagabalium</a> was built on the east face of the <a href="/wiki/Palatine_Hill" title="Palatine Hill">Palatine Hill</a> to house Elagabal,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201154-79">[76]</a> who was represented by a black conical <a href="/wiki/Baetyl" title="Baetyl">meteorite</a> from Emesa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201114-51">[48]</a> This was a <a href="/wiki/Baetyl" title="Baetyl">baetyl</a>. <a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a> wrote "this stone is worshipped as though it were sent from heaven; on it there are some small projecting pieces and markings that are pointed out, which the people would like to believe are a rough picture of the sun, because this is how they see them".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201189-80">[77]</a> Dio writes that in order to increase his piety as high priest of Elagabal atop a new Roman pantheon, Elagabalus had himself <a href="/wiki/Circumcised" class="mw-redirect" title="Circumcised">circumcised</a> and swore to <a href="/wiki/Religious_restrictions_on_the_consumption_of_pork" title="Religious restrictions on the consumption of pork">abstain from swine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201154-79">[76]</a> He forced senators to watch while he danced circling the altar of Elagabal to the accompaniment of drums and cymbals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201189-80">[77]</a> Each summer <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> he held a festival dedicated to the god, which became popular with the masses because of the free food distributed on these occasions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201149-81">[78]</a> During this festival, Elagabalus placed the black stone on a <a href="/wiki/Chariot" title="Chariot">chariot</a> adorned with gold and jewels, which he paraded through the city:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201159–60-82">[79]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A six horse chariot carried the divinity, the horses huge and flawlessly white, with expensive gold fittings and rich ornaments. No one held the reins, and no one rode in the chariot; the vehicle was escorted as if the god himself were the charioteer. Elagabalus ran backward in front of the chariot, facing the god and holding the horses' reins. He made the whole journey in this reverse fashion, looking up into the face of his god.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodian[httpswwwliviusorgsourcescontentherodian-s-roman-historyherodian-56_Book_5.6.7]-83">[80]</a></blockquote> The most sacred relics from the Roman religion were transferred from their respective shrines to the Elagabalium, including the emblem of the <a href="/wiki/Cybele" title="Cybele">Great Mother</a>, the fire of <a href="/wiki/Vesta_(mythology)" title="Vesta (mythology)">Vesta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ancile" title="Ancile">Shields</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Salii" title="Salii">Salii</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Palladium_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladium (mythology)">Palladium</a>, so that no other god could be worshipped except in association with Elagabal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks2011113-84">[81]</a> Although his native cult was widely ridiculed by contemporaries, sun-worship was popular among the soldiers and would be promoted by several later emperors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeckler-85">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriages,_sexual_orientation_and_gender_identity">Marriages, sexual orientation and gender identity</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquilia_Severa_coin_obverse.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Aquilia_Severa_coin_obverse.png/220px-Aquilia_Severa_coin_obverse.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9e/Aquilia_Severa_coin_obverse.png 1.5x" data-file-width="228" data-file-height="226" /></a><figcaption>Denarius depicting <a href="/wiki/Aquilia_Severa" title="Aquilia Severa">Aquilia Severa</a>, the second wife of Elagabalus. The marriage caused a public outrage because Aquilia was a <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgin</a>, sworn by Roman law to <a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">celibacy</a> for 30 years. Inscription: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">iulia aquilia severa <abbr title="AUGUSTA">aug·</abbr></figcaption></figure> The question of Elagabalus's <a href="/wiki/Sexual_orientation" title="Sexual orientation">sexual orientation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gender_identity" title="Gender identity">gender identity</a> is confused, owing to salacious and unreliable sources. <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> states that Elagabalus was married five times (twice to the same woman).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018129–130-60">[57]</a> His first wife was <a href="/wiki/Julia_Cornelia_Paula" title="Julia Cornelia Paula">Julia Cornelia Paula</a>, whom he married prior to 29 August 219; between then and 28 August 220, he divorced Paula, took the <a href="/wiki/Vestal_Virgin" title="Vestal Virgin">Vestal Virgin</a> <a href="/wiki/Aquilia_Severa" title="Aquilia Severa">Julia Aquilia Severa</a> as his second wife, divorced her,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018129–130-60">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrant199625-86">[83]</a> and took a third wife, who Herodian says was <a href="/wiki/Annia_Faustina" title="Annia Faustina">Annia Aurelia Faustina</a>, a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> and the widow of a man Elagabalus had recently executed, Pomponius Bassus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018129–130-60">[57]</a> In the last year of his reign, Elagabalus divorced Annia Faustina and remarried Aquilia Severa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018129–130-60">[57]</a> Dio states that another "husband of this woman [Elagabalus] was <a href="/wiki/Hierocles_(charioteer)" title="Hierocles (charioteer)">Hierocles</a>", an ex-slave and <a href="/wiki/Quadriga" title="Quadriga">chariot</a> driver from <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanghellini2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB1ChCAAAQBAJpgPT59_59]-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018135–136-87">[84]</a> The Augustan History claims that Elagabalus also married a man named <a href="/wiki/Zoticus_(husband_of_Elagabalus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoticus (husband of Elagabalus)">Zoticus</a>, an athlete from <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a>, while Dio says only that Zoticus was his <a href="/wiki/Cubicularius" title="Cubicularius">cubicularius</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanghellini2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB1ChCAAAQBAJpgPT59_59]-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018136–137-88">[85]</a> Dio says that Elagabalus <a href="/wiki/Prostitution" title="Prostitution">prostituted</a> himself in taverns and brothels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampanileCarlà-UhinkFacella2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid39ENDgAAQBAJpgPT113_113]-10">[9]</a> Some writers suggest that Elagabalus may have identified as female or been <a href="/wiki/Transgender" title="Transgender">transgender</a>, and may have sought <a href="/wiki/Sex_reassignment_surgery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex reassignment surgery">sex reassignment surgery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Varner-2008-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-glbtq-enc-elagabal-92">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[90]</a> Dio says Elagabalus delighted in being called Hierocles's mistress, wife, and queen.<a href="#cite_note-Varner-2008-91">[88]</a> The emperor reportedly wore makeup and wigs, preferred to be called a lady and not a lord, and supposedly offered vast sums to any physician who could provide him with a vagina by means of incision.<a href="#cite_note-Varner-2008-91">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018137–138-94">[91]</a> Some historians, including the classicists <a href="/wiki/Mary_Beard_(classicist)" title="Mary Beard (classicist)">Mary Beard</a>, Zachary Herz, and Martijn Icks, treat these accounts with caution, as sources for Elagabalus' life were often antagonistic towards him and largely untrustworthy.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-guard-24nov2023-96">[93]</a> In November 2023, the <a href="/wiki/North_Hertfordshire_Museum" title="North Hertfordshire Museum">North Hertfordshire Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hitchin" title="Hitchin">Hitchin</a>, United Kingdom, announced that Elagabalus would be considered as transgender and hence referred to with female pronouns in its exhibits due to claims that the emperor had said "call me not Lord, for I am a Lady". The museum has one Elagabalus coin.<a href="#cite_note-guard-24nov2023-96">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[94]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fall_from_power">Fall from power</h3></div> Elagabalus stoked the animus of Roman elites and the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> through his perceptibly foreign conduct and his religious provocations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201183,_88–89-98">[95]</a> When Elagabalus's grandmother Julia Maesa perceived that popular support for the emperor was waning, she decided that he and his mother, who had encouraged his religious practices, had to be replaced. As alternatives, she turned to her other daughter, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Avita_Mamaea" title="Julia Avita Mamaea">Julia Avita Mamaea</a>, and her daughter's son, the fifteen-year-old <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowmanCameronGarnsey200522-99">[96]</a> Prevailing on Elagabalus, she arranged that he appoint his cousin Alexander as his heir and that the boy be given the title of <a href="/wiki/Caesar_(title)" title="Caesar (title)">caesar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowmanCameronGarnsey200522-99">[96]</a> Alexander was elevated to caesar in June 221, possibly on 26 June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast1990165–170-52">[49]</a> Elagabalus and Alexander were each named consul designatus for the following year, probably on 1 July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast1990165–170-52">[49]</a> Elagabalus took up his fourth consulship for the year of 222.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast1990165–170-52">[49]</a> Alexander shared the consulship with the emperor that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBowmanCameronGarnsey200522-99">[96]</a> However, Elagabalus reconsidered this arrangement when he began to suspect that the Praetorian Guard preferred his cousin to himself.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201174-100">[97]</a> Elagabalus ordered various attempts on Alexander's life,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201175-101">[98]</a> after failing to obtain approval from the Senate for stripping Alexander of his shared title.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201177-102">[99]</a> According to Dio, Elagabalus invented the rumor that Alexander was near death, in order to see how the Praetorians would react.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201178-103">[100]</a> A riot ensued, and the Guard demanded to see Elagabalus and Alexander in the <a href="/wiki/Castra_Praetoria" title="Castra Praetoria">Praetorian camp</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201178-103">[100]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Napoli,_museo_archeologico_(18330093110).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Napoli%2C_museo_archeologico_%2818330093110%29.jpg/220px-Napoli%2C_museo_archeologico_%2818330093110%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Napoli%2C_museo_archeologico_%2818330093110%29.jpg/330px-Napoli%2C_museo_archeologico_%2818330093110%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Napoli%2C_museo_archeologico_%2818330093110%29.jpg/440px-Napoli%2C_museo_archeologico_%2818330093110%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3345" data-file-height="2690" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Elagabalus as Hercules, re-faced as his successor, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Severus">Alexander Severus</a> (<a href="/wiki/National_Archaeological_Museum,_Naples" title="National Archaeological Museum, Naples">National Archaeological Museum, Naples</a>)</figcaption></figure> On 13 March,<a href="#cite_note-105">[d]</a> the emperor complied and publicly presented his cousin along with his own mother, Julia Soaemias. On their arrival the soldiers started cheering Alexander while ignoring Elagabalus, who ordered the <a href="/wiki/Summary_execution" title="Summary execution">summary arrest and execution</a> of anyone who had taken part in this display of insubordination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201177–79-106">[102]</a> In response, members of the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Guard" title="Praetorian Guard">Praetorian Guard</a> attacked Elagabalus and his mother: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">He made an attempt to flee, and would have got away somewhere by being placed in a chest had he not been discovered and slain, at the age of eighteen. His mother, who embraced him and clung tightly to him, perished with him; their heads were cut off and their bodies, after being stripped naked, were first dragged all over the city, and then the mother's body was cast aside somewhere or other, while his was thrown into the <a href="/wiki/Tiber" title="Tiber">Tiber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDioBook_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio80html79-20_80.20]-107">[103]</a> </blockquote> Following his assassination, many associates of Elagabalus were killed or deposed. His lover <a href="/wiki/Hierocles_(charioteer)" title="Hierocles (charioteer)">Hierocles</a> was executed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201178-103">[100]</a> His religious edicts were reversed and the stone of Elagabal was sent back to <a href="/wiki/Emesa" class="mw-redirect" title="Emesa">Emesa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201115-108">[104]</a> Women were again barred from attending meetings of the Senate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay1911124-109">[105]</a> The practice of <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a>—erasing from the public record a disgraced personage formerly of note—was systematically applied in his case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKienast1990165–170-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a> Several images, including an over-life-size statue of him as <a href="/wiki/Hercules" title="Hercules">Hercules</a> now in Naples, were re-carved with the face of Alexander Severus.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarner2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5IpPhTqnDJkCpgPA192_192–194]-111">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cassius_Dio">Cassius Dio</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-2961-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%9E%D0%BA._218%E2%80%94219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/INC-2961-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%9E%D0%BA._218%E2%80%94219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/220px-INC-2961-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%9E%D0%BA._218%E2%80%94219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/INC-2961-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%9E%D0%BA._218%E2%80%94219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/330px-INC-2961-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%9E%D0%BA._218%E2%80%94219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/INC-2961-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%9E%D0%BA._218%E2%80%94219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/440px-INC-2961-a_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81._%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB._%D0%9E%D0%BA._218%E2%80%94219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="511" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Aureus" title="Aureus">Aureus</a> of Elagabalus, marked: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><abbr title="IMPERATOR CAESAR">imp·caes·</abbr> <abbr title="MARCUS AURELIUS">m·aur·</abbr> antoninus <abbr title="AUGUSTUS">aug·</abbr></figcaption></figure> The historian <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, who lived from the second half of the second century until sometime after 229, wrote a contemporary account of Elagabalus. Born into a <a href="/wiki/Patrician_(ancient_Rome)" title="Patrician (ancient Rome)">patrician</a> family, Dio spent the greater part of his life in public service. He was a senator under emperor <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> and governor of <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> after the death of <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a>, and then he served as suffect consul around 205, and as proconsul in <a href="/wiki/Africa_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa province">Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia">Pannonia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDioBook_80.18-112">[108]</a> Dio's Roman History spans nearly a <a href="/wiki/Millennium" title="Millennium">millennium</a>, from the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Aeneas" title="Aeneas">Aeneas</a> in Italy until the year 229. His contemporaneous account of Elagabalus's reign is generally considered more reliable than the Augustan History or other accounts for this general time period,<a href="#cite_note-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[110]</a> though by his own admission Dio spent the greater part of the relevant period outside of Rome and had to rely on second-hand information.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDioBook_80.18-112">[108]</a> Furthermore, the political climate in the aftermath of Elagabalus's reign, as well as Dio's own position within the government of Severus Alexander, who held him in high esteem and made him consul again, likely influenced the truth of this part of his history for the worse. Dio regularly refers to Elagabalus as <a href="/wiki/Sardanapalus" title="Sardanapalus">Sardanapalus</a>, partly to distinguish him from his divine namesake,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDioBook_80.11–12-115">[111]</a> but chiefly to do his part in maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Damnatio_memoriae" title="Damnatio memoriae">damnatio memoriae</a> and to associate him with another autocrat notorious for a dissolute life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1971145–146-116">[112]</a> Historian Clare Rowan calls Dio's account a mixture of reliable information and "literary exaggeration", noting that Elagabalus's marriages and time as consul are confirmed by numismatic and epigraphic records.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012169-117">[113]</a> In other instances, Dio's account is inaccurate, such as when he says Elagabalus appointed entirely unqualified officials and that Comazon had no military experience before being named to head the Praetorian Guard,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio80html79-4_book_80.4]-118">[114]</a> when in fact Comazon had commanded the Third Legion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthern2003301-55">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201120-56">[53]</a> Dio also gives different accounts in different places of when and by whom Diadumenian (whose forces Elagabalus fought) was given imperial names and titles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott201862-119">[115]</a> Martin Icks has written that "It is clear that Dio was not attempting an accurate portrayal of the emperor", an assessment endorsed by Josiah Osgood.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Herodian">Herodian</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:INC-1854-r_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D0%BA._218-219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._(%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/INC-1854-r_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D0%BA._218-219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/220px-INC-1854-r_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D0%BA._218-219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/INC-1854-r_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D0%BA._218-219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/330px-INC-1854-r_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D0%BA._218-219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/INC-1854-r_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D0%BA._218-219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png/440px-INC-1854-r_%D0%90%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB_%D0%BE%D0%BA._218-219_%D0%B3%D0%B3._%28%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%29.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Reverse of an aureus of Elagabalus, marked: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791">fides exercitus ("the Faith of the Army")</figcaption></figure> Another contemporary of Elagabalus was <a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a>, a minor Roman civil servant who lived from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 170 until 240. His work, History of the Roman Empire since Marcus Aurelius, commonly abbreviated as Roman History, is an eyewitness account of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> until the beginning of the reign of <a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a>. His work largely overlaps with Dio's own Roman History, and the texts, written independently of each other, agree more often than not about Elagabalus and his short but eventful reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodian-120">[116]</a> Herodian may have used Dio's work as a source for parts of his account about Elagabalus.<a href="#cite_note-:0-6">[5]</a> Arrizabalaga writes that Herodian is in most ways "less detailed and punctilious than Dio",<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> and he is deemed less reliable by many modern scholars, though Rowan considers his account of Elagabalus's reign more reliable than Dio's<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012169-117">[113]</a> and Herodian's lack of literary and scholarly pretensions are considered to make him less biased than senatorial historians.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> He is considered an important source for the religious reforms which took place during the reign of Elagabalus,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESorek2012202-123">[119]</a> which have been confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatic</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">archaeological</a> evidence.<a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Augustan_History">Augustan History</h3></div> The source of many stories of Elagabalus's depravity is the <a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>, which includes controversial claims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1971218-127">[123]</a> It is most likely that the Historia Augusta was written towards the end of the fourth century, during the reign of emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> The account of Elagabalus in the Historia Augusta is of uncertain historical merit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1971263-129">[125]</a> Sections 13 to 17, relating to the fall of Elagabalus, are less controversial among historians.<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> The author of the most scandalous stories in the Historia Augusta concedes that "both these matters and some others which pass belief were, I think, invented by people who wanted to depreciate Heliogabalus to win favour with Alexander".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2016464-14">[13]</a> The Historia Augusta is widely regarded to have been written by a single author who used multiple pseudonyms throughout the work, and has been described as a "fantasist" who invented large parts of his historical accounts.<a href="#cite_note-:1-7">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Modern_historians">Modern historians</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elagabalus_aureus_-_obverse_only.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/62/Elagabalus_aureus_-_obverse_only.png" decoding="async" width="209" height="209" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="209" data-file-height="209" /></a><figcaption>Aureus of Elagabalus, inscribed: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><abbr title="IMPERATOR CAESAR">imp·c·</abbr> <abbr title="MARCUS AURELIUS">m·aur·</abbr> antoninus <abbr title="PIUS FELIX AUGUSTUS">p·f· aug·</abbr></figcaption></figure> For readers of the modern age, <a href="/wiki/The_History_of_the_Decline_and_Fall_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire">The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a> by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Edward Gibbon</a> (1737–1794) further cemented the scandalous reputation of Elagabalus. Gibbon not only accepted and expressed outrage at the allegations of the ancient historians, but he might have added some details of his own; for example, he is the first historian known to claim that <a href="/wiki/Gannys" title="Gannys">Gannys</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Eunuch" title="Eunuch">eunuch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> Gibbon wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">To confound the order of the season and climate, to sport with the passions and prejudices of his subjects, and to subvert every law of nature and decency, were in the number of his most delicious amusements. A long train of concubines, and a rapid succession of wives, among whom was a vestal virgin, ravished by force from her sacred asylum, were insufficient to satisfy the impotence of his passions. The master of the Roman world affected to copy the manners and dress of the female sex, preferring the distaff to the sceptre, and dishonored the principal dignities of the empire by distributing them among his numerous lovers; one of whom was publicly invested with the title and authority of the emperor's, or, as he more properly styled himself, the empress's husband. It may seem probable, the vices and follies of Elagabalus have been adorned by fancy, and blackened by prejudice. Yet, confining ourselves to the public scenes displayed before the Roman people, and attested by grave and contemporary historians, their inexpressible infamy surpasses that of any other age or country.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a></blockquote> The 20th-century anthropologist <a href="/wiki/James_George_Frazer" title="James George Frazer">James George Frazer</a> (author of <a href="/wiki/The_Golden_Bough" title="The Golden Bough">The Golden Bough</a>) took seriously the monotheistic aspirations of the emperor, but also ridiculed him: "The dainty priest of the Sun [was] the most abandoned reprobate who ever sat upon a throne ... It was the intention of this eminently religious but crack-brained despot to supersede the worship of all the gods, not only at Rome but throughout the world, by the single worship of Elagabalus or the Sun".<a href="#cite_note-133">[129]</a> The first book-length biography was The Amazing Emperor Heliogabalus<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay1911-134">[130]</a> (1911) by J. Stuart Hay, "a serious and systematic study"<a href="#cite_note-135">[131]</a> more sympathetic than that of previous historians, which nonetheless stressed the <a href="/wiki/Exoticism" title="Exoticism">exoticism</a> of Elagabalus, calling his reign one of "enormous wealth and excessive prodigality, luxury and aestheticism, carried to their ultimate extreme, and sensuality in all the refinements of its Eastern habit".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay19112-136">[132]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medal_of_Elagabalus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Medal_of_Elagabalus.jpg/220px-Medal_of_Elagabalus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Medal_of_Elagabalus.jpg/330px-Medal_of_Elagabalus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Medal_of_Elagabalus.jpg/440px-Medal_of_Elagabalus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1559" data-file-height="1710" /></a><figcaption>Medal of Elagabalus, <a href="/wiki/Louvre_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Louvre Museum">Louvre Museum</a>. Inscription: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><abbr title="IMPERATOR">imp·</abbr> antoninus pius <abbr title="AUGUSTUS">aug·</abbr></figcaption></figure> Some recent historians paint a more favourable picture of the emperor's rule. Martijn Icks, in Images of Elagabalus (2008; republished as The Crimes of Elagabalus in 2011 and 2012), doubts the reliability of the ancient sources and argues that it was the emperor's unorthodox religious policies that alienated the power elite of Rome, to the point that his grandmother saw fit to eliminate him and replace him with his cousin. He described ancient stories pertaining to the emperor as "part of a long tradition of '<a href="/wiki/Character_assassination" title="Character assassination">character assassination</a>' in ancient historiography and biography".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks2011345–346-137">[133]</a> Leonardo de Arrizabalaga y Prado, in The Emperor Elagabalus: Fact or Fiction? (2008), is also critical of the ancient historians and speculates that neither religion nor sexuality played a role in the fall of the young emperor. Prado instead suggests Elagabalus was the loser in a power struggle within the imperial family, that the loyalty of the Praetorian Guards was up for sale, and that Julia Maesa had the resources to outmaneuver and outbribe her grandson. In this version of events, once Elagabalus, his mother, and his immediate circle had been murdered, a campaign of character assassination began, resulting in a grotesque caricature that has persisted to the present day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Arrizabalaga_y_Prado20101–13-138">[134]</a> Other historians, including Icks, criticized Prado for being overly skeptical of primary sources.<a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> <a href="/wiki/Warwick_Ball" title="Warwick Ball">Warwick Ball</a>, in his book Rome in the East, writes an apologetic account of the emperor, arguing that descriptions of his religious rites were exaggerated and should be dismissed as propaganda, similar to how pagan descriptions of Christian rites have since been dismissed. Ball describes the emperor's ritual processions as sound political and religious policy, arguing that <a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">syncretism</a> of eastern and western deities deserves praise rather than ridicule. Ultimately, he paints Elagabalus as a child forced to become emperor who, as expected of the high-priest of a cult, continued his rituals even after becoming emperor. Ball justified Elagabalus's executions of prominent Roman figures who criticized his religious activities in the same way. Finally, Ball asserts Elagabalus's eventual victory in the sense that his deity would be welcomed by Rome in its <a href="/wiki/Sol_Invictus" title="Sol Invictus">Sol Invictus</a> form 50 years later. Ball claims that Sol Invictus came to influence the monotheist Christian beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine</a>, asserting that this influence remains in Christianity to this day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2016462–466-140">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_references">Cultural references</h2></div> Despite the attempted damnatio memoriae, stories about Elagabalus survived and figured in many works of art and literature.<a href="#cite_note-Chrystal-337-141">[137]</a> In Spanish, his name became a word for "glutton", <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/heliog%C3%A1balo" class="extiw" title="wikt:heliogábalo">heliogábalo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chrystal-337-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-DRAE-142">[138]</a> Due to the ancient stories about him, he often appears in literature and other creative media as a decadent figure (becoming something of an anti-hero in the <a href="/wiki/Decadent_movement" title="Decadent movement">Decadent movement</a> of the late 19th century, and inspiring many famous works of art, especially by Decadents)<a href="#cite_note-glbtq-enc-elagabal-92">[89]</a> and the epitome of a young, amoral <a href="/wiki/Aesthete" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesthete">aesthete</a>. The most notable of these works include:<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fiction">Fiction</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27agonie_(1902)_Elagabalus_conduisant_un_char_a_seize_chevaux_blancs,_ou,_sur_un_autel_de_pierreries,_reposait_le_cone_de_pierre_noire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/L%27agonie_%281902%29_Elagabalus_conduisant_un_char_a_seize_chevaux_blancs%2C_ou%2C_sur_un_autel_de_pierreries%2C_reposait_le_cone_de_pierre_noire.jpg/220px-L%27agonie_%281902%29_Elagabalus_conduisant_un_char_a_seize_chevaux_blancs%2C_ou%2C_sur_un_autel_de_pierreries%2C_reposait_le_cone_de_pierre_noire.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="115" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/L%27agonie_%281902%29_Elagabalus_conduisant_un_char_a_seize_chevaux_blancs%2C_ou%2C_sur_un_autel_de_pierreries%2C_reposait_le_cone_de_pierre_noire.jpg/330px-L%27agonie_%281902%29_Elagabalus_conduisant_un_char_a_seize_chevaux_blancs%2C_ou%2C_sur_un_autel_de_pierreries%2C_reposait_le_cone_de_pierre_noire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/L%27agonie_%281902%29_Elagabalus_conduisant_un_char_a_seize_chevaux_blancs%2C_ou%2C_sur_un_autel_de_pierreries%2C_reposait_le_cone_de_pierre_noire.jpg/440px-L%27agonie_%281902%29_Elagabalus_conduisant_un_char_a_seize_chevaux_blancs%2C_ou%2C_sur_un_autel_de_pierreries%2C_reposait_le_cone_de_pierre_noire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1295" data-file-height="674" /></a><figcaption>Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Leroux" title="Auguste Leroux">Auguste Leroux</a> for the 1902 edition of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lombard" title="Jean Lombard">Jean Lombard</a>'s L'agonie showing the migration of the baetyl of Elgabal, though with the emperor riding rather than leading the god's chariot</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Agonie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Agonie (page does not exist)">L'Agonie</a> (1888) by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lombard" title="Jean Lombard">Jean Lombard</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a> which was the inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Louis_Couperus" title="Louis Couperus">Louis Couperus</a>'s <a href="/w/index.php?title=De_berg_van_licht&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="De berg van licht (page does not exist)">De berg van licht</a> (The Mountain of Light) in 1905–06.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%A9liogabale_ou_l%27Anarchiste_couronn%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Héliogabale ou l'Anarchiste couronné (page does not exist)">Héliogabale ou l'Anarchiste couronné</a> (Heliogabalus or The Anarchist Crowned) by <a href="/wiki/Antonin_Artaud" title="Antonin Artaud">Antonin Artaud</a> (1934), depicting the life of Elagabalus and combining essay, biography, and fiction.<a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a></li> <li>Historical novels <a href="/w/index.php?title=Family_Favourites_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Family Favourites (novel) (page does not exist)">Family Favourites</a> (1960) by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Duggan" title="Alfred Duggan">Alfred Duggan</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[142]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Child_of_the_Sun_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Child of the Sun (novel) (page does not exist)">Child of the Sun</a> (1966) by <a href="/wiki/Kyle_Onstott" title="Kyle Onstott">Kyle Onstott</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lance_Horner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lance Horner (page does not exist)">Lance Horner</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[143]</a> in the former of which an ordinary Roman soldier witnesses the reign.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Pelevin" title="Victor Pelevin">Victor Pelevin</a>'s novel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sol_Invictus_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sol Invictus (novel) (page does not exist)">Sol Invictus</a> (2020), which depicts Elagabalus as a key unrecognized spiritual figure.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plays">Plays</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliogabalus:_A_Buffoonery_in_Three_Acts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliogabalus: A Buffoonery in Three Acts (page does not exist)">Heliogabalus: A Buffoonery in Three Acts</a> (1920) by <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">H. L. Mencken</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Jean_Nathan" title="George Jean Nathan">George Jean Nathan</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliogabalus:_A_Love_Story&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliogabalus: A Love Story (page does not exist)">Heliogabalus: A Love Story</a> (2002) by <a href="/wiki/Sky_Gilbert" title="Sky Gilbert">Sky Gilbert</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dance">Dance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elagabalus_Forchtenstein.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Elagabalus_Forchtenstein.jpg/170px-Elagabalus_Forchtenstein.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Elagabalus_Forchtenstein.jpg/255px-Elagabalus_Forchtenstein.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Elagabalus_Forchtenstein.jpg/340px-Elagabalus_Forchtenstein.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="2151" /></a><figcaption>Elagabalus on a wall painting at <a href="/wiki/Forchtenstein_Castle" title="Forchtenstein Castle">Forchtenstein Castle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Héliogabale, a modern dance choreographed by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_B%C3%A9jart" title="Maurice Béjart">Maurice Béjart</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a></li> <li>The Legends, a dance performed by <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Droste" title="Sebastian Droste">Sebastian Droste</a> as Heliogabalus, as part of the Dances of Vice, Horror and Ecstasy performance staged by Droste and <a href="/wiki/Anita_Berber" title="Anita Berber">Anita Berber</a> in 1923<a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eliogabalo" title="Eliogabalo">Eliogabalo</a> (1667), an opera by Venetian Baroque composer <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cavalli" title="Francesco Cavalli">Francesco Cavalli</a></li> <li>Is mentioned (as Heliogabalus) in the "<a href="/wiki/Major-General%27s_Song" title="Major-General's Song">Major-General's Song</a>" (1879) from <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Sullivan" title="Gilbert and Sullivan">Gilbert and Sullivan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Pirates_of_Penzance" title="The Pirates of Penzance">The Pirates of Penzance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> "I quote in elegiacs all the crimes of Heliogabalus".<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heliogabale_(opera)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heliogabale (opera) (page does not exist)">Heliogabale</a> (1910), an opera by French composer <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9odat_de_S%C3%A9verac" title="Déodat de Séverac">Déodat de Séverac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artaud_(album)" title="Artaud (album)">Artaud</a> (1973), an album released by Argentine band <a href="/wiki/Pescado_Rabioso" title="Pescado Rabioso">Pescado Rabioso</a>, particularly the track "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cantata_de_Puentes_Amarillos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cantata de Puentes Amarillos (page does not exist)">Cantata de Puentes Amarillos</a>", was heavily influenced by Antonin Artaud's book, Héliogabale ou l'Anarchiste couronné, as well as the life of Heliogabalus.<a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliogabalus" title="Eliogabalus">Eliogabalus</a> (1990), title of both the second album and second song by the experimental rock band <a href="/wiki/Devil_Doll_(Slovenian_band)" title="Devil Doll (Slovenian band)">Devil Doll (Slovenian band)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliogabalus_imperator" title="Heliogabalus imperator">Heliogabalus imperator</a> (Emperor Heliogabalus) (1972), an orchestral work by the German composer <a href="/wiki/Hans_Werner_Henze" title="Hans Werner Henze">Hans Werner Henze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Litanies_for_Heliogabalus" title="Six Litanies for Heliogabalus">Six Litanies for Heliogabalus</a> (2007), an album by American musician <a href="/wiki/John_Zorn" title="John Zorn">John Zorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pale_Emperor" title="The Pale Emperor">The Pale Emperor</a> (2015), an album by American musician <a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Manson" title="Marilyn Manson">Marilyn Manson</a>, was inspired by the life of Heliogabalus and more specifically Antonin Artaud's book<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Paintings">Paintings</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg/300px-The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg/450px-The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg/600px-The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="3694" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus" title="The Roses of Heliogabalus">The Roses of Heliogabalus</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a> (1888)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Heliogabalus, High Priest of the Sun (1866), by the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelite">Pre-Raphaelite</a> <a href="/wiki/Simeon_Solomon" title="Simeon Solomon">Simeon Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Roses_of_Heliogabalus" title="The Roses of Heliogabalus">The Roses of Heliogabalus</a> (1888), by the Anglo-Dutch academician Sir <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Alma-Tadema" title="Lawrence Alma-Tadema">Lawrence Alma-Tadema</a>, depicts one of the most notorious incidents laid to Elagabalus's account, an extravagant dinner party in which guests were smothered under a mass of "violets and other flowers" dropped from above.<a href="#cite_note-157">[153]</a></li> <li>Antonin Artaud Heliogabalus (2010–11), by <a href="/wiki/Anselm_Kiefer" title="Anselm Kiefer">Anselm Kiefer</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetry">Poetry</h3></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Algabal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Algabal (page does not exist)">Algabal</a> (1892–1919), a collection of poems by <a href="/wiki/Stefan_George" title="Stefan George">Stefan George</a></li> <li>In "He 'Digesteth Harde Yron'" American poet <a href="/wiki/Marianne_Moore" title="Marianne Moore">Marianne Moore</a> describes a banquet at which Elagabalus served six hundred ostrich brains, a detail she found in George Jennison's book Animals for Show and Pleasure in Ancient Rome.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3></div> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/CBBC_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="CBBC (TV channel)">CBBC</a>'s adaptation of <a href="/wiki/Horrible_Histories_(2009_TV_series)" title="Horrible Histories (2009 TV series)">Horrible Histories</a>, Elagabalus is portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Baynton" title="Mathew Baynton">Mathew Baynton</a> as a laddish teenager with a cruel sense of humour.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Severan_dynasty_family_tree">Severan dynasty family tree</h2></div> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-collapse navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Template:Severan dynasty family tree"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Severan_dynasty_family_tree" title="Template talk:Severan dynasty family tree"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li 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style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Septimius Macer</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Gaius Claudius Septimius Aper</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Fulvius Pius</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Lucius Septimius Severus</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Publius Septimius Aper</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Gaius Septimius Aper</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Fulvia Pia</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta_(father_of_Septimius_Severus)" title="Publius Septimius Geta (father of Septimius Severus)">Publius Septimius Geta</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Septimia Polla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julius_Bassianus" title="Julius Bassianus">Julius Bassianus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Septimius</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Publius_Septimius_Geta_(brother_of_Septimius_Severus)" title="Publius Septimius Geta (brother of Septimius Severus)">Publius Septimius Geta</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Septimia Octavilla</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Paccia_Marciana" title="Paccia Marciana">Paccia Marciana</a> (1)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr>  193–211)<a href="#cite_note-159">[i]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Domna" title="Julia Domna">Julia Domna</a> (2)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Maesa" title="Julia Maesa">Julia Maesa</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Avitus_Alexianus" title="Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus">Gaius Julius Avitus Alexianus</a></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Septimius_Severus_Aper" title="Gaius Septimius Severus Aper">Gaius Septimius Severus Aper</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fulvia_Plautilla" title="Fulvia Plautilla">Fulvia Plautilla</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr>  197–217)<a href="#cite_note-160">[ii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr>  209–211)<a href="#cite_note-161">[iii]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Soaemias" title="Julia Soaemias">Julia Soaemias</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Varius_Marcellus" title="Sextus Varius Marcellus">Sextus Varius Marcellus</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Avita_Mamaea" title="Julia Avita Mamaea">Julia Avita Mamaea</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em">Unknown<a href="#cite_note-162">[iv]</a> (2)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px solid;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;border-bottom:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="border-right:1px solid;height:2em;width:1em"></td><td rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="border-right:1px dashed;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="border-right:1px solid;height:1em;width:1em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td style="height:1em;width:1em"></td></tr> <tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Julia_Cornelia_Paula" title="Julia Cornelia Paula">Julia Cornelia Paula</a> (1)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aquilia_Severa" title="Aquilia Severa">Aquilia Severa</a> (2 and 4)</td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elagabalus</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr>  218–222)<a href="#cite_note-gibbon-163">[v]</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Annia_Faustina" title="Annia Faustina">Annia Faustina</a> (3)</td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em"><a href="/wiki/Sallustia_Orbiana" title="Sallustia Orbiana">Sallustia Orbiana</a></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;border-bottom:1px dashed;width:2em"></td><td colspan="6" rowspan="2" style="border:2px solid;padding:0.2em;background-color: #03C03C;"><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a> (<abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr>  222–235)<a href="#cite_note-gibbon-163">[v]</a></td><td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="height:2em;width:2em"></td></tr><tr style="height:1px;text-align:center"><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td><td colspan="2" style="height:1em;width:2em"></td></tr> </tbody></table> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:left;"> <hr /> <ul><li>(1) = 1st spouse</li> <li>(2) = 2nd spouse</li> <li>(3) = 3rd spouse</li> <li>(4) = 4th spouse</li> <li>Dark green indicates an <a href="/wiki/Roman_emperor" title="Roman emperor">emperor</a> of the Severan dynasty</li></ul> Notes: <dl><dd>Except where otherwise noted, the notes below indicate that an individual's parentage is as shown in the above family tree.</dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-roman" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Birley, Anthony R.</a> (1999). Septimius Severus: The African Emperor. London: Routledge. p. i.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septimius+Severus%3A+The+African+Emperor&rft.pages=i&rft.pub=London%3A+Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrell2004" class="citation book cs1">Burrell, Barbara (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaaClrSUtHsC&dq=caracalla%20rule%20with%20father&pg=PA216">Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors</a>. BRILL. p. 216. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7"><bdi>90-04-12578-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neokoroi%3A+Greek+Cities+and+Roman+Emperors&rft.pages=216&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-12578-7&rft.aulast=Burrell&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAaaClrSUtHsC%26dq%3Dcaracalla%2520rule%2520with%2520father%26pg%3DPA216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurrell2004" class="citation book cs1">Burrell, Barbara (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AaaClrSUtHsC&dq=caracalla%20rule%20with%20father&pg=PA247">Neokoroi: Greek Cities and Roman Emperors</a>. BRILL. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12578-7"><bdi>90-04-12578-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neokoroi%3A+Greek+Cities+and+Roman+Emperors&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=90-04-12578-7&rft.aulast=Burrell&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAaaClrSUtHsC%26dq%3Dcaracalla%2520rule%2520with%2520father%26pg%3DPA247&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Icks, Martijn (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-MDwAAQBAJ">The Crimes of Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy Emperor</a>. London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd. pp. 57–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-362-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-362-1"><bdi>978-1-84885-362-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimes+of+Elagabalus%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Rome%27s+Decadent+Boy+Emperor&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris+%26+Co.+Ltd.&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-362-1&rft.aulast=Icks&rft.aufirst=Martijn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_g-MDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-gibbon-163">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gibbon_163-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-gibbon_163-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibbonSmith1889" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a>; Smith, William (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXMtAQAAMAAJ&dq=elagabalus%20218%20to%20222%20edward%20gibbon&pg=PA45">The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a>. pp. 45–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+Gibbon%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E45-%3C%2Fspan%3E47&rft.date=1889&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Smith%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXMtAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Delagabalus%2520218%2520to%2520222%2520edward%2520gibbon%26pg%3DPA45&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> Bibliography: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Birley" title="Anthony Birley">Birley, Anthony R.</a> (1999). Septimius Severus: The African Emperor. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415165911" title="Special:BookSources/0415165911"><bdi>0415165911</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septimius+Severus%3A+The+African+Emperor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0415165911&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Gibbon" title="Edward Gibbon">Gibbon, Edward</a>; Smith, William (1889). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pXMtAQAAMAAJ&dq=elagabalus%20218%20to%20222%20edward%20gibbon&pg=PP1">The Student's Gibbon: The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire</a>. London: Murray. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/993285639">993285639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Student%27s+Gibbon%3A+The+Decline+and+Fall+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Murray&rft.date=1889&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F993285639&rft.aulast=Gibbon&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft.au=Smith%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpXMtAQAAMAAJ%26dq%3Delagabalus%2520218%2520to%2520222%2520edward%2520gibbon%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> The first known instance is in the <a href="/wiki/Chronograph_of_354" title="Chronograph of 354">Chronograph of 354</a>, in the list of emperors in the section titled Chronica Urbis Romae, where he is called "Antoninus Elagaballus".<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a>, who lived during Elagabalus' reign, writes that he and Alexander were "about fourteen and ten, respectively" in May 218.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodian[httpswwwtertullianorgfathersherodian_05_book5htm_5.3.3]-16">[15]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Epitome_de_Caesaribus" title="Epitome de Caesaribus">Epitome de Caesaribus</a>, written over a century later, states that "he lived sixteen years", while Alexander died in his "twenty-sixth year".<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> Only the latter figure coincides with Herodian, and it is unclear if they are using regular or <a href="/wiki/Inclusive_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Inclusive counting">inclusive counting</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> For a detailed discussion of his nomenclature, see <a href="#CITEREFde_Arrizabalaga_y_Prado2010">de Arrizabalaga y Prado (2010</a>, p. 231) </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDio">Dio</a>, 80.3.3 writes that he ruled "three years, nine months and four days during which he ruled,—reckoning from the battle in which he gained the supreme power". However, he's most likely not counting to Elagabalus' death, but to the official accession of his successor. Alexander was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a> by the army in 13 March and was named <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(title)" title="Augustus (title)">augustus</a> by the Senate in 14 March, as attested in the <a href="/wiki/Feriale_Duranum" title="Feriale Duranum">Feriale Duranum</a>. Given Dio's account, Elagabalus' murder and Alexander's first acclamation almost certainly took place on 13 March.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Arrizabalaga_y_Prado2010231-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Arrizabalaga_y_Prado2010231_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Arrizabalaga_y_Prado2010">de Arrizabalaga y Prado 2010</a>, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEArrizabalaga201027-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEArrizabalaga201027_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFArrizabalaga2010">Arrizabalaga 2010</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Reference-AHD-Heliogabalus" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Heliogabalus">"Heliogabalus"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a> (5th ed.). HarperCollins. Retrieved 6 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Heliogabalus&rft.btitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3DHeliogabalus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tertullian.org/fathers/chronography_of_354_16_chronicle_of_the_city_of_rome.htm">"The Chronography of 354 AD. Part 16: Chronicle of the City of Rome"</a>. tertullian.org (in Latin and English). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201001193103/http://tertullian.org/fathers/chronography_of_354_16_chronicle_of_the_city_of_rome.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 1 October 2020. Retrieved 14 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tertullian.org&rft.atitle=The+Chronography+of+354+AD.+Part+16%3A+Chronicle+of+the+City+of+Rome&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Fchronography_of_354_16_chronicle_of_the_city_of_rome.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOsgood2016" class="citation book cs1">Osgood, Josiah (28 November 2016). "Cassius Dio's Secret History of Elagabalus". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/view/title/33612">Cassius Dio: Greek Intellectual and Roman Politician</a>. BRILL. pp. 177–190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004335318_011">10.1163/9789004335318_011</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33531-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-33531-8"><bdi>978-90-04-33531-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220621104530/https://brill.com/view/title/33612">Archived</a> from the original on 21 June 2022. Retrieved 24 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cassius+Dio%E2%80%99s+Secret+History+of+Elagabalus&rft.btitle=Cassius+Dio%3A+Greek+Intellectual+and+Roman+Politician&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E177-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2016-11-28&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004335318_011&rft.isbn=978-90-04-33531-8&rft.aulast=Osgood&rft.aufirst=Josiah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fview%2Ftitle%2F33612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemezis2016" class="citation journal cs1">Kemezis, Adam (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.25162/historia-2016-0019">"The Fall of Elagabalus as Literary Narrative and Political Reality A Reconsideration"</a>. Historia. 65 (3): 348–390. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.25162%2Fhistoria-2016-0019">10.25162/historia-2016-0019</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0018-2311">0018-2311</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia&rft.atitle=The+Fall+of+Elagabalus+as+Literary+Narrative+and+Political+Reality+A+Reconsideration&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E348-%3C%2Fspan%3E390&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.25162%2Fhistoria-2016-0019&rft.issn=0018-2311&rft.aulast=Kemezis&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.25162%2Fhistoria-2016-0019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott2018129–130,_135–137-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott2018129–130,_135–137_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2018">Scott 2018</a>, pp. 129–130, 135–137. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEZanghellini2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB1ChCAAAQBAJpgPT59_59]-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanghellini2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB1ChCAAAQBAJpgPT59_59]_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanghellini2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB1ChCAAAQBAJpgPT59_59]_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEZanghellini2015[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidB1ChCAAAQBAJpgPT59_59]_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFZanghellini2015">Zanghellini 2015</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=B1ChCAAAQBAJ&pg=PT59">59</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampanileCarlà-UhinkFacella2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid39ENDgAAQBAJpgPT113_113]-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampanileCarlà-UhinkFacella2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid39ENDgAAQBAJpgPT113_113]_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampanileCarlà-UhinkFacella2017[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid39ENDgAAQBAJpgPT113_113]_10-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFCampanileCarlà-UhinkFacella2017">Campanile, Carlà-Uhink & Facella 2017</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39ENDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT113">113</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gibbon-11"><a href="#cite_ref-Gibbon_11-0">^</a> Gibbon, Edward. Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Chapter VI. </li> <li id="cite_note-Niebuhr1844-12"><a href="#cite_ref-Niebuhr1844_12-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiebuhr1844" class="citation book cs1">Niebuhr, Barthold Georg (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wygGAAAAQAAJ&pg=RA1-PA306">The History of Rome: From the First Punic War to the Death of Constantine</a>. Vol. 2. S. Bentley. p. 306.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Rome%3A+From+the+First+Punic+War+to+the+Death+of+Constantine&rft.pages=306&rft.pub=S.+Bentley&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Niebuhr&rft.aufirst=Barthold+Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwygGAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DRA1-PA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200981-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoldsworthy200981_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoldsworthy2009">Goldsworthy 2009</a>, p. 81. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2016464-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2016464_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2016464_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBall2016">Ball 2016</a>, p. 464. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBittarello2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bittarello, Maria Beatrice (15 September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cairn.info/revue-dialogues-d-histoire-ancienne-2011-1-page-93.htm?ref=doi">"Otho, Elagabalus and The Judgement of Paris : the literary construction of the unmanly emperor"</a>. Dialogues d'histoire ancienne. 37/1 (1): 93–113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3917%2Fdha.371.0093">10.3917/dha.371.0093</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0755-7256">0755-7256</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240624192632/https://www.cairn.info/revue-dialogues-d-histoire-ancienne-2011-1-page-93.htm?ref=doi">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2024. 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Supplementary Volume. 7. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Michigan_Press" title="University of Michigan Press">University of Michigan Press</a>: 200–201. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1940-0977">1940-0977</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40379354">40379354</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/263448435">263448435</a>. <q>Elagabalus is also alleged to have appeared as Venus and to have depilated his entire body. ... Dio recounts an exchange between Elagabalus and the well-endowed Aurelius Zoticus: when Zoticus addressed the emperor as 'my lord,' Elagabalus responded, 'Don't call me lord, I am a lady.' 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Retrieved 16 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+imperial+chronology+and+early-fourth-century+historiography&rft.place=Stuttgart&rft.series=Historia+Einzelschriften&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E65-%3C%2Fspan%3E66%2C+121&rft.pub=Steiner&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-515-10732-7&rft.aulast=Burgess&rft.aufirst=Richard+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.steiner-verlag.de%2Fen%2FRoman-Imperial-Chronology-and-Early-Fourth-Century-Historiography%2F9783515107327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201177–79-106"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIcks201177–79_106-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIcks2011">Icks 2011</a>, pp. 77–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDioBook_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio80html79-20_80.20]-107"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDioBook_[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio80html79-20_80.20]_107-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDio">Dio</a>, Book <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/80*.html#79-20">80.20</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks201115-108"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIcks201115_108-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIcks2011">Icks 2011</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay1911124-109"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHay1911124_109-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHay1911">Hay 1911</a>, p. 124. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Hans Willer Laale, Ephesus (Ephesos): An Abbreviated History From Androclus to Constantine XI (2011) p. 269 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVarner2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5IpPhTqnDJkCpgPA192_192–194]-111"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVarner2004[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid5IpPhTqnDJkCpgPA192_192–194]_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVarner2004">Varner 2004</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5IpPhTqnDJkC&pg=PA192">192–194</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDioBook_80.18-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDioBook_80.18_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDioBook_80.18_112-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDio">Dio</a>, Book 80.18. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Maggie L. Popkin, The Architecture of the Roman Triumph (2016), p. 170: "[of] Cassius Dio, Herodian, and the Historian Augusta[,] Dio is generally considered our most reliable source for this period [the Severan era]" </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Martin M. Winkler, The Fall of the Roman Empire: Film and History (2012), p. 63: "Dio, a close contemporary [of Aurelius] and generally considered the most reliable source for his own time" </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDioBook_80.11–12-115"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDioBook_80.11–12_115-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDio">Dio</a>, Book 80.11–12. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1971145–146-116"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1971145–146_116-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyme1971">Syme 1971</a>, pp. 145–146. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERowan2012169-117">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012169_117-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERowan2012169_117-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRowan2012">Rowan 2012</a>, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio80html79-4_book_80.4]-118"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDio[httpspenelopeuchicagoeduThayerERomanTextsCassius_Dio80html79-4_book_80.4]_118-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDio">Dio</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/80*.html#79-4">book 80.4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScott201862-119"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScott201862_119-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScott2018">Scott 2018</a>, p. 62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerodian-120"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerodian_120-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerodian">Herodian</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Leonardo de Arrizabalaga y Prado, Varian Studies Volume One: Varius (2017), p. 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSorek2012">Sorek (2012</a>, p. 202): "Modern scholars have regarded Herodian as unreliable. However, [...] his lack of literary and scholarly pretensions make him less biased than the senatorial historians". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESorek2012202-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESorek2012202_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSorek2012">Sorek 2012</a>, p. 202. </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen1880–1892" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cohen_(numismatist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Cohen (numismatist)">Cohen, Henry</a> (1880–1892). Description Historiques des Monnaies Frappées sous l'Empire Romain. Paris. p. 40.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Description+Historiques+des+Monnaies+Frapp%C3%A9es+sous+l%27Empire+Romain&rft.place=Paris&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1880%2F1892&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Henry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBabelon1885–1886" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Babelon" title="Ernest Babelon">Babelon, Ernest Charles François</a> (1885–1886). Monnaies Consulaires II. Bologna: Forni. pp. 63–69.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monnaies+Consulaires+II&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.pub=Forni&rft.date=1885%2F1886&rft.aulast=Babelon&rft.aufirst=Ernest+Charles+Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+02%2C+01409&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">II, 1409</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+02%2C+01410&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">II, 1410</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corpus_Inscriptionum_Latinarum" title="Corpus Inscriptionum Latinarum">CIL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://db.edcs.eu/epigr/epi_einzel_en.php?p_belegstelle=CIL+02%2C+01413&r_sortierung=Belegstelle">II, 1413</a>, and CIL III: 564–589. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1971218-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1971218_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyme1971">Syme 1971</a>, p. 218. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCizek1995" class="citation book cs1">Cizek, Eugen (1995). Histoire et historiens à Rome dans l'Antiquité. Lyon: Presses universitaires de Lyon. p. 297.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+et+historiens+%C3%A0+Rome+dans+l%27Antiquit%C3%A9&rft.place=Lyon&rft.pages=297&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Lyon&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Cizek&rft.aufirst=Eugen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESyme1971263-129"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESyme1971263_129-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSyme1971">Syme 1971</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1910" class="citation journal cs1">Butler, Orma Fitch (1910). "Studies in the life of Heliogabalus". University of Michigan Studies: Humanistic Series IV. New York: MacMillan: 140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Michigan+Studies%3A+Humanistic+Series+IV&rft.atitle=Studies+in+the+life+of+Heliogabalus&rft.pages=140&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=Orma+Fitch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Leonardo de Arrizabalaga y Prado, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/download_file/202595/">"Pseudo-Eunuchs in the Court of Elagabalus"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210404013038/https://www.cambridge.org/gb/files/7113/6689/9908/8871_Pseudo-eunuchs_in_the_court_of_Elagabalus.pdf">Archived</a> 4 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, 1999, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> Gibbon, Edward, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, Chapter VI </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Fraser, J. G., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/in.ernet.dli.2015.70276/2015.70276.Worship-Of-Nature-Vol1#page/n515/mode/2up">The Worship of Nature, Volume I</a>, London: MacMillan and Co., 1926, pp. 496–498. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay1911-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHay1911_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHay1911">Hay 1911</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a> in introduction to <a href="#CITEREFHay1911">Hay (1911</a>, p. xxiii) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHay19112-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHay19112_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHay1911">Hay 1911</a>, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEIcks2011345–346-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIcks2011345–346_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFIcks2011">Icks 2011</a>, pp. 345–346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEde_Arrizabalaga_y_Prado20101–13-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEde_Arrizabalaga_y_Prado20101–13_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Arrizabalaga_y_Prado2010">de Arrizabalaga y Prado 2010</a>, pp. 1–13. </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeadbetter2014" class="citation journal cs1">Leadbetter, Bill (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-roman-archaeology/article/an-eccentic-book-on-elagabalus-or-varius-leonardo-de-arrizabalaga-y-prado-the-emperor-elagabalus-fact-or-fiction-cambridge-university-press-2010-pp-xxxvii-381-figs-isbn-9780521895552-99/42A0C3AAC8C849F011421E7C83A88CB7">"An eccentic book on Elagabalus (or Varius) – Leonardo de Arrizabalaga y Prado (2020), The Emperor Elagabalus: Fact or Fiction?"</a>. Journal of Roman Archaeology (book review). 27: 677–680. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759414001731">10.1017/S1047759414001731</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:220616205">220616205</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=An+eccentic+book+on+Elagabalus+%28or+Varius%29+%E2%80%93+Leonardo+de+Arrizabalaga+y+Prado+%282020%29%2C+The+Emperor+Elagabalus%3A+Fact+or+Fiction%3F&rft.volume=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E677-%3C%2Fspan%3E680&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1047759414001731&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A220616205%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Leadbetter&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Fjournal-of-roman-archaeology%2Farticle%2Fan-eccentic-book-on-elagabalus-or-varius-leonardo-de-arrizabalaga-y-prado-the-emperor-elagabalus-fact-or-fiction-cambridge-university-press-2010-pp-xxxvii-381-figs-isbn-9780521895552-99%2F42A0C3AAC8C849F011421E7C83A88CB7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBall2016462–466-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBall2016462–466_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBall2016">Ball 2016</a>, pp. 462–466. </li> <li id="cite_note-Chrystal-337-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chrystal-337_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chrystal-337_141-1">b</a> Paul Chrystal, In Bed with the Romans (2015), p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.google.com/books/edition/In_Bed_with_the_Romans/reMgCwAAQBAJ?hl=en&pg=PP337">337</a>: "Despite the damnatio, many works of art and literature have been spawned by the emperor's memory. He lives on in the Spanish word heliogábalo" </li> <li id="cite_note-DRAE-142"><a href="#cite_ref-DRAE_142-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=heliog%C3%A1balo">heliogábalo</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130106144501/http://buscon.rae.es/draeI/SrvltGUIBusUsual?TIPO_HTML=2&TIPO_BUS=3&LEMA=heliog%C3%A1balo">Archived</a> 6 January 2013 at <a href="/wiki/Archive.today" title="Archive.today">archive.today</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Diccionario_de_la_Real_Academia_Espa%C3%B1ola" class="mw-redirect" title="Diccionario de la Real Academia Española">Diccionario de la Real Academia Española</a>. Retrieved on 3 May 2008. </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> For detailed lists of the appearance of Elagabalus in various media, and a critical evaluation of some of these works, see Icks (2012), pp. 219–224. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLombard1902" class="citation web cs1">Lombard, Jean (27 June 1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/lagoniel00lomb">"L'agonie"</a>. Paris : P. Ollendorff. 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Augustan History. p. 21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210404013046/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Elagabalus/2%2A.html#21">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2021. Retrieved 19 February 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Augustan+History&rft.atitle=Life+of+Elagabalus&rft.pages=21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FHistoria_Augusta%2FElagabalus%2F2%2A.html%2321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artribune.com/2012/02/kiefer-a-bermondsey-prima-personale-alla-nuova-white-cube/anselm-kiefer-antonin-artaud-heliogabalus-2010-11-a4-1">Anselm Kiefer – Antonin Artaud Heliogabalus – 2010–11 – courtesy White Cube, Londra – photo Ben Westoby</a> (in Italian). Artribune. 21 February 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150611063121/http://www.artribune.com/2012/02/kiefer-a-bermondsey-prima-personale-alla-nuova-white-cube/anselm-kiefer-antonin-artaud-heliogabalus-2010-11-a4-1/">Archived</a> from the original on 11 June 2015. Retrieved 9 July 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Anselm+Kiefer+%E2%80%93+Antonin+Artaud+Heliogabalus+%E2%80%93+2010%E2%80%9311+%E2%80%93+courtesy+White+Cube%2C+Londra+%E2%80%93+photo+Ben+Westoby&rft.pub=Artribune&rft.date=2012-02-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artribune.com%2F2012%2F02%2Fkiefer-a-bermondsey-prima-personale-alla-nuova-white-cube%2Fanselm-kiefer-antonin-artaud-heliogabalus-2010-11-a4-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDio" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cassius_Dio" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cassius Dio">Lucius Cassius Dio</a> (1927) [<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 230]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/home.html">Roman History</a>. 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Retrieved 24 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Roman+History&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+California&rft.series=Book+5&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1961&rft.au=Herodian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tertullian.org%2Ffathers%2Findex.htm%23Herodian_Roman_Histories&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> Published on Livius.org in 2007</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historia_Augusta" title="Historia Augusta">Historia Augusta</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Elagabalus/1*.html">The Life of Elagabalus Part 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210404013042/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Elagabalus/1%2A.html">Archived</a> 4 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Elagabalus/2*.html">2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210404013046/https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Historia_Augusta/Elagabalus/2%2A.html">Archived</a> 4 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Latin text with English translation.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Secondary_material">Secondary material</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArrizabalaga2010" class="citation book cs1">Arrizabalaga y Prado, Leonardo de (2010). The Emperor Elagabulus: Fact or Fiction?. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89555-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89555-2"><bdi>978-0-521-89555-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Elagabulus%3A+Fact+or+Fiction%3F&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89555-2&rft.aulast=Arrizabalaga+y+Prado&rft.aufirst=Leonardo+de&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Arrizabalaga y Prado, Leonardo de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cambridge.org/gb/download_file/202595/">"Pseudo-Eunuchs in the Court of Elagabalus: The Riddle of Gannys, Eutychianus, and Comazon"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210404013038/https://www.cambridge.org/gb/files/7113/6689/9908/8871_Pseudo-eunuchs_in_the_court_of_Elagabalus.pdf">Archived</a> 4 April 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Collected Papers in Honour of the Ninety-Fifth Anniversary of Ueno Gakuen, Tokyo, 1999, pp. 117–141.</li> <li>Arrizabalaga y Prado, Leonardo de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309063829/http://www.couperusmuseum.org/varian/01_papers.html">"Varian Studies: a Definition of the Subject"</a>, opening address to the Varian Symposium, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College,_Cambridge" title="Trinity College, Cambridge">Trinity College, Cambridge</a>, 30–31 July 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Ball" title="Warwick Ball">Ball, Warwick</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8Q2XxXx5ZdsC">Rome in the East</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11376-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-11376-2"><bdi>978-0-415-11376-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-11376-2&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8Q2XxXx5ZdsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBall2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Warwick_Ball" title="Warwick Ball">Ball, Warwick</a> (2016). Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-71777-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-71777-9"><bdi>978-0-415-71777-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+the+East%3A+The+Transformation+of+an+Empire&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-415-71777-9&rft.aulast=Ball&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Birley, Anthony R. (2002). Septimius Severus: The African Emperor. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-138-13416-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-138-13416-4"><bdi>978-1-138-13416-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1062302222">1062302222</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Septimius+Severus%3A+The+African+Emperor&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1062302222&rft.isbn=978-1-138-13416-4&rft.aulast=Birley&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowmanCameronGarnsey2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bowman, Alan; Cameron, Averil; Garnsey, Peter, eds. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MNSyT_PuYVMC">The Cambridge Ancient History</a>. Vol. 12. The Crisis of Empire, AD 193–337 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMNSyT_PuYVMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2006" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Jasper (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hL99AgAAQBAJ">Great Women of Imperial Rome: Mothers and Wives of the Caesars</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-13184-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-13184-6"><bdi>978-1-134-13184-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240429004508/https://books.google.com/books?id=hL99AgAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2024. Retrieved 20 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Great+Women+of+Imperial+Rome%3A+Mothers+and+Wives+of+the+Caesars&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-13184-6&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=Jasper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhL99AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampanileCarlà-UhinkFacella2017" class="citation book cs1">Campanile, Domitilla; Carlà-Uhink, Filippo; Facella, Margherita, eds. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=39ENDgAAQBAJ">TransAntiquity: Cross-Dressing and Transgender Dynamics in the Ancient World</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-37737-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-37737-5"><bdi>978-1-317-37737-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TransAntiquity%3A+Cross-Dressing+and+Transgender+Dynamics+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-317-37737-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D39ENDgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Arrizabalaga_y_Prado2010" class="citation book cs1">de Arrizabalaga y Prado, Leonardo (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Tin5C1YnaAC&pg=PA1">The Emperor Elagabalus: Fact Or Fiction?</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89555-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89555-2"><bdi>978-0-521-89555-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Elagabalus%3A+Fact+Or+Fiction%3F&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89555-2&rft.aulast=de+Arrizabalaga+y+Prado&rft.aufirst=Leonardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Tin5C1YnaAC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldsworthy2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Goldsworthy" title="Adrian Goldsworthy">Goldsworthy, Adrian</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HOdcA1nqY7cC">How Rome Fell: Death of a Superpower</a>. New Haven, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15560-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-15560-0"><bdi>978-0-300-15560-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Rome+Fell%3A+Death+of+a+Superpower&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+Connecticut&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-300-15560-0&rft.aulast=Goldsworthy&rft.aufirst=Adrian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHOdcA1nqY7cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrant1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Grant_(classicist)" title="Michael Grant (classicist)">Grant, Michael</a> (1996). The Severans: The Changed Roman Empire. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12772-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-12772-1"><bdi>978-0-415-12772-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Severans%3A+The+Changed+Roman+Empire&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-12772-1&rft.aulast=Grant&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalsberghe1972" class="citation book cs1">Halsberghe, Gaston H. (1972). The Cult of Sol Invictus. 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Retrieved 3 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Amazing+Emperor+Heliogabalus&rft.place=London&rft.pages=124&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Hay&rft.aufirst=J.+Stuart&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmembers.aol.com%2Fheliogabby%2Famazing%2Faeh1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/rsamazingemperor00hayjuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">Additional copy</a>. Introduction by <a href="/wiki/J._B._Bury" title="J. B. Bury">J. B. Bury</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIcks2011" class="citation book cs1">Icks, Martijn (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-MDwAAQBAJ">The Crimes of Elagabalus: The Life and Legacy of Rome's Decadent Boy Emperor</a>. London: I.B. Tauris. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-362-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84885-362-1"><bdi>978-1-84885-362-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crimes+of+Elagabalus%3A+The+Life+and+Legacy+of+Rome%27s+Decadent+Boy+Emperor&rft.place=London&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-84885-362-1&rft.aulast=Icks&rft.aufirst=Martijn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_g-MDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKienast1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kienast, Dietmar (2017) [1990]. "Elgabal". Römische Kaisertabelle: Grundzüge einer römischen Kaiserchronologie (in German). 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History and Archaeology of Classical Antiquity, 307.</li> <li>Kienast, Dietmar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sehepunkte.de/2010/10/18108.html">"Leonardo de Arrizabalaga y Prado: The Emperor Elagabalus"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120605074833/http://www.sehepunkte.de/2010/10/18108.html">Archived</a> 5 June 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Kienast, Dietmar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309063816/http://www.couperusmuseum.org/varian/16_papers.html">"The 'Vices and Follies' of Elagabalus in Modern Historical Research"</a>, paper delivered at the Varian Symposium, Trinity College, Cambridge, 30–31 July 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeckler" class="citation cs2">Meckler, Michael L., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.roman-emperors.org/elagabal.htm">"Elagabalus"</a>, <a href="/wiki/De_Imperatoribus_Romanis" title="De Imperatoribus Romanis">De Imperatoribus Romanis</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080515234707/http://www.roman-emperors.org/elagabal.htm">archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2008, retrieved 21 November 2004</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=De+Imperatoribus+Romanis&rft.atitle=Elagabalus&rft.aulast=Meckler&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roman-emperors.org%2Felagabal.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988">, 26 August 1997.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillar1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fergus_Millar" title="Fergus Millar">Millar, Fergus</a> (1993). The Roman Near East, 31 B.C. – A.D. 337. Cambridge, Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-77885-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-77885-6"><bdi>978-0-674-77885-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Near+East%2C+31+B.C.+%E2%80%93+A.D.+337&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-674-77885-6&rft.aulast=Millar&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNiebuh1844" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barthold_Georg_Niebuhr" title="Barthold Georg Niebuhr">Niebuh, B.G.</a> (1844). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofrome001903mbp">The History Of Rome</a>. Translated by Julius Charles Hare; Connop Thirlwall. London: Taylor and Walter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+Of+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Taylor+and+Walter&rft.date=1844&rft.aulast=Niebuh&rft.aufirst=B.G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofrome001903mbp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthern2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Pat_Southern" title="Pat Southern">Southern, Pat</a> (2003). The Roman Empire from Severus to Constantine. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-55380-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-55380-8"><bdi>978-1-134-55380-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+from+Severus+to+Constantine&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-55380-8&rft.aulast=Southern&rft.aufirst=Pat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPotter2004" class="citation book cs1">Potter, David Stone (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qDVXRO1CFXAC">The Roman Empire at Bay: Ad 180–395</a>. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10057-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-10057-1"><bdi>978-0-415-10057-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roman+Empire+at+Bay%3A+Ad+180%E2%80%93395&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-415-10057-1&rft.aulast=Potter&rft.aufirst=David+Stone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqDVXRO1CFXAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowan2012" class="citation book cs1">Rowan, Clare (2012). Under Divine Auspices. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02012-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-02012-2"><bdi>978-1-107-02012-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Under+Divine+Auspices&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-107-02012-2&rft.aulast=Rowan&rft.aufirst=Clare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2018" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Andrew G. (2018). Emperors and Usurpers: An Historical Commentary on Cassius Dio's Roman History. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-01-90-87960-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-01-90-87960-0"><bdi>978-01-90-87960-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperors+and+Usurpers%3A+An+Historical+Commentary+on+Cassius+Dio%27s+Roman+History&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-01-90-87960-0&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Andrew+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidebottom2022" class="citation book cs1">Sidebottom, Harry (2022). The mad emperor : Heliogabalus and the decadence of Rome. London. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0861542536" title="Special:BookSources/978-0861542536"><bdi>978-0861542536</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+mad+emperor+%3A+Heliogabalus+and+the+decadence+of+Rome&rft.place=London&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0861542536&rft.aulast=Sidebottom&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSorek2012" class="citation book cs1">Sorek, Susan (2012). Ancient Historians: A Student Handbook. London: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1135-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-1135-7"><bdi>978-1-4411-1135-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Historians%3A+A+Student+Handbook&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-1135-7&rft.aulast=Sorek&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSyme1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Syme" title="Ronald Syme">Syme, Ronald</a> (1971). Emperors and biography: studies in the 'Historia Augusta'. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814357-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-814357-4"><bdi>978-0-19-814357-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emperors+and+biography%3A+studies+in+the+%27Historia+Augusta%27&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-19-814357-4&rft.aulast=Syme&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130309063825/http://www.couperusmuseum.org/varian/index.html">Varian Symposium</a> Acta and links for a conference held at Trinity College, Cambridge, 30–31 July 2005.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVarner2004" class="citation book cs1">Varner, Eric R. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5IpPhTqnDJkC">Monumenta Graeca et Romana: Mutilation and transformation: damnatio memoriae and Roman imperial portraiture</a>. Leiden, Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13577-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-13577-2"><bdi>978-90-04-13577-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monumenta+Graeca+et+Romana%3A+Mutilation+and+transformation%3A+damnatio+memoriae+and+Roman+imperial+portraiture&rft.place=Leiden%2C+Netherlands&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-90-04-13577-2&rft.aulast=Varner&rft.aufirst=Eric+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5IpPhTqnDJkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZanghellini2015" class="citation book cs1">Zanghellini, Aleardo (2015). The Sexual Constitution of Political Authority. Abingdon-on-Thames: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-06706-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-06706-0"><bdi>978-1-134-06706-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sexual+Constitution+of+Political+Authority&rft.place=Abingdon-on-Thames&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-134-06706-0&rft.aulast=Zanghellini&rft.aufirst=Aleardo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElagabalus" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Images">Images</h4></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wildwinds.com/coins/ric/elagabalus/t.html">Wildwinds coin archive: Elagabalus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517072528/http://wildwinds.com/coins/ric/elagabalus/t.html">Archived</a> 17 May 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Large archive of ancient Roman and provincial coins bearing the image of Elagabalus. Retrieved on 2008-05-03.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Elagabalus">Coinarchives coin archive: Elagabalus</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927182819/http://www.coinarchives.com/a/results.php?results=100&search=Elagabalus">Archived</a> 27 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Large archive of ancient Roman and provincial coins issued under Elagabalus, including coins of family members. Retrieved on 2008-05-03.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Elagabalus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/20px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/27px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a> Quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Elagabalus" class="extiw" title="wikiquote:Special:Search/Elagabalus">Elagabalus</a> at Wikiquote</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Elagabalus </div><div><a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a></div>Born: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 204 Died: 11 March 222 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman emperor</a> 218–222 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Oclatinius_Adventus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Oclatinius Adventus">M. Oclatinius Adventus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> 218–220 with <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Oclatinius_Adventus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Oclatinius Adventus">M. Oclatinius Adventus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Tineius_Sacerdos" title="Quintus Tineius Sacerdos">Q. Tineius Sacerdos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Publius_Valerius_Comazon" title="Publius Valerius Comazon">P. Valerius Comazon</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Vettius_Gratus_Sabinianus" title="Gaius Vettius Gratus Sabinianus">G. Vettius Gratus Sabinianus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_(Roman_usurper)" title="Seleucus (Roman usurper)">M. Flavius Vitellius Seleucus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Vettius_Gratus_Sabinianus" title="Gaius Vettius Gratus Sabinianus">G. Vettius Gratus Sabinianus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_(Roman_usurper)" title="Seleucus (Roman usurper)">M. Flavius Vitellius Seleucus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_consul" title="Roman consul">Roman consul</a> 222 with <a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">M. Aurelius Alexander Caesar</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Marius_Maximus" title="Marius Maximus">Marius Maximus</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Luscius_Roscius_Aelianus_Paculus_Salvius_Julianus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luscius Roscius Aelianus Paculus Salvius Julianus (page does not exist)">L. Roscius Aelianus Paculus Salvius Julianus</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Roman_emperors" title="Template talk:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Roman_emperors" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Roman emperors"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Roman_and_Byzantine_emperors_and_empresses_regnant423" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_emperors" title="List of Roman emperors">Roman</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_emperors" title="List of Byzantine emperors">Byzantine emperors</a> and empresses regnant</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Principate" title="Principate">Principate</a> 27 BC – AD 235</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caligula" title="Caligula">Caligula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galba" title="Galba">Galba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otho" title="Otho">Otho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Lucius Verus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Didius_Julianus" title="Didius Julianus">Didius Julianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caracalla" title="Caracalla">Caracalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geta_(emperor)" title="Geta (emperor)">Geta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macrinus" title="Macrinus">Macrinus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Diadumenian" title="Diadumenian">Diadumenian</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Elagabalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_Alexander" title="Severus Alexander">Severus Alexander</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis</a> 235–284</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Thrax" title="Maximinus Thrax">Maximinus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_I" title="Gordian I">Gordian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_II" title="Gordian II">Gordian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pupienus" title="Pupienus">Pupienus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balbinus" title="Balbinus">Balbinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordian_III" title="Gordian III">Gordian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Arab" title="Philip the Arab">Philip I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_(Roman_emperor)" title="Philip II (Roman emperor)">Philip II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decius" title="Decius">Decius</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Herennius_Etruscus" title="Herennius Etruscus">Herennius Etruscus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebonianus_Gallus" title="Trebonianus Gallus">Trebonianus Gallus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Hostilian" title="Hostilian">Hostilian</a> & <a href="/wiki/Volusianus" title="Volusianus">Volusianus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aemilianus" title="Aemilianus">Aemilianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silbannacus" title="Silbannacus">Silbannacus</a> (?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_(emperor)" title="Valerian (emperor)">Valerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallienus" title="Gallienus">Gallienus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Saloninus" title="Saloninus">Saloninus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_Gothicus" title="Claudius Gothicus">Claudius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintillus" title="Quintillus">Quintillus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelian" title="Aurelian">Aurelian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacitus_(emperor)" title="Tacitus (emperor)">Tacitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florianus" title="Florianus">Florianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probus_(emperor)" title="Probus (emperor)">Probus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carus" title="Carus">Carus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carinus" title="Carinus">Carinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerian" title="Numerian">Numerian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dominate" title="Dominate">Dominate</a> 284–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximian" title="Maximian">Maximian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severus_II" title="Severus II">Severus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxentius" title="Maxentius">Maxentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licinius" title="Licinius">Licinius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximinus_Daza" title="Maximinus Daza">Maximinus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerius_Valens" title="Valerius Valens">Valerius Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinian_(emperor)" title="Martinian (emperor)">Martinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_II_(emperor)" title="Constantine II (emperor)">Constantine II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_II" title="Constantius II">Constantius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans" title="Constans">Constans I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnentius" title="Magnentius">Magnentius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepotianus" title="Nepotianus">Nepotianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetranio" title="Vetranio">Vetranio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jovian_(emperor)" title="Jovian (emperor)">Jovian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valens" title="Valens">Valens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius_(usurper)" title="Procopius (usurper)">Procopius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratian" title="Gratian">Gratian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_II" title="Valentinian II">Valentinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Victor_(emperor)" title="Victor (emperor)">Victor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenius" title="Eugenius">Eugenius</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a> 395–476</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honorius" title="Honorius">Honorius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_III_(Western_Roman_emperor)" title="Constantine III (Western Roman emperor)">Constantine III</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constans_II_(son_of_Constantine_III)" title="Constans II (son of Constantine III)">Constans II</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priscus_Attalus" title="Priscus Attalus">Priscus Attalus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantius_III" title="Constantius III">Constantius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joannes" title="Joannes">Joannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentinian_III" title="Valentinian III">Valentinian III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petronius_Maximus" title="Petronius Maximus">Petronius Maximus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avitus" title="Avitus">Avitus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorian" title="Majorian">Majorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libius_Severus" title="Libius Severus">Severus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthemius" title="Anthemius">Anthemius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olybrius" title="Olybrius">Olybrius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glycerius" title="Glycerius">Glycerius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Nepos" title="Julius Nepos">Julius Nepos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Empire</a> 395–641</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcadius" title="Arcadius">Arcadius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_II" title="Theodosius II">Theodosius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcian" title="Marcian">Marcian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_I_(emperor)" title="Leo I (emperor)">Leo I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_II_(emperor)" title="Leo II (emperor)">Leo II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zeno_(emperor)" title="Zeno (emperor)">Zeno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basiliscus" title="Basiliscus">Basiliscus</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_(son_of_Basiliscus)" title="Marcus (son of Basiliscus)">Marcus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_I_Dicorus" title="Anastasius I Dicorus">Anastasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_I" title="Justin I">Justin I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_(son_of_Maurice)" title="Theodosius (son of Maurice)">Theodosius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern/ Byzantine Empire</a> 641–1453</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heraclius_Constantine" title="Heraclius Constantine">Constantine III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heraclonas" title="Heraclonas">Heraclonas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/David_(son_of_Heraclius)" title="David (son of Heraclius)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constans_II" title="Constans II">Constans II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IV" title="Constantine IV">Constantine IV</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Heraclius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Heraclius (son of Constans II)">Heraclius</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Constans_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Constans II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontius" title="Leontius">Leontius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_III" title="Tiberius III">Tiberius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justinian_II" title="Justinian II">Justinian II</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_(son_of_Justinian_II)" title="Tiberius (son of Justinian II)">Tiberius</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippicus" title="Philippicus">Philippicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastasius_II_(emperor)" title="Anastasius II (emperor)">Anastasius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodosius_III" title="Theodosius III">Theodosius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_III_the_Isaurian" title="Leo III the Isaurian">Leo III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_V" title="Constantine V">Constantine V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artabasdos" title="Artabasdos">Artabasdos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_(son_of_Artabasdos)" title="Nikephoros (son of Artabasdos)">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_IV_the_Khazar" title="Leo IV the Khazar">Leo IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VI" title="Constantine VI">Constantine VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irene_of_Athens" title="Irene of Athens">Irene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_I" title="Nikephoros I">Nikephoros I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staurakios" title="Staurakios">Staurakios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Rangabe" title="Michael I Rangabe">Michael I Rangabe</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Theophylact_(son_of_Michael_I)" title="Theophylact (son of Michael I)">Theophylact</a> & <a href="/wiki/Staurakios_(son_of_Michael_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Staurakios (son of Michael I)">Staurakios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_V_the_Armenian" title="Leo V the Armenian">Leo V</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Leo_V)" title="Constantine (son of Leo V)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_II" title="Michael II">Michael II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Theophilos)" title="Constantine (son of Theophilos)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_(wife_of_Theophilos)" title="Theodora (wife of Theophilos)">Theodora (II)</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Thekla_(daughter_of_Theophilos)" title="Thekla (daughter of Theophilos)">Thekla</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_III" title="Michael III">Michael III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_I" title="Basil I">Basil I</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_(son_of_Basil_I)" title="Constantine (son of Basil I)">Constantine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_VI_the_Wise" title="Leo VI the Wise">Leo VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_(Byzantine_emperor)" title="Alexander (Byzantine emperor)">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VII" title="Constantine VII">Constantine VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_I_Lekapenos" title="Romanos I Lekapenos">Romanos I Lekapenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lekapenos" title="Christopher Lekapenos">Christopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Lekapenos" title="Stephen Lekapenos">Stephen</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Lekapenos" title="Constantine Lekapenos">Constantine Lekapenos</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_II" title="Romanos II">Romanos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_II_Phokas" title="Nikephoros II Phokas">Nikephoros II Phokas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_Tzimiskes" title="John I Tzimiskes">John I Tzimiskes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basil_II" title="Basil II">Basil II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_VIII" title="Constantine VIII">Constantine VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoe_Porphyrogenita" title="Zoe Porphyrogenita">Zoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_III_Argyros" title="Romanos III Argyros">Romanos III Argyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IV_the_Paphlagonian" title="Michael IV the Paphlagonian">Michael IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_V_Kalaphates" title="Michael V Kalaphates">Michael V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_IX_Monomachos" title="Constantine IX Monomachos">Constantine IX Monomachos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodora_Porphyrogenita" title="Theodora Porphyrogenita">Theodora (III)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VI_Bringas" title="Michael VI Bringas">Michael VI Bringas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_I_Komnenos" title="Isaac I Komnenos">Isaac I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_X_Doukas" title="Constantine X Doukas">Constantine X Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudokia_Makrembolitissa" title="Eudokia Makrembolitissa">Eudokia Makrembolitissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanos_IV_Diogenes" title="Romanos IV Diogenes">Romanos IV Diogenes</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Leo_Diogenes" title="Leo Diogenes">Leo</a> & <a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_Diogenes" title="Nikephoros Diogenes">Nikephoros</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VII_Doukas" title="Michael VII Doukas">Michael VII Doukas</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Andronikos Doukas (co-emperor)">Andronikos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Konstantios_Doukas" title="Konstantios Doukas">Konstantios</a> & <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikephoros_III_Botaneiates" title="Nikephoros III Botaneiates">Nikephoros III Botaneiates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_I_Komnenos" title="Alexios I Komnenos">Alexios I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_Doukas_(co-emperor)" title="Constantine Doukas (co-emperor)">Constantine Doukas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_Komnenos" title="John II Komnenos">John II Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Alexios_Komnenos_(co-emperor)" title="Alexios Komnenos (co-emperor)">Alexios</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_I_Komnenos" title="Manuel I Komnenos">Manuel I Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_II_Komnenos" title="Alexios II Komnenos">Alexios II Komnenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_I_Komnenos" title="Andronikos I Komnenos">Andronikos I Komnenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/John_Komnenos_(son_of_Andronikos_I)" title="John Komnenos (son of Andronikos I)">John</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_II_Angelos" title="Isaac II Angelos">Isaac II Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_III_Angelos" title="Alexios III Angelos">Alexios III Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_IV_Angelos" title="Alexios IV Angelos">Alexios IV Angelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexios_V_Doukas" title="Alexios V Doukas">Alexios V Doukas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_I_Laskaris" title="Theodore I Laskaris">Theodore I Laskaris</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Laskaris_(son_of_Theodore_I)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicholas Laskaris (son of Theodore I)">Nicholas</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_III_Vatatzes" class="mw-redirect" title="John III Vatatzes">John III Vatatzes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_II_Laskaris" title="Theodore II Laskaris">Theodore II Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_IV_Laskaris" title="John IV Laskaris">John IV Laskaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_VIII_Palaiologos" title="Michael VIII Palaiologos">Michael VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_II_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos II Palaiologos">Andronikos II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_IX_Palaiologos" title="Michael IX Palaiologos">Michael IX Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_III_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos III Palaiologos">Andronikos III Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_V_Palaiologos" title="John V Palaiologos">John V Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VI_Kantakouzenos" title="John VI Kantakouzenos">John VI Kantakouzenos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Kantakouzenos" title="Matthew Kantakouzenos">Matthew</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andronikos_IV_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos IV Palaiologos">Andronikos IV Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VII_Palaiologos" title="John VII Palaiologos">John VII Palaiologos</a> (w. <a href="/wiki/Andronikos_V_Palaiologos" title="Andronikos V Palaiologos">Andronikos V</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_II_Palaiologos" title="Manuel II Palaiologos">Manuel II Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_VIII_Palaiologos" title="John VIII Palaiologos">John VIII Palaiologos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_XI_Palaiologos" title="Constantine XI Palaiologos">Constantine XI Palaiologos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gallic_Empire" title="Gallic Empire">Gallic emperors</a> (260–274)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Palmyrene_monarchs" title="List of Palmyrene monarchs">Palmyrene emperors</a> (267–273)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carausian_revolt" title="Carausian revolt">Britannic emperors</a> (286–296)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Trapezuntine_emperors" title="List of Trapezuntine emperors">Trapezuntine emperors</a> (1204–1461)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Thessalonica" title="Empire of Thessalonica">Thessalonian emperors</a> (1224–1242)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_and_Byzantine_empresses" title="List of Roman and Byzantine empresses">Empresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Augustae" title="List of Augustae">Augustae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_usurper" title="Roman usurper">Usurpers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Roman_usurpers" title="List of Roman usurpers">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_usurpers" title="List of Byzantine usurpers">Eastern</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Italics indicates a junior co-emperor, underlining indicates an emperor variously regarded as either legitimate or a usurper</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2509" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2509" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000103407488">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24583475">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/309816594">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/10661/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJfx7PHyBdf9FBhC996Yfq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118638890">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50031872">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11962851p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11962851p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX966747">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p073781320">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/khw03jc347kgv4w">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810632311605606">Poland</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/51435">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007260714305171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500355682">ULAN</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/f31eb187-597c-4eda-b367-876e88de9874">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118638890.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118638890">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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</div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b9576b97f-8fssb","wgBackendResponseTime":143,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.621","walltime":"1.931","ppvisitednodes":{"value":19122,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":356089,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":34762,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":326608,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1655.111 1 -total"," 18.39% 304.320 132 Template:Sfn"," 17.53% 290.124 45 Template:Cite_book"," 17.46% 288.941 3 Template:Reflist"," 15.09% 249.685 1 Template:Severan_dynasty_family_tree"," 9.26% 153.290 13 Template:Chart"," 9.02% 149.213 2 Template:Infobox"," 8.77% 145.227 1 Template:Infobox_royalty"," 7.43% 122.945 10 Template:Efn"," 6.57% 108.669 6 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Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-01T17:42:35Z","dateModified":"2025-02-20T02:10:07Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/02\/Marble_bust_of_Roman_emperor_Elagabalus%2C_ca._221_AD%2C_Capitoline_Museums_%2820814003112%29.jpg","headline":"Roman Emperor (218-222)"}</script> </body> </html>