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id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michigan_Ave_Bridge_PA170112.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Michigan_Ave_Bridge_PA170112.jpg/220px-Michigan_Ave_Bridge_PA170112.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Michigan_Ave_Bridge_PA170112.jpg/330px-Michigan_Ave_Bridge_PA170112.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Michigan_Ave_Bridge_PA170112.jpg/440px-Michigan_Ave_Bridge_PA170112.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Bronze dedication on a southwest tower of the <a href="/wiki/DuSable_Bridge" title="DuSable Bridge">DuSable Bridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, Ill. "In honor of <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a> & <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Tonti" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrico Tonti">Enrico Tonti</a>." Enrico Tonti founded the first European settlement in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> in 1679, and in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> in 1683, making him "The Father of Arkansas".<sup id="cite_ref-:15_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HMdb_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMdb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He co-founded <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg/220px-United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg/330px-United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg/440px-United_States_Declaration_of_Independence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3923" data-file-height="4656" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a>. In 1773–1785, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Mazzei" title="Filippo Mazzei">Filippo Mazzei</a>, a physician, philosopher, diplomat, promoter of liberty and author, published a pamphlet containing the phrase "All men are by nature equally free and independent", which <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> incorporated into the Declaration of Independence</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Capitol_east_front_in_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/U.S._Capitol_east_front_in_2020.jpg/220px-U.S._Capitol_east_front_in_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/U.S._Capitol_east_front_in_2020.jpg/330px-U.S._Capitol_east_front_in_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/U.S._Capitol_east_front_in_2020.jpg/440px-U.S._Capitol_east_front_in_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6720" data-file-height="4480" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a> in Washington. In 1866 <a href="/wiki/Constantino_Brumidi" title="Constantino Brumidi">Constantino Brumidi</a> completed the frescoed interior of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">United States Capitol dome</a>, and spent the rest of his life executing still other artworks to beautify the Capitol.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Italians in the United States before 1880</b> included a number of explorers, starting with <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, and a few small settlements.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Italian to be registered as residing in the area corresponding to the current U.S. was <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Cesare_Alberti" title="Pietro Cesare Alberti">Pietro Cesare Alberti</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ItalianHistoricalPage_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ItalianHistoricalPage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly regarded as the first <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a>, a Venetian seaman who, in 1635, settled in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>, what would eventually become <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Tonti" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrico Tonti">Enrico Tonti</a>, together with the French explorer <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a>, explored the Great Lakes region. Tonti founded the first European settlement in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> in 1679 and in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> in 1683, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Post" title="Arkansas Post">Poste de Arkansea</a></i>, making him "The Father of Arkansas".<sup id="cite_ref-:15_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HMdb_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMdb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With LaSalle, he co-founded <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, and was governor of the Louisiana Territory for the next 20 years. His brother <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Tonty" title="Alphonse de Tonty">Alfonso Tonti</a>, with French explorer <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_la_Mothe_Cadillac" title="Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac">Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac</a>, was the co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> in 1701, and was its acting colonial governor for 12 years. The <a href="/wiki/Taliaferro" title="Taliaferro">Taliaferro</a> family (originally <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Tagliaferro</i></span>), believed to have roots in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, was one of the <a href="/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia" title="First Families of Virginia">First Families</a> to settle <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. In 1773–1785, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Mazzei" title="Filippo Mazzei">Filippo Mazzei</a>, a physician and promoter of liberty, was a close friend and confidant of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a>. He published a pamphlet containing the phrase, which Jefferson incorporated essentially intact into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>: "All men are by nature equally free and independent. Such equality is necessary in order to create a free government. All men must be equal to each other in natural law". Italian Americans served in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> both as soldiers and officers. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Vigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Vigo">Francesco Vigo</a> aided the colonial forces of <a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a> by serving as one of the foremost financiers of the Revolution in the frontier Northwest. Later, he was a co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Vincennes_University" title="Vincennes University">Vincennes University</a> in Indiana. </p><p>In 1833, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Da_Ponte" title="Lorenzo Da Ponte">Lorenzo Da Ponte</a>, formerly Mozart's librettist, and a naturalized U.S. citizen, founded the first opera house in the United States, the Italian Opera House in New York City, which was the predecessor of the New York Academy of Music and of the New York Metropolitan Opera. He was the first professor of <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_(tenor)" title="Manuel García (tenor)">Manuel Garcia</a>, the first to introduce <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera#Gluck's_reforms_and_Mozart" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a> to America. Between 5,000 and 10,000 Italian Americans fought in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Garibaldi Guard">Garibaldi Guard</a> recruited volunteers for the Union Army from Italy and other European countries to form the <a href="/wiki/39th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="39th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment">39th New York Infantry</a>. At the outbreak of the American Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> was a very popular figure. The great majority of Italian Americans, for both demographic and ideological reasons, served in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> (including generals <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ferrero" title="Edward Ferrero">Edward Ferrero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_B._Spinola" title="Francis B. Spinola">Francis B. Spinola</a>). Some Americans of Italian descent from the Southern states fought in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate Army</a>, such as General <a href="/wiki/William_B._Taliaferro" title="William B. Taliaferro">William B. Taliaferro</a> (of <a href="/wiki/English-American" class="mw-redirect" title="English-American">English-American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Italians in the United Kingdom">Anglo-Italian</a> descent) and <a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a>. In 1866 <a href="/wiki/Constantino_Brumidi" title="Constantino Brumidi">Constantino Brumidi</a> completed the frescoed interior of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">United States Capitol dome</a> in Washington, and spent the rest of his life executing still other artworks to beautify the Capitol. The first <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a> celebration took place on October 12, 1792, when the Columbian Order of New York, better known as <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a>, held an event to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the historic landing. The <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Obelisk" title="Columbus Obelisk">Columbus Obelisk</a> in Baltimore was erected in 1792. Many <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> observe Columbus Day as a celebration of their heritage and not of Columbus himself, and the day was celebrated in New York City on October 12, 1866. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Martino" title="Giovanni Martino">Giovanni Martino</a> or Giovanni Martini, also known as John Martin was a soldier and trumpeter who served both in Italy with <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, famously in the <a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="7th Cavalry Regiment">7th Cavalry Regiment</a> under <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a>, where he became known as the only survivor from Custer's <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a>. An immigrant, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a>, brought with him a concept for the telephone. He is credited by many researchers with being the first to demonstrate the principle of the telephone in a <a href="/wiki/Patent_caveat" title="Patent caveat">patent caveat</a> he submitted to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Patent_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Patent Office">U.S. Patent Office</a> in 1871; however, considerable controversy existed relative to the priority of invention, with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> also being accorded this distinction. (In 2002, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution on Meucci (H.R. 269) declaring that "his work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged."). In 1870, prior to <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">the large wave of Italian immigrants to the United States</a>, there were fewer than 25,000 Italian immigrants in America, many of them <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italian</a> refugees from the wars that accompanied the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Risorgimento</a>—the struggle for Italian reunification and independence from foreign rule which ended in 1870. Immigration began to increase during the 1870s, when more than twice as many Italians immigrated than during the five previous decades combined. The 1870s were followed by the greatest surge of immigration, which occurred between 1880 and 1914 and brought more than 4 million Italians to the United States. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Age_of_Discovery">Age of Discovery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Age of Discovery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desembarco_de_Col%C3%B3n_de_Di%C3%B3scoro_Puebla.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Desembarco_de_Col%C3%B3n_de_Di%C3%B3scoro_Puebla.jpg/220px-Desembarco_de_Col%C3%B3n_de_Di%C3%B3scoro_Puebla.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Desembarco_de_Col%C3%B3n_de_Di%C3%B3scoro_Puebla.jpg/330px-Desembarco_de_Col%C3%B3n_de_Di%C3%B3scoro_Puebla.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Desembarco_de_Col%C3%B3n_de_Di%C3%B3scoro_Puebla.jpg/440px-Desembarco_de_Col%C3%B3n_de_Di%C3%B3scoro_Puebla.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1161" /></a><figcaption>The Italian explorer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> leads an expedition to the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>, 1492. <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">His voyages</a> are celebrated as the discovery of the Americas from a European perspective, and they opened a <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">new era</a> in the history of humankind and sustained contact between the two worlds.</figcaption></figure> <p>Italian<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> navigators and explorers played a key role in the exploration and settlement of the Americas by <a href="/wiki/Europeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Europeans">Europeans</a>. <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Cristoforo Colombo</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[kriˈstɔːforo<span class="wrap"> </span>koˈlombo]</a></span>) completed <a href="/wiki/Voyages_of_Christopher_Columbus" title="Voyages of Christopher Columbus">four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Monarchs_of_Spain" title="Catholic Monarchs of Spain">Catholic Monarchs of Spain</a>. These voyages led to the widespread knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. This breakthrough inaugurated the period known as the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, which saw the <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of the Americas">colonization of the Americas</a>, a related <a href="/wiki/Columbian_exchange" title="Columbian exchange">biological exchange</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trans-Atlantic_trade" title="Trans-Atlantic trade">trans-Atlantic trade</a>. These events, the effects and consequences of which persist to the present, are often cited as the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Modern_era" title="Modern era">modern era</a>. </p><p>Born in the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Republic of Genoa</a>, Columbus was a <a href="/wiki/Navigator" title="Navigator">navigator</a> who sailed in search of a westward route to <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Spice Islands</a> thought to be the East Asian source of <a href="/wiki/Spice_trade" title="Spice trade">spices</a> and other precious oriental goods obtainable only through arduous <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">overland routes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Columbus was partly inspired by 13th-century Italian explorer <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a> in his ambition to explore Asia. His initial belief that he had reached "the Indies" has resulted in the name "<a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>" being attached to the <a href="/wiki/Bahamas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahamas">Bahamas</a> and the islands of the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. At the time of Columbus's voyages, the Americas were inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous Americans</a>, and Columbus later participated in the beginning of the Spanish <a href="/wiki/Conquistador" title="Conquistador">conquest of the Americas</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_di_Colombo_Genova_foto_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Casa_di_Colombo_Genova_foto_2.jpg/220px-Casa_di_Colombo_Genova_foto_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Casa_di_Colombo_Genova_foto_2.jpg/330px-Casa_di_Colombo_Genova_foto_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Casa_di_Colombo_Genova_foto_2.jpg/440px-Casa_di_Colombo_Genova_foto_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus_House" title="Christopher Columbus House">Christopher Columbus House</a> in <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, Italy, an 18th-century reconstruction of the house in which Columbus grew up. The original was likely destroyed during the 1684 <a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Genoa" title="Bombardment of Genoa">bombardment of Genoa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Viaggioverrazzano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Viaggioverrazzano.jpg/220px-Viaggioverrazzano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Viaggioverrazzano.jpg/330px-Viaggioverrazzano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/af/Viaggioverrazzano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="369" data-file-height="457" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a>'s voyage of 1524. The Italian explorer was the first documented European to enter New York Harbor and the Hudson River.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bonavista_Cabot_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bonavista_Cabot_2.jpg/220px-Bonavista_Cabot_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bonavista_Cabot_2.jpg/330px-Bonavista_Cabot_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Bonavista_Cabot_2.jpg/440px-Bonavista_Cabot_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>A statue of the Italian explorer <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> gazing across <a href="/wiki/Bonavista_Bay" title="Bonavista Bay">Bonavista Bay</a> in eastern <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland" class="mw-redirect" title="Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg/220px-Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg/330px-Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg/440px-Waldseemuller_map_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="13708" data-file-height="7590" /></a><figcaption>World map of <a href="/wiki/Martin_Waldseem%C3%BCller" title="Martin Waldseemüller">Waldseemüller</a> (Germany, 1507), which first used the name America (in the lower-left section, over South America).<sup id="cite_ref-LoCmap_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LoCmap-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Naming_of_the_Americas" title="Naming of the Americas">name America</a> derives from the Italian explorer <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Martone_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martone-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Another Italian, <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">Giovanni Caboto</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[dʒoˈvanni<span class="wrap"> </span>kaˈbɔːto]</a></span>), together with his son <a href="/wiki/Sebastian_Cabot_(explorer)" title="Sebastian Cabot (explorer)">Sebastian</a>, explored the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">eastern seaboard of North America</a> for <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> in the early 16th century. The historian <a href="/wiki/Alwyn_Ruddock" title="Alwyn Ruddock">Alwyn Ruddock</a> worked on Cabot and his era for 35 years. She suggested that Cabot and his expedition successfully returned to England in the spring of 1500. She claimed their return followed an epic two-year exploration of the east coast of North America, south into the Chesapeake Bay area and perhaps as far as the Spanish territories in the Caribbean. Her evidence included the well-known world map of the Spanish cartographer <a href="/wiki/Juan_de_la_Cosa" title="Juan de la Cosa">Juan de la Cosa</a>. His chart included the North American coast and seas "discovered by the English" between 1497 and 1500.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Cabot Project at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bristol" title="University of Bristol">University of Bristol</a> was organized in 2009 to search for the evidence on which Ruddock's claims rest, as well as to undertake related studies of Cabot and his expeditions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The lead researchers on the project, Evan Jones and Margaret Condon, claim to have found further evidence to support aspects of Ruddock's case, including some of the information she intended to use to argue for a successful return of the 1498 expedition to Bristol. These appear to place John Cabot in London by May 1500, although Jones and Condon have yet to publish their documentation. </p><p>The project is collaborating on an archaeological excavation at the community of <a href="/wiki/Carbonear" title="Carbonear">Carbonear</a>, Newfoundland, located at Conception Bay and believed the likely location for Carbonariis's possible mission settlement. The Archaeology of Historic Carbonear Project, carried out by <a href="/wiki/Memorial_University_of_Newfoundland" title="Memorial University of Newfoundland">Memorial University of Newfoundland</a>, has conducted summer fieldwork each season since 2011. So far, it has found evidence of planter habitation since the late 17th century and of trade with Spain through <a href="/wiki/Bilbao" title="Bilbao">Bilbao</a>, including a Spanish coin minted in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-provarch_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-provarch-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1524 the <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florentine</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[dʒoˈvanni<span class="wrap"> </span>da<span class="wrap"> </span>(v)verratˈtsaːno]</a></span>) was the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between Florida and New Brunswick in 1524.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The geographic information derived from this voyage significantly influenced 16th-century cartographers.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite his discoveries, Verrazzano's reputation did not proliferate as much as other explorers of that era. For example, Verrazzano gave the European name Francesca to the new land that he had seen, in accordance with contemporary practices, after the French king in whose name he sailed. That and other names he bestowed on features he discovered have not survived. </p><p>Verrazzano's reputation was particularly obscure in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, where the 1609 voyage of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Henry Hudson</a> on behalf of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch Republic</a> came to be regarded as the <i>de facto</i> start of European exploration of New York. It was only <a href="/wiki/Verrazano-Narrows_Bridge#Naming" class="mw-redirect" title="Verrazano-Narrows Bridge">by a great effort</a> in the 1950s and 1960s that Verrazzano's name and reputation were re-established as the European discoverer of the harbour, during an effort to name the newly built <a href="/wiki/Verrazano-Narrows_Bridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Verrazano-Narrows Bridge">Narrows bridge</a> after him.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Italian explorer <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Italian:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="it-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[ameˈriːɡo<span class="wrap"> </span>veˈsputtʃi]</a></span>) first demonstrated in about 1501 that the New World was not Asia as initially conjectured but a different continent (<a href="/wiki/Naming_of_the_Americas" title="Naming of the Americas">America</a> is named after him).<sup id="cite_ref-Martone_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martone-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1497 and 1504, Vespucci participated in at least two voyages of the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, first on behalf of Spain (1499–1500) and then for Portugal (1501–1502). In 1503 and 1505, two booklets were published under his name, containing colourful descriptions of these explorations and other alleged voyages. Both publications were extremely popular and widely read across much of Europe. Although historians still dispute the authorship and veracity of these accounts, at the time they were instrumental in raising awareness of the new discoveries and enhancing the reputation of Vespucci as an explorer and navigator. </p><p>Vespucci claimed to have understood, back in 1501 during his Portuguese expedition, that Brazil was part of a fourth continent unknown to Europeans, which he called the "<a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>". The claim inspired cartographer <a href="/wiki/Martin_Waldseem%C3%BCller" title="Martin Waldseemüller">Martin Waldseemüller</a> to recognize Vespucci's accomplishments in 1507 by applying the Latinized form "America" for the first time to a map showing the New World. Other cartographers followed suit, and by 1538 the tradition of marking the name "America" on maps of the newly discovered continents was secure. It is unknown whether Vespucci was ever aware of these honours. In 1505, he was made a subject of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Castile" title="Kingdom of Castile">Castile</a> by royal decree and in 1508, he was appointed to the newly created position of <i>piloto mayor</i> (master navigator) for Spain's <i><a href="/wiki/Casa_de_Contrataci%C3%B3n" title="Casa de Contratación">Casa de Contratación</a></i> (House of Trade) in Seville, a post he held until his death in 1512. </p><p>A number of Italian navigators and explorers in the employ of Spain and France were involved in exploring and mapping their territories, and in establishing settlements; but this did not lead to the permanent presence of Italians in America. In 1539 <a href="/wiki/Marcos_de_Niza" title="Marcos de Niza">Marco da Nizza</a> explored the territory that later became the states of <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1248256098">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{width:100%!important}}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery{display:table}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-default{background:transparent;margin-top:4px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-center{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-none{float:none}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery-collapsible{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div{display:table-cell;padding:0 4px 4px;text-align:center;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .main>div{display:table-cell}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallery{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div{display:table-cell;padding:4px;text-align:right;font-size:85%;line-height:1em}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .title>div *,.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .footer>div *{overflow:visible}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .gallerybox img{background:none!important}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .bordered-images .thumb img{border:solid var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0)1px}.mw-parser-output .mod-gallery .whitebg .thumb{background:var(--background-color-base,#fff)!important}</style><div class="mod-gallery mod-gallery-default mod-gallery-center"><div class="main"><div><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional nochecker bordered-images whitebg"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_(1520).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Christopher Columbus"><img alt="Christopher Columbus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg/153px-Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg/229px-Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg/306px-Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="1077" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amerigo_Vespucci_(with_turban)_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amerigo Vespucci"><img alt="Amerigo Vespucci" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg/144px-Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg/216px-Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg/288px-Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:John-cabot-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Cabot"><img alt="John Cabot" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/John-cabot-2.jpg/160px-John-cabot-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/John-cabot-2.jpg/240px-John-cabot-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/John-cabot-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="271" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_da_Verrazano.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano"><img alt="Giovanni da Verrazzano" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Giovanni_da_Verrazano.jpg/151px-Giovanni_da_Verrazano.jpg" decoding="async" width="151" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Giovanni_da_Verrazano.jpg/226px-Giovanni_da_Verrazano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Giovanni_da_Verrazano.jpg/301px-Giovanni_da_Verrazano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="528" data-file-height="631" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a></div> </li> </ul></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_settlement">Early settlement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early settlement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Manatvs_gelegen_op_de_Noot_Riuier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manatvs_gelegen_op_de_Noot_Riuier.jpg/220px-Manatvs_gelegen_op_de_Noot_Riuier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manatvs_gelegen_op_de_Noot_Riuier.jpg/330px-Manatvs_gelegen_op_de_Noot_Riuier.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Manatvs_gelegen_op_de_Noot_Riuier.jpg/440px-Manatvs_gelegen_op_de_Noot_Riuier.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8752" data-file-height="6288" /></a><figcaption>Dutch map (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1639) showing <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>, what would eventually become <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, the destination of <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Cesare_Alberti" title="Pietro Cesare Alberti">Pietro Cesare Alberti</a>, commonly regarded as the first <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_de_Tonti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Henri_de_Tonti.jpg/220px-Henri_de_Tonti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Henri_de_Tonti.jpg/330px-Henri_de_Tonti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Henri_de_Tonti.jpg/440px-Henri_de_Tonti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1300" data-file-height="1644" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Tonti" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrico Tonti">Enrico Tonti</a>, who founded the first European settlement in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> in 1679, and in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> in 1683, making him "The Father of Arkansas".<sup id="cite_ref-:15_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HMdb_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMdb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He co-founded <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first Italian to be registered as residing in the area corresponding to the current U.S. was <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Cesare_Alberti" title="Pietro Cesare Alberti">Pietro Cesare Alberti</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ItalianHistoricalPage_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ItalianHistoricalPage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> commonly regarded as the first <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian American</a>, a Venetian seaman who, in 1635, settled in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Dutch</a> colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>, what would eventually become <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Pietro Alberti was born on the island of <a href="/wiki/Lido_of_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lido of Venice">Lido</a> at <a href="/wiki/Malamocco" title="Malamocco">Malamocco</a><sup id="cite_ref-Klett115_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Klett115-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1608 at the height of Venice's commercial power. hese troops carried with them a particularly virulent strain of <a href="/wiki/Italian_plague_of_1629-1631" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian plague of 1629-1631">bubonic plague</a>. The plague spread rapidly, killing 46,000 of the city's 140,000 residents. The immense decline in Venice's population led to a similar decline in its commercial power. During the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a> troops from the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> were stationed in <a href="/wiki/Malamocco" title="Malamocco">Malamocco</a>, a small hamlet on the island of the <a href="/wiki/Lido_of_Venice" class="mw-redirect" title="Lido of Venice">Lido of Venice</a>. Because the Albertis' power was derived from the success of Venetian traders, Pietro decided at the age of 27 to seek a new life in the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>. </p><p>Alberti was the first of millions of <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Italian Americans</a> who would later form part of American culture. A small stone in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Battery_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery Park">Battery Park</a>, near the bronze statue of <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a>, commemorates Pietro Alberti's arrival and declares June 2 to be "Alberti Day".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over the centuries, the family name Alberti had variations in spelling like Albertis, Alburtus, Alburtis and Burtis. Indeed, nearly every American bearing the surnames Burtis and Alburtis can trace their ancestry back to Peter Caesar Alberti.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A small wave of Protestants, known as <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a>, who were of French and northern Italian heritage (specifically <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmontese</a>), occurred during the 17th century. The first Waldensians began arriving around 1640, with the majority coming between 1654 and 1663.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They spread out across what was then called <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>, and what would become New York, New Jersey and the Lower Delaware River regions. The total American Waldensian population that immigrated to New Netherland is currently unknown; however, a 1671 Dutch record indicates that, in 1656 alone, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a> near <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy, had exiled 300 Waldensians due to their Protestant faith. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Tonti" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrico Tonti">Enrico Tonti</a> (Henri de Tonti), together with the French explorer <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9-Robert_Cavelier,_Sieur_de_La_Salle" title="René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle">René-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle</a>, explored the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> region. Tonti founded the first European settlement in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> in 1679 and in <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> in 1683, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Arkansas_Post" title="Arkansas Post">Poste de Arkansea</a></i>, making him "The Father of Arkansas".<sup id="cite_ref-:15_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:15-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HMdb_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMdb-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With LaSalle, he co-founded <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, and was governor of the Louisiana Territory for the next 20 years. His brother <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Tonty" title="Alphonse de Tonty">Alfonso Tonti</a>, with French explorer <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_la_Mothe_Cadillac" title="Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac">Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac</a>, was the co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> in 1701, and was its acting colonial governor for 12 years. Enrico Tonti was one of the first explorers to navigate and sail the upper Great Lakes. He also sailed the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River" title="Illinois River">Illinois</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a>, to its mouth and thereupon claimed the length of the Mississippi for <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV of France</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:05_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:05-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is credited with founding the settlement that would become <a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria, Illinois</a>. </p><p>Spain and France were Catholic countries and sent many missionaries to convert the native American population. Included among these missionaries were numerous Italians. In 1519–25, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Geraldini" title="Alessandro Geraldini">Alessandro Geraldini</a> was the first Catholic bishop in the Americas, at <a href="/wiki/Santo_Domingo" title="Santo Domingo">Santo Domingo</a>. Father <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Bressani" title="François-Joseph Bressani">François-Joseph Bressani</a> (Francesco Giuseppe Bressani) labored among the <a href="/wiki/Algonquin_people" title="Algonquin people">Algonquin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wyandot_people" title="Wyandot people">Huron</a> peoples in the early 17th century. The southwest and California were explored and mapped by Italian Jesuit priest <a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Kino" title="Eusebio Kino">Eusebio Kino</a> (Chino) in the late 17th and early 18th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Eusebio_Kino" title="Statue of Eusebio Kino">His statue</a>, commissioned by the state of Arizona, is displayed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_Visitor_Center" title="United States Capitol Visitor Center">United States Capitol Visitor Center</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Taliaferro_coat_of_arms_as_drawn_by_Thomas_Jefferson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Taliaferro_coat_of_arms_as_drawn_by_Thomas_Jefferson.jpg/220px-Taliaferro_coat_of_arms_as_drawn_by_Thomas_Jefferson.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Taliaferro_coat_of_arms_as_drawn_by_Thomas_Jefferson.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="171" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">Arms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taliaferro" title="Taliaferro">Taliaferro</a> family of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>. Sketch sent from <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> to <a href="/wiki/George_Wythe" title="George Wythe">George Wythe</a>, 1786</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Taliaferro" title="Taliaferro">Taliaferro</a> family (originally <span title="Italian-language text"><i lang="it">Tagliaferro</i></span>), believed to have roots in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, was one of the <a href="/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia" title="First Families of Virginia">First Families</a> to settle <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Wythe_House" title="Wythe House">Wythe House</a>, a historic <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> home built in <a href="/wiki/Williamsburg,_Virginia" title="Williamsburg, Virginia">Williamsburg, Virginia</a> in 1754, was designed by architect <a href="/wiki/Richard_Taliaferro" title="Richard Taliaferro">Richard Taliaferro</a> for his son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">American Founding Father</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Wythe" title="George Wythe">George Wythe</a>, who married Richard's daughter Elizabeth Taliaferro. The elder Taliaferro designed much of <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Williamsburg" title="Colonial Williamsburg">Colonial Williamsburg</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Governor%27s_Palace_(Williamsburg,_Virginia)" title="Governor's Palace (Williamsburg, Virginia)">Governor's Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Capitol_(Williamsburg,_Virginia)" title="Capitol (Williamsburg, Virginia)">Capitol</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>, and the President's House at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wythe_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wythe-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Francesco Maria de Reggio, an Italian <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Este" title="House of Este">House of Este</a> who served under the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">French</a> as <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie,_Chevalier_de_Reggio" title="François Marie, Chevalier de Reggio">François Marie, Chevalier de Reggio</a>, came to <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> in 1747 where King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a> appointed him <a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">Captain General</a> of <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">French Louisiana</a>, until 1763.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Scion of the De Reggios, a <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> first family of <a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana">St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana</a>, Francesco Maria's granddaughter Hélène Judith de Reggio would give birth to famed <a href="/wiki/Confederate_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederate General">Confederate General</a> <a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PGT_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGT-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A colonial merchant, Francis Ferrari of Genoa, was naturalized as a citizen of <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> in 1752.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He died in 1753 and in his will speaks of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, his ownership of three ships, cargo of wine and his wife Mary,<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who went on to own one of the oldest coffee houses in America, the Merchant Coffee House of New York on Wall Street at Water St. Her Merchant Coffee House moved across Wall Street in 1772, retaining the same name and patronage.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1774–1775 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pietro_Sodi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pietro Sodi (page does not exist)">Pietro Sodi</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Sodi" class="extiw" title="it:Pietro Sodi">it</a>]</span> was the first famous Italian ballet master to come to the United States. </p><p>Today, the descendants of the Alberti-Burtis, Taliaferro, Fonda, Reggio and other early families are found all across the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1776_to_1850">1776 to 1850</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1776 to 1850"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:David_Filippo_Mazzei.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/David_Filippo_Mazzei.jpg/170px-David_Filippo_Mazzei.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/David_Filippo_Mazzei.jpg/255px-David_Filippo_Mazzei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/David_Filippo_Mazzei.jpg/340px-David_Filippo_Mazzei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Filippo_Mazzei" title="Filippo Mazzei">Filippo Mazzei</a>, an Italian physician, philosopher, diplomat, promoter of liberty and author, whose phrase "All men are by nature equally free and independent" was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">United States Declaration of Independence</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Casa_Natale_di_Filippo_Mazzei_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Casa_Natale_di_Filippo_Mazzei_3.jpg/170px-Casa_Natale_di_Filippo_Mazzei_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Casa_Natale_di_Filippo_Mazzei_3.jpg/255px-Casa_Natale_di_Filippo_Mazzei_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Casa_Natale_di_Filippo_Mazzei_3.jpg/340px-Casa_Natale_di_Filippo_Mazzei_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption>Birthplace of Filippo Mazzei in <a href="/wiki/Poggio_a_Caiano" title="Poggio a Caiano">Poggio a Caiano</a></figcaption></figure> <p>This period saw a small stream of new arrivals from Italy. Some brought skills in agriculture and the making of glass, silk and wine, while others brought skills as musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1773–1785, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Mazzei" title="Filippo Mazzei">Filippo Mazzei</a>, a physician, philosopher, diplomat, promoter of liberty and author, was a close friend and confidant of Thomas Jefferson. He published a pamphlet containing the phrase, which Jefferson incorporated essentially intact into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Tutti gli uomini sono per natura egualmente liberi e indipendenti. Quest'eguaglianza è necessaria per costituire un governo libero. Bisogna che ognuno sia uguale all'altro nel diritto naturale.</i></p></blockquote> <p>Translated by Jefferson as follow: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All men are by nature equally free and independent. Such equality is necessary in order to create a free government. All men must be equal to each other in natural law</p></blockquote> <p>Mazzei practiced medicine in Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> for several years before moving to <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1755 to take up a mercantile career as an importer. In London, he worked as a teacher of Italian language.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While in London he met the Americans <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> of Virginia. While doing work for Franklin, Mazzei shared his idea of importing Tuscan products, wine and olive trees, to the New World. They convinced him to undertake his next venture. </p><p>On September 2, 1773, Mazzei boarded a ship from Livorno to the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a>, bringing with him plants, seeds, silkworms, and 10 farmers from <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>. He visited Jefferson at his estate, and the two became good friends. Jefferson gave Mazzei an allotment of land for an experimental plantation. Mazzei purchased more land adjoining this gift of acreage and established a plantation he named Colle. They shared an interest in politics and liberal values, and maintained an active correspondence for the rest of Mazzei's life. The contribution of Filippo Mazzei to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Declaration of Independence">U.S. Declaration of Independence</a> was acknowledged by <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> in his book <i><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants">A Nation of Immigrants</a></i>, in which he states that:<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The great doctrine 'All men are created equal'<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and incorporated into the Declaration of Independence by Thomas Jefferson, was paraphrased from the writing of Philip Mazzei, an Italian-born patriot and pamphleteer, who was a close friend of Jefferson. A few alleged scholars try to discredit Mazzei as the creator of this statement and idea, saying that "there is no mention of it anywhere until after the Declaration was published". This phrase appears in Italian in Mazzei's own hand, written in Italian, several years prior to the writing of the Declaration of Independence. Mazzei and Jefferson often exchanged ideas about true liberty and freedom. No one man can take complete credit for the ideals of American democracy.</p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francevigovincennes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Francevigovincennes.jpg/170px-Francevigovincennes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Francevigovincennes.jpg/255px-Francevigovincennes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Francevigovincennes.jpg/340px-Francevigovincennes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Vigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Vigo">Francesco Vigo</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes, Indiana</a>, who aided the colonial forces of <a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Italian Americans served in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> both as soldiers and officers. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Vigo" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco Vigo">Francesco Vigo</a> aided the colonial forces of <a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">George Rogers Clark</a> by serving as one of the foremost financiers of the Revolution in the frontier Northwest. Later, he was a co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Vincennes_University" title="Vincennes University">Vincennes University</a> in Indiana. Born in <a href="/wiki/Mondov%C3%AC" title="Mondovì">Mondovì</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, he served with the <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spanish</a> Army in <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans</a>. In 1772 he established a fur trading business in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>. In 1783, Vigo moved to <a href="/wiki/Vincennes,_Indiana" title="Vincennes, Indiana">Vincennes, Indiana</a>, and operated a fur trading business there. <a href="/wiki/Vigo_County,_Indiana" title="Vigo County, Indiana">Vigo County, Indiana</a>, on the <a href="/wiki/Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash River</a> north of Vincennes, is named for Francis Vigo, as is <a href="/wiki/Vigo,_Indiana" title="Vigo, Indiana">Vigo, Indiana</a>. The <a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark_National_Historical_Park" title="George Rogers Clark National Historical Park">George Rogers Clark National Historical Park</a> erected a statue of Vigo by <a href="/wiki/John_Angel_(sculptor)" title="John Angel (sculptor)">John Angel</a> in 1934, on the waterfront of the Wabash River. Vigo was featured in a collectors coin to celebrate the bicentennial of Indiana statehood.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a strong association between <a href="/wiki/Italian-American_cuisine" title="Italian-American cuisine">Italian-American cuisine</a> and the history of <a href="/wiki/Winemaking" title="Winemaking">winemaking</a> in the United States. Many <a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Italian wines</a> were first introduced to the United States in the late 18th century. Italian vintners were first brought to the state of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> in 1766 by <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Turnbull_(colonist)" title="Andrew Turnbull (colonist)">Dr. Andrew Turnbull</a>, a British Consul at <a href="/wiki/Smyrna" title="Smyrna">Smyrna</a> (now <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>). <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Mazzei" title="Filippo Mazzei">Filippo Mazzei</a> also cultivate vineyards, olives, and other Mediterranean fruit with the help of Italians.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After American independence numerous political refugees arrived, most notably: <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Avezzana" title="Giuseppe Avezzana">Giuseppe Avezzana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Gavazzi" title="Alessandro Gavazzi">Alessandro Gavazzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pellico" title="Silvio Pellico">Silvio Pellico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federico_Confalonieri" title="Federico Confalonieri">Federico Confalonieri</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Eleuterio_Felice_Foresti" title="Eleuterio Felice Foresti">Eleuterio Felice Foresti</a>. <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> resided in the United States in 1850–51. At the invitation of Thomas Jefferson, Carlo Bellini became the first professor of modern languages at the <a href="/wiki/College_of_William_%26_Mary" title="College of William & Mary">College of William & Mary</a>, in the years 1779–1803.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Bachi" title="Pietro Bachi">Pietro Bachi</a> was the first professor from <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> teaching at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> from 1826 to 1846. </p><p>In 1801, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Trajetta" title="Philip Trajetta">Philip Trajetta</a> (Filippo Traetta) established the nation's first conservatory of music in Boston, where, in the first half of the century, organist <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nolcini" title="Charles Nolcini">Charles Nolcini</a> and conductor Louis Ostinelli were also active.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1805 <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> recruited a group of musicians from Sicily to form a military band, later to become the nucleus of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marine_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marine Band">U.S. Marine Band</a>. The musicians included the young <a href="/wiki/Venerando_Pulizzi" title="Venerando Pulizzi">Venerando Pulizzi</a>, who became the first Italian director of the band, and served in this capacity from 1816 to 1827.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Maria_Scala" title="Francesco Maria Scala">Francesco Maria Scala</a>, an Italian-born naturalized American citizen, was one of the most important and influential directors of the U.S. Marine Band, from 1855 to 1871, and was credited with the instrumental organization the band still maintains. Joseph Lucchesi, the third Italian leader of the U.S. Marine Band, served from 1844 to 1846.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first opera house in the country opened in 1833 in New York through the efforts of <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Da_Ponte" title="Lorenzo Da Ponte">Lorenzo Da Ponte</a>, Mozart's former librettist, who had immigrated to America and had become the first professor of Italian at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia College</a> in 1825. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GCBeltrami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GCBeltrami.jpg/170px-GCBeltrami.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GCBeltrami.jpg/255px-GCBeltrami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/GCBeltrami.jpg/340px-GCBeltrami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Beltrami" title="Giacomo Beltrami">Giacomo Beltrami</a>, who explored the headwater region of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a></figcaption></figure> <p>During this period Italian explorers continued to be active in the West. <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Malaspina" class="mw-redirect" title="Alessandro Malaspina">Alessandro Malaspina</a> undertook a <a href="/wiki/Circumnavigation" title="Circumnavigation">voyage around the world</a> from 1786 to 1788, then, from 1789 to 1794, a scientific expedition (the <a href="/wiki/Malaspina_Expedition" title="Malaspina Expedition">Malaspina Expedition</a>) throughout the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a>, exploring and mapping much of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_west_coast_of_North_America" title="History of the west coast of North America">the west coast of the Americas</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cape_Horn" title="Cape Horn">Cape Horn</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a>, crossing to <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, and stopping in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>. In 1822–23 the headwater region of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a> was explored by <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Beltrami" title="Giacomo Beltrami">Giacomo Beltrami</a> in the territory that was later to become Minnesota, which named a <a href="/wiki/Beltrami_County,_Minnesota" title="Beltrami County, Minnesota">county</a> in his honor. In the U.S. Giacomo Beltrami also began visiting a number of cities. He eventually began a voyage down the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio River</a> with the intention of following it to the Mississippi and then south to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans,_Louisiana" class="mw-redirect" title="New Orleans, Louisiana">New Orleans, Louisiana</a>. While on board he met with the prominent United States Indian agent, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Taliaferro" title="Lawrence Taliaferro">Lawrence Taliaferro</a>, who was planning to travel upriver on the Mississippi. Beltrami soon became obsessed with the idea of finding the river's source. In 1823, the two later joined with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_H._Long" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen H. Long">Stephen H. Long</a> as they traveled upriver to <a href="/wiki/Fort_Snelling" title="Fort Snelling">Fort Saint Anthony</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Rosati" title="Joseph Rosati">Joseph Rosati</a> was named the first Catholic bishop of St. Louis in 1824. In 1830–64 <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Mazzuchelli" title="Samuel Mazzuchelli">Samuel Mazzuchelli</a>, a missionary and expert in Indian languages, ministered to European colonists and Native Americans in Wisconsin and Iowa for 34 years and, after his death, was declared Venerable by the Catholic Church. Father <a href="/wiki/Charles_Constantine_Pise" title="Charles Constantine Pise">Charles Constantine Pise</a>, a Jesuit, served as <a href="/wiki/Chaplain_of_the_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Chaplain of the Senate">Chaplain of the Senate</a> from 1832 to 1833,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the only Catholic priest ever chosen to serve in this capacity. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samuel_Morse_zugeschrieben_Lorenzo_Da_Ponte_New_York_Yacht_Club_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Samuel_Morse_zugeschrieben_Lorenzo_Da_Ponte_New_York_Yacht_Club_Detail.jpg/220px-Samuel_Morse_zugeschrieben_Lorenzo_Da_Ponte_New_York_Yacht_Club_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Samuel_Morse_zugeschrieben_Lorenzo_Da_Ponte_New_York_Yacht_Club_Detail.jpg/330px-Samuel_Morse_zugeschrieben_Lorenzo_Da_Ponte_New_York_Yacht_Club_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Samuel_Morse_zugeschrieben_Lorenzo_Da_Ponte_New_York_Yacht_Club_Detail.jpg/440px-Samuel_Morse_zugeschrieben_Lorenzo_Da_Ponte_New_York_Yacht_Club_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="606" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Da_Ponte" title="Lorenzo Da Ponte">Lorenzo Da Ponte</a>, who was the first to introduce <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera#Gluck's_reforms_and_Mozart" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a> to America</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1833, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Da_Ponte" title="Lorenzo Da Ponte">Lorenzo Da Ponte</a>, formerly Mozart's librettist, and a naturalized U.S. citizen, founded the first opera house in the United States, the Italian Opera House in New York City, which was the predecessor of the New York Academy of Music and of the New York Metropolitan Opera. He was the first professor of <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Garc%C3%ADa_(tenor)" title="Manuel García (tenor)">Manuel Garcia</a>, the first to introduce <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera#Gluck's_reforms_and_Mozart" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a> to America.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-americanheritage.com_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-americanheritage.com-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Da Ponte was also a close friend of <a href="/wiki/Mozart" class="mw-redirect" title="Mozart">Mozart</a> and <a href="/wiki/Casanova" class="mw-redirect" title="Casanova">Casanova</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Missionaries of the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Franciscan" class="mw-redirect" title="Franciscan">Franciscan</a> orders were active in many parts of America. Italian Jesuits founded numerous missions, schools and two colleges in the west. <a href="/wiki/John_Nobili" title="John Nobili">Giovanni Nobili</a> founded the <i>Santa Clara College</i> (now <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_University" title="Santa Clara University">Santa Clara University</a>) in 1851. The <i>St. Ignatius Academy</i> (now <a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Francisco" title="University of San Francisco">University of San Francisco</a>) was established by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Maraschi" title="Anthony Maraschi">Anthony Maraschi</a> in 1855. The Italian Jesuits also laid the foundation for the wine-making industry that would later flourish in California. In the east, the Italian Franciscans founded hospitals, orphanages, schools, and the <i>St. Bonaventure College</i> (now <a href="/wiki/St._Bonaventure_University" title="St. Bonaventure University">St. Bonaventure University</a>), established by Panfilo da Magliano in 1858. </p><p>In 1837, John Phinizy (Finizzi) became the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Augusta,_Georgia" title="Augusta, Georgia">Augusta</a>, Georgia. <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilds_Trotti" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Wilds Trotti">Samuel Wilds Trotti</a> of <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a> was the first Italian American to serve in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Born in <a href="/wiki/Barnwell,_South_Carolina" title="Barnwell, South Carolina">Barnwell, South Carolina</a>, Trotti attended the common schools. He graduated from South Carolina College (now <a href="/wiki/University_of_South_Carolina" title="University of South Carolina">University of South Carolina</a>) at Columbia in 1832. He studied law and was admitted to the bar. He served in the Seminole War. Trotti served as member of the State house of representatives from 1840 to 1841 from 1852 to 1855. He was elected as a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> to the Twenty-seventh Congress to fill the vacancy caused by the resignation of <a href="/wiki/Sampson_H._Butler" title="Sampson H. Butler">Sampson H. Butler</a> and served from December 17, 1842, to March 3, 1843. </p><p>In 1849, Francesco, de Casale began publishing the Italian American newspaper <i>L'Eco d'Italia</i> in New York, the first of many to eventually follow. In 1848, <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ramacciotti" title="Francis Ramacciotti">Francis Ramacciotti</a>, piano string inventor and manufacturer, immigrated to the U.S. from Tuscany. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans_in_the_Civil_War" title="Italian Americans in the Civil War">Italian Americans in the Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:March_past_of_the_%27Garibaldi_Guard%27_before_President_Lincoln,_1861-1865_(c1880).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/March_past_of_the_%27Garibaldi_Guard%27_before_President_Lincoln%2C_1861-1865_%28c1880%29.jpg/220px-March_past_of_the_%27Garibaldi_Guard%27_before_President_Lincoln%2C_1861-1865_%28c1880%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/March_past_of_the_%27Garibaldi_Guard%27_before_President_Lincoln%2C_1861-1865_%28c1880%29.jpg/330px-March_past_of_the_%27Garibaldi_Guard%27_before_President_Lincoln%2C_1861-1865_%28c1880%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/March_past_of_the_%27Garibaldi_Guard%27_before_President_Lincoln%2C_1861-1865_%28c1880%29.jpg/440px-March_past_of_the_%27Garibaldi_Guard%27_before_President_Lincoln%2C_1861-1865_%28c1880%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5800" data-file-height="3942" /></a><figcaption>Review of the <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Garibaldi Guard">Garibaldi Guard</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Between 5,000 and 10,000 Italian Americans fought in the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The great majority of Italian Americans, for both demographic and ideological reasons, served in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> (including generals <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ferrero" title="Edward Ferrero">Edward Ferrero</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francis_B._Spinola" title="Francis B. Spinola">Francis B. Spinola</a>). Some Americans of Italian descent from the disbanded <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Army of the Two Sicilies">Army of the Two Sicilies</a> defeated by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a> fought in the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate Army</a>, such as General <a href="/wiki/William_B._Taliaferro" title="William B. Taliaferro">William B. Taliaferro</a> (of <a href="/wiki/English-American" class="mw-redirect" title="English-American">English-American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Italians in the United Kingdom">Anglo-Italian</a> descent) and <a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PGT_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGT-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Six Italian Americans received the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> during the war, among whom was Colonel <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Palma_di_Cesnola" title="Luigi Palma di Cesnola">Luigi Palma di Cesnola</a>, who later became the first Director of the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Museum_of_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Museum of Arts">Metropolitan Museum of Arts</a> in New York (1879-1904). </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Garibaldi Guard">Garibaldi Guard</a> recruited volunteers for the Union Army from Italy and other European countries to form the <a href="/wiki/39th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="39th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment">39th New York Infantry</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the outbreak of the American Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> was a very popular figure. The <a href="/wiki/39th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="39th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment">39th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment</a>, of whose 350 members were Italian, was nicknamed <i>Garibaldi Guard</i> in his honor. The unit wore red shirts and <i><a href="/wiki/Bersaglieri" title="Bersaglieri">bersaglieri plumes</a>.</i> They carried with them both a Union Flag as well as an <a href="/wiki/Italian_flag" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian flag">Italian flag</a> with the words <i>Dio e popolo,</i> meaning "God and people."<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1861 Garibaldi himself volunteered his services to President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. Garibaldi was offered a Major General's commission in the U.S. Army through the letter from Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Sanford" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Sanford">H. S. Sanford</a>, the U.S. Minister at <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, July 17, 1861.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most of the Italian-Americans who joined the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> were recruited from <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. Many Italians of note were interested in the war and joined the army, reaching positions of authority. Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Edward_Ferrero" title="Edward Ferrero">Edward Ferrero</a> was the original commander of the <a href="/wiki/51st_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="51st New York Volunteer Infantry">51st New York Regiment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He commanded both brigades and divisions in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Theater of the American Civil War">eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Theater_of_the_American_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Theater of the American Civil War">western</a> theaters of war and later commanded a division of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Colored_Troops" title="United States Colored Troops">United States Colored Troops</a>. Colonel Enrico Fardella, of the same and later of the <a href="/wiki/85th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="85th New York Volunteer Infantry">85th New York</a> regiment, was made a <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> brigadier general when the war ended. <a href="/wiki/Francis_B._Spinola" title="Francis B. Spinola">Francis B. Spinola</a> recruited four <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a> in New York, was soon appointed Brigadier General by President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> and given command of the <a href="/wiki/Spinola_Brigade" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinola Brigade">Spinola Brigade</a>. Later he commanded another unit, the famed <a href="/wiki/Excelsior_Brigade" title="Excelsior Brigade">Excelsior Brigade</a>. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_P._di_Cesnola.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Luigi_P._di_Cesnola.jpg/130px-Luigi_P._di_Cesnola.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Luigi_P._di_Cesnola.jpg/195px-Luigi_P._di_Cesnola.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/41/Luigi_P._di_Cesnola.jpg 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Palma_di_Cesnola" title="Luigi Palma di Cesnola">Luigi Palma di Cesnola</a> commanded a Union cavalry unit during the war.</figcaption></figure> <p>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Palma_di_Cesnola" title="Luigi Palma di Cesnola">Luigi Palma di Cesnola</a>, a former Italian and British soldier and veteran of the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a>, commanded the 4th New York Cavalry and would rise to become one of the highest ranking Italian officer in the Union Army.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He established a military school in New York City where many young Italians were trained and later served in the Union army. Di Cesnola received the <a href="/wiki/Medal_of_Honor" title="Medal of Honor">Medal of Honor</a> for his actions during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldie" title="Battle of Aldie">Battle of Aldie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two more famous examples were Francesco Casale and Luigi Tinelli, who were instrumental in the formation of the <a href="/wiki/39th_New_York_Volunteer_Infantry_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="39th New York Volunteer Infantry Regiment">39th New York Infantry Regiment</a>. According to one evaluation of the <a href="/wiki/Official_Records_of_the_Union_and_Confederate_Armies" title="Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies">Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies</a>, there were over 200 Italians who served as officers in the U.S. army.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 260 Italian Americans fought as sailors in the Union Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Italian American soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_Army" title="Confederate States Army">Confederate States Army</a> were veterans from the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Army of the Two Sicilies">Army of the Two Sicilies</a> who had fought against Giuseppe Garibaldi in, and were captured during, the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a>. They were released after a treaty between Garibaldi and <a href="/wiki/Chatham_Roberdeau_Wheat" title="Chatham Roberdeau Wheat">Chatham Roberdeau Wheat</a>. In December 1860 and few months of 1861, these volunteers were transported to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> with the ships <i>Elisabetta</i>, <i>Olyphant</i>, <i>Utile</i>, <i>Charles & Jane</i>, <i>Washington</i> and <i>Franklin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Confederate Italian Americans had settled in Louisiana. The militia of Louisiana had an <a href="/wiki/6th_Regiment,_European_Brigade" title="6th Regiment, European Brigade">Italian Guards Battalion</a> that became part of its 6th Regiment.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the protests of many soldiers, who did not feel like Italian citizens since they fought against the unification of Italy, it was renamed <i>6th Regiment, European Brigade</i> in 1862. </p><p>Among the <a href="/wiki/General_officers_in_the_Confederate_States_Army" title="General officers in the Confederate States Army">Confederate officer corps</a>, General <a href="/wiki/William_B._Taliaferro" title="William B. Taliaferro">William B. Taliaferro</a> had some Italian ancestry as a son of the <a href="/wiki/Taliaferro" title="Taliaferro">Taliaferro</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Families_of_Virginia" title="First Families of Virginia">first family of Virginia</a>, descended from <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Italians in the United Kingdom">Italians in England</a> in the 1500s who settled the <a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Virginia" title="Colony of Virginia">Colony of Virginia</a> in the 1600s.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General <a href="/wiki/P._G._T._Beauregard" title="P. G. T. Beauregard">P. G. T. Beauregard</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a>, had Italian ancestry via his mother Hélène Judith de Reggio, who hailed from a prominent first family of <a href="/wiki/St._Bernard_Parish,_Louisiana" title="St. Bernard Parish, Louisiana">St. Bernard Parish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> established in 1747 by her grandfather <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Marie,_Chevalier_de_Reggio" title="François Marie, Chevalier de Reggio">Francesco Maria de Reggio</a>, an Italian <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobleman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Este" title="House of Este">House of Este</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PGT_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PGT-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Late_19th_century">Late 19th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Late 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in 1863, Italian immigrants were one of the principal groups of unskilled laborers, along with the Irish, that built the Transcontinental Railroad west from Omaha, Nebraska.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apotheosis_of_G._Washington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Apotheosis_of_G._Washington.jpg/220px-Apotheosis_of_G._Washington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Apotheosis_of_G._Washington.jpg/330px-Apotheosis_of_G._Washington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Apotheosis_of_G._Washington.jpg/440px-Apotheosis_of_G._Washington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2835" data-file-height="2915" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></i> on the ceiling of the <a href="/wiki/Capitol_rotunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitol rotunda">Capitol rotunda</a> inside the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">United States Capitol</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">fresco</a> painted by <a href="/wiki/Constantino_Brumidi" title="Constantino Brumidi">Constantino Brumidi</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1866 <a href="/wiki/Constantino_Brumidi" title="Constantino Brumidi">Constantino Brumidi</a> completed the frescoed interior of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_dome" title="United States Capitol dome">United States Capitol dome</a> in Washington, and spent the rest of his life executing still other artworks to beautify the Capitol. His first art work in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Building</a> was in the meeting room of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Agriculture" title="United States House Committee on Agriculture">House Committee on Agriculture</a>. At first he received eight dollars a day, which <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, then <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> of the United States, helped increase to ten dollars. His work attracting much favorable attention, he was given further commissions, and gradually settled into the position of a Government painter. His chief work in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_DC" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington, DC">Washington</a> was done in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">rotunda of the Capitol</a> and included <i><a href="/wiki/The_Apotheosis_of_Washington" title="The Apotheosis of Washington">The Apotheosis of Washington</a></i> in the dome and the <i>Frieze of American History</i>, which contains allegorical scenes from <a href="/wiki/American_history" class="mw-redirect" title="American history">American history</a>. His artistic vision was influenced by the wall paintings of <a href="/wiki/Pompeian_Styles" title="Pompeian Styles">Pompeii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">ancient Rome</a>, as well as the classical revivals that characterized the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work in the rotunda was left unfinished at his death, but he had decorated many other sections of the building, most notably hallways in the Senate side of the Capitol now known as the <a href="/wiki/Brumidi_Corridors" title="Brumidi Corridors">Brumidi Corridors</a>. <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Costaggini" title="Filippo Costaggini">Filippo Costaggini</a> continued painting the frieze over the next 8 years based on the sketches Brumidi left; however, there was no sketch left for the final panel, which remained empty until 1953, when <a href="/wiki/Allyn_Cox" title="Allyn Cox">Allyn Cox</a> designed and painted it.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi_Washington_Square_Park.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Garibaldi_Washington_Square_Park.jpg/220px-Garibaldi_Washington_Square_Park.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Garibaldi_Washington_Square_Park.jpg/330px-Garibaldi_Washington_Square_Park.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Garibaldi_Washington_Square_Park.jpg/440px-Garibaldi_Washington_Square_Park.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="1290" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Giuseppe_Garibaldi_(New_York_City)" title="Statue of Giuseppe Garibaldi (New York City)">Statue of Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Turini" title="Giovanni Turini">Giovanni Turini</a>, installed in <a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Park" title="Washington Square Park">Washington Square Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">Manhattan</a>, New York </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Turini" title="Giovanni Turini">Giovanni Turini</a> completed various monumental statues in the United States. He is best remembered as a portrait and historical sculptor.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His portrait bust of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a>, which he created in 1876 and was dedicated in 1878 was funded by the New York Italian American community and was one of the early examples of public statuary in the city. Turini, who served with <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> as a volunteer during the <a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third Italian War of Independence</a> in 1866, created Garibaldi's statue in <a href="/wiki/Washington_Square_Park" title="Washington Square Park">Washington Square Park</a> in 1888.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Botta" title="Vincenzo Botta">Vincenzo Botta</a> was a politician and professor of <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a> at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> from 1856 to 1894. </p><p>The first <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Day" title="Columbus Day">Columbus Day</a> celebration took place on October 12, 1792, when the Columbian Order of New York, better known as <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a>, held an event to commemorate the 300th anniversary of the historic landing.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Columbus_Obelisk" title="Columbus Obelisk">Columbus Obelisk</a> in Baltimore was erected in 1792. Many <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> observe Columbus Day as a celebration of their heritage and not of Columbus himself, and the day was celebrated in New York City on October 12, 1866.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The day was first enshrined as a legal holiday in the United States through the lobbying of Angelo Noce, a first-generation American, in Denver.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For the 400th anniversary of Christopher Columbus's voyage in 1892, following <a href="/wiki/1891_New_Orleans_lynchings" title="1891 New Orleans lynchings">lynchings in New Orleans</a>, where a mob had murdered 11 Italian immigrants, President <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> declared Columbus Day as a one-time national celebration.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The proclamation was part of a wider effort after the lynching incident to placate Italian Americans and ease diplomatic tensions with Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_72-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_Marion_Russell_-_The_Custer_Fight_(1903).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Charles_Marion_Russell_-_The_Custer_Fight_%281903%29.jpg/220px-Charles_Marion_Russell_-_The_Custer_Fight_%281903%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Charles_Marion_Russell_-_The_Custer_Fight_%281903%29.jpg/330px-Charles_Marion_Russell_-_The_Custer_Fight_%281903%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Charles_Marion_Russell_-_The_Custer_Fight_%281903%29.jpg/440px-Charles_Marion_Russell_-_The_Custer_Fight_%281903%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3891" data-file-height="2374" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a>. The Italian soldier <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Martino" title="Giovanni Martino">Giovanni Martino</a> was the only survivor from Custer's <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a> at the battle</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Martino" title="Giovanni Martino">Giovanni Martino</a> or Giovanni Martini, also known as John Martin was a soldier and trumpeter who served both in Italy with <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>, famously in the <a href="/wiki/7th_Cavalry_Regiment" title="7th Cavalry Regiment">7th Cavalry Regiment</a> under <a href="/wiki/George_Armstrong_Custer" title="George Armstrong Custer">George Armstrong Custer</a>, where he became known as the only survivor from Custer's <a href="/wiki/Company_(military_unit)" title="Company (military unit)">company</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Little_Bighorn" title="Battle of the Little Bighorn">Battle of the Little Bighorn</a>. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Fanciulli" title="Francesco Fanciulli">Francesco Fanciulli</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Band_director" class="mw-redirect" title="Band director">band director</a> and <a href="/wiki/Composer" title="Composer">composer</a>. Between 1892 and 1897 he led the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Band" title="United States Marine Band">United States Marine Band</a>. In the second half of the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a> began to establish itself in the United States, starting with <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a>; <a href="/wiki/Eliza_Biscaccianti" title="Eliza Biscaccianti">Eliza Biscaccianti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adelina_Patti" title="Adelina Patti">Adelina Patti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pasquale_Brignoli" title="Pasquale Brignoli">Pasquale Brignoli</a> were the first Italian singers to take on stardom in the United States. The presence of Italians in the United States was also important in dance with <a href="/wiki/Maria_Bonfanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Bonfanti">Maria Bonfanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita_Sangalli" title="Rita Sangalli">Rita Sangalli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppina_Morlacchi" title="Giuseppina Morlacchi">Giuseppina Morlacchi</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Gentile" title="Carlo Gentile">Carlo Gentile</a>, known professionally in his lifetime as Charles Gentile, was a photographer. After travelling the world, he settled in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a>, for a few years, photographing diverse subjects including the gold fields. In 1867, he moved to California, and lived a restless existence with frequent moves between California and <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>. In 1871, he purchased a young boy named Wassaja, later named <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Montezuma" title="Carlos Montezuma">Carlos Montezuma</a>, for 30 silver dollars. In the midst of their travels, they participated in a <a href="/wiki/Wild_West_shows" title="Wild West shows">Wild West Show</a> starring <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bill" title="Buffalo Bill">Buffalo Bill</a>. Gentile continued the pursuit of his photographic career in Chicago, while publishing a series of newspapers along with maintaining a weekly magazine. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi_meucci_house_2008_07_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Garibaldi_meucci_house_2008_07_20.jpg/220px-Garibaldi_meucci_house_2008_07_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Garibaldi_meucci_house_2008_07_20.jpg/330px-Garibaldi_meucci_house_2008_07_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Garibaldi_meucci_house_2008_07_20.jpg/440px-Garibaldi_meucci_house_2008_07_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="1082" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Garibaldi-Meucci_Museum" title="Garibaldi-Meucci Museum">Garibaldi-Meucci Museum</a> on Staten Island</figcaption></figure> <p>An immigrant, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a>, brought with him a concept for the telephone. He is credited by many researchers with being the first to demonstrate the principle of the telephone in a <a href="/wiki/Patent_caveat" title="Patent caveat">patent caveat</a> he submitted to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Patent_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Patent Office">U.S. Patent Office</a> in 1871; however, considerable controversy existed relative to the priority of invention, with <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> also being accorded this distinction. (In 2002, the U.S. House of Representatives passed a resolution on Meucci (H.R. 269) declaring that "his work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged.")<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, Italian Americans established a number of institutions of higher learning. <i>Las Vegas College</i> (now <a href="/wiki/Regis_University" title="Regis University">Regis University</a>) was established by a group of exiled Italian Jesuits in 1877 in Las Vegas, New Mexico. The Jesuit <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Cataldo" title="Joseph Cataldo">Giuseppe Cataldo</a>, founded <i>Gonzaga College</i> (now <a href="/wiki/Gonzaga_University" title="Gonzaga University">Gonzaga University</a>) in Spokane, Washington in 1887. In 1886, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Sabato_Morais" title="Sabato Morais">Sabato Morais</a>, a Jewish Italian immigrant, was one of the founders and first president of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Theological_Seminary_of_America" title="Jewish Theological Seminary of America">Jewish Theological Seminary of America</a> in New York. Also during this period, there was a growing presence of Italian Americans in higher education. <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Botta" title="Vincenzo Botta">Vincenzo Botta</a> was a distinguished professor of Italian at <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> from 1856 to 1894,<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Gaetano Lanza was a professor of mechanical engineering at the <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a> for over 40 years, beginning in 1871.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Il_Progresso_Italo_Americano.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Il_Progresso_Italo_Americano.png/220px-Il_Progresso_Italo_Americano.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Il_Progresso_Italo_Americano.png/330px-Il_Progresso_Italo_Americano.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Il_Progresso_Italo_Americano.png/440px-Il_Progresso_Italo_Americano.png 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="165" /></a><figcaption>The logo of <i><a href="/wiki/Il_Progresso_Italo-Americano" title="Il Progresso Italo-Americano">Il Progresso Italo-Americano</a></i> daily newspaper</figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Il_Progresso_Italo-Americano" title="Il Progresso Italo-Americano">Il Progresso Italo-Americano</a></i> was an <a href="/wiki/Italian-language" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian-language">Italian-language</a> daily newspaper in the United States, published in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> from 1880 to 1988, founded in 1879 by <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Barsotti" title="Carlo Barsotti">Carlo Barsotti</a> and Vincenzo Polidori, who were also the first editors. It was a <a href="/wiki/Bully_pulpit" title="Bully pulpit">bully pulpit</a> for raising funds for monuments by public subscription in the city of New York. From 1888 to 1921 it promoted monuments to <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Giuseppe Verdi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dante" class="mw-redirect" title="Dante">Dante</a>. </p><p>Anthony Ghio became the mayor of <a href="/wiki/Texarkana,_Texas" title="Texarkana, Texas">Texarkana</a>, Texas in 1880. <a href="/wiki/Francis_B._Spinola" title="Francis B. Spinola">Francis B. Spinola</a>, the first Italian American to be elected to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a>, serving as a representative from New York from 1887 to 1891. He also served as a general in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>. Following the war, Spinola was a banker and insurance agent and became an influential figure among the rapidly growing Italian immigrant community in the New York City area. He was again a member of the State Assembly (New York Co., 16th D.) in <a href="/wiki/100th_New_York_State_Legislature" title="100th New York State Legislature">1877</a>, <a href="/wiki/104th_New_York_State_Legislature" title="104th New York State Legislature">1881</a> and <a href="/wiki/106th_New_York_State_Legislature" title="106th New York State Legislature">1883</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_great_Italian_diaspora_(1880–1914)"><span id="The_great_Italian_diaspora_.281880.E2.80.931914.29"></span>The great Italian diaspora (1880–1914)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The great Italian diaspora (1880–1914)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italienische_Emigration_pro_Region_1876-1915.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Italienische_Emigration_pro_Region_1876-1915.svg/400px-Italienische_Emigration_pro_Region_1876-1915.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Italienische_Emigration_pro_Region_1876-1915.svg/600px-Italienische_Emigration_pro_Region_1876-1915.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Italienische_Emigration_pro_Region_1876-1915.svg/800px-Italienische_Emigration_pro_Region_1876-1915.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="645" /></a><figcaption>Italian emigration per region from 1876 to 1900 and from 1901 to 1915</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1870, prior to the large wave of Italian immigrants to the United States, there were fewer than 25,000 Italian immigrants in America, many of them <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italian</a> refugees from the wars that accompanied the <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Risorgimento</a>—the struggle for Italian reunification and independence from foreign rule which ended in 1870.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Immigration began to increase during the 1870s, when more than twice as many Italians immigrated than during the five previous decades combined.<sup id="cite_ref-INS1966_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-INS1966-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mtholyoke.edu_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mtholyoke.edu-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1880 to 1914, 13 million <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italians migrated out of Italy</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making Italy the scene of one of the largest voluntary emigrations in recorded world history.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period of mass migration, 4 million Italians arrived in the United States, 3 million of them between 1900 and 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They came for the most part from southern Italy: the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a> and from the island of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-HEAEG1980_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HEAEG1980-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most planned to stay a few years, then take their earnings and return home. According to historian <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Archdeacon" title="Thomas J. Archdeacon">Thomas J. Archdeacon</a>, 46% of the Italians who entered the U.S. between 1899 and 1924 permanently returned home.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="By_location">By location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chicago">Chicago</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chicago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Chicago" title="Italians in Chicago">Italians in Chicago</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:De_Tonty_Suing_for_Peace_in_the_Iroquois_Village._January_2,_1680_C17068_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/De_Tonty_Suing_for_Peace_in_the_Iroquois_Village._January_2%2C_1680_C17068_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-De_Tonty_Suing_for_Peace_in_the_Iroquois_Village._January_2%2C_1680_C17068_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/De_Tonty_Suing_for_Peace_in_the_Iroquois_Village._January_2%2C_1680_C17068_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-De_Tonty_Suing_for_Peace_in_the_Iroquois_Village._January_2%2C_1680_C17068_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/De_Tonty_Suing_for_Peace_in_the_Iroquois_Village._January_2%2C_1680_C17068_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-De_Tonty_Suing_for_Peace_in_the_Iroquois_Village._January_2%2C_1680_C17068_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3123" data-file-height="2097" /></a><figcaption>A painting of <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Tonti" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrico Tonti">Enrico Tonti</a> being stabbed during peace negotiations in the Iroquois Village on January 2, 1680, by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The first Italian to come to what would become Chicago was <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Tonti" class="mw-redirect" title="Enrico Tonti">Enrico Tonti</a>, who was from <a href="/wiki/Gaeta" title="Gaeta">Gaeta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a> region of central Italy. He was a soldier in service of the French. In the Fall of 1680, Tonti was in the la Salle Expedition and 2nd in command of the company. He and Father Membré, passed through the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_portage" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago portage">Chicago portage</a> from the Illinois valley to go to Green Bay (having reached the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River" title="Illinois River">Illinois River</a> with La Salle by way of the Kankakee portage). On Jan. 7, 1682, Tonti met La Salle at Chicago, and together with a group of 21 additional Frenchmen and 30 Indians they used the portage on their way to the Mississippi, the mouth of which they reached on April 9, 1682. In 1697, Enrico Tonti, Michel Accault, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Francois_de_la_Foret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francois de la Foret (page does not exist)">François de la Forêt</a> received permission from Governor Frontenac to establish a fortified trading post at Chicagou managed by Pierre de Liette, Tonti's cousin, a Franco-Italian, which lasted until c.1705. </p><p>De Liette kept a journal of his experiences living with the Illinois natives for those years he lived with them at the Chicago trading post. De Liette divided his time from 1691 to 1705 between the Miami at Chicago and the Illinois at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Crevecoeur" title="Fort Crevecoeur">Fort St. Louis de Pimiteoui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peoria,_Illinois" title="Peoria, Illinois">Peoria</a>, which he had helped build. In Chicago, he ran a trading post in partnership with François Daupin de la Forêt, Michel Accault, and Enrico Tonti [located probably near today's Tribune Tower] which he had to close, leaving in 1705 after the king revoked his trading license; continued as French commander and trader in the Illinois country until 1720. From Liette's memoirs: "Most beautiful, you begin to see its fertility at Chicago, unwooded prairies, requiring only to be turned up by the plow, most temperate climate." </p><p>In the 1850s, Italians settled in Chicago. Originally, most were <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a>. The first generation worked primarily as merchants, restaurateurs, and fruit sellers. Some worked in the plaster industry.<sup id="cite_ref-CandeloroNIU_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CandeloroNIU-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plaster workers originated from <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Candeloropethnic229_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Candeloropethnic229-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Detroit">Detroit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Detroit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_Americans_in_Metro_Detroit" title="History of Italian Americans in Metro Detroit">History of Italian Americans in Metro Detroit</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detroit_Skyline_(123143197).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Detroit_Skyline_%28123143197%29.jpeg/220px-Detroit_Skyline_%28123143197%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Detroit_Skyline_%28123143197%29.jpeg/330px-Detroit_Skyline_%28123143197%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Detroit_Skyline_%28123143197%29.jpeg/440px-Detroit_Skyline_%28123143197%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Downtown_Detroit" title="Downtown Detroit">Downtown Detroit</a> skyline. The first Italian American in Detroit was <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Tonty" title="Alphonse de Tonty">Alfonso Tonti</a> (1659–1727)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first Italian American in Detroit was <a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Tonty" title="Alphonse de Tonty">Alfonso Tonti</a>, a Frenchman with an Italian immigrant father. He was the second-in-command of <a href="/wiki/Antoine_de_la_Mothe_Cadillac" title="Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac">Antoine de la Mothe Cadillac</a>, who established Detroit in 1701. Tonti's child, born in 1703, was the first ethnic European child born in Detroit. Tonti became the commander of the Detroit fort after Cadillac left to return to France.<sup id="cite_ref-Delicatop7_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delicatop7-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In order to preserve the fur trade, the French administrators and the British administrators discouraged immigration, so the Italian population had slow growth. Growth in immigration increased after Detroit became a part of the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> had been constructed. Armando Delicato, author of <i>Italians in Detroit</i>, wrote that Italian immigration to Detroit "lagged behind other cities in the East".<sup id="cite_ref-Delicatop7_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Delicatop7-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_York_City">New York City</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: New York City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_New_York_City" title="Italians in New York City">Italians in New York City</a></div> <p>he first Italian to reside in New York was <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Cesare_Alberti" title="Pietro Cesare Alberti">Pietro Cesare Alberti</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ItalianHistoricalPage_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ItalianHistoricalPage-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a <a href="/wiki/Venice,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice, Italy">Venetian</a> seaman who, in 1635, settled in the Dutch colony of <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> that would eventually become <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. A small wave of Protestants, known as <a href="/wiki/Waldensians" title="Waldensians">Waldensians</a>, who were of French and northern Italian heritage (specifically Piedmontese), occurred during the 17th century, with the majority coming between 1654 and 1663.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 1671 Dutch record indicates that, in 1656 alone, the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a> near <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy, had exiled 300 Waldensians due to their Protestant faith. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Philadelphia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of Italian Americans in Philadelphia">History of Italian Americans in Philadelphia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Silvio_Pellico.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Silvio_Pellico.jpg/170px-Silvio_Pellico.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Silvio_Pellico.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="222" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pellico" title="Silvio Pellico">Silvio Pellico</a>, who wrote in "Breve soggiorno in Milano di Battistino Barometro" that some Italian immigrants were going to Philadelphia</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 18th Century <a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial Era</a> of the United States, the few Italian immigrants to come to Philadelphia came in small numbers and from higher class backgrounds, and these few Italians were often considered to be accomplished in business, art, and music.<sup id="cite_ref-Julianip4_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Julianip4-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some early Italian settlements appeared in <a href="/wiki/South_Philadelphia" title="South Philadelphia">South Philadelphia</a>. In contrast to the vast majority of Italian immigrants to Philadelphia that arrived much later and originated from impoverished areas of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>, Italian immigrants from this period predominantly originated from wealthier areas in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> and towns within <a href="/wiki/Genoa_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Genoa Province">Genoa Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-DiGiacomop8_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiGiacomop8-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chiavari" title="Chiavari">Chiavari</a>, while only a small number came from <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Luconip122_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luconip122-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Donna J. Di Giacomo, author of <i>Italians in Philadelphia</i>, wrote that the first population was "in much smaller numbers" than the mass immigrant groups of the late 19th Century and 20th Century.<sup id="cite_ref-DiGiacomop8_90-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DiGiacomop8-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, many educated Americans had a positive view of classical culture, and thus their view of Northern Italian immigrants was more positive.<sup id="cite_ref-Varberop258_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Varberop258-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the immigrants of this first period, <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Da_Ponte" title="Lorenzo Da Ponte">Lorenzo Da Ponte</a>, who immigrated in 1804, helped introduce <a href="/wiki/Italian_Opera" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Opera">Italian Opera</a> in America.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1819 <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Pellico" title="Silvio Pellico">Silvio Pellico</a> wrote in "Breve soggiorno in Milano di Battistino Barometro" that some Italian immigrants were going to Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-Luconip121_94-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luconip121-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Charles L. Flynn Jr. of <a href="/wiki/Assumption_College_(Worcester)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assumption College (Worcester)">Assumption College</a> stated in his book review of <i><a href="/wiki/Building_Little_Italy" title="Building Little Italy">Building Little Italy</a></i> that the Philadelphia Italian "community" didn't actually form until the 1850s and 1860s, when it achieved enough size to do so. There were 117 Philadelphia residents at the time known to have been born in Italy.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 1870 census this increased to 517, with 82% of them living in South Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-Luconip121_94-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Luconip121-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:15-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:15_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:15_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encyclopediaofarkansas.net/entries/henri-de-tonti-2537/">"Henri de Tonti (1649–1704)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Arkansas" title="Encyclopedia of Arkansas">Encyclopedia of Arkansas</a></i>. 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-12-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Henri+de+Tonti+%281649%E2%80%931704%29&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Arkansas&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fencyclopediaofarkansas.net%2Fentries%2Fhenri-de-tonti-2537%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians+in+the+United+States+before+1880" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMdb-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HMdb_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMdb_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMdb_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMdb_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">HMdb.org, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hmdb.org/m.asp?m=109793">Henri de Tonti Historical Marker</a>", Natchitoches Parish, Louisiana. Retrieved August 9, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew F. Rolle, <i>The immigrant upraised: Italian adventurers and colonists in an expanding America</i> (Oklahoma UP, 1968) pp. 3–15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ItalianHistoricalPage-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ItalianHistoricalPage_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ItalianHistoricalPage_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ItalianHistoricalPage_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150914161128/http://www.italianhistorical.org/page63.html">"Peter Caesar Alberti"</a>. 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See <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Epistulae_(Pliny)" title="Epistulae (Pliny)">Letters</a></i> 9.23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rmg.co.uk/stories/topics/christopher-columbus">"Christopher Columbus | Royal Museums Greenwich"</a>. <i>www.rmg.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Genova: Grafiche Frassicomo. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.ortidicarignano.it/files/seiitinerariinportoria.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Casa+di+Colombo&rft.btitle=Sei+itinerari+in+Portoria&rft.place=Genova&rft.pub=Grafiche+Frassicomo&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Preste&rft.aufirst=Alfredo&rft.au=Alessandro+Torti&rft.au=Remo+Viazzi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ortidicarignano.it%2Ffiles%2Fseiitinerariinportoria.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians+in+the+United+States+before+1880" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoCmap-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-LoCmap_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109175922/http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/h?ammem%2Fgmd%3A%40field%28NUMBER+%40band%28g3200+ct000725C%29%29">"Universalis cosmographia secundum Ptholomaei traditionem et Americi Vespucii alioru[m]que lustrationes"</a>. 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August 28, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Henri+de+Tonti&rft.date=2019-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FHenri-de-Tonty&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians+in+the+United+States+before+1880" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wythe-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wythe_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190528042040/http://www.history.org/almanack/people/bios/biowythe.cfm">"Biography of George Wythe"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.org/almanack/people/bios/biowythe.cfm">the original</a> on May 28, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+George+Wythe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.org%2Falmanack%2Fpeople%2Fbios%2Fbiowythe.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians+in+the+United+States+before+1880" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArthurHuchet_de_Kernion1998" class="citation book cs1">Arthur, Stanley Clisby; Huchet de Kernion, George Campbell (1998). <i>Old families of Louisiana</i>. Gretna, Louisiana: Pelican Pub. Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1565544560" title="Special:BookSources/1565544560"><bdi>1565544560</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/44521358">44521358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+families+of+Louisiana&rft.place=Gretna%2C+Louisiana&rft.pub=Pelican+Pub.+Co&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F44521358&rft.isbn=1565544560&rft.aulast=Arthur&rft.aufirst=Stanley+Clisby&rft.au=Huchet+de+Kernion%2C+George+Campbell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians+in+the+United+States+before+1880" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PGT-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PGT_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGT_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PGT_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1955" class="citation book cs1">Williams, T. Harry (1955). <i>P.G.T. Beauregard: Napoleon in Gray</i>. Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8071-0831-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8071-0831-6"><bdi>0-8071-0831-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/55-7362">55-7362</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=P.G.T.+Beauregard%3A+Napoleon+in+Gray&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F55-7362&rft.isbn=0-8071-0831-6&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=T.+Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians+in+the+United+States+before+1880" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartlett1860" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Russell_Bartlett" title="John Russell Bartlett">Bartlett, John Russell</a> (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8aVFAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA340"><i>Records of the Colony of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations, in New England: 1741-1756</i></a>. A. C. Greene and brothers, state printers. p. 340.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Records+of+the+Colony+of+Rhode+Island+and+Providence+Plantations%2C+in+New+England%3A+1741-1756&rft.pages=340&rft.pub=A.+C.+Greene+and+brothers%2C+state+printers&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Bartlett&rft.aufirst=John+Russell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8aVFAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians+in+the+United+States+before+1880" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNew_York_Historical_Society1896" class="citation book cs1">New York Historical Society (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=khhJAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA430"><i>Publication Fund Series</i></a>. New York Historical Society. p. 430.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Publication+Fund+Series&rft.pages=430&rft.pub=New+York+Historical+Society&rft.date=1896&rft.au=New+York+Historical+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkhhJAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians+in+the+United+States+before+1880" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yktOAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA493"><i>Harper's Magazine</i></a>. Harper's Magazine Company. 1882. p. 493.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Harper%27s+Magazine&rft.pages=493&rft.pub=Harper%27s+Magazine+Company&rft.date=1882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyktOAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians+in+the+United+States+before+1880" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cga.ct.gov/hco/books/Prominent_Families_of_New_York.pdf"><i>Prominent Families of New York</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The New York Historical Company. 1898<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Prominent+Families+of+New+York&rft.pub=The+New+York+Historical+Company&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cga.ct.gov%2Fhco%2Fbooks%2FProminent_Families_of_New_York.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians+in+the+United+States+before+1880" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew F. Rolle, <i>The immigrant upraised: Italian adventurers and colonists in an expanding America</i> (U of Oklahoma Press, 1968).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Filippo Mazzei, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virginia_Gazette" title="The Virginia Gazette">The Virginia Gazette</a></i>, 1774. Translated by a friend and neighbor, Thomas Jefferson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŁukaszewicz1948" class="citation journal cs1">Łukaszewicz, Witold (1948). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kpbc.umk.pl/dlibra/publication?id=46207&tab=3">"Filippo Mazzei (1730–1816). Zarys biograficzny"</a>. <i>Kwartalnik Historyczny</i> (3–4): 305<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kwartalnik+Historyczny&rft.atitle=Filippo+Mazzei+%281730%E2%80%931816%29.+Zarys+biograficzny&rft.issue=3%E2%80%934&rft.pages=305&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=%C5%81ukaszewicz&rft.aufirst=Witold&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkpbc.umk.pl%2Fdlibra%2Fpublication%3Fid%3D46207%26tab%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians+in+the+United+States+before+1880" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy, John F.</a> (2008). <i><a href="/wiki/A_Nation_of_Immigrants" title="A Nation of Immigrants">A Nation of Immigrants</a></i>. Perennial. pp. 15–16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0061447549" title="Special:BookSources/978-0061447549"><bdi>978-0061447549</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Nation+of+Immigrants&rft.pages=15-16&rft.pub=Perennial&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0061447549&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=John+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians+in+the+United+States+before+1880" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Filippo Mazzei, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Virginia_Gazette" title="The Virginia Gazette">The Virginia Gazette</a></i>, 1774. Translated by a friend and neighbor, Thomas Jefferson:<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Tutti gli uomini sono per natura egualmente liberi e indipendenti. Quest'eguaglianza è necessaria per costituire un governo libero. Bisogna che ognuno sia uguale all'altro nel diritto naturale.</i></p></blockquote>Translated by Jefferson as follow:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All men are by nature equally free and independent. Such equality is necessary in order to create a free government.<br /> All men must be equal to each other in natural law</p></blockquote></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=103_cong_bills&docid=f:hj175eh.pdfJoint">Resolution 175 of the 103rd Congress</a>: the phrase in the Declaration of Independence 'All men are created equal', was suggested by the Italian patriot and immigrant Filippo Mazzei.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.digitalindy.org/digital/collection/tcm/id/1051">"Indiana bicentennial coins"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Illinois+Periodicals+Online+at+Northern+Illinois+University+-+%28Main+Page%29&rft.atitle=Chicago%27s+Italians%3A+Immigrants%2C+Ethnics%2C+Achieveers%2C+1850-1985&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lib.niu.edu%2F1999%2Fiht629936.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians+in+the+United+States+before+1880" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Candeloropethnic229-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Candeloropethnic229_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolliJonesJones1995" class="citation book cs1">Holli, M.; Jones, P.A.J.; Jones, P.A. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2JbU1d9Xil0C&pg=PA229"><i>Ethnic Chicago: A Multicultural Portrait</i></a>. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 229. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7053-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8028-7053-7"><bdi>978-0-8028-7053-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-03-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnic+Chicago%3A+A+Multicultural+Portrait&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Eerdmans+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8028-7053-7&rft.aulast=Holli&rft.aufirst=M.&rft.au=Jones%2C+P.A.J.&rft.au=Jones%2C+P.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2JbU1d9Xil0C%26pg%3DPA229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians+in+the+United+States+before+1880" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Delicatop7-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Delicatop7_87-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Delicatop7_87-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Delicato, Armando. <i>Italians in Detroit</i> (<i>Images of America: a history of American life in images and texts</i>). <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing" title="Arcadia Publishing">Arcadia Publishing</a>, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0738539856" title="Special:BookSources/0738539856">0738539856</a>, 9780738539850, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=d5YD7HqcR0MC&dq=%22Detroit+was+founded+in+1701+by+order+of+the+French+sun+king%22&pg=PA7">7</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Memorials of the Huguenots in America, by Ammon Stapleton, page 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Julianip4-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Julianip4_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Juliani, Richard N. <i><a href="/wiki/Building_Little_Italy:_Philadelphia%27s_Italians_Before_Mass_Migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Building Little Italy: Philadelphia's Italians Before Mass Migration">Building Little Italy: Philadelphia's Italians Before Mass Migration</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State Press">Penn State Press</a>, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0271028645" title="Special:BookSources/0271028645">0271028645</a>, 9780271028644, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IbB7AnIJ8fsC&pg=PA4">4</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DiGiacomop8-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DiGiacomop8_90-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DiGiacomop8_90-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Di Giacomo, Donna J. <i>Italians of Philadelphia</i>. (<a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Publishing" title="Arcadia Publishing">Arcadia Publishing</a>, 2007). heavily illustrated; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=14P-KIJC4ZgC&dq=Italian+philadelphia&pg=PA6">online</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=14P-KIJC4ZgC&pg=PA8">8</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luconip122-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Luconip122_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Luconi, Stefano (<a href="/wiki/University_of_Florence" title="University of Florence">University of Florence</a>). "Building Little Italy: Philadelphia's Italians before Mass Migration" (Book Review). <i>Italica</i>, 1 April 1999, Vol.76(1), pp. 121–122. CITED: p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Varberop258-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Varberop258_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Varbero, Richard A. "Building Little Italy: Philadelphia's Italians before Mass Migration" (Book Review). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Pennsylvania_Magazine_of_History_and_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography">The Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography</a></i>, 1 July 1999, Vol.123(3), pp. 258–259. CITED: p. 258. "We learn that at first Philadelphians, like much of the English-speaking world, were receptive to the idea of Italy and its culture, visualizing the Italians as symbolic of classical culture. This attitude waned perceptibly as the less attractive features of 19th-century migrants emerged and newspapers focused on organ grinders, the exploiters of children, and the instances of violence involving Italians."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/scavenger49/35320708006">Lorenzo Da Ponte residence in Philadelphia</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Luconip121-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Luconip121_94-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Luconip121_94-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Luconi, Stefano "Building Little Italy: Philadelphia's Italians before Mass Migration" (Book Review). <i>Italica</i>, 1 April 1999, Vol.76(1), pp. 121–122. CITED: p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Flynn, Charles L. "Building Little Italy: Philadelphia's Italians Before Mass Migration" (Book Review). <i><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americana" title="Italian Americana">Italian Americana</a></i>, 2000, Vol.18(1), pp. 110–111. CITED: p. 110.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Connell, William J. and Stanislao Pugliese, eds., <i>The Routledge History of Italian Americans</i> (2018)</li> <li>De Ville, John. "Italians in the United States." <i>The Catholic Encyclopedia</i> (1910) vol 8 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/08202a.htm">online</a></li> <li>Glynn, Irial: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:0159-20110201190">Emigration Across the Atlantic: Irish, Italians and Swedes compared, 1800-1950 </a>, <a href="/wiki/European_History_Online" title="European History Online">European History Online</a>, Mainz: <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_European_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Institute of European History">Institute of European History</a>, 2011, retrieved: June 16, 2011.</li> <li>Juliani, Richard N. <i>Building Little Italy: Philadelphia's Italians before Mass Migration</i> (1998)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103874809">Lagumina, Salvatore J. et al. eds. <i>The Italian American Experience: An Encyclopedia</i> (2000)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080927173534/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=103874809">Archived</a> 2008-09-27 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Luconi, Stefano. <i>From Paesani to White Ethnics: The Italian Experience in Philadelphia</i> (2001)</li> <li>Mangione, Jerre and Ben Morreale, <i>La Storia: Five Centuries of the Italian American Experience.</i> New York: Harper Perennial, 1992.</li> <li>Nelli, Humbert S. "Italians", <a href="/wiki/Stephan_Thernstrom" title="Stephan Thernstrom">Thernstrom, Stephan</a>; Orlov, Ann; <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Handlin" title="Oscar Handlin">Handlin, Oscar</a>, eds. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/harvardencyclope00ther"><i>Harvard Encyclopedia of American Ethnic Groups</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674375122" title="Special:BookSources/0674375122">0674375122</a>. pp 545–60.</li> <li>Rolle, Andrew F. <i>The immigrant upraised: Italian adventurers and colonists in an expanding America</i> (Oklahoma UP, 1968)</li></ul> <ul><li>Russo, John Paul. "When They Were Few: Italians in America, 1800–1850" in William J. Connell, and Stanislao Pugliese, eds., <i>The Routledge History of Italian Americans</i> (2018) pp. 54-68.</li></ul> <ul><li>Vecchio, Diane C. <i>Merchants, Midwives, and Laboring Women: Italian Migrants in Urban America</i> (2006).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historiography">Historiography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Bushman, Claudia L. <i>America discovers Columbus: How an Italian explorer became an American hero</i> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americadiscovers0000bush">full text online</a>; also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41330549">online book review</a></li> <li>Cordasco, Francesco. <i>Italians in the United States: an annotated bibliography of doctoral dissertations completed at American universities, with a handlist of selected published bibliographies, related reference materials, and guide books for Italian emigrants</i> (1981) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italiansinunited0000cord">online</a></li> <li>Cordasco, Francesco. <i>Italian Americans : a guide to information sources</i> (Gale 1978) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italianamericans00cord">online</a></li> <li>Schlereth, Thomas J. "Columbia, Columbus, and Columbianism." <i>Journal of American History</i> 79.3 (1992): 937–968. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2080794">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Moquin, Wayne, ed. <i>A Documentary History of Italian Americans</i> (1974) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/documentaryhisto0000moqu">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians_in_the_United_States_before_1880&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immigration/italian.html">Immigration -> Italian</a>." <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_Americans" title="Moroccan Americans">Moroccan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li>Horn Africans <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Africans_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Africans in the United States">Southeast Africans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissauan_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinea-Bissauan Americans">Guinea-Bissauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritanian_Americans" title="Mauritanian Americans">Mauritanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhou/Hokchiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Mien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Tajikistani Americans">Tajikistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flemish_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Flemish Americans">Flemish</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scotch-Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Americans" title="Cossack Americans">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Americans" title="Faroese Americans">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Americans" title="Corsican Americans">Corsican</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Americans" title="Frisian Americans">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_Americans" title="Sorbian Americans">Sorbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">before 1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Americans" title="Sicilian Americans">Sicilian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg Americans">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Americans" title="Kashubian Americans">Kashubian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Americans" title="Kalmyk Americans">Kalmyk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Americans" title="Rusyn Americans">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sami_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Sami Americans">Sami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texan_Silesian" title="Texan Silesian">Silesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Americans" title="Slovene Americans">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Americans" title="Yugoslav Americans">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Middle Eastern Americans">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Americans" title="Jordanian Americans">Jordanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Americans" title="Kuwaiti Americans">Kuwaiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Americans" title="Appalachian Americans">Appalachian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">West Indian/Caribbean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican (Commonwealth)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">French Canadian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominican_Republic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dominican Americans (Dominican Republic)">Dominican (Republic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Puerto_Ricans" title="Stateside Puerto Ricans">Stateside Puerto Ricans</a> & <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans" title="Puerto Ricans">Puerto Ricans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Islands Americans">Pacific Islander</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Americans" title="Māori Americans">Maori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongan American">Tongan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/South_American_Americans" title="South American Americans">South America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_Americans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Americans" title="Template:European Americans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Americans" title="Template talk:European Americans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Americans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Americans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_Americans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">European Americans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_South_Dakotan" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech South Dakotan">Czech South Dakotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech Texan">Czech Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amish" title="Amish">Amish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Texan" class="mw-redirect" title="German Texan">German Texan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Dutch" title="Pennsylvania Dutch">Pennsylvania Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Mennonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Mennonite">German Mennonites from Russia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Ohioans" title="Hungarian Ohioans">Hungarian Ohioans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashubian_Americans" title="Kashubian Americans">Kashubian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silesian_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silesian Americans (page does not exist)">Silesian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Texan_Silesian" title="Texan Silesian">Texan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorbian_Americans" title="Sorbian Americans">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Americans" title="Cossack Americans">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalmyk_Americans" title="Kalmyk Americans">Kalmyk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Americans" title="Rusyn Americans">Rusyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faroese_Americans" title="Faroese Americans">Faroese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Findians" title="Findians">Findian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenlandic_Americans" title="Greenlandic Americans">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Dakotan" title="Norwegian Dakotan">Norwegian Dakotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Minnesotan" title="Norwegian Minnesotan">Norwegian Minnesotan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1mi_Americans" title="Sámi Americans">Sámi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southeast Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovan_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kosovan Americans (page does not exist)">Kosovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_Americans" title="Slovene Americans">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Alaska" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbs in Alaska">Alaskan Serbs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Americans" title="Yugoslav Americans">Yugoslav</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canarian_Americans" title="Canarian Americans">Canarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsican_Americans" title="Corsican Americans">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Americans" title="Sicilian Americans">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breton_Americans" title="Breton Americans">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_Dutch_language" title="Jersey Dutch language">Jersey Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans_in_Michigan" title="Dutch Americans in Michigan">Dutch Michigander</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huguenots#North_America" title="Huguenots">Huguenot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisian_Americans" title="Frisian Americans">Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Traveller_Americans" title="Irish Traveller Americans">Irish Traveller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Luxembourg Americans">Luxembourgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Occitan_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Occitan Americans (page does not exist)">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotch-Irish_Americans" title="Scotch-Irish Americans">Scots-Irish/Ulster Scots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walloon_Americans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walloon Americans (page does not exist)">Walloon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Walloon" title="Wisconsin Walloon">Wisconsin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other Europeans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis in the United States">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Louisianians" title="French Louisianians">French Louisianian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Creole_people" title="Alabama Creole people">Alabama Creoles and Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle%C3%B1os_(Louisiana)" title="Isleños (Louisiana)">Isleños</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole</a> <ul><li>Cajun</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creoles_of_color" title="Creoles of color">Creoles of color</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Canadian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian Americans">French Canadian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadians" title="Acadians">Acadian</a></li> <li>Cajun</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_California" title="White Americans in California">California</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=White_Americans_in_Los_Angeles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="White Americans in Los Angeles (page does not exist)">Los Angeles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_San_Francisco" class="mw-redirect" title="White Americans in San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_people_in_Hawaii" title="White people in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Southerners" title="White Southerners">White Southerners</a> <ul><li>Arkansas</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Louisiana" title="White Americans in Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans_in_Maryland" title="White Americans in Maryland">Maryland</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Demography_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Demography of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Demographics_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_United_States" title="Demographics of the United States">Demographics of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_the_United_States" title="Demographic history of the United States">Demographic history</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By economic<br />and social</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Affluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Gender inequality in the United States">Gender inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_attainment_in_the_United_States" title="Educational attainment in the United States">Educational attainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_United_States" title="Emigration from the United States">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeownership_in_the_United_States" title="Homeownership in the United States">Home-ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Household_income_in_the_United_States" title="Household income in the United States">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_segregation_in_the_United_States" title="Housing segregation in the United States">Housing segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Immigration to the United States">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Income inequality in the United States">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_Spoken_at_Home_in_the_United_States_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Language Spoken at Home in the United States of America">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_demographics_of_the_United_States" title="LGBT demographics of the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_middle_class" title="American middle class">Middle classes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_income_in_the_United_States" title="Personal income in the United States">Personal income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_the_United_States" title="Poverty in the United States">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_inequality_in_the_United_States" title="Racial inequality in the United States">Racial inequality</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_health_in_the_United_States" title="Race and health in the United States">Race and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_achievement_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial achievement gap in the United States">Racial achievement gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_pay_gap_in_the_United_States" title="Racial pay gap in the United States">Racial wage gap</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_the_United_States" title="Social class in the United States">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_of_living_in_the_United_States" title="Standard of living in the United States">Standard of living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_and_territories_by_unemployment_rate" title="List of U.S. states and territories by unemployment rate">Unemployment by state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affluence_in_the_United_States" title="Affluence in the United States">Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnocultural_politics_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnocultural politics in the United States">Ethnocultural politics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_United_States" title="Religion in the United States">By religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_the_United_States" title="Baháʼí Faith in the United States">Baha'is</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_the_United_States" title="Christianity in the United States">Christians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_the_United_States" title="Catholic Church in the United States">Catholics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormons" title="Mormons">Mormons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_the_United_States" title="Protestantism in the United States">Protestants</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hindus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_in_the_United_States" title="Jainism in the United States">Jains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_United_States" title="Islam in the United States">Muslims</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmadiyya_in_the_United_States" title="Ahmadiyya in the United States">Ahmadiyyas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five-Percent_Nation" title="Five-Percent Nation">Five Percenters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_Science_Temple_of_America" title="Moorish Science Temple of America">Moorish Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_of_Islam" title="Nation of Islam">Nation of Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nation_of_Islam" title="United Nation of Islam">Value Creators</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American religion">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopaganism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism in the United States">Neopagans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_United_States" title="Irreligion in the United States">Non-religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastafari_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Rastafari movement in the United States">Rastafaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientology_in_the_United_States" title="Scientology in the United States">Scientologists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_the_United_States" title="Zoroastrianism in the United States">Zoroastrians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States">By continent and<br />ethnic ancestry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_diaspora_in_the_Americas" title="African diaspora in the Americas">African diaspora in the Americas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Indian_Americans" title="West Indian Americans">Afro-Caribbean/West Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiguan_and_Barbudan_Americans" title="Antiguan and Barbudan Americans">Antiguan and Barbudan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamian_Americans" title="Bahamian Americans">Bahamian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbadian_Americans" title="Barbadian Americans">Barbadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermudian_Americans" title="Bermudian Americans">Bermudian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans_(Dominica)" title="Dominican Americans (Dominica)">Dominican Americans (Dominica)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_West_Indian_Americans" title="Dutch West Indian Americans">Dutch West Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadian_Americans" title="Grenadian Americans">Grenadian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Americans" title="Haitian Americans">Haitian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_Americans" title="Jamaican Americans">Jamaican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kittian_and_Nevisian_Americans" title="Kittian and Nevisian Americans">Kittian and Nevisian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucian_Americans" title="Saint Lucian Americans">Saint Lucian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateside_Virgin_Islands_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Stateside Virgin Islands Americans">Stateside Virgin Islands Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidadian_and_Tobagonian_Americans" title="Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans">Trinidadian and Tobagonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincentian_Americans" title="Vincentian Americans">Vincentian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Black Hispanic and Latino Americans">Black Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Indians_in_the_United_States" title="Black Indians in the United States">Black Indians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="African immigration to the United States">African immigrants to the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Central Africans in the United States">Central Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cameroonian_Americans" title="Cameroonian Americans">Cameroonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_Americans" title="Congolese Americans">Congolese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatoguinean_Americans" title="Equatoguinean Americans">Equatoguinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabonese_Americans" title="Gabonese Americans">Gabonese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_Americans" title="Fula Americans">Fula Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_Americans" title="Igbo Americans">Igbo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="East Africans in the United States">East Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eritrean_Americans" title="Eritrean Americans">Eritrean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Americans" title="Ethiopian Americans">Ethiopian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyan_Americans" title="Kenyan Americans">Kenyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Americans" title="Somali Americans">Somali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudanese_Americans" title="South Sudanese Americans">South Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_Americans" title="Sudanese Americans">Sudanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzanian_Americans" title="Tanzanian Americans">Tanzanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ugandan_Americans" title="Ugandan Americans">Ugandan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="Southern Africans in the United States">Southern Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angolan_Americans" title="Angolan Americans">Angolan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawian_Americans" title="Malawian Americans">Malawian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_African_Americans" title="South African Americans">South African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwean_Americans" title="Zimbabwean Americans">Zimbabwean Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="West Africans in the United States">West Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beninese_Americans" title="Beninese Americans">Beninese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissau-Guinean_Americans" title="Bissau-Guinean Americans">Bissau-Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdean_Americans" title="Cape Verdean Americans">Cape Verdean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambian_Americans" title="Gambian Americans">Gambian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Americans" title="Ghanaian Americans">Ghanaian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinean_Americans" title="Guinean Americans">Guinean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivorian_Americans" title="Ivorian Americans">Ivorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberian_Americans" title="Liberian Americans">Liberian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malian_Americans" title="Malian Americans">Malian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_Americans" title="Nigerian Americans">Nigerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_Americans" title="Senegalese Americans">Senegalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leonean_Americans" title="Sierra Leonean Americans">Sierra Leonean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togolese_Americans" title="Togolese Americans">Togolese Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_Americans" title="Yoruba Americans">Yoruba Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Africans_in_the_United_States" title="North Africans in the United States">North Africans in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berber_Americans" title="Berber Americans">Berber Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_Americans" title="Algerian Americans">Algerian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Americans" title="Libyan Americans">Libyan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Moroccan American">Moroccan American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_Americans" title="Tunisian Americans">Tunisian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_Americans" title="Coptic Americans">Coptic Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_Americans" title="Egyptian Americans">Egyptian Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Americans" title="Asian Americans">Asian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans">Asian Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Asians_in_the_United_States" title="Central Asians in the United States">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Americans" title="Afghan Americans">Afghan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pashtun_Americans" title="Pashtun Americans">Pashtun Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baloch_Americans" title="Baloch Americans">Baloch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Americans" title="Kazakh Americans">Kazakh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Americans" title="Kyrgyz Americans">Kyrgyz Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajik_Americans" title="Tajik Americans">Tajik Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen Americans">Turkmen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyghur_Americans" title="Uyghur Americans">Uyghur Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbek_Americans" title="Uzbek Americans">Uzbek Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_Americans" title="East Asian Americans">East Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Americans" title="Chinese Americans">Chinese Americans</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhounese_Americans" title="Fuzhounese Americans">Fuzhounese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_Americans" title="Hakka Americans">Hakka Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_Americans" title="Hoklo Americans">Hoklo Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Americans" title="Hong Kong Americans">Hong Kong Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Americans" title="Japanese Americans">Japanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Americans" title="Korean Americans">Korean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Americans" title="Mongolian Americans">Mongolian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyuan_Americans" title="Ryukyuan Americans">Ryukyuan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Americans" title="Taiwanese Americans">Taiwanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Americans" title="Tibetan Americans">Tibetan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Americans" title="South Asian Americans">South Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_Americans" title="Bangladeshi Americans">Bangladeshi Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutanese_Americans" title="Bhutanese Americans">Bhutanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_Americans" title="Bengali Americans">Bengali Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Americans" title="Gujarati Americans">Gujarati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Caribbean_Americans" title="Indo-Caribbean Americans">Indo-Caribbean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telugu_Americans" title="Telugu Americans">Telugu Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldivian_Americans" title="Maldivian Americans">Maldivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_Americans" title="Nepalese Americans">Nepalese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_Americans" title="Pakistani Americans">Pakistani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Americans" title="Punjabi Americans">Punjabi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindhi_Americans" title="Sindhi Americans">Sindhi Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankan_Americans" title="Sri Lankan Americans">Sri Lankan Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Americans" title="Tamil Americans">Tamil Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Americans" title="Southeast Asian Americans">Southeast Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Americans" title="Burmese Americans">Burmese Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karen_Americans" title="Karen Americans">Karen Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_Americans" title="Cambodian Americans">Cambodian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_Americans" title="Filipino Americans">Filipino Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_Americans" title="Hmong Americans">Hmong Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Americans" title="Indonesian Americans">Indonesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iu_Mien_Americans" title="Iu Mien Americans">Iu Mien Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Americans" title="Laotian Americans">Laotian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Americans" title="Malaysian Americans">Malaysian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Americans" title="Singaporean Americans">Singaporean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Americans" title="Thai Americans">Thai Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Americans" title="Vietnamese Americans">Vietnamese Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Americans" title="Romani Americans">Romani Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Slovak_Gypsies_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Slovak Gypsies in the United States">Hungarian Slovak Gypsies</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_Americans" title="Middle Eastern Americans">West Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Americans" title="Arab Americans">Arab Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahraini_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahraini Americans">Bahraini Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirati_Americans" title="Emirati Americans">Emirati Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Americans" title="Iraqi Americans">Iraqi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordanian_Americans" title="Jordanian Americans">Jordanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_Americans" title="Kuwaiti Americans">Kuwaiti Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Americans" title="Lebanese Americans">Lebanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omani_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Omani Americans">Omani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Americans" title="Palestinian Americans">Palestinian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Qatari Americans">Qatari Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Americans" title="Saudi Americans">Saudi Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Americans" title="Syrian Americans">Syrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_Americans" title="Yemeni Americans">Yemeni Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Americans" title="Armenian Americans">Armenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Americans" title="Assyrian Americans">Assyrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Americans" title="Azerbaijani Americans">Azerbaijani Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassian_Americans" title="Circassian Americans">Circassian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Americans" title="Chechen Americans">Chechen Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_Americans" title="Georgian Americans">Georgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Americans" title="Iranian Americans">Iranian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Jews" title="American Jews">Jewish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israeli_Americans" title="Israeli Americans">Israeli Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgin_Americans" title="Lezgin Americans">Lezgin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_Americans" title="Kurdish Americans">Kurdish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">Turkish Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_Americans" title="European Americans">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Americans" title="White Americans">White Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Americans" title="Albanian Americans">Albanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asturian_Americans" title="Asturian Americans">Asturian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Americans" title="Austrian Americans">Austrian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basque_Americans" title="Basque Americans">Basque Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Americans" title="Belarusian Americans">Belarusian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Americans" title="Belgian Americans">Belgian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_Americans" title="Bosnian Americans">Bosnian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Americans" title="British Americans">British Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cornish_Americans" title="Cornish Americans">Cornish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Americans" title="English Americans">English Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manx_Americans" title="Manx Americans">Manx Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Americans" title="Scottish Americans">Scottish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Americans" title="Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Americans" title="Bulgarian Americans">Bulgarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Americans" title="Catalan Americans">Catalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_Americans" title="Croatian Americans">Croatian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Americans" title="Cypriot Americans">Cypriot Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Americans" title="Czech Americans">Czech Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Americans" title="Dutch Americans">Dutch Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_Americans" title="Estonian Americans">Estonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Americans" title="Finnish Americans">Finnish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Americans" title="French Americans">French Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Americans" title="Galician Americans">Galician Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Americans" title="German Americans">German Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Americans" title="Greek Americans">Greek Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Americans" title="Hungarian Americans">Hungarian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">before 1880</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_Americans" title="Latvian Americans">Latvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtensteiner_Americans" title="Liechtensteiner Americans">Liechtensteiner Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_Americans" title="Lithuanian Americans">Lithuanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourgish_Americans" title="Luxembourgish Americans">Luxembourgish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Americans" title="Macedonian Americans">Macedonian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maltese_Americans" title="Maltese Americans">Maltese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Americans" title="Moldovan Americans">Moldovan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_Americans" title="Montenegrin Americans">Montenegrin Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Americans" title="Polish Americans">Polish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Americans" title="Portuguese Americans">Portuguese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Americans" title="Romanian Americans">Romanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Americans" title="Russian Americans">Russian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese_Americans" title="Sammarinese Americans">Sammarinese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_and_Scandinavian_Americans" title="Nordic and Scandinavian Americans">Nordic and Scandinavian Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danish_Americans" title="Danish Americans">Danish Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Americans" title="Icelandic Americans">Icelandic Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Americans" title="Norwegian Americans">Norwegian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Americans" title="Swedish Americans">Swedish Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Americans" title="Serbian Americans">Serbian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Americans" title="Slovak Americans">Slovak Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenian_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian Americans">Slovenian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Americans" title="Spanish Americans">Spanish Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Californios" title="Californios">Californios</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Americans" title="Swiss Americans">Swiss Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Americans" title="Ukrainian Americans">Ukrainian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Hispanic_whites" title="Non-Hispanic whites">Non-Hispanic whites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="White Hispanic and Latino Americans">White Hispanic and Latino Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abenaki" title="Abenaki">Abenaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apache" title="Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piegan_Blackfeet" title="Piegan Blackfeet">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne" title="Cheyenne">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw" title="Chickasaw">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw" title="Choctaw">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colville_people" title="Colville people">Colville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cree" title="Cree">Cree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crow_people" title="Crow people">Crow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houma_people" title="Houma people">Houma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_people" title="Mohawk people">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_people" title="Onondaga people">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohave_people" title="Mohave people">Mohave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mission_Indians" title="Mission Indians">Mission Indians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cahuilla" title="Cahuilla">Cahuilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemehuevi" title="Chemehuevi">Chemehuevi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumash_people" title="Chumash people">Chumash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupe%C3%B1o" title="Cupeño">Cupeño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Diegueño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esselen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Esselen people">Esselen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juane%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Juaneño">Juaneño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitanemuk" title="Kitanemuk">Kitanemuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luise%C3%B1o_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Luiseño people">Luiseño</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miwok" title="Miwok">Miwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patwin" title="Patwin">Patwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomo people">Pomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinan people">Salinan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serrano_people" title="Serrano people">Serrano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suisun_people" title="Suisun people">Suisunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohlone_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohlone people">Ohlone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awaswas" title="Awaswas">Awaswas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalon_people" title="Chalon people">Chalon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chochenyo_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Chochenyo people">Chochenyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkin_people" title="Karkin people">Karkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamyen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tamyen people">Tamyen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tataviam" title="Tataviam">Tataviam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongva_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tongva people">Tongva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wappo" title="Wappo">Wappo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wintun" title="Wintun">Wintun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokuts" title="Yokuts">Yokuts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo" title="Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paiute" title="Paiute">Paiute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Pima people">Pima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puebloans" title="Puebloans">Pueblo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zia_people_(New_Mexico)" title="Zia people (New Mexico)">Zia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zuni_people" title="Zuni people">Zuni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quechan" title="Quechan">Quechan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_peoples" title="Salish peoples">Salish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole" title="Seminole">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoshone" title="Shoshone">Shoshone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ute_people" title="Ute people">Ute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakama_Indian_Reservation" title="Yakama Indian Reservation">Yakama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Natives" title="Alaska Natives">Alaska Natives</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Athabaskans" title="Alaskan Athabaskans">Alaskan Athabaskans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleut" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleut">Aleut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alutiiq" title="Alutiiq">Alutiiq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwich%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwich'in">Gwich'in</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haida_people" title="Haida people">Haida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B1upiat" title="Iñupiat">Iñupiat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsimshian" title="Tsimshian">Tsimshian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlingit" title="Tlingit">Tlingit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yupik_peoples" title="Yupik peoples">Yupik</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Americans" title="Canadian Americans">Canadian Americans</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic and Latino Americans</a> <ul><li>Central America <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belizean_Americans" title="Belizean Americans">Belizean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rican_Americans" title="Costa Rican Americans">Costa Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemalan_Americans" title="Guatemalan Americans">Guatemalan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduran_Americans" title="Honduran Americans">Honduran Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaraguan_Americans" title="Nicaraguan Americans">Nicaraguan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panamanian_Americans" title="Panamanian Americans">Panamanian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvadoran_Americans" title="Salvadoran Americans">Salvadoran Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_Americans" title="Cuban Americans">Cuban Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Americans" title="Dominican Americans">Dominican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rican_Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="Puerto Rican Americans">Puerto Rican Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Americans" title="Mexican Americans">Mexican Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicano" title="Chicano">Chicanos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Mexican_Americans" title="Indigenous Mexican Americans">Indigenous Mexican Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oceanian_Americans" title="Oceanian Americans">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islander_Americans" title="Pacific Islander Americans">Pacific Islander Americans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chamorro_people" title="Chamorro people">Chamorro Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijian_Americans" title="Fijian Americans">Fijian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesian_Americans" title="French Polynesian Americans">French Polynesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshallese_Americans" title="Marshallese Americans">Marshallese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Micronesian_Americans" title="Micronesian Americans">Micronesian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Hawaiians" title="Native Hawaiians">Native Hawaiians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palauan_Americans" title="Palauan Americans">Palauan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Americans" title="Samoan Americans">Samoan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongan_Americans" title="Tongan Americans">Tongan Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li>Americans of Euro Oceanic origin <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Americans" title="Australian Americans">Australian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_Americans" title="New Zealand Americans">New Zealand Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Americans" title="Argentine Americans">Argentine Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivian_Americans" title="Bolivian Americans">Bolivian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Americans" title="Brazilian Americans">Brazilian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Americans" title="Chilean Americans">Chilean Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombian_Americans" title="Colombian Americans">Colombian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuadorian_Americans" title="Ecuadorian Americans">Ecuadorian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyanese_Americans" title="Guyanese Americans">Guyanese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_Americans" title="Paraguayan Americans">Paraguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvian_Americans" title="Peruvian Americans">Peruvian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surinamese_Americans" title="Surinamese Americans">Surinamese Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_Americans" title="Uruguayan Americans">Uruguayan Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Americans" title="Venezuelan Americans">Venezuelan Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_Americans" title="Multiracial Americans">Multiethnic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Asians#United_States" title="Afro-Asians">Afro-Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerasian" title="Amerasian">Amerasian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blaxican" title="Blaxican">Blaxican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajuns" title="Cajuns">Cajuns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapa" title="Hapa">Hapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Creole_people" title="Louisiana Creole people">Louisiana Creole people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melungeon" title="Melungeon">Melungeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulatto#United_States" title="Mulatto">Mulatto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Mexican_Americans" title="Punjabi Mexican Americans">Punjabi Mexican Americans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">People of the United States / Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_ancestry" title="American ancestry">American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_ancestry" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American ancestry">Native American ancestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maps_of_American_ancestries" class="mw-redirect" title="Maps of American ancestries">Maps of American ancestries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_United_States_census" title="2010 United States census">2010 census</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_the_United_States_census" title="Race and ethnicity in the United States census">Race and ethnicity in the census</a></li></ul></li> <li>Births of U.S. states and territories by race/ethnicity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_(EEO)" class="mw-redirect" title="Race and ethnicity (EEO)">Race and ethnicity in the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_the_United_States" title="Racism in the United States">Racism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Italian_diaspora" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_diaspora" title="Template:Italian diaspora"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_diaspora" title="Template talk:Italian diaspora"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_diaspora" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian diaspora"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=&#124;link=_Italian_diaspora" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Algerians" title="Italian Algerians">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Egyptians" title="Italian Egyptians">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritreans" title="Italian Eritreans">Eritrea</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Ethiopia" title="Italians of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya" title="Italian settlers in Libya">Libya</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Moroccans" title="Italian Moroccans">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalis" title="Italian Somalis">Somalia</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_South_Africans" title="Italian South Africans">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Tunisians" title="Italian Tunisians">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Zimbabweans" title="Italian Zimbabweans">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Italy.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/90px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/135px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/180px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Argentines" title="Italian Argentines">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Bolivians" title="Italian Bolivians">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilians" title="Italian Brazilians">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians" title="Italian Canadians">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians_in_Greater_Montreal" title="Italian Canadians in Greater Montreal">Montreal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians_in_the_Greater_Toronto_Area" title="Italian Canadians in the Greater Toronto Area">Toronto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Chileans" title="Italian Chileans">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Colombian" title="Italian Colombian">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Costa_Ricans" title="Italian Costa Ricans">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Cubans" title="Italian Cubans">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Dominicans" title="Italian Dominicans">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ecuadorians" title="Italian Ecuadorians">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Salvadorans" title="Italian Salvadorans">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Guatemalans" title="Italian Guatemalans">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Haitians" title="Italian Haitians">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Hondurans" title="Italian Hondurans">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_immigration_to_Mexico" title="Italian immigration to Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Panamanians" title="Italian Panamanians">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Paraguayans" title="Italian Paraguayans">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peruvians" title="Italian Peruvians">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Puerto_Ricans" title="Italian Puerto Ricans">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">United States</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">before 1880</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_Americans_by_location" title="Template:Italian Americans by location">by city</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Americans" title="Sicilian Americans">Sicilian Americans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Uruguayans" title="Italian Uruguayans">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italo-Venezuelans" class="mw-redirect" title="Italo-Venezuelans">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_India" title="Italians in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Japan" title="Italians in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Lebanon" title="Italians in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Levantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Levantine">Turkey</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Italians in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonists_in_Albania" title="Italian colonists in Albania">Albania</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_immigration_to_Belgium" title="Italian immigration to Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Croatia" title="Italians of Croatia">Croatia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatia</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Finland" title="Italians in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_France" title="Italians in France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Corsicans" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Corsicans">Corsica</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Nice</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoyard_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="Savoyard Italians">Savoy</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Germany" title="Italians in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li>Greece <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corfiot_Italians" title="Corfiot Italians">Corfu</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_colonists_in_the_Dodecanese" title="Italian colonists in the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Maltese" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Maltese">Malta</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Romania" title="Italians in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li>Slovenia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istria</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Spain" title="Italians in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Swedes" title="Italian Swedes">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_immigration_to_Switzerland" title="Italian immigration to Switzerland">Switzerland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Ticino</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Grisons</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Italians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Scots" title="Italian Scots">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Italians" title="Welsh Italians">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Genoese_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Genoese in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul></li> <li>Ukraine <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Crimea" title="Italians of Crimea">Crimea</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Odesa" title="Italians of Odesa">Odesa</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_community_of_Melbourne" title="Italian community of Melbourne">Melbourne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_New_Zealanders" title="Italian New Zealanders">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Exodus</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Neighborhoods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Italy" title="Little Italy">Little Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian-American_neighborhoods" title="List of Italian-American neighborhoods">List of Italian-American neighborhoods</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><sup><small>1</small></sup> local ethnic Italians<br /><sup><small>2</small></sup> ancient Italian migrations<br /><sup><small>3</small></sup> former <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian colonies or protectorates</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italian_Americans_by_location" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italian_Americans_by_location" title="Template:Italian Americans by location"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italian_Americans_by_location" title="Template talk:Italian Americans by location"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italian_Americans_by_location" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italian Americans by location"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italian_Americans_by_location" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a> by location</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italians in the United States before 1880</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italians_in_Arkansas" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Italians in Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italians_in_Baltimore" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Italians in Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_Americans_in_Boston" title="History of Italian Americans in Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Chicago" title="Italians in Chicago">Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Americans_in_Metro_Detroit" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Italian Americans in Metro Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italians_in_Mississippi" title="History of Italians in Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_New_Orleans" title="Italians in New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_New_York_City" title="Italians in New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_Americans_in_Philadelphia" title="History of Italian Americans in Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Beach,_San_Francisco" title="North Beach, San Francisco">San Francisco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Syracuse,_New_York" title="Italians in Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Italians" title="Utah Italians">Utah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style 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