CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Siegfried Line campaign - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"c35ca3c7-c90d-40f4-94b0-e27d1ce4c117","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Siegfried_Line_campaign","wgTitle":"Siegfried Line campaign","wgCurRevisionId":1249696116,"wgRevisionId":1249696116,"wgArticleId":1138643,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from June 2017","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011","Siegfried Line campaign","Western European Campaign (1944–1945)","Invasions by the United States","Military history of Canada during World War II","Land battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom", "Battles and operations of World War II involving Canada"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Siegfried_Line_campaign","wgRelevantArticleId":1138643,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgRedirectedFrom":"Allied_advance_from_Paris_to_the_Rhine","wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgInternalRedirectTargetUrl":"/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign","wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false, "wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q714274","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init": "ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["mediawiki.action.view.redirect","ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg/1200px-Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="936"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg/800px-Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="624"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg/640px-Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="499"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Siegfried Line campaign - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Siegfried_Line_campaign rootpage-Siegfried_Line_campaign skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Siegfried+Line+campaign" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Siegfried+Line+campaign" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Siegfried+Line+campaign" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Siegfried+Line+campaign" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Background" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Background-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Background subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Logistics_and_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Logistics_and_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Logistics and supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Logistics_and_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manpower" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manpower"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Manpower</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Manpower-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Campaign</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Campaign subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_Group_of_Armies_(21st_Army_Group)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Group_of_Armies_(21st_Army_Group)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Northern Group of Armies (21st Army Group)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Group_of_Armies_(21st_Army_Group)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Channel_ports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Channel_ports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Channel ports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Channel_ports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Market_Garden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Market_Garden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Market Garden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Market_Garden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_the_Scheldt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_the_Scheldt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Battle of the Scheldt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_the_Scheldt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Group_of_Armies_(12th_Army_Group)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Group_of_Armies_(12th_Army_Group)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Central Group of Armies (12th Army Group)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Group_of_Armies_(12th_Army_Group)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_France_and_Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_France_and_Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Northern France and Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_France_and_Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aachen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aachen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.2</span> <span>Aachen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aachen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lorraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lorraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.3</span> <span>Lorraine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lorraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hürtgen_Forest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hürtgen_Forest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.4</span> <span>Hürtgen Forest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hürtgen_Forest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Queen" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Queen"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.5</span> <span>Operation Queen</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Queen-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Aftermath subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Winter_counter-offensives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Winter_counter-offensives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Winter counter-offensives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Winter_counter-offensives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany_west_of_the_Rhine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_west_of_the_Rhine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Germany west of the Rhine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_west_of_the_Rhine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Siegfried Line campaign</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%89_%D9%86%D9%87%D8%B1_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%8A%D9%86" title="تقدم الحلفاء من باريس إلى نهر الراين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقدم الحلفاء من باريس إلى نهر الراين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_la_L%C3%ADnea_Sigfrido" title="Batalla de la Línea Sigfrido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de la Línea Sigfrido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%81%D8%AA_%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%82%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B2_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%86" title="پیشرفت نیروهای متفقین از پاریس به راین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیشرفت نیروهای متفقین از پاریس به راین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagne_de_la_ligne_Siegfried" title="Campagne de la ligne Siegfried – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Campagne de la ligne Siegfried" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%80%ED%81%AC%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%8A%B8_%EB%B0%A9%EC%96%B4%EC%84%A0_%EC%A0%84%ED%88%AC" title="지크프리트 방어선 전투 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="지크프리트 방어선 전투" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pergerakan_Sekutu_dari_Paris_ke_Rhine" title="Pergerakan Sekutu dari Paris ke Rhine – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pergerakan Sekutu dari Paris ke Rhine" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campagna_della_Linea_Sigfrido" title="Campagna della Linea Sigfrido – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Campagna della Linea Sigfrido" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96_%D7%90%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F" title="התקדמות בעלות הברית מפריז אל הריין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התקדמות בעלות הברית מפריז אל הריין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opmars_naar_de_Siegfriedlinie" title="Opmars naar de Siegfriedlinie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Opmars naar de Siegfriedlinie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prze%C5%82amanie_linii_Zygfryda" title="Przełamanie linii Zygfryda – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Przełamanie linii Zygfryda" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campanha_da_Linha_Siegfried" title="Campanha da Linha Siegfried – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Campanha da Linha Siegfried" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Campania_Liniei_Siegfried" title="Campania Liniei Siegfried – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Campania Liniei Siegfried" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2_%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D0%97%D0%B8%D0%B3%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Прорыв линии Зигфрида – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Прорыв линии Зигфрида" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allierades_framryckning_fr%C3%A5n_Paris_till_Rhen" title="Allierades framryckning från Paris till Rhen – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Allierades framryckning från Paris till Rhen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பாரிசிலிருந்து ரைன் ஆற்றங்கரைக்கு நேச நாட்டுப்படைகளின் முன்னேற்றம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாரிசிலிருந்து ரைன் ஆற்றங்கரைக்கு நேச நாட்டுப்படைகளின் முன்னேற்றம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%97" title="การทัพแนวซีคฟรีท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทัพแนวซีคฟรีท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B2_%C2%AB%D0%9B%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%97_%D0%97%D1%96%D0%B3%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B0%C2%BB" title="Прорив «Лінії Зігфрида» – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Прорив «Лінії Зігфрида»" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%9F%E8%BB%8D%E7%94%B1%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%88%B0%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B5%E7%9A%84%E6%8E%A8%E9%80%B2" title="盟軍由巴黎到萊茵的推進 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="盟軍由巴黎到萊茵的推進" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q714274#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Siegfried_Line_campaign" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line_campaign"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Siegfried_Line_campaign" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&oldid=1249696116" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Siegfried_Line_campaign&id=1249696116&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSiegfried_Line_campaign"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FSiegfried_Line_campaign"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q714274" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allied_advance_from_Paris_to_the_Rhine&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine">Allied advance from Paris to the Rhine</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Action in European theatre of WWII</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siegfried Line campaign</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg/220px-Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg/330px-Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg/440px-Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1401" data-file-height="1093" /></a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> troops cross the <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line" title="Siegfried Line">Siegfried Line</a>.</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>28 August 1944 – 21 March 1945</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Along and around the <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line" title="Siegfried Line">Siegfried Line</a> (<a href="/wiki/Northern_France" class="mw-disambig" title="Northern France">Northern France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rhine_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhine river">Rhine river</a>)</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Allied victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></b></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France"><img alt="France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">France</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland_%281928%E2%80%931980%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Polish_Armed_Forces_in_the_West" title="Polish Armed Forces in the West">Poland</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/17px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/27px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Belgium.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="780" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia" title="Czechoslovakia"><img alt="Czechoslovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_government-in-exile" title="Czechoslovak government-in-exile">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/21px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/32px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/41px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span data-sort-value="Germany"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></span> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">SHAEF</a>)</small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a>)</small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Twelfth_United_States_Army_Group" title="Twelfth United States Army Group">12th Army Group</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/OB_West" title="OB West">Oberbefehlshaber West</a>)</small></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Model" title="Walter Model">Walter Model</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Army_Group_B" title="Army Group B">Army Group B</a>)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <ul><li>3,250,000 (80 divisions)</li> <li>7.700 tanks</li> <li>13.000 aircraft</li> <li>43.110 artillery pieces and mortars</li> <li>800.000 vehicles<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald,_C_2005_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald,_C_2005-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <li>1,699,000 (74 divisions)</li> <li>3.200 tanks</li> <li>3.110 aircraft</li> <li>8.000 artillery pieces and mortars</li> <li>300.000 vehicles<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><b>American</b>:</li> <li>240,082 casualties</li> <li>(50,410 killed</li> <li>172,450 wounded</li> <li>24,374 captured or missing)</li> <li><small>(15 September 1944 – 21 March 1945)</small></li> <li><b>British</b>:</li> <li>32,366</li> <li><b>French</b>:</li> <li>15,390–17,390<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Canadian</b>:</li> <li>15,000</li> <li><b>Total</b>: 272,448+ casualties <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>40,000+ killed<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>80,000 wounded</li> <li>280,000+ captured</li> <li><b>Total</b>:</li> <li>400,000+ casualties<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Front_ofWorld_War_II" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Western Front (World War II)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Front_ofWorld_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front of<br />World War II</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Forth" title="Battle of the River Forth">River Forth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saar_Offensive" title="Saar Offensive">Saar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Heligoland_Bight_(1939)" title="Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939)">The Heligoland Bight</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wikinger" title="Operation Wikinger">Wikinger</a></i></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Schuster_Line" title="Schuster Line">Schuster Line</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">The Netherlands</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maastricht" title="Battle of Maastricht">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mill" title="Battle of Mill">Mill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_The_Hague" title="Battle for The Hague">The Hague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rotterdam" title="Battle of Rotterdam">Rotterdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zeeland" title="Battle of Zeeland">Zeeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Grebbeberg" title="Battle of the Grebbeberg">The Grebbeberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Afsluitdijk" title="Battle of the Afsluitdijk">Afsluitdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_bombing_of_Rotterdam" title="German bombing of Rotterdam">Rotterdam Blitz</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Belgium</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Eben-Emael" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Fort Eben-Emael">Fort Eben-Emael</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hannut" title="Battle of Hannut">Hannut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_David" title="Operation David"><i>David</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gembloux_(1940)" title="Battle of Gembloux (1940)">Gembloux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Lys_(1940)" title="Battle of the Lys (1940)">La Lys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ypres%E2%80%93Comines_Canal" title="Battle of the Ypres–Comines Canal">Ypres–Comines Canal</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">France</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sedan_(1940)" title="Battle of Sedan (1940)">Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montcornet" title="Battle of Montcornet">Montcornet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saumur_(1940)" title="Battle of Saumur (1940)">Saumur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)" title="Battle of Arras (1940)">Arras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Boulogne" title="Battle of Boulogne">Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Calais_(1940)" title="Siege of Calais (1940)">Calais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation"><i>Dynamo</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abbeville" title="Battle of Abbeville">Abbeville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lille_(1940)" title="Siege of Lille (1940)">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paula" title="Operation Paula"><i>Paula</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_France" title="Italian invasion of France">1st Alps</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haddock_Force" title="Haddock Force">Haddock Force</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Britain</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kanalkampf" title="Kanalkampf">Kanalkampf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adlertag" title="Adlertag">Adlertag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hardest_Day" title="The Hardest Day">The Hardest Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain_Day" title="Battle of Britain Day">Battle of Britain Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sea_Lion" title="Operation Sea Lion"><i>Sea Lion</i></a></li></ul> <p><b>1941–1943</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Dash" title="Channel Dash"><i>Cerberus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Donnerkeil" title="Operation Donnerkeil"><i>Donnerkeil</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baedeker_Blitz" title="Baedeker Blitz">Baedeker Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commando_raids_on_the_Atlantic_Wall" title="List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall">Commando Raids</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>1944–1945</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steinbock" title="Operation Steinbock">Baby Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity"><i>Chastity</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siegfried Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#The_final_year" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest" title="Battle of Hürtgen Forest">Hürtgen Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen" title="Battle of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Queen" title="Operation Queen"><i>Queen</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Scheldt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Bulge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)"><i>Nordwind</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">2nd Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic Pockets</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Germany</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackcock" title="Operation Blackcock"><i>Blackcock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable"><i>Veritable</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grenade" title="Operation Grenade"><i>Grenade</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blockbuster" title="Operation Blockbuster"><i>Blockbuster</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lumberjack" title="Operation Lumberjack">Lumberjack</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remagen" title="Battle of Remagen">Remagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cologne_(1945)" title="Battle of Cologne (1945)">Cologne</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gisela" title="Operation Gisela"><i>Gisela</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undertone" title="Operation Undertone"><i>Undertone</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder"><i>Plunder</i></a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Varsity" title="Operation Varsity"><i>Varsity</i></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paderborn_(1945)" title="Battle of Paderborn (1945)">Paderborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhr_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruhr Pocket">Ruhr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Task_Force_Baum" title="Task Force Baum">TF Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frankfurt" title="Battle of Frankfurt">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg_(1945)" title="Battle of Würzburg (1945)">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kassel_(1945)" title="Battle of Kassel (1945)">Kassel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Heilbronn_(1945)" title="Battle of Heilbronn (1945)">Heilbronn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nuremberg_(1945)" title="Battle of Nuremberg (1945)">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Hamburg" title="Capture of Hamburg">Hamburg</a></li></ul> <p><b>Strategic campaigns</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defence_of_the_Reich" title="Defence of the Reich">Defence of the Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic Bombing Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commando_raids_on_the_Atlantic_Wall" title="List of Commando raids on the Atlantic Wall">Raids on the Atlantic Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of Atlantic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Western_Front(1944–1945)" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Europe_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Template:Campaignbox Western Europe 1944–1945"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Western_Europe_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Western Europe 1944–1945"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Western_Europe_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Western Europe 1944–1945"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Western_Front(1944–1945)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–1945:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)"><span class="wrap">Western Front<br />(1944–1945)</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Chastity" title="Operation Chastity">Chastity</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Paris</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siegfried Line campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast" title="Clearing the Channel Coast">Channel Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fusilade" title="Operation Fusilade">Dieppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wellhit" title="Operation Wellhit">Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Calais</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_campaign" title="Lorraine campaign">Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen" title="Battle of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest" title="Battle of Hürtgen Forest">Hürtgen Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Scheldt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Queen" title="Operation Queen">Queen</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Bulge</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Northwind_(1944)" title="Operation Northwind (1944)">Nordwind</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackcock" title="Operation Blackcock">Blackcock</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Reichswald</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_the_Alps" title="Second Battle of the Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II in Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Siegfried_Line_campaign" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Siegfried_Line" title="Template:Campaignbox Siegfried Line"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Siegfried_Line" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Siegfried Line"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Siegfried_Line" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Siegfried Line"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Siegfried_Line_campaign" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Siegfried Line campaign</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>France</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast" title="Clearing the Channel Coast">Channel Coast</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Fusilade" title="Operation Fusilade">Dieppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Le Havre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Wellhit" title="Operation Wellhit">Boulogne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Calais</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_campaign" title="Lorraine campaign">Lorraine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)" title="Battle of Nancy (1944)">Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dompaire" title="Battle of Dompaire">Dompaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arracourt" title="Battle of Arracourt">Arracourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Metz" title="Battle of Metz">Metz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Driant" title="Battle of Fort Driant">Fort Driant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Belgium</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mons_pocket" title="Battle of the Mons pocket">Mons pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moerbrugge" title="Battle of Moerbrugge">Moerbrugge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Geel" title="Battle of Geel">Geel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Scheldt</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Netherlands</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nijmegen_salient" title="Battle of the Nijmegen salient">Nijmegen bridgehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pheasant" title="Operation Pheasant"><i>Pheasant</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Overloon" title="Battle of Overloon">Overloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Broekhuizen" title="Battle of Broekhuizen">Broekhuizen</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Germany</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest" title="Battle of Hürtgen Forest">Hürtgen Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen" title="Battle of Aachen">Aachen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crucifix_Hill" title="Battle of Crucifix Hill">Crucifix Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Clipper" title="Operation Clipper">Geilenkirchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Queen" title="Operation Queen"><i>Queen</i></a></li></ul> <hr /> <dl><dt>Logistics</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="British logistics in the Siegfried Line campaign">British</a></li> <li>American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_transportation_in_the_Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="American transportation in the Siegfried Line campaign">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_services_and_supply_in_the_Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="American services and supply in the Siegfried Line campaign">Services and supply</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Siegfried Line campaign</b> was a phase in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)#1944–1945:_The_Second_Front" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western European campaign</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, which involved actions near the German defensive <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line" title="Siegfried Line">Siegfried Line</a>. </p><p>This phase spanned from the end of the Battle of Normandy, or <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a> and the pursuit across northern France, which ended on 15 September 1944, and concluded with the opening of the German Ardennes counteroffensive, better known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Broad_front_versus_narrow_front_controversy_in_World_War_II" title="Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II">Broad front versus narrow front controversy in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cobra_Coutances.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cobra_Coutances.jpg/220px-Cobra_Coutances.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cobra_Coutances.jpg/330px-Cobra_Coutances.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Cobra_Coutances.jpg/440px-Cobra_Coutances.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3238" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>M4 and M4A3 <a href="/wiki/M4_Sherman" title="M4 Sherman">Sherman tanks</a> and infantrymen of the <a href="/wiki/4th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="4th Armored Division (United States)">U.S. 4th Armored Division</a> advancing through Coutances.</figcaption></figure> <p>German forces had been routed during the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">break-out from Normandy</a>. The Allies advanced rapidly against an enemy that put up little resistance. But after the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">liberation of Paris</a> in late August 1944, the Allies paused to re-group and organise before continuing their advance from Paris to the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">River Rhine</a>. The pause allowed the Germans to solidify their lines—something they had been unable to do west of Paris. </p><p>By the middle of September 1944, the three Western Allied <a href="/wiki/Army_group" title="Army group">army groups</a>; the Anglo-Canadian <a href="/wiki/21st_Army_Group" title="21st Army Group">21st Army Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Field_marshal_(United_Kingdom)" title="Field marshal (United Kingdom)">Field Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Sir Bernard Montgomery</a>) in the north, the United States <a href="/wiki/Twelfth_United_States_Army_Group" title="Twelfth United States Army Group">U.S. 12th Army Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant General</a> <a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Omar Bradley</a>) in the center, and the Franco-American <a href="/wiki/Sixth_United_States_Army_Group" title="Sixth United States Army Group">6th Army Group</a> (Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Jacob_L._Devers" title="Jacob L. Devers">Jacob L. Devers</a>) in the south, formed a broad front under the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Allied_Commander" title="Supreme Allied Commander">Supreme Allied Commander</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> and his headquarters SHAEF (<a href="/wiki/Supreme_Headquarters_Allied_Expeditionary_Force" title="Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force">Supreme Headquarters Allied Expeditionary Force</a>). </p><p>While Montgomery and Bradley each favored relatively direct thrusts into <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (with Montgomery and Bradley each offering to be the spearhead of such an assault), General Eisenhower disagreed. Instead, he chose a "broad-front" strategy, which allowed the Allies to gain ground from the beaten Germans in all sectors, allowed the advancing Allied forces to support each other. </p><p>The rapid advance through France had caused considerable logistical strain, made worse by the lack of any major port other than the relatively distant <a href="/wiki/Cherbourg-Octeville" title="Cherbourg-Octeville">Cherbourg</a> in western France. Although <a href="/wiki/Antwerp" title="Antwerp">Antwerp</a> was seen as the key to solving the Allied logistics problems, its port was not open to Allied shipping until the <a href="/wiki/Scheldt" title="Scheldt">Scheldt</a> estuary was clear of German forces. As the campaign progressed, all the belligerents, Allied as well as German, felt the effects of the lack of suitable replacements for front-line troops. </p><p>There were two major defensive obstacles to the Allies. The first was the natural barriers made by the rivers of eastern France. The second was the <a href="/wiki/Siegfried_Line" title="Siegfried Line">Siegfried Line</a>, which fell under the command, along with all <i><a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a></i> forces in the west, of <i><a href="/wiki/Generalfeldmarschall" title="Generalfeldmarschall">Generalfeldmarschall</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Gerd_von_Rundstedt" title="Gerd von Rundstedt">Gerd von Rundstedt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Logistics_and_supply">Logistics and supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Logistics and supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/American_logistics_in_the_Northern_France_campaign" title="American logistics in the Northern France campaign">American logistics in the Northern France campaign</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_logistics_in_the_Normandy_campaign" title="British logistics in the Normandy campaign">British logistics in the Normandy campaign</a></div> <p>Although the breakout from Normandy had taken longer than planned, the advances until September had far exceeded expectations. Bradley, for example, by September had four more divisions than planned and all of his forces were 150 miles (240 km) ahead of their expected position. One effect was that insufficient supplies could be delivered to the various fronts to maintain the advance: demand had exceeded the expected needs. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Omaha_Mulberry_Harbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Omaha_Mulberry_Harbour.jpg/220px-Omaha_Mulberry_Harbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Omaha_Mulberry_Harbour.jpg/330px-Omaha_Mulberry_Harbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Omaha_Mulberry_Harbour.jpg/440px-Omaha_Mulberry_Harbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption>Mulberry 'A' off <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a> was critical in the early days for Allied supplies.</figcaption></figure> <p>Much war <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> still had to be brought ashore across the invasion beaches and through the one remaining <a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a> (the other had been destroyed in an <a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a> storm). Although small harbours, such as <a href="/wiki/Isigny-sur-Mer" title="Isigny-sur-Mer">Isigny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Port-en-Bessin-Huppain" title="Port-en-Bessin-Huppain">Port-en-Bessin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Courcelles,_Charente-Maritime" title="Courcelles, Charente-Maritime">Courcelles</a>, were being used, the major forward ports such as <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dunkirk" title="Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a> either remained in German hands as "fortresses" or had been systematically destroyed. The availability of Cherbourg had been valuable until the breakout, but then the shortage of transport to carry supplies to the rapidly advancing armies became the limiting factor. </p><p>Although fuel was successfully pumped from Britain to Normandy via the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pluto" title="Operation Pluto">Pluto</a> pipeline, this still had to reach the fronts, which were advancing faster than the pipelines could be extended.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The railways had been largely destroyed by Allied attacks and would take much effort to repair, so fleets of trucks were needed in the interim.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an attempt to address this acute shortage of transport, three newly arrived U.S. infantry divisions—the <a href="/wiki/26th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="26th Infantry Division (United States)">26th</a>, <a href="/wiki/95th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="95th Infantry Division (United States)">95th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/104th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="104th Infantry Division (United States)">104th</a>—were stripped of their trucks in order to haul supplies.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advancing divisions of the U.S. 12th Army Group left all their heavy artillery and half their medium artillery west of the <a href="/wiki/Seine" title="Seine">Seine</a>, freeing their trucks to move supplies for other units.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four British truck companies were loaned to the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another 1,500 British trucks were found to have critical engine faults and were unusable, limiting assistance from that quarter.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Red_Ball_Express" title="Red Ball Express">Red Ball Express</a> was an attempt to expedite deliveries by truck but capacity was inadequate for the circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 6th Army Group <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">advancing from southern France</a> were supplied adequately from <a href="/wiki/Toulon" title="Toulon">Toulon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a> because it had captured ports intact and the local railway system was less damaged. This source supplied about 25% of the Allied needs. </p><p>At this time the main Allied supply lines still ran back to Normandy, presenting serious logistical problems. The solution was to open the port of Antwerp. This major port had been captured at 90% intact on 4 September, but the occupation of Antwerp was not enough as the 21st Army Group failed to gain sea access by clearing the Scheldt estuary. So the port could not be used until 29 November after a protracted campaign by the <a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">Canadian First Army</a>; initially the estuary was weakly held, but the <a href="/wiki/15th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="15th Army (Wehrmacht)">German 15th Army</a> was allowed to dig in there. </p><p>The delay in securing this area has been blamed on General Eisenhower as the 21st Army Group commander, Field Marshal Montgomery favored <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market-Garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Market-Garden">Operation Market-Garden</a> and opening the French Channel ports over clearing the approaches to the port of Antwerp in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</a>. However, even if the Scheldt Estuary had been secured immediately at the start of September, the port of Antwerp would not solve the supply crisis in that month, for the approaches had been mined by the Germans two months earlier, and when finally taken it took one month to clear it.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manpower">Manpower</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Manpower"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The German armies had lost large numbers of troops in Normandy and the subsequent pursuit. To counteract this, about 20,000 <i><a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a></i> personnel were reallocated to the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a>, invalided troops were redrafted into the front line and <i><a href="/wiki/Volkssturm" title="Volkssturm">Volkssturm</a></i> units were formed using barely trained civilians. </p><p>British manpower resources were limited after five years of war and through worldwide commitments. Replacements were no longer adequate to cover losses and some formations were disbanded to maintain the strength of others. The Canadians were also short of manpower, due to a reluctance to require conscripts to serve outside Canada or Canadian waters. This had arisen from <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1917" title="Conscription Crisis of 1917">Conscription Crisis of 1917</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>; to avoid similar problems in World War II, the <a href="/wiki/National_Resources_Mobilization_Act" title="National Resources Mobilization Act">National Resources Mobilization Act</a> of 1940 prohibited sending conscripts overseas. However, this provision of the Act was later removed, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Conscription_Crisis_of_1944" title="Conscription Crisis of 1944">Conscription Crisis of 1944</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American losses now called on replacements direct from the United States. They were often inexperienced and not used to the harsh conditions of the latter part of the campaign. There were also complaints about the poor quality of troops released into the infantry from less-stressed parts of the U.S. Army. At one point, after the Battle of the Bulge had highlighted the shortage of infantrymen, the Army relaxed its embargo on the use of <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_soldiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Buffalo soldiers">black soldiers</a> in combat formations.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black volunteers performed well throughout the phase<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and prompted a permanent change in military policy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Campaign">Campaign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Group_of_Armies_(21st_Army_Group)"><span id="Northern_Group_of_Armies_.2821st_Army_Group.29"></span>Northern Group of Armies (21st Army Group)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Northern Group of Armies (21st Army Group)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Channel_ports">Channel ports</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Channel ports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast" title="Clearing the Channel Coast">Clearing the Channel Coast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Operation Astonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Fusilade" title="Operation Fusilade">Operation Fusilade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Wellhit" title="Operation Wellhit">Operation Wellhit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Operation Undergo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944)">Siege of Dunkirk (1944)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B9743.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B9743.jpg/220px-The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B9743.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B9743.jpg/330px-The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B9743.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B9743.jpg/440px-The_British_Army_in_Normandy_1944_B9743.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>British infantry of the 1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hampshire_Regiment" title="Royal Hampshire Regiment">Hampshire Regiment</a> crossing the Seine at <a href="/wiki/Vernon,_Eure" title="Vernon, Eure">Vernon</a>, 28 August 1944.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Channel_ports" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel ports">Channel ports</a> were urgently needed to maintain the Allied armies. By the time that <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> was liberated, it had become difficult to supply the 21st Army Group adequately. Indeed, one corps—<a href="/wiki/VIII_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="VIII Corps (United Kingdom)">VIII Corps</a>—was withdrawn from active service to free its transport for general use. The Canadian First Army was tasked with liberating the ports during its advance along the French coast.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ports involved were Le Havre, <a href="/wiki/Dieppe,_Seine-Maritime" class="mw-redirect" title="Dieppe, Seine-Maritime">Dieppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boulogne" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulogne">Boulogne</a>, Calais, and Dunkirk in France, as well as <a href="/wiki/Ostend" title="Ostend">Ostend</a> in Belgium. <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> had appreciated their strategic value. He issued a <a href="/wiki/Fuehrer_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuehrer Order">Führer Order</a> declaring them to be "<a href="/wiki/German_World_War_II_strongholds" class="mw-redirect" title="German World War II strongholds">fortresses</a>" that must receive adequate materiel for a siege and be held to the last man. </p><p>Dieppe was evacuated by the Germans before Hitler's order had been received and, consequently, the Canadians took it with little trouble and with the port installations largely intact. Ostend had been omitted from the Führer Order and was also undefended, although demolitions delayed its use. The other ports were defended to varying degrees, however, and they required substantial work to bring them into use, except for Dunkirk which was sealed off to the rear of the Allied advance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Market_Garden">Market Garden</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Market Garden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a></div> <p>The first operation of the <a href="/wiki/Rhineland" title="Rhineland">Rhineland</a> campaign, <i>Market Garden</i>, was commanded by Montgomery and was to secure a bridgehead over the Rhine in the north, at <a href="/wiki/Arnhem" title="Arnhem">Arnhem</a>, which would outflank the Siegfried Line. </p><p><i>Market Garden</i> had two distinct parts. <i>Market</i> was to be the largest airborne operation in history, dropping three and a half divisions of American, British, and Polish paratroopers to capture key bridges and prevent their demolition by the Germans. <i>Garden</i> was a ground attack by the <a href="/wiki/Second_Army_(United_Kingdom)" title="Second Army (United Kingdom)">British Second Army</a> across the bridges. It was assumed that the German forces would still be recovering from the previous campaign and opposition would not be very stiff for either operation. </p><p>If successful, the Allies would have a direct route into Germany that bypassed the main German defenses and also seize territory from which the Germans launched <a href="/wiki/V-1_(flying_bomb)" class="mw-redirect" title="V-1 (flying bomb)">V-1s</a> and <a href="/wiki/V-2_rocket" title="V-2 rocket">V-2s</a> against <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, Antwerp and elsewhere. </p><p>General Eisenhower approved <i>Market Garden</i>. On September 10 he gave supply priority to the 21st Army Group and decided to divert the <a href="/wiki/First_United_States_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="First United States Army">U.S. First Army</a> to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a> to stage limited attacks to draw German defenders south, away from the target sites. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Final_briefing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Final_briefing.jpg/220px-Final_briefing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Final_briefing.jpg/330px-Final_briefing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Final_briefing.jpg/440px-Final_briefing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="496" /></a><figcaption>American paratroopers receive a final briefing from their commanding officer before emplaning, 17 September 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>The operation was launched on 17 September. At first, it went well. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/101st_Airborne_Division" title="101st Airborne Division">101st</a> and <a href="/wiki/82nd_Airborne_Division" title="82nd Airborne Division">82nd Airborne Divisions</a> took their objectives at <a href="/wiki/Eindhoven" title="Eindhoven">Eindhoven</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veghel" title="Veghel">Veghel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a>. However, the 82nd failed to capture its main objectives, the Nijmegen bridges, and instead its commander focused on the Groesbeek Heights. Although their landings outside Arnhem were on target, the <a href="/wiki/1st_Airborne_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="1st Airborne Division (United Kingdom)">British 1st Airborne Division</a> landing zones were some distance from Arnhem bridge and only on the north side of the river. Problems arose when the British 1st Airborne Division lost vital equipment—jeeps and heavy anti-tank guns—when gliders crashed. There had also been a severe underestimation of German strength in the area. To make matters worse, poor weather prevented aerial reinforcements and drastically reduced resupply. German resistance to the forces driving to Arnhem was highly effective, and a copy of the Allied battle plan had been captured. </p><p>In the end, <i>Market Garden</i> was unsuccessful. Arnhem bridge was not held and the British paratroops suffered tremendous casualties—approximately 77% by 25 September. The failure of the 82nd to capture the Nijmegen bridges in a coup de main meant that the British ground forces meant to relieve the 1st Airborne Division at Arnhem were delayed for 36 hours, as the Guards Armoured Division, despite arriving in Nijmegen ahead of schedule, was forced to pour its forces to capture the bridges, instead of simply moving across, as had been planned.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The allies managed to hold on to the salient in early October by <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Nijmegen_salient" title="Battle of the Nijmegen salient">repelling a German counter offensive</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_the_Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle of the Scheldt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pheasant" title="Operation Pheasant">Operation Pheasant</a></div> <p>The logistics situation was becoming critical, so opening the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Antwerp" title="Port of Antwerp">Port of Antwerp</a> was now a high priority. On 12 September 1944, the Canadian First Army was given the task of clearing the Scheldt of German forces. The 1st Army comprised the <a href="/wiki/II_Canadian_Corps" title="II Canadian Corps">II Canadian Corps</a>, which included the <a href="/wiki/1st_Armoured_Division_(Poland)" title="1st Armoured Division (Poland)">Polish 1st Armoured Division</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/49th_(West_Riding)_Infantry_Division" title="49th (West Riding) Infantry Division">49th</a> and <a href="/wiki/52nd_(Lowland)_Infantry_Division" title="52nd (Lowland) Infantry Division">52nd Divisions</a> and the <a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(United_Kingdom)" title="I Corps (United Kingdom)">British I Corps</a>. </p><p>The task involved four main operations: The first was to clear the area north of Antwerp and secure access to <a href="/wiki/South_Beveland" class="mw-redirect" title="South Beveland">South Beveland</a>. The second was to clear the <a href="/wiki/Breskens" title="Breskens">Breskens</a> pocket north of the <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Canal_(Belgium)" title="Leopold Canal (Belgium)">Leopold Canal</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Switchback" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Switchback">Operation Switchback</a>). The third—<a href="/wiki/Operation_Vitality" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Vitality">Operation Vitality</a>—was the capture of South Beveland. The final phase was the capture of <a href="/wiki/Walcheren" title="Walcheren">Walcheren</a> Island, which had been fortified into a powerful German stronghold. </p><p>On 21 September 1944, the advance began. The <a href="/wiki/4th_Canadian_Division" title="4th Canadian Division">4th Canadian Armoured Division</a>, moving north toward the south shore of the Scheldt around the Dutch town of Breskens, were the first Allied troops to face the formidable obstacle of the double line of the Leopold and Dérivation de la Lys Canals. The canals were crossed and a bridgehead established, but fierce counter-attacks by the Germans forced them to withdraw with heavy casualties. The 1st Polish Armoured Division had greater success, moving northeast to the coast, occupying <a href="/wiki/Terneuzen" title="Terneuzen">Terneuzen</a> and clearing the south bank of the Scheldt eastward to Antwerp. It was by then clear, however, that any further advances would be at tremendous cost. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:British_Landings_on_Walcheren_BU1255.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/British_Landings_on_Walcheren_BU1255.jpg/220px-British_Landings_on_Walcheren_BU1255.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/British_Landings_on_Walcheren_BU1255.jpg/330px-British_Landings_on_Walcheren_BU1255.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/British_Landings_on_Walcheren_BU1255.jpg/440px-British_Landings_on_Walcheren_BU1255.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption>British assault troops advancing near <a href="/wiki/Flushing,_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Flushing, Netherlands">Flushing</a> with shells bursting ahead during the Scheldt operation.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Division" title="2nd Canadian Division">2nd Canadian Infantry Division</a> began its advance north from Antwerp on 2 October. Heavy casualties ensued, including the almost total destruction of the <a href="/wiki/5th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade" title="5th Canadian Infantry Brigade">5th Canadian Infantry Brigade</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Black_Watch_(Royal_Highland_Regiment)_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment) of Canada">Black Watch Battalion</a> on 13 October. However, on 16 October <a href="/wiki/Woensdrecht" title="Woensdrecht">Woensdrecht</a> was taken, following an immense artillery barrage which forced the Germans back. This cut South Beveland and Walcheren off from the mainland and achieved the objective of the first operation. </p><p>Montgomery issued a directive that made the opening of the Scheldt estuary the top priority. To the east, the British Second Army attacked westward to clear the Netherlands south of the <a href="/wiki/Meuse" title="Meuse">Meuse</a> (<i>Maas</i>). This helped secure the Scheldt region from counter-attack. </p><p>In Operation Switchback, the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division" title="3rd Canadian Division">3rd Canadian Infantry Division</a> mounted a two-pronged attack, with the <a href="/wiki/7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade" title="7th Canadian Infantry Brigade">7th Canadian Infantry Brigade</a> crossing the Leopold Canal and the <a href="/wiki/9th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade" title="9th Canadian Infantry Brigade">9th Canadian Infantry Brigade</a> launching an amphibious assault from the coastal side of the pocket. Despite fierce resistance from the Germans, the <a href="/wiki/10th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade" title="10th Canadian Infantry Brigade">10th Canadian Infantry Brigade</a> crossed the Leopold Canal and the <a href="/wiki/8th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade" title="8th Canadian Infantry Brigade">8th Canadian Infantry Brigade</a> moved southwards, opening a supply route into the pocket. </p><p><i>Operation Vitality</i>—the third major phase of the Battle of the Scheldt—began on 24 October. The 2nd Canadian Infantry Division began its advance toward South Beveland, but was slowed by mines, mud and strong enemy defences. The British 52nd Division made an <a href="/wiki/Amphibious_warfare" title="Amphibious warfare">amphibious attack</a> to get in behind the Germans' Beveland Canal defensive positions. Thus, this formidable defence was outflanked, and the <a href="/wiki/6th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade" title="6th Canadian Infantry Brigade">6th Canadian Infantry Brigade</a> began a frontal attack in assault boats. The engineers were able to bridge the canal on the main road. With the canal line gone, the German defence crumbled and South Beveland was cleared. The third phase of the Battle of the Scheldt was now complete. </p><p>The final phase, Operation Infatuate was the attack on the heavily fortified island of Walcheren at the mouth of the West Scheldt. The island's dykes were breached by attacks from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> on 3, 7, and 11 October. This flooded the central part of the island, forcing the German defenders onto the high ground and allowing the use of amphibious vehicles. Units of the 2nd Canadian Infantry Division attacked the causeway on 31 October, and after a grim struggle, established a precarious foothold. They were relieved by a battalion of the British 52nd Division. In conjunction with the waterborne attacks, the 52nd continued the advance. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_POWs_captured_during_the_Allied_assault_on_Walcheren_Island_in_Holland,_November_1944._BU1267.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/German_POWs_captured_during_the_Allied_assault_on_Walcheren_Island_in_Holland%2C_November_1944._BU1267.jpg/220px-German_POWs_captured_during_the_Allied_assault_on_Walcheren_Island_in_Holland%2C_November_1944._BU1267.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/German_POWs_captured_during_the_Allied_assault_on_Walcheren_Island_in_Holland%2C_November_1944._BU1267.jpg/330px-German_POWs_captured_during_the_Allied_assault_on_Walcheren_Island_in_Holland%2C_November_1944._BU1267.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/German_POWs_captured_during_the_Allied_assault_on_Walcheren_Island_in_Holland%2C_November_1944._BU1267.jpg/440px-German_POWs_captured_during_the_Allied_assault_on_Walcheren_Island_in_Holland%2C_November_1944._BU1267.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1541" /></a><figcaption>German prisoners on <a href="/wiki/Walcheren" title="Walcheren">Walcheren</a> – around 40,000 were taken after the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Infatuate" title="Operation Infatuate">Operation Infatuate</a> had terminated</figcaption></figure> <p>The amphibious landings began on 1 November with units of the British 155th Infantry Brigade landing on a beach in the south-eastern area of <a href="/wiki/Vlissingen" title="Vlissingen">Vlissingen</a>. During the next few days, they engaged in heavy street fighting against the German defenders. Also on 1 November, after a heavy naval bombardment by the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a>, troops of <a href="/wiki/4th_Special_Service_Brigade" title="4th Special Service Brigade">4th Commando Brigade</a>, (with units of 10th Inter Allied Commando, consisting mainly of <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a> troops), supported by specialised armoured vehicles of the <a href="/wiki/79th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="79th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">British 79th Armoured Division</a> were landed on both sides of the gap in the sea dyke. Heavy fighting ensued. A smaller force moved south-eastward, toward Vlissingen, while the main force went northeast to clear the northern half of Walcheren to link up with the Canadians who had established a bridgehead on the eastern part of the island. Fierce resistance was again offered by German troops defending the area, and fighting continued until 7 November. However, the action ended on 8 November after a force of amphibious vehicles entered <a href="/wiki/Middelburg,_Zeeland" title="Middelburg, Zeeland">Middelburg</a>, the capital of Walcheren. </p><p>Meanwhile, Operation Pheasant was launched in on October 20 which was intended as a major operation to clear German troops from the Province of <a href="/wiki/North_Brabant" title="North Brabant">North Brabant</a> in conjunction with the battle of the Scheldt. The offensive after some resistance liberated most of region; the cities of <a href="/wiki/Tilburg" title="Tilburg">Tilburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="'s-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Willemstad,_North_Brabant" title="Willemstad, North Brabant">Willemstad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roosendaal" title="Roosendaal">Roosendaal</a> were liberated by British forces. <a href="/wiki/Bergen_Op_Zoom" class="mw-redirect" title="Bergen Op Zoom">Bergen Op Zoom</a> was taken by the Canadians and the Polish 1st Armoured Division led by General <a href="/wiki/Stanis%C5%82aw_Maczek" title="Stanisław Maczek">Maczek</a> liberated the city of <a href="/wiki/Breda" title="Breda">Breda</a>. As a result, the German positions which had defended the region along its canals and rivers had been broken. The operation was also a success in that civilian casualties were relatively light. </p><p>Meanwhile, the 4th Canadian Armoured Division had pushed eastwards past Bergen-op-Zoom to <a href="/wiki/Sint_Philipsland_(island)" title="Sint Philipsland (island)">Sint Philipsland</a> where it sank several German vessels in <a href="/wiki/Zijpe" title="Zijpe">Zijpe</a> harbour. With the approaches to Antwerp free, the fourth phase of the Battle of the Scheldt was complete; on 28 November, the first convoy entered the port. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_Group_of_Armies_(12th_Army_Group)"><span id="Central_Group_of_Armies_.2812th_Army_Group.29"></span>Central Group of Armies (12th Army Group)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Central Group of Armies (12th Army Group)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Northern_France_and_Belgium">Northern France and Belgium</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Northern France and Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The US First Army advanced rapidly through northern France and Belgium during late August and early September, with its main goal being to reach the Rhine before the Germans could establish defensive positions there. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mons_Pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Mons Pocket">Battle of the Mons Pocket</a> the Allies encircled approximately 70,000 Germans near <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a> in Belgium, and took around 25,000 prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-Europe_Remembers_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Europe_Remembers-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Aachen">Aachen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Aachen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aachen" title="Battle of Aachen">Battle of Aachen</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pursuit_to_the_West_Wall_1944.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pursuit_to_the_West_Wall_1944.jpg/290px-Pursuit_to_the_West_Wall_1944.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pursuit_to_the_West_Wall_1944.jpg/435px-Pursuit_to_the_West_Wall_1944.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pursuit_to_the_West_Wall_1944.jpg/580px-Pursuit_to_the_West_Wall_1944.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1265" data-file-height="965" /></a><figcaption>The advance of Allied forces between 26 August and 14 September 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>The U.S. First Army was focused on capturing the city of <a href="/wiki/Aachen" title="Aachen">Aachen</a>, which had to be dealt with before advancing to assault the Siegfried Line itself. Initially, the city of Aachen was to be bypassed and cut off in an attempt by the Allies to imitate the <i>Blitzkrieg</i> tactics the Germans had so effectively used (see below). However, the city was the first to be assaulted on German soil and so had huge historical and cultural significance for the German people. Hitler personally ordered that the garrison there be reinforced and the city held. This forced the Allied commanders to re-think their strategy. </p><p>Some historians, including <a href="/wiki/Stephen_E._Ambrose" title="Stephen E. Ambrose">Stephen E. Ambrose</a>, have suggested that the siege of Aachen was a mistake. The battle stalled the eastward advance by the Allies and caused approximately 5,000 Allied casualties. The fighting was, by all accounts, brutal street-to-street, house-to-house style <a href="/wiki/Urban_combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban combat">urban combat</a> and tied up the available resources of the advancing Allied armies. Ambrose has suggested that a more effective strategy would have been to isolate the garrison at Aachen and continue the move east into the heart of Germany. In theory, this would have eliminated the ability of the German garrison to operate as a fighting force by cutting off their supply lines. This might have forced them to surrender or to move out of the city in an attempt to re-establish their supply lines. In the case of the latter, a confrontation in a more neutral setting would probably have resulted in fewer military and civilian casualties. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lorraine">Lorraine</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Lorraine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorraine Campaign">Lorraine Campaign</a></div> <p>In late August, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Central" title="United States Army Central">U.S. Third Army</a> started to run low on fuel. This situation was caused by the rapid Allied advance through France, and compounded by the shift of logistical priority to the northern forces to secure Antwerp. By 1 September 1944, with the last of its fuel, the Third Army managed one final push to capture key bridges over the <a href="/wiki/Meuse_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Meuse River">Meuse River</a> at <a href="/wiki/Verdun-sur-Meuse" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdun-sur-Meuse">Verdun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commercy" title="Commercy">Commercy</a>. Five days after that, however, the critical supply situation effectively caused the Third Army to grind to a halt, allowing previously routed German forces to regroup and the reinforcement of their strongholds in the area. </p><p>Soon after, the Third Army came up against <a href="/wiki/Metz" title="Metz">Metz</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Maginot_Line" title="Maginot Line">Maginot Line</a> and one of the most heavily fortified cities in Western Europe. The city could not be bypassed, as several of its forts had guns directed at Moselle crossing sites and the main roads in the area. It could also be used as a stronghold to organize a German counter-attack to the Third Army's rear. In the following <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Metz" title="Battle of Metz">Battle of Metz</a>, the Third Army, while victorious, took heavy casualties. </p><p>Following Metz, the Third Army continued eastwards to the <a href="/wiki/Saar_(river)" title="Saar (river)">Saar River</a> and soon began their assault on the Siegfried Line. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hürtgen_Forest"><span id="H.C3.BCrtgen_Forest"></span>Hürtgen Forest</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hürtgen Forest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest" title="Battle of Hürtgen Forest">Battle of Hürtgen Forest</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28303,_H%C3%BCrtgenwald,_schweres_Infanteriegesch%C3%BCtz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28303%2C_H%C3%BCrtgenwald%2C_schweres_Infanteriegesch%C3%BCtz.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28303%2C_H%C3%BCrtgenwald%2C_schweres_Infanteriegesch%C3%BCtz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28303%2C_H%C3%BCrtgenwald%2C_schweres_Infanteriegesch%C3%BCtz.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28303%2C_H%C3%BCrtgenwald%2C_schweres_Infanteriegesch%C3%BCtz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28303%2C_H%C3%BCrtgenwald%2C_schweres_Infanteriegesch%C3%BCtz.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-J28303%2C_H%C3%BCrtgenwald%2C_schweres_Infanteriegesch%C3%BCtz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>German troops defending the Hürtgen in November 1944.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCrtgen_Forest" title="Hürtgen Forest">Hürtgen Forest</a> was seen as a possible location for incursions into the American flank, and the river dams in the area were a threat to the Allied advance downstream, so the Allies launched an assault to clear the area of German resistance on 19 September 1944. German defence was more stubborn than expected and the terrain was highly favourable to defence, largely negating the American advantages of numbers and quality of troops. The battle—expected to last a few weeks—continued until February 1945 and cost 33,000 casualties (from all causes). </p><p>The value of the battle has been disputed. Modern historians argue that the outcome was not worth the foreseeable losses, and in any case, the American tactics played into German hands.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_Queen">Operation Queen</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Operation Queen"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Operation_Queen" title="Operation Queen">Operation Queen</a> was a combined Allied air-ground offensive against the German forces at the Siegfried Line, which was conducted mainly by the combined effort of the U.S. Ninth and First Armies. The principal goal of the operation was to advance to the Roer River and to establish several bridgeheads over it, for a subsequent thrust into Germany to the Rhine River. Parts of this operation also included further fighting in the Hurtgen Forest. The offensive commenced on 16 November with one of the heaviest tactical air bombardments by the western Allies of the war. Although the German forces were heavily outnumbered, the Allied advance was very slow. After four weeks of intensive fighting, the Allies reached the Roer, but were not able to establish any bridgeheads over it. Fighting in the Hurtgen Forest also bogged down. The exhaustive fighting during <i>Queen</i> caused the Allied troops to suffer heavy casualties, and eventually the Germans launched their own counteroffensive—Operation <i>Wacht am Rhein</i>—on 16 December, which would lead to the Battle of the Bulge. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Battle of the Bulge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nordwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Nordwind">Operation Nordwind</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Winter_counter-offensives">Winter counter-offensives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Winter counter-offensives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:American_290th_Infantry_Regiment_infantrymen_fighting_in_snow_during_the_Battle_of_the_Bulge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/American_290th_Infantry_Regiment_infantrymen_fighting_in_snow_during_the_Battle_of_the_Bulge.jpg/220px-American_290th_Infantry_Regiment_infantrymen_fighting_in_snow_during_the_Battle_of_the_Bulge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/American_290th_Infantry_Regiment_infantrymen_fighting_in_snow_during_the_Battle_of_the_Bulge.jpg/330px-American_290th_Infantry_Regiment_infantrymen_fighting_in_snow_during_the_Battle_of_the_Bulge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/American_290th_Infantry_Regiment_infantrymen_fighting_in_snow_during_the_Battle_of_the_Bulge.jpg/440px-American_290th_Infantry_Regiment_infantrymen_fighting_in_snow_during_the_Battle_of_the_Bulge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2958" data-file-height="2301" /></a><figcaption>American soldiers taking up defensive positions in the Ardennes during the Battle of the Bulge.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Germans had been preparing a massive counter-attack in the West since the Allied breakout from Normandy. The plan called <i>Wacht am Rhein</i> ("Watch on the Rhine") was to attack through the Ardennes and swing north to Antwerp, splitting the American and British armies. The attack started on 16 December in what became known as the Battle of the Bulge. Defending the Ardennes were troops of the U.S. First Army. After initial German successes in bad weather, which gave them cover from the Allied air forces, the Allies launched a counterattack to clear them from the Ardennes. The Germans were eventually pushed back to their starting points by 25 January 1945. </p><p>The Germans launched a second, smaller offensive (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Nordwind" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Nordwind">Nordwind</a></i>) into <a href="/wiki/Alsace" title="Alsace">Alsace</a> on 1 January 1945. Aiming to recapture Strasbourg, they attacked the 6th Army Group at multiple points. Because Allied lines had become severely stretched in response to the crisis in the Ardennes, holding and throwing back the <i>Nordwind</i> offensive was a costly affair that lasted almost four weeks. Allied counter-attacks restored the front line to the area of the German border and collapsed the <a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany_west_of_the_Rhine">Germany west of the Rhine <span class="anchor" id="Germany_west_of_the_Rhine"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Germany west of the Rhine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Operation Veritable</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Grenade" title="Operation Grenade">Operation Grenade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Lumberjack" title="Operation Lumberjack">Operation Lumberjack</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rhineland_Offensive" title="Rhineland Offensive">Rhineland Offensive</a></div> <p>The pincer movement of the Canadian First Army, advancing from the Nijmegen area in Operation Veritable, and the U.S. Ninth Army, crossing the Roer in Operation Grenade, was planned to start on 8 February 1945, but it was delayed by two weeks when the Germans flooded the Roer valley by destroying the floodgates of two dams on the upper Roer (<a href="/wiki/Rur_Dam" title="Rur Dam">Rur Dam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urft_Dam" title="Urft Dam">Urft Dam</a>). During the two weeks that the little river was flooded, Hitler did not allow Rundstedt to withdraw German forces behind the Rhine, arguing that it would only delay the inevitable fight. Hitler ordered him to fight where his forces stood. </p><p>By the time the water had subsided and the U.S. Ninth Army was able to cross the Roer on 23 February, other Allied forces were also close to the Rhine's west bank. The German divisions that had remained on the west bank of the Rhine were cut to pieces, and 280,000 men were taken prisoner. The stubborn German resistance had been costly; their total losses reached an estimated 400,000 men.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crossingtherhine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Crossingtherhine.jpg/220px-Crossingtherhine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Crossingtherhine.jpg/330px-Crossingtherhine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Crossingtherhine.jpg/440px-Crossingtherhine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>American soldiers crossing the Rhine river</figcaption></figure> <p>The Allies crossed the Rhine at four points. One crossing was an opportunity taken by U.S. forces when the Germans failed to blow up the <a href="/wiki/Ludendorff_Bridge" title="Ludendorff Bridge">Ludendorff Bridge</a> at <a href="/wiki/Remagen" title="Remagen">Remagen</a>; another was a hasty assault; and two crossings were planned: </p> <ul><li>The U.S. First Army aggressively pursued the disintegrating German troops, and on 7 March they <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Remagen" title="Battle of Remagen">unexpectedly captured the Ludendorff Bridge across the Rhine River at Remagen</a>. The <a href="/wiki/9th_Armored_Division_(United_States)" title="9th Armored Division (United States)">9th Armored Division</a> quickly expanded the bridgehead into a full scale crossing.</li> <li>Bradley told General <a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a>—whose U.S. Third Army had been fighting through the <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_(region)" title="Palatinate (region)">Palatinate</a>—to "take the Rhine on the run". The Third Army did just that on the night of 22/23 March, crossing the river with a hasty assault south of <a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oppenheim" title="Oppenheim">Oppenheim</a>.</li> <li>In the north, the Rhine is twice as wide, with a far higher volume of water than where the Americans crossed. Montgomery, commander of the 21st Army Group, decided it could be crossed safely only with a carefully prepared attack. In <a href="/wiki/Operation_Plunder" title="Operation Plunder">Operation Plunder</a> he crossed the Rhine at <a href="/wiki/Rees,_Germany" title="Rees, Germany">Rees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wesel" title="Wesel">Wesel</a> on the night of 23/24 March, including the largest single drop airborne operation in history, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Varsity" title="Operation Varsity">Operation Varsity</a>.</li> <li>In the Allied 6th Army Group area, the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_United_States_Army" title="Seventh United States Army">U.S. Seventh Army</a> assaulted across the Rhine in the area between <a href="/wiki/Mannheim" title="Mannheim">Mannheim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Worms,_Germany" title="Worms, Germany">Worms</a> on 26 March. A fifth crossing on a smaller scale was later achieved by the <a href="/wiki/First_Army_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Army (France)">French First Army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Speyer" title="Speyer">Speyer</a>.</li></ul> <p>After crossing the Rhine, the Allies <a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">rapidly advanced</a> into Germany's heartland. The <a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">end of World War II in Europe</a> followed soon after with the surrender of Germany on May 7. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Germans killed in action could reach up to well over 70,000 from September 1944 to March 1945 according to the German military historian Rudiger Overmans, who claims that the total figure of German KIA on the Western Front until December 31, 1944 is around 339,957. He has written one of the most detailed and comprehensive works on German casualties in World War II.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The legal embargo on compulsory overseas service was the subject of a national <a href="/wiki/Plebiscite" class="mw-redirect" title="Plebiscite">plebiscite</a> on 27 April 1942: 83% of the English-speaking population supported the removal of the restriction, but in <a href="/wiki/Francophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Francophone">Francophone</a> <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a>, 72% were against.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MacDonald,_C_2005-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacDonald,_C_2005_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacDonald, C. (2005), <i>The Last Offensive: The European Theater of Operations</i>. University Press of the Pacific, p. 322.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">De Lattre, p. 398</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFUS_Adjutant_General1953" class="citation book cs1">US Adjutant General (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200324093230/http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p4013coll8/id/130"><i>Army battle casualties and nonbattle deaths in World War II</i></a>. p. 93. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cgsc.cdmhost.com/cdm/compoundobject/collection/p4013coll8/id/130">the original</a> on 24 March 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 June</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Army+battle+casualties+and+nonbattle+deaths+in+World+War+II&rft.pages=93&rft.date=1953&rft.au=US+Adjutant+General&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcgsc.cdmhost.com%2Fcdm%2Fcompoundobject%2Fcollection%2Fp4013coll8%2Fid%2F130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiegfried+Line+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaloga, Steve, and Dennis, Peter (2006). <i>Remagen 1945: Endgame against the Third Reich</i>. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-249-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84603-249-0">1-84603-249-0</a>. p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruppenthal, <i>Logistic Support of the Armies</i>, Vol. I, pp. 501-502</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruppenthal, <i>Logistic Support of the Armies</i>, Vol. I, pp. 547–551</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruppenthal, <i>Logistic Support of the Armies</i>, Vol. II, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruppenthal, <i>Logistic Support of the Armies</i>, Vol. I, p. 487</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruppenthal, <i>Logistic Support of the Armies</i>, Vol. I, p. 484</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Administrative History of the Operations of 21 Army Group</i>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruppenthal, <i>Logistic Support of the Armies</i>, Vol. I, pp. 520</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2014" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, John (2014). <i>Monty's Men</i>. Yale University Press. p. 384.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty%27s+Men&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiegfried+Line+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacey" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/C.P._Stacey" class="mw-redirect" title="C.P. Stacey">Stacey, Colonel C.P.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Canada/CA/SixYears/SixYears-4.html">"Chapter IV - Recruiting and Training in Canada"</a>. <i>Official History of the Canadian Army</i>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_National_Defence_(Canada)" title="Department of National Defence (Canada)">Department of National Defence</a>. pp. 118–123<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+History+of+the+Canadian+Army&rft.atitle=Chapter+IV+-+Recruiting+and+Training+in+Canada&rft.pages=118-123&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.aufirst=Colonel+C.P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FCanada%2FCA%2FSixYears%2FSixYears-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiegfried+Line+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/topics/afam/aa-volinfreps.html">"African American Volunteers as Infantry Replacements"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. October 2003<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 October</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=African+American+Volunteers+as+Infantry+Replacements&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Ftopics%2Fafam%2Faa-volinfreps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiegfried+Line+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMattimore" class="citation web cs1">Mattimore, Ryan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.history.com/news/761st-tank-battalion-black-panthers-liberators-battle-of-the-bulge">"The Original Black Panthers Fought in the 761st Tank Battalion During WWII"</a>. <i>HISTORY</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 April</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HISTORY&rft.atitle=The+Original+Black+Panthers+Fought+in+the+761st+Tank+Battalion+During+WWII&rft.aulast=Mattimore&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fnews%2F761st-tank-battalion-black-panthers-liberators-battle-of-the-bulge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiegfried+Line+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStacey" class="citation web cs1">Stacey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/hyperwar/UN/Canada/CA/Victory/Victory-13.html">"Chapter XIII: Antwerp, Arnhem and Some Controversies, August–September 1944. The Pursuit to the Somme and Antwerp"</a>. <i>Official History of the Canadian Army</i>. Department of National Defence<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 July</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Official+History+of+the+Canadian+Army&rft.atitle=Chapter+XIII%3A+Antwerp%2C+Arnhem+and+Some+Controversies%2C+August%E2%80%93September+1944.+The+Pursuit+to+the+Somme+and+Antwerp&rft.au=Stacey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fhyperwar%2FUN%2FCanada%2FCA%2FVictory%2FVictory-13.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiegfried+Line+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuckley2014" class="citation book cs1">Buckley, John (2014). <i>Monty's Men</i>. Yale University Press. p. 384.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Monty%27s+Men&rft.pages=384&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Buckley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiegfried+Line+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Europe_Remembers-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Europe_Remembers_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://europeremembers.com/story/the-mons-pocket-or-the-petit-stalingrad-of-the-borinage/">"The Mons Pocket, or the "Petit Stalingrad" of the Borinage"</a>. <i>Europe Remembers</i>. Liberation Route Europe Foundation<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 March</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Europe+Remembers&rft.atitle=The+Mons+Pocket%2C+or+the+%22Petit+Stalingrad%22+of+the+Borinage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feuroperemembers.com%2Fstory%2Fthe-mons-pocket-or-the-petit-stalingrad-of-the-borinage%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiegfried+Line+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weigley (1981), pp. 364–369</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaloga, Dennis p. 88</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBallardc._1990" class="citation book cs1">Ballard, Ted (c. 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071213063326/http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/rhineland/rhineland.htm"><i>Rhineland 15 September 1944–21 March 1945</i></a>. CMH Online bookshelves: World War II Commemorative Brochures. Washington: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. CMH Pub 72-25. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/brochures/rhineland/rhineland.htm">the original</a> on 13 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhineland+15+September+1944%E2%80%9321+March+1945&rft.place=Washington&rft.series=CMH+Online+bookshelves%3A+World+War+II+Commemorative+Brochures&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.aulast=Ballard&rft.aufirst=Ted&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbrochures%2Frhineland%2Frhineland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiegfried+Line+campaign" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.army.mil/html/books/072/72-25/index.html">PDF and EPUB</a> formats.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeillands2005" class="citation book cs1">Neillands, Robin (2005). <i>The Battle for the Rhine</i>. Weidenfeld & Nicolson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84617-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-297-84617-8"><bdi>978-0-297-84617-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+for+the+Rhine&rft.pub=Weidenfeld+%26+Nicolson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-297-84617-8&rft.aulast=Neillands&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiegfried+Line+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeigley1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Russell_Weigley" title="Russell Weigley">Weigley, Russell F.</a> (1981). <i>Eisenhower's Lieutenants: The Campaign of France and Germany, 1944–1945</i>. Bloomington, Indiana: Indiana Univ. Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-20608-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-20608-1"><bdi>0-253-20608-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Eisenhower%27s+Lieutenants%3A+The+Campaign+of+France+and+Germany%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Bloomington%2C+Indiana&rft.pub=Indiana+Univ.+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-253-20608-1&rft.aulast=Weigley&rft.aufirst=Russell+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiegfried+Line+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaloga,_SteveDennis,_Peter2006" class="citation book cs1">Zaloga, Steve; Dennis, Peter (2006). <i>Remagen 1945: Endgame Against the Third Reich</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-249-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84603-249-0"><bdi>1-84603-249-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remagen+1945%3A+Endgame+Against+the+Third+Reich&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-84603-249-0&rft.au=Zaloga%2C+Steve&rft.au=Dennis%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiegfried+Line+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiemke1990" class="citation book cs1">Ziemke, Earl F. (1990) [1975]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170223091005/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Occ-GY/index.htm#contents">"Chapter X: The Rhineland Campaign"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Occ-GY/index.htm#contents"><i>The US Army in the Occupation of Germany 1944–1946</i></a>. Army Historical Series. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. CMH Pub 30-6. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Occ-GY/ch10.htm">the original</a> on 23 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+X%3A+The+Rhineland+Campaign&rft.btitle=The+US+Army+in+the+Occupation+of+Germany+1944%E2%80%931946&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=Army+Historical+Series&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Ziemke&rft.aufirst=Earl+F.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FOcc-GY%2Fch10.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiegfried+Line+campaign" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald1990" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Charles B. (1990) [1963]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100615174621/http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Siegfried/Siegfried%20Line/siegfried-fm.htm"><i>The Siegfried Line Campaign</i></a>. United States Army in World War II. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a>. CMH Pub 7-7-1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/books/wwii/Siegfried/Siegfried%20Line/siegfried-fm.htm">the original</a> on 15 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siegfried+Line+Campaign&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.series=United+States+Army+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=United+States+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Charles+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fbooks%2Fwwii%2FSiegfried%2FSiegfried%2520Line%2Fsiegfried-fm.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiegfried+Line+campaign" class="Z3988"></span> Full text.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210082919/http://www.military.com/Resources/ResourceFileView?file=worldwarii_europe_maps.htm">World War II: European Theater</a> at Military.com—maps</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050209151259/http://390th.org/warstories/cats.htm">Bombing Duren on 16 November 1944 to aid a major breakthrough of the Siegfried Line</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050310115917/http://efour4ever.com/44thdivision/vosges.htm">44th Division: Vosges Mountain & Siegfried Line Campaign</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usarmymodels.com/MODEL%20GALLERY/Aachen/2battleforaachen.html">The Battle for Aachen</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_Liberation_of_France" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Liberation_of_France" title="Template:Liberation of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Liberation_of_France" title="Template talk:Liberation of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Liberation of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Free_France&#124;link=Free_France_Liberation_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France"><img alt="Free France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">Liberation of France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II#Liberation" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II#Liberation" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway#Liberation" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 4.5em">Forces</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Africa_(France)" title="Army of Africa (France)">Army of Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1er_Bataillon_de_Fusiliers_Marins_Commandos" title="1er Bataillon de Fusiliers Marins Commandos">Commando Kieffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Army_(France)" title="1st Army (France)">First Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavalry_Corps_(France)" title="Cavalry Corps (France)">Cavalry Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Army_Corps_(France)" title="3rd Army Corps (France)">3rd Army Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="4th Army Corps (France)">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Army_Corps_(France)" title="5th Army Corps (France)">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1st_Armored_Division_(France)" title="1st Armored Division (France)">1st Armored</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_(France)" title="32nd Infantry Division (France)">32nd Infantry</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Francs-Tireurs_et_Partisans" title="Francs-Tireurs et Partisans">Francs-Tireurs et Partisans</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_Interior" title="French Forces of the Interior">French Forces of the Interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Liberation_Army" title="French Liberation Army">French Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Expeditionary_Corps_(1943%E2%80%9344)" title="French Expeditionary Corps (1943–44)">French Expeditionary Corps</a> Divisions: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Free_French_Division" title="1st Free French Division">1st Free French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Moroccan_Infantry_Division" title="2nd Moroccan Infantry Division">2nd Moroccan Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Algerian_Infantry_Division" title="3rd Algerian Infantry Division">3rd Algerian Infantry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Moroccan_Mountain_Division" title="4th Moroccan Mountain Division">4th Moroccan Mountain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Army_(France)" title="2nd Army (France)">Second Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Forces_of_the_West" title="French Forces of the West">French Forces of the West</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Free_France_(1940-1944).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Free_France_%281940-1944%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 4.23em">Leaders</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Moulin" title="Jean Moulin">Jean Moulin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Montgomery" title="Bernard Montgomery">Bernard Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Giraud" title="Henri Giraud">Henri Giraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_O._Barton" title="Raymond O. Barton">Raymond O. Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_S._Patton" title="George S. Patton">George S. Patton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Leclerc_de_Hauteclocque" title="Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque">Philippe Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Lattre_de_Tassigny" title="Jean de Lattre de Tassigny">Jean de Lattre de Tassigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Kieffer" title="Philippe Kieffer">Philippe Kieffer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 2.6em">Administration</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Defense_Council" title="Empire Defense Council">Empire Defense Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Civil_and_Military_High_Command" title="French Civil and Military High Command">French Civil and Military High Command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_National_Committee" title="French National Committee">French National Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Committee_of_National_Liberation" title="French Committee of National Liberation">French Committee of National Liberation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Consultative_Assembly" title="Provisional Consultative Assembly">Provisional Consultative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France" title="Liberation of France">French<br />campaign</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov <a href="/wiki/1940_in_France" title="1940 in France">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gabon" title="Battle of Gabon">Battle of Gabon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jun <a href="/wiki/1941_in_France" title="1941 in France">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Dec 1941</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Capture of Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov <a href="/wiki/1942_in_France" title="1942 in France">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Operation Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_R%C3%A9union" title="Battle of Réunion">Battle of Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sept <a href="/wiki/1943_in_France" title="1943 in France">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_occupation_of_Corsica#Liberation" title="Italian occupation of Corsica">Liberation of Corsica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jan <a href="/wiki/1944_in_France" title="1944 in France">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vercors" title="Battle of Vercors">Battle of Vercors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_des_Gli%C3%A8res" title="Maquis des Glières">Battle of Glières</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">March 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Limousin" title="Maquis du Limousin">Liberation of Limousin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">May 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Mont_Mouchet" title="Maquis du Mont Mouchet">Battle of Mont Mouchet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Jun 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carentan" title="Battle of Carentan">Battle of Carentan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cherbourg" title="Battle of Cherbourg">Battle of Cherbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Caen" title="Battle for Caen">Battle for Caen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_du_Limousin" title="Maquis du Limousin">Liberation of Limousin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulle_massacre" title="Tulle massacre">Tulle massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Gu%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Guéret (page does not exist)">Liberation of Guéret</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Gu%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Guéret">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oradour-sur-Glane_massacre" title="Oradour-sur-Glane massacre">Oradour-sur-Glane massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saint-Marcel" title="Maquis de Saint-Marcel">Maquis de Saint-Marcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maquis_de_Saffr%C3%A9" title="Maquis de Saffré">Maquis de Saffré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ushant_(1944)" title="Battle of Ushant (1944)">Battle of Ushant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">July 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-L%C3%B4" title="Battle of Saint-Lô">Liberation of Saint-Lô</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mont_Gargan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Mont Gargan (page does not exist)">Battle of Mont Gargan</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Mont_Gargan" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille du Mont Gargan">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cobra" title="Operation Cobra">Operation Cobra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aug 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brittany" title="Battle for Brittany">Battle for Brittany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Rennes" title="Liberation of Rennes">Rennes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saint-Malo" title="Battle of Saint-Malo">Saint-Malo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Brest" title="Battle for Brest">Liberation of Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Lioran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Lioran (page does not exist)">Lioran</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_du_Lioran" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille du Lioran">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_%C3%89gletons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Égletons (page does not exist)">Égletons</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_d%27%C3%89gletons" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille d'Égletons">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Port_Cros" title="Battle of Port Cros">Battle of Port Cros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Ciotat" title="Battle of La Ciotat">Battle of La Ciotat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Provence landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Toulon_(1944)" title="Battle of Toulon (1944)">Liberation of Toulon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marseille" title="Battle of Marseille">Liberation of Marseille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maill%C3%A9_massacre" title="Maillé massacre">Maillé massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Gu%C3%A9ret&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Guéret (page does not exist)">Liberation of Guéret</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Gu%C3%A9ret" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Guéret">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Mont%C3%A9limar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Montélimar (page does not exist)">Battle of Montélimar</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Mont%C3%A9limar" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Montélimar">fr</a>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Nice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Nice (page does not exist)">Liberation of Nice</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Nice" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Nice">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Sept 1944</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nancy_(1944)" title="Battle of Nancy (1944)">Liberation of Nancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Astonia" title="Operation Astonia">Operation Astonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Undergo" title="Operation Undergo">Operation Undergo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arracourt" title="Battle of Arracourt">Battle of Arracourt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Meximieux&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Meximieux (page does not exist)">Battle of Meximieux</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Meximieux" class="extiw" title="fr:Bataille de Meximieux">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Nov 1944 -<br />March 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alsace" title="Battle of Alsace">Battle of Alsace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Strasbourg" title="Liberation of Strasbourg">Liberation of Strasbourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmar_Pocket" title="Colmar Pocket">Colmar Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Liberation_of_Bitche&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Liberation of Bitche (page does not exist)">Bitche</a><sup class="noprint" style="font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_de_Bitche_en_1945" class="extiw" title="fr:Libération de Bitche en 1945">fr</a>]</sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Apr <a href="/wiki/1945_in_France" title="1945 in France">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royan_pocket" title="Royan pocket">Royan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">May 1945</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_pockets" title="Atlantic pockets">Atlantic pockets</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1944%E2%80%9345)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1944–45)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_siege_of_La_Rochelle" title="Allied siege of La Rochelle">La Rochelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorient#World_War_II" title="Lorient">Lorient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire_pocket" title="Saint-Nazaire pocket">Saint-Nazaire</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;vertical-align:center; text-align:center"><span style="padding:0 3.8em">Aftermath</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sigmaringen_enclave" title="Sigmaringen enclave">End of Vichy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_France#Elections_of_May_1945" title="Liberation of France">1945 municipal elections</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Advance to the Rhine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">End of World War II in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_in_Europe_Day" title="Victory in Europe Day">Victory in Europe Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_Day_(9_May)" title="Victory Day (9 May)">Victory Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_French_Republic" title="Provisional Government of the French Republic">Provisional Government</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89puration_l%C3%A9gale" title="Épuration légale">Épuration légale</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pursuit_of_Nazi_collaborators#France" title="Pursuit of Nazi collaborators">Épuration sauvage</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tripartisme" title="Tripartisme">Tripartisme</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_1946_French_legislative_election" title="June 1946 French legislative election">1946 legislative election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Fourth_Republic" title="French Fourth Republic">Fourth Republic</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trente_Glorieuses" title="Trente Glorieuses">Trente Glorieuses</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_P%C3%A9tain#Trial_in_High_Court" title="Philippe Pétain">Trial of Philippe Pétain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaus_Barbie_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="Klaus Barbie trial">Klaus Barbie trial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">WW II theatres</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Sino Japanese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&oldid=1249696116">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&oldid=1249696116</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Siegfried_Line_campaign" title="Category:Siegfried Line campaign">Siegfried Line campaign</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Western_European_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Category:Western European Campaign (1944–1945)">Western European Campaign (1944–1945)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Invasions_by_the_United_States" title="Category:Invasions by the United States">Invasions by the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Canada_during_World_War_II" title="Category:Military history of Canada during World War II">Military history of Canada during World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Land_battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Land battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom">Land battles and operations of World War II involving the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_Canada" title="Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving Canada">Battles and operations of World War II involving Canada</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_June_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from June 2017">Use dmy dates from June 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2011" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 October 2024, at 10:04<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siegfried_Line_campaign&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6d67bf974d-9dcrc","wgBackendResponseTime":203,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.775","walltime":"1.077","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5441,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":171233,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18593,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":17,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":32,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":89520,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 832.199 1 -total"," 40.80% 339.520 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict"," 21.60% 179.769 2 Template:Reflist"," 18.11% 150.746 9 Template:Cite_book"," 13.21% 109.963 5 Template:Plain_list"," 12.80% 106.543 3 Template:Campaignbox"," 12.10% 100.721 1 Template:Campaignbox_Western_Front_(World_War_II)"," 9.14% 76.064 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.08% 58.885 1 Template:Liberation_of_France"," 6.73% 56.016 1 Template:Navbox"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.389","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":8783084,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-fhqsk","timestamp":"20241127132633","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Siegfried Line campaign","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Siegfried_Line_campaign","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q714274","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q714274","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-11-06T16:05:37Z","dateModified":"2024-10-06T10:04:56Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/5\/53\/Americans_cross_Siegfried_Line.jpg","headline":"military campaign of World War II"}</script> </body> </html>