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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Brigade of the Canadian Army</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">7th Canadian Infantry Brigade</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg/250px-Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg/375px-Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg/500px-Canadian_landings_at_Juno_Beach.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2821" data-file-height="2161" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Canadian soldiers aboard <a href="/wiki/Landing_Craft_Assault" title="Landing Craft Assault">LCAs</a> headed for Juno Beach</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1915–1918 <br />1940–1946</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%281921%E2%80%931957%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">Brigade</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division" title="3rd Canadian Division">3rd Canadian Infantry Division</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Nickname(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">"Water Rats"</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Engagements</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist">World War I <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a></li></ul> <p>World War II </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Normandy landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Battle of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cameron_Macdonell" title="Archibald Cameron Macdonell">Archibald Cameron Macdonell</a><br /><a href="/wiki/H._L._N._Salmon" title="H. L. N. Salmon">H. L. N. Salmon</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Harry_Wickwire_Foster" title="Harry Wickwire Foster">Harry Wickwire Foster</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Formation patch</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_patch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_patch.png/100px-3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_patch.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_patch.png/150px-3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_patch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_patch.png/200px-3rd_Canadian_Infantry_Division_patch.png 2x" data-file-width="252" data-file-height="175" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Abbreviation</th><td class="infobox-data">7th Can Inf Bde</td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <p>The <b>7th Canadian Infantry Brigade</b> was an <a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">infantry</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigade" title="Brigade">brigade</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Army" title="Canadian Army">Canadian Army</a> that fought during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. The brigade, along with the <a href="/wiki/8th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade" title="8th Canadian Infantry Brigade">8th Canadian Infantry Brigade</a> and the <a href="/wiki/9th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade" title="9th Canadian Infantry Brigade">9th Canadian Infantry Brigade</a>, formed the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Canadian_Division" title="3rd Canadian Division">3rd Canadian Infantry Division</a>. The division was formed in late 1915 in France and served on the Western Front until the armistice in November 1918. Later, during World War II, it arrived in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 1940 and spent three years in garrison duties and training in preparation for the assault landings on <a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a> in <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a> on 6 June 1944. After fighting in Normandy, the brigade took part in the Battle of the Scheldt. After the war, it served on occupation duties until being disbanded in June 1946. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Units">Units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Canadian_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Canadian Regiment">The Royal Canadian Regiment</a>: December 1915 – 11 November 1918;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Patricia%27s_Canadian_Light_Infantry" title="Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry">Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry</a>: 24 December 1915 – 11 November 1918;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Battalion,_CEF" class="mw-redirect" title="42nd Battalion, CEF">42nd (Royal Highlanders) Battalion Canadian Infantry</a>: December 1915 – 11 November 1918;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/49th_Battalion,_CEF" class="mw-redirect" title="49th Battalion, CEF">49th (Edmonton) Battalion Canadian Infantry</a>: December 1915 – 11 November 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-3a_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Junobeach_Landing1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Junobeach_Landing1.jpg/220px-Junobeach_Landing1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Junobeach_Landing1.jpg/330px-Junobeach_Landing1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Junobeach_Landing1.jpg/440px-Junobeach_Landing1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption>Canadian soldiers landing on Juno Beach from LCAs</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Winnipeg_Rifles" title="Royal Winnipeg Rifles">Royal Winnipeg Rifles</a>, Lieutenant-Colonel J.M. Meldram</li> <li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Regina_Rifle_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Regina Rifle Regiment">Regina Rifle Regiment</a>, Lieutenant-Colonel F.M. Matheson</li> <li>1st Battalion, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Scottish_Regiment" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Scottish Regiment">Canadian Scottish Regiment</a>, Lieutenant-Colonel F.N. Cabeldu</li> <li>7th Infantry Brigade Ground Defence Platoon (<a href="/wiki/Lorne_Scots" class="mw-redirect" title="Lorne Scots">Lorne Scots</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-canadiansoldiers2_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canadiansoldiers2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_2">World War I</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: World War I"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formed from excess Canadian soldiers in depots in France, the 7th Brigade was formed as part of the 3rd Canadian Division in late 1915. Its first major action came around <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mount_Sorrel" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mount Sorrel">Mount Sorrell</a> in June 1916, after which it fought in most of the battles that the Canadians took part in until the armistice in November 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-3a_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3a-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The brigade's first commander was Brigadier-General <a href="/wiki/Archibald_Cameron_Macdonell" title="Archibald Cameron Macdonell">Archibald Macdonell</a>. It had four infantry battalions, of which one (Princess Patricia's Canadian Light Infantry) had previous trench warfare experience, while the other three were freshly raised. The brigade was supported by a machine gun company and a trench mortar battery.<sup id="cite_ref-canadiansoldiers1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canadiansoldiers1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_2">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formed in late 1940, the 7th Brigade was assigned to the 3rd Division. Consisting of three infantry regiments, it embarked for the United Kingdom in August 1941, arriving in September. After this, the brigade spent three years undertaking garrison duties and training. Its first combat assignment would come on 6 June 1944, when it was assigned to assault on Juno Beach.<sup id="cite_ref-canadiansoldiers2_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canadiansoldiers2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Juno_Beach,_D-Day"><span id="Juno_Beach.2C_D-Day"></span>Juno Beach, D-Day</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Juno Beach, D-Day"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Operation Overlord</a></div> <p>Juno Beach was five miles wide and stretched on either side of <a href="/wiki/Courseulles-sur-Mer" title="Courseulles-sur-Mer">Courseulles-sur-Mer</a>. The 3rd Canadian Infantry Division was the assault division, along with the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Canadian_Armoured_Brigade" title="2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade">2nd Canadian Armoured Brigade</a> under command to provide armoured support for the infantry assault brigades. The 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade, commanded by Brigadier <a href="/wiki/Harry_Wickwire_Foster" title="Harry Wickwire Foster">Harry Wickwire Foster</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Caravaggio_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Caravaggio-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had been selected to take part in the initial assault. They would land on the left-hand side of the beach, supported by the <a href="/wiki/6th_Armoured_Regiment_(1st_Hussars)" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Armoured Regiment (1st Hussars)">6th Armoured Regiment (1st Hussars)</a>. During the assault, the Regina Rifles would land at Courseulles which had the code name <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nan_Green_beach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nan Green beach (page does not exist)">Nan Green beach</a>, and the Royal Winnipeg Rifles would land on the western edge of Courseulles, which had the code names <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mike_Red_beach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mike Red beach (page does not exist)">Mike Red beach</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mike_Green_beach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mike Green beach (page does not exist)">Mike Green beach</a>. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>So far, not a shot has been fired from the defenders on the beach. Will it be a push-over? We soon have the answer in the form of machine-gun fire and shells from pillboxes which are apparently still open for business despite the terrific pounding they have taken. The LCA's of the leading companies and the tanks of the 1st Hussars are working into the beaches now. H-hour has arrived. For the purposes of the assault, Courseulles had been divided into blocks numbered one to twelve. Each was to be cleared by a designated company. Careful study of enlarged air photos showing the sites of enemy strong points had made the ground itself easily recognizable. Every foot of the town was known before it was entered.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Major Gordon Baird, The Regina Rifle Regiment 1939–1945</cite></div></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kanadische_Truppen_landen_in_der_Normandie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kanadische_Truppen_landen_in_der_Normandie.jpg/220px-Kanadische_Truppen_landen_in_der_Normandie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kanadische_Truppen_landen_in_der_Normandie.jpg/330px-Kanadische_Truppen_landen_in_der_Normandie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Kanadische_Truppen_landen_in_der_Normandie.jpg/440px-Kanadische_Truppen_landen_in_der_Normandie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Canadian troops land at <a href="/wiki/Berni%C3%A8res-sur-Mer" title="Bernières-sur-Mer">Bernières-sur-Mer</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the first hour of the assault on Juno Beach, the Canadian forces suffered approximately 50% casualty rates, comparable to those suffered by the Americans at <a href="/wiki/Omaha_Beach" title="Omaha Beach">Omaha Beach</a>. Once the Canadians cleared the seawall (about an hour after leaving the landing craft transports) they started to advance quickly inland and had a much easier time subduing the German defences than the Americans at Omaha had. By noon, the entire 3rd Canadian Division was ashore and leading elements had pushed several kilometres inland to seize bridges over the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Seulles_River&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seulles River (page does not exist)">Seulles River</a>. By 6 pm they had captured the town of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer,_Calvados" title="Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer, Calvados">Saint-Aubin-sur-Mer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of D-Day, the elements of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division had penetrated farther into France than any other Allied force, though counter-attacks by two German armoured divisions would stop any further movement for several weeks. </p><p>Of the first day, Graves writes: <i>None of the assault divisions, including 3rd Canadian Division, had managed to secure their D-Day objectives, which lay inland, although the Canadians came closer than any other Allied formation.</i><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the next day, the Canadian forces had linked up with the British forces that had landed at <a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword Beach</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_Normandy">Battle of Normandy</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Battle of Normandy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 8 June, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment_26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 26 (page does not exist)">SS-Panzergrenadier-Regiment 26</a> under command of SS-Obersturmbannfuhrer <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Mohnke" title="Wilhelm Mohnke">Wilhelm Mohnke</a> arrived on the battlefield. Their orders were to drive over the Canadians and force a deep wedge between them and the British division to the west. The attack was launched at 03:30 but had little initial success. The various companies in the attacking <a href="/wiki/12th_SS_Panzer_Division" class="mw-redirect" title="12th SS Panzer Division">12th SS Panzer Division</a> failed to co-ordinate their moves towards the Canadians, and, despite heavy casualties during repeated attempts by the infantry, Canadian artillery and supporting heavy machine guns of the <a href="/wiki/Cameron_Highlanders_of_Ottawa" title="Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa">Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa</a> took a heavy toll on each attacking company of SS troops. The Regina Rifle Regiment held its ground and the I Battalion fell back. </p><p>On the Canadian right, the II Battalion attacked the Royal Winnipeg Rifles defending the village of <a href="/wiki/Putot-en-Bessin" title="Putot-en-Bessin">Putot-en-Bessin</a>. The battalion managed to break into the village and surround several companies, effectively pushing the Winnipegs out of the village, inflicting 256 casualties – of which 175 were taken prisoner. A counter-attack launched at 20:30 by the Canadian Scottish Regiment, however, regained Putot-en-Bessin, and the II Battalion withdrew and dug in south of the village. Following the battle, <a href="/w/index.php?title=SS-Aufkl%C3%A4rungs-Abteilung_12&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SS-Aufklärungs-Abteilung 12 (page does not exist)">SS-Aufklärungs-Abteilung 12</a> deployed to the west of Mohnke's regiment and, by the evening of 8 June the division, while having failed in its assignment to drive the Canadians into the sea, had effectively halted the units of the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division, in the Allied advance on Caen. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadians_Advance_in_Normandy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Canadians_Advance_in_Normandy.jpg/220px-Canadians_Advance_in_Normandy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Canadians_Advance_in_Normandy.jpg/330px-Canadians_Advance_in_Normandy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Canadians_Advance_in_Normandy.jpg/440px-Canadians_Advance_in_Normandy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Men of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Winnipeg_Rifles" title="Royal Winnipeg Rifles">Royal Winnipeg Rifles</a> on the march in Normandy, July 1944.</figcaption></figure> <p>Spending much of the next four weeks in static positions, the division participated in the battles to capture Caen in early July, known as <a href="/wiki/Operation_Charnwood" title="Operation Charnwood">Operation Charnwood</a>, followed by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Totalize" title="Operation Totalize">Operation Totalize</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Tractable" title="Operation Tractable">Operation Tractable</a> and the battles around <a href="/wiki/Verri%C3%A8res_Ridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Verrières Ridge">Verrières Ridge</a>, during the rest of the month. The brigade then took part in the pursuit across France and cleared the Channel ports, most notably <a href="/wiki/Boulogne-sur-Mer" title="Boulogne-sur-Mer">Boulogne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cape_Gris_Nez" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Gris Nez">Cape Gris Nez</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Battle_of_the_Scheldt:_Operation_Switchback">Battle of the Scheldt: Operation Switchback</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Battle of the Scheldt: Operation Switchback"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acrossthescheldt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Acrossthescheldt.jpg/300px-Acrossthescheldt.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Acrossthescheldt.jpg/450px-Acrossthescheldt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Acrossthescheldt.jpg/600px-Acrossthescheldt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="472" /></a><figcaption>Amphibious vehicles taking Canadians across the Scheldt.</figcaption></figure> <p>The second main operation of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</a> opened with fierce fighting to reduce the <a href="/wiki/Breskens_pocket" class="mw-redirect" title="Breskens pocket">Breskens pocket</a>. Here, the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division encountered tenacious German resistance as they fought to cross the <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Canal_(Belgium)" title="Leopold Canal (Belgium)">Leopold Canal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was decided that the best place for an assault would be immediately east of where the two canals divided: a narrow strip of dry ground only a few hundred metres wide at its base beyond the Leopold Canal (described as a long triangle with its base on the Maldegem-Aardenburg road and its apex near the village of Moershoofd some five kilometres east). </p><p>A two-pronged assault commenced. The 7th Canadian Infantry Brigade made the initial assault across the Leopold Canal, while the <a href="/wiki/9th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade" title="9th Canadian Infantry Brigade">9th Canadian Infantry Brigade</a> mounted an amphibious attack from the northern or coastal side of the pocket. The assault began on October 6, supported by extensive artillery and Canadian-built Wasp <a href="/wiki/Universal_Carrier" title="Universal Carrier">Universal Carriers</a>, which were equipped with flamethrowers. The Wasps launched their barrage of flame across the Leopold Canal, allowing the 7th Brigade troops to scramble up over the steep banks and launch their assault boats. Two precarious, separate footholds were established, but the enemy recovered from the shock of the flamethrowers and counter-attacked, though they were unable to move the Canadians from their extremely vulnerable bridgeheads. By October 9, the gap between the bridgeheads was closed, and by early morning on October 12, a position had been gained across the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aardenburg_road&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aardenburg road (page does not exist)">Aardenburg road</a>. </p><p>The 3rd Division fought additional actions to clear German troops from the towns of <a href="/wiki/Breskens" title="Breskens">Breskens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oostburg" title="Oostburg">Oostburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zuidzande" title="Zuidzande">Zuidzande</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cadzand" title="Cadzand">Cadzand</a>, as well as the coastal fortress <a href="/wiki/Fort_Frederik_Hendrik" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Frederik Hendrik">Fort Frederik Hendrik</a>. Operation Switchback ended on November 3 when the <a href="/wiki/First_Canadian_Army" title="First Canadian Army">First Canadian Army</a> liberated the Belgian towns of <a href="/wiki/Knokke" title="Knokke">Knokke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zeebrugge" title="Zeebrugge">Zeebrugge</a>, officially closing the Breskens Pocket and eliminating all German forces south of the Scheldt. After spending three months in static positions in the Nijmegen Salient, the division engaged in fierce combat once more in February. Fighting once again through flooded terrain, the brigade helped clear the last German positions west of the Rhine. The brigade then fought into Germany and was ordered to suspend operations on 4 May 1945.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Occupation_duties_and_disbandment">Occupation duties and disbandment</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Occupation duties and disbandment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It was disbanded in November 1945, but duplicated and re-raised for occupation duties in Germany. These came to an end when the brigade was disbanded along with the rest of the 3rd Division in June 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-canadiansoldiers2_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-canadiansoldiers2-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada_during_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Canada during the Second World War">Military history of Canada during the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military history of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3a-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-3a_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-3a_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.1914-1918.net/3candiv.htm">"3rd Canadian Division"</a>. <i>The Long, Long Trail: The British Army in the Great War of 1914–1918</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Long%2C+Long+Trail%3A+The+British+Army+in+the+Great+War+of+1914%E2%80%931918&rft.atitle=3rd+Canadian+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.1914-1918.net%2F3candiv.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A7th+Canadian+Infantry+Brigade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canadiansoldiers2-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-canadiansoldiers2_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canadiansoldiers2_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-canadiansoldiers2_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadiansoldiers.com/organization/fieldforces/casf/3rdivision.htm">"3rd Canadian Infantry Division"</a>. <i>Canadian Soldiers.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Soldiers.com&rft.atitle=3rd+Canadian+Infantry+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canadiansoldiers.com%2Forganization%2Ffieldforces%2Fcasf%2F3rdivision.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A7th+Canadian+Infantry+Brigade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-canadiansoldiers1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-canadiansoldiers1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://canadiansoldiers.com/organization/fieldforces/3rddivision.htm">"3rd Canadian Division"</a>. <i>Canadian Soldiers.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 December</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Soldiers.com&rft.atitle=3rd+Canadian+Division&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcanadiansoldiers.com%2Forganization%2Ffieldforces%2F3rddivision.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A7th+Canadian+Infantry+Brigade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Caravaggio-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Caravaggio_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaravaggio,_Angelo_N.2009" class="citation book cs1">Caravaggio, Angelo N. (2009). <i>Commanding the Green Centre Line in Normandy: A Case Study of Division Command in the Second World War</i>. Wilfrid Laurier University. p. 351.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commanding+the+Green+Centre+Line+in+Normandy%3A+A+Case+Study+of+Division+Command+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=351&rft.pub=Wilfrid+Laurier+University&rft.date=2009&rft.au=Caravaggio%2C+Angelo+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A7th+Canadian+Infantry+Brigade" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martin, CC <i>Battle Diary</i>, p.16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graves, Donald E. <i>Century of Service</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>In the Shadow of Arnhem</i> – Ken Tout – 2003</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNicholson2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._W._L._Nicholson" title="G. W. L. Nicholson">Nicholson, G.W.L</a> (2015) [1962]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Xq8HCwAAQBAJ&dq=3rd+canadian+brigade&pg=PA58"><i>Canadian Expeditionary Force, 1914–1919: Official History of the Canadian Army in the First World War</i></a>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780773597907" title="Special:BookSources/9780773597907"><bdi>9780773597907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Expeditionary+Force%2C+1914%E2%80%931919%3A+Official+History+of+the+Canadian+Army+in+the+First+World+War&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780773597907&rft.aulast=Nicholson&rft.aufirst=G.W.L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXq8HCwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D3rd%2Bcanadian%2Bbrigade%26pg%3DPA58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3A7th+Canadian+Infantry+Brigade" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><i>Official History of the Canadian Army in the Second World War Volume III, The Victory Campaign: The Operations in North-West Europe</i>, Colonel C.P. Stacey. Queen's Printer, Ottawa. 1966.</li> <li><i>Juno: Canadians at D-Day June 6, 1944</i>, Ted Barris, National Library of Canada Cataloguing in Publication, 2004.</li> <li><i>Maple Leaf Route: Caen</i>, Terry Copp and Robert Vogel, Maple Leaf Route, 1994.</li> <li><i>Six Armies in Normandy</i>, John Keegan, British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, 1982.</li> <li><i>Bloody Victory: Canadians and the D-Day Campaign</i>, J.L. Granatstein and Desmond Morton, Toronto: Lestor, 1994.</li> <li><i>Battle Diary: From D-Day and Normandy to the Zuider Zee and VE</i>, Charles Cromwell Martin, Dundurn Press Toronto & Oxford, 1994.</li> <li><i>Ready for the Fray: The History of the Canadian Scottish Regiment</i>, R.H. Roy, Evergreen Press, Vancouver, 1958.</li> <li><i>Vanguard: The Fort Garry Horse in The Second World War</i>, The Fort Garry Horse Museum and Archives, Hignell Printing Ltd, 1995.</li> <li><i>The History of the 1st Battalion Cameron Highlanders of Ottawa (MG)</i>, Lieutenant-Colonel Richard M. Ross, O.B.E., Runge Press Limited, Ottawa 1946.</li> <li><i>An Historical Account of the 7th Canadian Reconnaissance Regiment</i>, Capt. Walter G. Pavey, Copyright 1948 by 7th Canadian Reconnaissance Regiment, Montreal, 1995.</li> <li><i>The Royal Canadian Armoured Corps</i>, John Marteinson & Micahael McNorgan, Royal Canadian Armoured Corps Assoc, 2000.</li> <li><i>The History of the Corps of Royal Canadian Engineers</i>, A.J. Kerry & W.A. McDill, Military Engineers Association of Canada, 1966.</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade&oldid=1135637958">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=7th_Canadian_Infantry_Brigade&oldid=1135637958</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_World_War_I_brigades" title="Category:Canadian World War I brigades">Canadian World War I brigades</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_World_War_II_brigades" title="Category:Canadian World War II brigades">Canadian World War II brigades</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infantry_brigades_of_the_Canadian_Army" title="Category:Infantry brigades of the Canadian Army">Infantry brigades of the Canadian Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_disestablished_in_1946" title="Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1946">Military units and formations disestablished in 1946</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Canadian_English_from_January_2023" title="Category:Use Canadian English from January 2023">Use Canadian English from January 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_Canadian_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English">All Wikipedia articles written in Canadian English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_April_2022" title="Category:Use dmy dates from April 2022">Use dmy dates from April 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 25 January 2023, at 22:40<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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