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development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formation_and_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-11th–14th_centuries_CE_&_origins_of_milk-drinking_during_Lent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#11th–14th_centuries_CE_&_origins_of_milk-drinking_during_Lent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>11th–14th centuries CE & origins of milk-drinking during Lent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-11th–14th_centuries_CE_&_origins_of_milk-drinking_during_Lent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-15th–16th_centuries_CE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#15th–16th_centuries_CE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>15th–16th centuries CE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-15th–16th_centuries_CE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-17th–18th_centuries_CE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#17th–18th_centuries_CE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>17th–18th centuries CE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-17th–18th_centuries_CE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th–20th_centuries_CE" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th–20th_centuries_CE"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>19th–20th centuries CE</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th–20th_centuries_CE-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Groups_of_Molokans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Groups_of_Molokans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Groups of Molokans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Groups_of_Molokans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Groups of Molokans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Groups_of_Molokans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constant_Molokans_and_Molokan_Jumpers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constant_Molokans_and_Molokan_Jumpers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Constant Molokans and Molokan Jumpers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constant_Molokans_and_Molokan_Jumpers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seeds_of_exodus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seeds_of_exodus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Seeds of exodus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seeds_of_exodus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Diaspora</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spiritual_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spiritual_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Spiritual practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spiritual_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Racial,_ethnic,_and_familial_lineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Racial,_ethnic,_and_familial_lineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Racial, ethnic, and familial lineage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Racial,_ethnic,_and_familial_lineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molokans_in_the_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molokans_in_the_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Molokans in the United States</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Molokans_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Molokans in the United States subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Molokans_in_the_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perception_of_Molokans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perception_of_Molokans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Perception of Molokans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perception_of_Molokans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Legal issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_after_immigration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_after_immigration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Naming after immigration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_after_immigration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecumenical_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecumenical_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ecumenical relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecumenical_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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class="mw-page-title-main">Molokans</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakanlar" title="Malakanlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Malakanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Молокандар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Молокандар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokanen" title="Molokanen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Molokanen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokanes" title="Molokanes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Molokanes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokanismo" title="Molokanismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Molokanismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="مالاکان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مالاکان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moloques" title="Moloques – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Moloques" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մոլոկաններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոլոկաններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Малакантæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Малакантæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მალაკნები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მალაკნები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Молокандар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Молокандар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokan" title="Molokan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Molokan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Молокандар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Молокандар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molok%C3%A1nok" title="Molokánok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Molokánok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%AD%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E6%B4%BE" title="モロカン派 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モロカン派" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokanere" title="Molokanere – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Molokanere" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%82okanie" title="Mołokanie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mołokanie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokans" title="Molokans – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Molokans" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Молокане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молокане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molokaner" title="Molokaner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Molokaner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malakanlar" title="Malakanlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Malakanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Молокани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молокани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q303985#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Molokans" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Molokans" rel="discussion" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Molokan<br /><small>(Spiritual Christians Molokans)</small></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Molokane_(A).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Molokane_%28A%29.jpg/250px-The_Molokane_%28A%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Molokane_%28A%29.jpg/375px-The_Molokane_%28A%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/The_Molokane_%28A%29.jpg/500px-The_Molokane_%28A%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Molokan men, 1870s</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Founder</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Semyon Uklein (1733–1809)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>: 50,000–100,000<br /><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>: 10,000–20,000<br /><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>: 10,000–20,000<br /><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>: 5,000–15,000<br /><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>: 10,000<br /><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>: 5,000–10,000<br /><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>: 2,000<br /><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>: 1,000 <small>(ancestry)</small><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Religions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> (<a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christianity</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Scriptures</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Erzyan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzyan language">Erzyan</a><sup id="cite_ref-mordva_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mordva-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mordovians" class="mw-redirect" title="Mordovians">Mordovians</a><sup id="cite_ref-mordva_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mordva-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #d2ccb9">Website</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://сдхм.рф">сдхм<wbr />.рф</a></span><br /><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://molokane.org">molokane<wbr />.org</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Molokans</b> (Russian: <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:молокан">молокан</a></span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">IPA:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="ru-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">[məlɐˈkan]</a></span> or <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD#Russian" class="extiw" title="wikt:молоканин">молоканин</a></span></span>, "dairy-eater") are a Russian <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christianity" title="Spiritual Christianity">Spiritual Christian</a> sect that evolved from <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a> in the <a href="/wiki/East_Slavs" title="East Slavs">East Slavic</a> lands. Their traditions, especially <a href="/wiki/Dairy_product" title="Dairy product">dairy</a> consumption during Christian fasts, did not conform to those of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Russian Orthodox Church</a>, and they were regarded as heretics (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">sektanty</i></span>). The term <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Molokan</i></span> is an <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonym</a> used by their <a href="/wiki/Russian_Orthodox_Church" title="Russian Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> neighbors. Members tend to identify themselves as <b>Spiritual Christians</b> (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">духовные христиане</span></span>, <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">dukhovnye khristiane</i></span>). </p><p>The specific beliefs and practices varied sharply between the various sects of Molokans. Some built chapels for worship, kept sacraments, and revered saints and icons, while others (like <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ikonobortsy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ikonobortsy (page does not exist)">Ikonobortsy</a>, "icon-wrestlers") discarded these practices in the pursuit of <a href="/wiki/Sola_scriptura" title="Sola scriptura">individual approaches to scripture</a>. In general, they rejected the institutionalized formalism of Orthodoxy and denominations with similar doctrines in favor of more emphasis on <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Origins of Christianity">"Original Christianity"</a> as they understood it. They emphasized <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> and spiritual practice; such sacramental practices as water baptism have been permitted only as tangible signs and symbols of more important spiritual truths. </p><p>Similar to <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterians</a> among Protestants, and considered heretical by the Orthodox Church, they elect a <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_polity" title="Presbyterian polity">council</a> of dominant <a href="/wiki/Elder_(Christianity)" title="Elder (Christianity)">elders</a> who preserve a sort of <a href="/wiki/Apostolic_succession" title="Apostolic succession">apostolic succession</a> in their view. Molokans had some practices similar to the European <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mennonites" title="Mennonites">Mennonites</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">pacifism</a>, communal organization, spiritual meetings, and sub-groupings, but they arose in Russia together with the <a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a> and Sabbatarians (also known as <a href="/wiki/Subbotniks" title="Subbotniks">Subbotniks</a>) and similar Spiritual Christian movements of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Duhovnye_Kristyanye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duhovnye Kristyanye (page does not exist)">Duhovnye Kristyanye</a> and Ikonobortsy. They migrated into central Russia and Ukraine around the same time. As such, the Molokans have been compared to certain kinds of Protestants (such as Anabaptists and Baptists) because they have multiple similar aspects since they reject the Orthodox priesthood and icons, have their own presbyters, hold the Bible as their main guide and interpret the sacraments "spiritually". They are thus in many ways similar to <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> Christians.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation_and_development">Formation and development</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation and development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Molokans" title="Special:EditPage/Molokans">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="11th–14th_centuries_CE_&_origins_of_milk-drinking_during_Lent"><span id="11th.E2.80.9314th_centuries_CE_.26_origins_of_milk-drinking_during_Lent"></span>11th–14th centuries CE & origins of milk-drinking during Lent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 11th–14th centuries CE & origins of milk-drinking during Lent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are approximately 200 <a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">fasting</a> days —especially the <a href="/wiki/Great_Fast" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Fast">Great Fast</a> (Lent)— when drinking milk was prohibited by Christian Orthodox ecclesiastical authorities. The practice of milk-drinking during these fasts was first sanctioned by the <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Church">Nestorian Church</a> in the 11th century in order to accommodate the conversion of some 200,000 <a href="/wiki/Turkic_Christians" title="Turkic Christians">Turkic Christians</a>, who lived on meat and milk, to Nestorian Christianity.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two theories emerge regarding the formation of the milk-drinking practice during Lent: </p><p>The first one suggests that the <a href="/wiki/Keraites" title="Keraites">Keraite</a> Khan, Markus Buyruk Khan (formerly <a href="/wiki/Cyriacus_Buyruk_Khan" title="Cyriacus Buyruk Khan">Sadiq Khan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prior to Christian conversion), had converted to Nestorian Christianity along with around 200,000 of his Turco-Mongolic nomadic tribespeople in 1007 CE. The Keraite people were one of the five dominant Turco-Mongol tribes of the Tatar confederation prior to Genghis Khan. Genghis Khan united the Tatar tribes into the Mongol Empire. The Keraite resided upon the Orkhon Steppes, south of Lake Baikal and north of the Gobi Desert, also referred to as the Altai-Sayan region. The Nestorian <a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_East" title="Church of the East">Metropolitan</a>, upon the conversion of the Turco-mongolic people, asked the Patriarch John the VI,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <a href="/wiki/Prester_John" title="Prester John">Prester John</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> what the appropriate fast for lent should be for the new converts and it was decreed that the converts should abstain from meat eating and instead of drinking "soured" milk should consume "sweet" milk. Meat and fermented horse milk were staples of the Turco-Mongolic diet prior to the conversion to Christianity and instead of eliminating a long-held tradition of the nomadic people it was Christianized. Soured milk refers to fermented milk and sweet milk refers to fresh milk.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Arriving in <a href="/wiki/All-Russian_nation#Background" title="All-Russian nation">the Rus' lands</a> with the 13th century Tatar (Mongolian) invasion<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of <a href="/wiki/Batu_Khan" title="Batu Khan">Batu</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6ngke_Khan" title="Möngke Khan">Möngke</a>, the practice was adopted by other Christian groups, who had pastoral communities on the Eurasian plains. </p><p>The second theory proposes that <a href="/wiki/David_IV_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="David IV of Georgia">King David the IV of Georgia</a> converted 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Cumans" title="Cumans">Cuman</a>-<a href="/wiki/Kipchaks" title="Kipchaks">Kipchak</a> tribal families to Christianity and resettled them in Georgia between 1118-1120 CE. King David the IV assimilated these northern Turkic tribes because he was at war with the Muslim Seljuk Turks to the South and desired to reform his army. Each Kipchak family was required to provide one soldier with a horse and weapons. Though David the IV is not reported as being a religious adherent he was a promoter of <a href="/wiki/Christian_culture" title="Christian culture">Christian culture</a>. </p><p>The Cumans, Kipchaks, <a href="/wiki/Tatars" title="Tatars">Tatars</a>, Mongolians, and Bashkirs (who descend from Kipchaks) all have the tradition of making fermented milk products. The Cumans call it <i><a href="/wiki/Kumis" title="Kumis">kumis</a>,</i> Mongolians call it <i>airag,</i><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tatars call it <i>azegay</i>, and the Baskir call it <i>azekay</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This lends itself to the possibility of the second theory, as well as the first. </p><p>100 families of the original Molokan Karaits were settled in Halychyna (specifically Lviv) by hostage arrangement between Daniel of Galicia and Batu Khan in 1246 CE.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="15th–16th_centuries_CE"><span id="15th.E2.80.9316th_centuries_CE"></span>15th–16th centuries CE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 15th–16th centuries CE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Heresy_of_the_Judaizers" title="Heresy of the Judaizers">Judaizers</a> preceded the modern day Molokans. Although they are sometimes also called "Molokans", they constitute an independent movement. Their leader <a href="/w/index.php?title=Matvei_Dalmatov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Matvei Dalmatov (page does not exist)">Matvei Semyonovich Dalmatov (Матвей Семёнович Далматов)</a> was tortured to death in a monastery prison by <a href="/wiki/Breaking_wheel" title="Breaking wheel">breaking wheel</a>. </p><p>In 1428 <a href="/wiki/Crimea" title="Crimea">Crimea</a> became independent and supported the original Molokan-Subbotniks, the <a href="/wiki/Crimean_Karaites" title="Crimean Karaites">Crimean Karaites</a> (Qara-Tatars / Karaylar), who had always played an important role in Mongol politics.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The linguistically dominant Church of the East Karait-Tatars, who had similar origins to the Khavars, became “Karaimstvuiuschie” (or Molokan Karaits). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="17th–18th_centuries_CE"><span id="17th.E2.80.9318th_centuries_CE"></span>17th–18th centuries CE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 17th–18th centuries CE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first recorded use of the term "Molokan" appears in the 1670s, in reference to the people who had the practice of no fasting and eating dairy products during the 200 fasting days stipulated by the Orthodox Church. (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Moloko</i></span> means "milk" in Russian). Nonetheless, these were "Spiritual Christians" not directly related to the group later known as "Molokans". </p><p>The "Molokans" that are known today by that name split in 1779/80 from the <a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Doukhobors</a> because they thought that the Doukhobors neglected the Bible in their belief that God had placed the Word directly into their hearts. The Molokans, however, held the written Bible in the highest regard. The founder of the Molokans, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Semyon_Matveevich_Uklein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semyon Matveevich Uklein (page does not exist)">Semyon Matveevich Uklein</a> (1733-1809), was a son-in-law of the Doukhobor leader <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ilarion_Poberokhin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ilarion Poberokhin (page does not exist)">Ilarion Poberokhin</a> (1720-1792) as explained by O. Beznosova: "Soon (approximately in 1779-1780) a group broke away from Pobirohin's disciples. It was led by his son-in-law Semyon Uklein, who did not share the mystical spirit and self-deification of the former leader and defended the need for reliance on the Gospel texts in the organization of church life (Margaritov, 1914). This group (called "Molokans") became a "rational" direction of Spiritual Christianity, as opposed to the "mystics" - "christoverchestvo" adherents, "Doukhobors" and "<a href="/wiki/Skoptsy" title="Skoptsy">skoptsy</a>"." <sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Uklein's Molokans from Tambov energetically proselytized in settlements along the <a href="/wiki/Volga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volga River">Volga River</a> and Russia's south-eastern frontier, spreading the Molokan faith in <a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a> provinces and organizing congregations until his death in 1809. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th–20th_centuries_CE"><span id="19th.E2.80.9320th_centuries_CE"></span>19th–20th centuries CE</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 19th–20th centuries CE"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From the intervention of Count <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Alexandrovich_Zubov" title="Nikolay Alexandrovich Zubov">Nikolay Zubov</a> in 1795, Molokans (бесшапочники) were tolerated under <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a> but constrained by strict rules imposed upon them intended to curb community growth.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who ignored the restrictions were punished in <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Russia">Tsarist Russia</a> as <a href="/wiki/Christian_heresy" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian heresy">heretics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Molokan evangelists and missionaries suffered imprisonment, banishment and other forms of punishment. Prohibited from winning converts,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Molokans were forced into <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a>. The government's policy was to send the Molokans away from the center of Russia into the Caucasus (1833), and other outlying areas to prevent their having influence on other peasants; they were sent to <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> (1834), <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> (1830s), central <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a>, where many communities have survived into the present. </p><p>It is said that, in 1900, despite the persecution there could have been about a half-million Spiritual Christians in the Russia empire. These figures appear, however, to be vastly exaggerated. In 1912, there were only 133,935 <i>Molokane</i> and 4,844 <i>Pryguny</i> counted in Russia (census of the Department of Spiritual Affairs; see <a href="/wiki/Glenn_Dynner" title="Glenn Dynner">Glenn Dynner</a>: "Holy Dissent: Jewish and Christian Mystics in Eastern Europe", 2011). </p><p>Fewer than one thousand <i>Molokane</i> fled Russia in the early 1900s (mostly 1905-1912), many of whom settled near other non-Orthodox immigrants from Russia in an ethnic <a href="/wiki/Enclave" class="mw-redirect" title="Enclave">enclave</a> on and near <a href="/wiki/Potrero_Hill" title="Potrero Hill">Potrero Hill</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco, California</a>, where they built a prayer hall in 1929. A second prayer hall was established near <a href="/wiki/Sheridan,_Placer_County,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheridan, Placer County, California">Sheridan, California</a> to serve those scattered in Northern California. There has been a population of Molokans in Whittier, Southern California. As of 2022, there is still a church called ‘New United Molokan Church.’<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though some Spiritual Christian faith groups fled Russia in the early 1900s to avoid the military draft, all eligible <i>Molokan</i> boys registered for the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">Selective Service Act of 1917</a>, but were disqualified as aliens who did not speak English. During World War II, 136 eligible American <i>Molokan</i> boys enlisted during World War II, and two were <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objectors" class="mw-redirect" title="Conscientious objectors">conscientious objectors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Being prohibited from winning converts under the laws of the Russian Empire, they adopted <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamy</a> and were classified as an ethnic group under the Bolsheviks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Groups_of_Molokans">Groups of Molokans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Groups of Molokans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1904 through the 1920s, many different faith tribes in the Caucasus immigrated to North America under the guise of "Molokan". In 1899, when about a third of all <i><a href="/wiki/Doukhobors" title="Doukhobors">Dukhobortsty</a></i> left the Caucasus to central Canada, the Canadian government also gave permission for "Molokans" to migrate and get the same privileges (land, communal, non-military). To take advantage of this generous privilege, many different faith tribes of <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Christians">spiritual Christians</a> in the Caucasus all claimed to be "Molokan" while leaving Russia for Canada. Most all were diverted from Canada to Los Angeles by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Demens" title="Peter Demens">Peter Demens</a>, where they clashed, never uniting. Many descendants of those different tribes still claim the coveted <i>Molokan</i> heritage label which perpetuates confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constant_Molokans_and_Molokan_Jumpers">Constant Molokans and Molokan Jumpers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Constant Molokans and Molokan Jumpers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fioletovo5_(6_sept_2008).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fioletovo5_%286_sept_2008%29.jpg/220px-Fioletovo5_%286_sept_2008%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fioletovo5_%286_sept_2008%29.jpg/330px-Fioletovo5_%286_sept_2008%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Fioletovo5_%286_sept_2008%29.jpg/440px-Fioletovo5_%286_sept_2008%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1207" data-file-height="1635" /></a><figcaption>A Molokan villager in <a href="/wiki/Fioletovo" title="Fioletovo">Fioletovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Russian term "constant" (invariable, steadfast, unchanged, original: <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">postoyanniye</i></span> : <span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">постоянние</span></span>) applied to the <i>Molokans</i> has been used with two different intentions. By original <i>Molokans</i> who either refused to be evangelized by Protestant denominations or insisted that they will retain their faith unchanged by the "Jumper" revivalist movement in the 1830s. They originally constituted the by far largest segment of Molokanism. In 1833, a <a href="/wiki/Schism_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Schism (religion)">schism</a> took place within the Molokan faith. This event was framed by collective cataclysms of disease, famine, and persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A portion of the Molokans during this time began to experience a charismatic outpouring of the Holy Spirit,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> similar to later <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> faiths. Eventually this sect evolved into what is known today as the "Molokan Jumpers".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old Molokans were termed <i>Constants</i> (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Postoyaniye</i></span>), and the newly evolved "Molokans jumpers" (<span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Pryguny</i></span>), also called <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Skakuny</i></span> (leapers). The Molokan <i>Jumpers</i> believed they were visited by a manifestation of the Holy Spirit, and this new smaller Molokan sect began a revival with intense zeal, reporting miracles that purportedly rivaled those of Christ's apostles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seeds_of_exodus">Seeds of exodus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Seeds of exodus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The "Constant" Molokan sect condemned the new sect to authorities, resulting in betrayals and imprisonment for many of the Molokan Jumpers. Some of these Molokan Jumpers called themselves "New Israelites", when one <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Prygun</i></span> leader <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maxim_Rudomyotkin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maxim Rudomyotkin (page does not exist)">Maxim Rudomyotkin</a> in Nikitino, Erivan Guberniya was announced to be the "King of the Spirits" in 1853. The group, also known as Maximists", considered <a href="/w/index.php?title=Efim_Gerasimovich_Klubnikin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efim Gerasimovich Klubnikin (page does not exist)">Efim Gerasimovich Klubnikin</a> (1842-1915) in Romanovka, Kars oblast, a divinely inspired 12-year-old boy prophet. He prophesied a "coming time that would be unbearable and that the time to leave Russia was now." During the early 20th century under his leadership, about 2,000 <span title="Russian-language text"><i lang="ru-Latn">Pryguny</i></span> emigrated to the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, first settling on the east side of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>. Most seeking rural isolation moved to Baja Mexico, then Arizona, Central California, and some other parts of the West Coast and Canada. Other Jumpers received a land grant from the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican government">Mexican government</a> and settled in the <a href="/wiki/Guadalupe,_Baja_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalupe, Baja California">Guadalupe Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baja_California" title="Baja California">Baja California</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. </p><p>In Los Angeles, a small number of the Molokan Jumpers joined the development of the American Revival called "the <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> <a href="/wiki/Azusa_Street_Revival" title="Azusa Street Revival">Azusa Street Revival</a>." The founder of <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Full_Gospel_Business_Men%27s_Association&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Full Gospel Business Men's Association (page does not exist)">The Full Gospel Business Men's Association</a> associates this <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revival</a> to a child prophet of the Molokan Jumpers, E.G. Klubnikin. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diaspora">Diaspora</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Diaspora"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Glendale-The_first_Russian_Molokans_Church-1950.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glendale-The_first_Russian_Molokans_Church-1950.JPG/250px-Glendale-The_first_Russian_Molokans_Church-1950.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glendale-The_first_Russian_Molokans_Church-1950.JPG/375px-Glendale-The_first_Russian_Molokans_Church-1950.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Glendale-The_first_Russian_Molokans_Church-1950.JPG/500px-Glendale-The_first_Russian_Molokans_Church-1950.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="810" /></a><figcaption>The first <b>Russian Molokans Church</b> (Spiritual Christians) in Glendale, Arizona was built in 1950 and is located at 7402 Griffin Ave. It is listed as historical by the Glendale Arizona Historical Society.</figcaption></figure> <p>About 20,000 people identify as Molokans, at least ethnically, in the former Soviet Union. There are approximately 200 Molokan churches, 150 of them in Russia and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>. They also lived in the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus" title="North Caucasus">North Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ukraine" title="Southern Ukraine">Southern Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, where their ancestors had been exiled long ago. </p><p>Approximately 25,000 Molokans reside in the United States, of whom about 5,000 "ethnically" identify as "Molokans". The majority live in or near <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, particularly in <a href="/wiki/East_Los_Angeles,_California" title="East Los Angeles, California">East Los Angeles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boyle_Heights,_Los_Angeles" title="Boyle Heights, Los Angeles">Boyle Heights</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Commerce,_California" title="Commerce, California">Commerce</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1960s other Molokans settled in southern <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. Molokans are said to be numerous in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. The majority are in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, with a number of families in <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> and a small group residing in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a>. Over 1,000 reside in Canada in the province of <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a> and hundreds more in <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a>, keeping their traditional communal lifestyle. A group of Molokan families are also living in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> in the Guadalupe Valley, <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> and in the country of <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>. </p><p>A small Molokan community was located in the eastern province of <a href="/wiki/Kars" title="Kars">Kars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. They are known as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kars_Molokans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kars Molokans (page does not exist)">Kars Molokans</a>. Most of the community returned to Russia years ago; in the 21st century only one family of Molokans is left in Kars.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Spiritual_practices">Spiritual practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spiritual practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Molokans have been compared to the <a href="/wiki/Anabaptism" title="Anabaptism">Anabaptists</a> that originated through the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Reformation" title="Radical Reformation">Radical Reformation</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/Quakers" title="Quakers">Quakers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have a protestant-like view of the authority of scripture, however interpreting the bible allegorically or "spiritually", they see the sacraments "spiritually", reject the use of icons, images of the cross and Church hierarchy along with venerating the saints.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Molokans advocate for pacifism, congregate in their own homes, do not drink or smoke, oppose contraception and modern technology.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Molokans follow the Old Testament laws, refusing to eat Pork, shellfish or unclean foods, they additionally refused to obey Orthodox mandates on fasting.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Racial,_ethnic,_and_familial_lineage"><span id="Racial.2C_ethnic.2C_and_familial_lineage"></span>Racial, ethnic, and familial lineage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Racial, ethnic, and familial lineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Molokan_Fioletovo1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Molokan_Fioletovo1.jpg/220px-Molokan_Fioletovo1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Molokan_Fioletovo1.jpg/330px-Molokan_Fioletovo1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Molokan_Fioletovo1.jpg/440px-Molokan_Fioletovo1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2699" data-file-height="1799" /></a><figcaption>Molokan children in Armenia</figcaption></figure> <p>The Molokans from Tambov who proselytized in settlements along the Volga River and in the Orenburg, Saratov and Astrakhan provinces were mostly of Slavic descent. <a href="/wiki/Tambov_Oblast" title="Tambov Oblast">Tambov Oblast</a> had been completely settled by Slavic people by the 17th century. The regions they proselytized in all had or still have high populations of Islamic adherents and people of 'Tatar' or Turkic ancestry. </p><p>Between the 1600s and late 1800s, intermarriage between ethnic Russians and Tatars (Tatar at this point meaning anyone of Turkic background) was common. For a Tatar, marrying a Russian was a way to increase social status or class.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim Tatars who converted to Christianity were exempted from taxes and gained other privileges. </p><p>It is well known that a portion of ethnic Russians are an admixture of Middle Eastern or Mongolic Turkic and Slavic groups.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Molokans as partially an admixture of Slavic and Turkic genetics is also supported by other accounts. Molokans complicated the work of the Eastern Orthodox Church in the conversion of Tatar or Turkic Muslims, as Molokans taught that religious iconography was a sin. Molokans are well-known iconoclasts, which was heresy to the Orthodox Church. Muslims, also being iconoclasts, found a draw to the Molokan faith as it preserved some Islamic traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Muslim converts in Russia were also well known to convert to Christianity to receive the benefits of conversion, only to convert back to Islam later. Molokans, being constrained to endogamy and marrying within their religion, would marry converts indiscriminate of their genetic background. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Prokhanov" title="Ivan Prokhanov">Ivan Prokhanov</a>, religious figure, engineer, poet, preacher,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lou_Novikoff" title="Lou Novikoff">Lou Novikoff</a>, professional baseball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Loscutoff" title="Jim Loscutoff">Jim Loscutoff</a>, professional basketball player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvey_Skobelev" title="Matvey Skobelev">Matvey Skobelev</a>, marxist revolutionary and politician</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molokans_in_the_United_States">Molokans in the United States</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Molokans in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potrero_Hill_Neighborhood_House,_Russian_immigrants.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Potrero_Hill_Neighborhood_House%2C_Russian_immigrants.png/220px-Potrero_Hill_Neighborhood_House%2C_Russian_immigrants.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Potrero_Hill_Neighborhood_House%2C_Russian_immigrants.png/330px-Potrero_Hill_Neighborhood_House%2C_Russian_immigrants.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Potrero_Hill_Neighborhood_House%2C_Russian_immigrants.png/440px-Potrero_Hill_Neighborhood_House%2C_Russian_immigrants.png 2x" data-file-width="1552" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>Molokan Russian immigrants at the <a href="/wiki/Potrero_Hill_Neighborhood_House" title="Potrero Hill Neighborhood House">Potrero Hill Neighborhood House</a>, San Francisco, California</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Roughly 3,500 Molokans left Russia between 1901 and 1911 in search of religious freedom, escaping the persecution inflicted upon them by the Russian Orthodox Church and state. Starting around the early 1900s, many Molokans settled in the <a href="/wiki/Potrero_Hill" title="Potrero Hill">Potrero Hill</a> neighborhood of San Francisco, California.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Potrero_Hill_Neighborhood_House" title="Potrero Hill Neighborhood House">Potrero Hill Neighborhood House</a> was built in 1922 by the California Synodical Society of Home Mission, Inc. and the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_(USA)" title="Presbyterian Church (USA)">Presbyterian Church</a>, in order to support the community and provide adult education classes, provide a community center, and a kindergarten.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:12_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NoeHill_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NoeHill-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the time of the 1970s, the Potrero Hill community was still in existence, but other smaller groups of the Molokans had become assimilated into the more broad Russian-American community. </p><p>Today, Molokans in the United States are largely assimilated into the general mainstay of American culture. They do however work to preserve the uniqueness of their own traditions and culture, such as through the usage of Russian in their church services, community dinners (referred to as 'obed'), and a shared adherence to diet based upon their religious beliefs.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perception_of_Molokans">Perception of Molokans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Perception of Molokans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon their arrival in the USA, the Molokans and their religious observances seemed very strange to Americans. The Molokan colonies and communities were labeled "cults" and Molokans were harassed by Americans with the creation of the derogatory term "Molokan Slackers". The Molokans were given this moniker primarily because they did not want to serve in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, as they were <a href="/wiki/Conscientious_objector" title="Conscientious objector">conscientious objectors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_issues">Legal issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Legal issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On June 8, 1917, the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Arizona_Republic" title="The Arizona Republic">Arizona Republic</a></i> reported that the Molokan community in Glendale, Arizona, refused to register under the <a href="/wiki/Selective_Service_Act_of_1917" title="Selective Service Act of 1917">selective service act of 1917</a>. The likely result would be the arrest of Molokan men who refused to sign the order. Molokans claimed that their religious precepts forbade them from signing such an agreement. The Czars had forced them into the military, and that is why they fled Russia for the United States. The Molokans feared that history would repeat itself in America.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On August 9, 1917, <i>The Daily Missoulian</i> reported that 35 Molokans were arrested and given sentences of one year each for disobeying the Selective Service Act of 1917. Thirty-three other Molokans were arrested for creating a disturbance outside of the jail house; women struck police with their umbrellas and a knife-wielding man had to be overpowered. After the 35 men were sentenced, the Molokans in the courtroom broke out into ecstatic singing and dancing and some participants were slightly injured while being subdued.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_after_immigration">Naming after immigration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Naming after immigration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Molokans are known for having different spellings of last names within the same immediate family for a few reasons. When Molokans arrived in the United States, some family names were horribly misspelled by immigration officials who could not read Cyrillic—for example, "Сусоев" became "Sessoyeff," which is unpronounceable in English. Also, like members of other pacifist communities, some Molokans changed the spelling of their names to avoid deportation. Many chose to use American versions of their names. So "Vasilli Bukroff" becomes "Bill" or "William Bukroff" or "Ivan Metchikoff" will become "John Mitchell" and "Dunya Tikunov" will be "Julie Tyler". They also sometimes use "first names" that are not their legal names and are based on nicknames from childhood within the church that stuck with people as adults. For example, "Hazel Valov" became known as "Percy Valov", for being very "persistent". Another naming custom that can confuse those who are unfamiliar with the community was practiced by Molokans who settled in the Guadalupe Valley, Mexico. Many settlers adopted the Mexican versions of their names, so Rodion Pavlov became "Rodolfo Pabloff," and they named their children following the Mexican format. Accordingly, one will see what would have been a Russian name like "Ivan Pavilovich Pabloff" (Ivan son of Pavil (Paul) (Pavlov)), whose mother's maiden name is "Samarin," become "Juan Pablo Pabloff de Samarin" or "Juan Samarin Pabloff". In all these instances, tracing family history can be very difficult. Otherwise, they adhere to the common naming practices. A lot can be learned from a Russian headstone which will commonly go back to the use of the Russian naming protocol regardless of what name the individual used while alive. If translated correctly, one should learn the names of an individual's father and grandfather from a male's headstone. If it is displayed in English at the bottom it most likely will not contain the information.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecumenical_relations">Ecumenical relations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Ecumenical relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Russia, the <i>Molokane</i> historically maintained close relations with <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptists</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-BrockSocknat1999_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BrockSocknat1999-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" 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<li><a href="/wiki/Doukhobor" class="mw-redirect" title="Doukhobor">Doukhobor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_anarchism" title="Christian anarchism">Christian anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace church">Peace church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pacifist_faiths" class="mw-redirect" title="List of pacifist faiths">List of pacifist faiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molokans&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAkçaKiyanç2017" class="citation journal cs1">Akça, Bayram; Kiyanç, Sinan (June 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/sobbiad/issue/36458/413102">"Malakanlar'in Anadolu'daki̇ İzleri̇"</a>. <i>Sosyal ve Beşeri Bilimler Araştırmaları Dergisi</i>. <b>18</b> (39): 22–43.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sosyal+ve+Be%C5%9Feri+Bilimler+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Dergisi&rft.atitle=Malakanlar%27in+Anadolu%27daki%CC%87+%C4%B0zleri%CC%87&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=22-43&rft.date=2017-06&rft.aulast=Ak%C3%A7a&rft.aufirst=Bayram&rft.au=Kiyan%C3%A7%2C+Sinan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fpub%2Fsobbiad%2Fissue%2F36458%2F413102&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolokans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mordva-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mordva_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mordva_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niign.ru/novosti/issledovanie-zhizni-i-byita-molokan-erzya-v-armenii">Исследование традиционной культуры и быта молокан-эрзя в Армении</a>. НИИ ГН при правительстве Республики Мордовия</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/a/armenia-russian-molokans-society/26907858.html">"Among Armenia's Molokans"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a>. 18 March 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 July</span> 2024</span>. <q>Molokans are sometimes compared to the Amish or Mennonites in the United States for their pacificism.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Among+Armenia%27s+Molokans&rft.pub=Radio+Free+Europe%2FRadio+Liberty&rft.date=2015-03-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rferl.org%2Fa%2Farmenia-russian-molokans-society%2F26907858.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolokans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWardin2013" class="citation book cs1">Wardin, Albert W. (2013-10-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XLlNAwAAQBAJ&dq=Molokans+protestant&pg=PA8"><i>On the Edge: Baptists and Other Free Church Evangelicals in Tsarist Russia, 1855–1917</i></a>. Wipf and Stock Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-962-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62032-962-7"><bdi>978-1-62032-962-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=On+the+Edge%3A+Baptists+and+Other+Free+Church+Evangelicals+in+Tsarist+Russia%2C+1855%E2%80%931917&rft.pub=Wipf+and+Stock+Publishers&rft.date=2013-10-28&rft.isbn=978-1-62032-962-7&rft.aulast=Wardin&rft.aufirst=Albert+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXLlNAwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMolokans%2Bprotestant%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolokans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuss2018" class="citation book cs1">Buss, Andreas (2018-11-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vvt5DwAAQBAJ&dq=Molokans+protestant&pg=PA85"><i>The Russian-Orthodox Tradition and Modernity</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0272-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-474-0272-5"><bdi>978-90-474-0272-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Russian-Orthodox+Tradition+and+Modernity&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2018-11-01&rft.isbn=978-90-474-0272-5&rft.aulast=Buss&rft.aufirst=Andreas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvvt5DwAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMolokans%2Bprotestant%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolokans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMollica2016" class="citation book cs1">Mollica, Marcello (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uPGtDQAAQBAJ&dq=Molokans+protestant+icons&pg=PA78"><i>Fundamentalism: Ethnographies on Minorities, Discrimination and Transnationalism</i></a>. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-80201-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-80201-9"><bdi>978-3-643-80201-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentalism%3A+Ethnographies+on+Minorities%2C+Discrimination+and+Transnationalism&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-643-80201-9&rft.aulast=Mollica&rft.aufirst=Marcello&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuPGtDQAAQBAJ%26dq%3DMolokans%2Bprotestant%2Bicons%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolokans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neweasterneurope.eu/2017/10/12/protestants-russia-active-minority/">"Protestants in Russia: An active minority"</a>. <i>New Eastern Europe - A bimonthly news magazine dedicated to Central and Eastern European affairs</i>. 2017-10-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+Eastern+Europe+-+A+bimonthly+news+magazine+dedicated+to+Central+and+Eastern+European+affairs&rft.atitle=Protestants+in+Russia%3A+An+active+minority&rft.date=2017-10-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fneweasterneurope.eu%2F2017%2F10%2F12%2Fprotestants-russia-active-minority%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolokans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorbone" class="citation journal cs1">Borbone, Pier Giorgio. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pisa.academia.edu/PierGiorgioBorbone/Papers/537579/Some_Aspects_of_Turco-Mongol_Christianity_in_the_Light_of_Literary_and_Epigraphic_Syriac_Sources">"Some Aspects of Turco-Mongol Christianity in the Light of Literary and Epigraphic Syriac Sources (Pier Giorgio Borbone) - Academia.edu"</a>. Pisa.academia.edu<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-09-20</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Some+Aspects+of+Turco-Mongol+Christianity+in+the+Light+of+Literary+and+Epigraphic+Syriac+Sources+%28Pier+Giorgio+Borbone%29+-+Academia.edu&rft.aulast=Borbone&rft.aufirst=Pier+Giorgio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpisa.academia.edu%2FPierGiorgioBorbone%2FPapers%2F537579%2FSome_Aspects_of_Turco-Mongol_Christianity_in_the_Light_of_Literary_and_Epigraphic_Syriac_Sources&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolokans" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTogan,_İsenbike.1998" class="citation book cs1">Togan, İsenbike. (1998). <i>Flexibility and limitation in steppe formations : the Kerait Khanate and Chinggis Khan</i>. Leiden: Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-10802-5" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-10802-5"><bdi>90-04-10802-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/37806168">37806168</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flexibility+and+limitation+in+steppe+formations+%3A+the+Kerait+Khanate+and+Chinggis+Khan&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F37806168&rft.isbn=90-04-10802-5&rft.au=Togan%2C+%C4%B0senbike.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolokans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnnik1970" class="citation book cs1">Unnik, Willem Cornelis (1970-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZYdJwrUEe3gC&q=nestorian+milk+drinking&pg=PA104"><i>Nestorian Questions on the Administration of the Eucharist, by Isho'Yabh IV: A Contribution to the History of the Eucharist in the Eastern Church</i></a>. John Benjamins Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-6032-122-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-6032-122-5"><bdi>978-90-6032-122-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nestorian+Questions+on+the+Administration+of+the+Eucharist%2C+by+Isho%27Yabh+IV%3A+A+Contribution+to+the+History+of+the+Eucharist+in+the+Eastern+Church&rft.pub=John+Benjamins+Publishing&rft.date=1970-01-01&rft.isbn=978-90-6032-122-5&rft.aulast=Unnik&rft.aufirst=Willem+Cornelis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZYdJwrUEe3gC%26q%3Dnestorian%2Bmilk%2Bdrinking%26pg%3DPA104&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolokans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrousset" class="citation book cs1">Grousset. p. 191.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=191&rft.au=Grousset&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolokans" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalbertsma2015" class="citation book cs1">Halbertsma, Tjalling H. F. (2015-07-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tR2oBgAAQBAJ&q=nestorian+milk+drinking&pg=PA32"><i>Early Christian Remains of Inner Mongolia: Discovery, Reconstruction and Appropriation. Second Edition, Revised, Updated and Expanded</i></a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28886-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-28886-7"><bdi>978-90-04-28886-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Christian+Remains+of+Inner+Mongolia%3A+Discovery%2C+Reconstruction+and+Appropriation.+Second+Edition%2C+Revised%2C+Updated+and+Expanded&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2015-07-28&rft.isbn=978-90-04-28886-7&rft.aulast=Halbertsma&rft.aufirst=Tjalling+H.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtR2oBgAAQBAJ%26q%3Dnestorian%2Bmilk%2Bdrinking%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolokans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheshire1926" class="citation journal cs1">Cheshire, Harold T (1926). "The Great Tartar Invasion of Europe". <i>The Slavonic Review</i>. <b>5</b> (13): 89–105. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4202032">4202032</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+Review&rft.atitle=The+Great+Tartar+Invasion+of+Europe&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=89-105&rft.date=1926&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4202032%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Cheshire&rft.aufirst=Harold+T&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolokans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mongolfood.info/en/recipes/airag.html">"Airag - Fermented Mare's Milk - Mongolian Beverage"</a>. <i>www.mongolfood.info</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sun+%28New+York%2C+New+York%29&rft.atitle=Making+Slackers+Into+Loyal+Citizens%2C+Image+10&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1920-01-21&rft.issn=2166-1820&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83030431%2F1920-01-21%2Fed-1%2Fseq-10%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolokans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn84020558/1917-06-08/ed-1/seq-8/">"Arizona Republic. (Phoenix, Ariz.) 1890-1930, June 08, 1917, Image 8"</a>. <i>Arizona Republican</i>. 1917-06-08. p. 8. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2157-135X">2157-135X</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arizona+Republican&rft.atitle=Arizona+Republic.+%28Phoenix%2C+Ariz.%29+1890-1930%2C+June+08%2C+1917%2C+Image+8&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1917-06-08&rft.issn=2157-135X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn84020558%2F1917-06-08%2Fed-1%2Fseq-8%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolokans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025316/1917-08-09/ed-1/seq-5/">"The Daily Missoulian. (Missoula, Mont.) 1904-1961, August 09, 1917, Image 5"</a>. <i>The Daily Missoulian</i>. 1917-08-09. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2329-5457">2329-5457</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-03-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Missoulian&rft.atitle=The+Daily+Missoulian.+%28Missoula%2C+Mont.%29+1904-1961%2C+August+09%2C+1917%2C+Image+5&rft.pages=5&rft.date=1917-08-09&rft.issn=2329-5457&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83025316%2F1917-08-09%2Fed-1%2Fseq-5%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolokans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BrockSocknat1999-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BrockSocknat1999_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockSocknat1999" class="citation book cs1">Brock, Peter; Socknat, Thomas Paul (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=05O59Ro-Oz4C&q=molokans+mennonites"><i>Challenge to Mars: Essays on Pacifism from 1918 to 1945</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802043719" title="Special:BookSources/9780802043719"><bdi>9780802043719</bdi></a>. <q>Baptists maintained close relations with both Mennonites and Molokans throughout the history of the Baptist Union.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Challenge+to+Mars%3A+Essays+on+Pacifism+from+1918+to+1945&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780802043719&rft.aulast=Brock&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Socknat%2C+Thomas+Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D05O59Ro-Oz4C%26q%3Dmolokans%2Bmennonites&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMolokans" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Molokans" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Molokans">Molokans</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.molokane.org/">Molokane.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050305005728/http://www.doukhobor.org/Molokan.htm">Origin and Meaning of Molokan Surnames</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://international.loc.gov/ammem/afccchtml/0028.html">Russian Molokan Church service, September 14, 1938</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.molokane.org/places/Turkey/Kars/2007_Molokan_short_film.html">The Guest - a 2007 film about Spiritual Christians in eastern Turkey</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.molokane.org/taxonomy/index.htm">Taxonomy of 3 Spiritual Christian groups: <i>Molokane</i>, <i>Pryguny</i> and <i>Dukh-i-zhizniki</i> — books, fellowship, holidays, prophets and songs</a>, by Andrei Conovaloff, updated July 2019.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economist.com/blogs/easternapproaches/2012/12/last-molokans?fsrc=nlw%7Cnewe%7C12-26-2012%7C4458151%7C114582083%7CUK">The Economist - "The last of the Molokans"</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iEixviMjmF0">Iconobortsi Molokans in Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ivanovka.net/">Ivanovka.net (ru)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pryguny.ru">pryguny.ru: site about molokans-jumpers</a> (ru)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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