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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Origin_of_potash_ore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origin_of_potash_ore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Origin of potash ore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origin_of_potash_ore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-14th–17th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#14th–17th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>14th–17th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-14th–17th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Potash_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potash_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.1</span> <span>Potash mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potash_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wood-derived_potash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wood-derived_potash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3.2</span> <span>Wood-derived potash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wood-derived_potash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-18th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#18th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>18th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-18th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Kelp_ash" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kelp_ash"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.1</span> <span>Kelp ash</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kelp_ash-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.2</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_first_US_patent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_US_patent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4.3</span> <span>The first US patent</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_US_patent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-19th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#19th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>19th century</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-19th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th_century_industrialization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th_century_industrialization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>20th century industrialization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th_century_industrialization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mining</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mining-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Mining subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Shaft_mining_and_strip_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shaft_mining_and_strip_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Shaft mining and strip mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shaft_mining_and_strip_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dissolution_mining_and_evaporation_methods" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dissolution_mining_and_evaporation_methods"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Dissolution mining and evaporation methods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dissolution_mining_and_evaporation_methods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Occupational_hazards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Occupational_hazards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Occupational hazards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Occupational_hazards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consumption" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consumption"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Consumption</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Consumption subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Consumption-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fertilizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertilizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Fertilizers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertilizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pricing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pricing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Pricing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pricing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substitutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substitutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Substitutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substitutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potas" title="Potas – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Potas" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="بوتاس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوتاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Калійныя солі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Калійныя солі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalisalz" title="Kalisalz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kalisalz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasa_(mineral)" title="Potasa (mineral) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Potasa (mineral)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasa" title="Potasa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Potasa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="پتاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پتاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potasse_(minerai)" title="Potasse (minerai) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Potasse (minerai)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potais" title="Potais – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Potais" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%83%80%EC%8B%9C" title="포타시 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포타시" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A1%D5%B2%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Կալիումական աղեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կալիումական աղեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garam_abu" title="Garam abu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Garam abu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%92" title="אשלג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אשלג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B4tasy_(akora_mineraly)" title="Pôtasy (akora mineraly) – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Pôtasy (akora mineraly)" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potas" title="Potas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Potas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassa" title="Potassa – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Potassa" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potash" title="Potash – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Potash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pota%C5%BC" title="Potaż – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Potaż" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potassa" title="Potassa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Potassa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Калийная соль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Калийная соль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potash" title="Potash – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Potash" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalijumska_%C4%91ubriva" title="Kalijumska đubriva – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kalijumska đubriva" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pota%C5%A1a" title="Potaša – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Potaša" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potas" title="Potas – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Potas" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96" title="Калійні солі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Калійні солі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A9-%D7%96%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A3" title="אש-זייף – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="אש-זייף" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%92%BE%E7%9B%90" title="钾盐 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="钾盐" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10564271#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Potash" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Potash" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Salt mixture</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pottage" title="Pottage">pottage</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Potash_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Potash (disambiguation)">Potash (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PotashUSGOV.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PotashUSGOV.jpg/220px-PotashUSGOV.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PotashUSGOV.jpg/330px-PotashUSGOV.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/PotashUSGOV.jpg/440px-PotashUSGOV.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Polycrystalline potash, with a <a href="/wiki/Penny_(United_States_coin)" title="Penny (United States coin)">U.S. penny</a> for reference. (The coin is 19 mm (0.75 in) in diameter and <a href="/wiki/Copper_(color)" title="Copper (color)">copper</a> in color.)</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Potash</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">POT</span>-ash</i></a>) includes various mined and manufactured <a href="/wiki/Salt_(chemistry)" title="Salt (chemistry)">salts</a> that contain <a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a> in water-<a href="/wiki/Solute" class="mw-redirect" title="Solute">soluble</a> form.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs2_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The name derives from <i>pot ash</i>, plant ashes or <a href="/wiki/Wood_ash" title="Wood ash">wood ash</a> soaked in water in a pot, the primary means of manufacturing potash before the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial Era">Industrial Era</a>. The word <i><a href="/wiki/Potassium" title="Potassium">potassium</a></i> is derived from <i>potash</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Potash is produced worldwide in amounts exceeding 71.9 million <a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonnes</a> (~45.4 million tonnes <a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">K<sub>2</sub>O</a> equivalent<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) per year as of 2021, with Canada being the largest producer, mostly for use in <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Various kinds of fertilizer-potash constitute the single greatest industrial use of the element potassium in the world. Potassium was first derived in 1807 by <a href="/wiki/Electrolysis" title="Electrolysis">electrolysis</a> of caustic potash (<a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Potash refers to potassium compounds and potassium-bearing materials, most commonly potassium carbonate. The word "potash" originates from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Dutch" title="Middle Dutch">Middle Dutch</a> <span title="Middle Dutch (ca. 1050-1350)-language text"><i lang="dum">potaschen</i></span>, denoting "pot ashes" in 1477.<sup id="cite_ref-Etyl_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Etyl-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The old method of making <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium carbonate</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">K<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>CO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>) was by collecting or producing <a href="/wiki/Wood_ash" title="Wood ash">wood ash</a> (the occupation of <a href="/wiki/Ash_burner" title="Ash burner">ash burners</a>), <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">leaching</a> the ashes, and then evaporating the resulting solution in large iron pots, which left a white residue denominated "pot ash".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 10% by weight of common <a href="/wiki/Wood_ash" title="Wood ash">wood ash</a> can be recovered as potash.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ce_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, "potash" became widely applied to naturally occurring minerals that contained potassium salts and the commercial product derived from them.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The following table lists a number of potassium compounds that have "potash" in their traditional names: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Common name</th> <th>Chemical name (Formula) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Potash fertilizer</td> <td colspan="2">c. 1942 <a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium carbonate</a> (K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>); c. 1950 any one or more of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium chloride</a> (KCl), <a href="/wiki/Potassium_sulfate" title="Potassium sulfate">potassium sulfate</a> (K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) or <a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a> (KNO<sub>3</sub>).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Does <i>not</i> contain <a href="/wiki/Potassium_oxide" title="Potassium oxide">potassium oxide</a> (K<sub>2</sub>O), which plants do not take up.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The amount of potassium is often reported as K<sub>2</sub>O equivalent (that is, how much it would be if in K<sub>2</sub>O form), however, to allow apples-to-apples comparison between different fertilizers using different types of potash. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Caustic potash or potash lye</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">potassium hydroxide</a> (KOH) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">Carbonate of potash,</span> <span class="nowrap">salts of tartar,</span> or <span class="nowrap">pearl ash</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_carbonate" title="Potassium carbonate">potassium carbonate</a> (K<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Chlorate of potash</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chlorate" title="Potassium chlorate">potassium chlorate</a> (KClO<sub>3</sub>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Muriate of potash (MOP)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium chloride</a> (KCl:NaCl = 95:5 or higher)<sup id="cite_ref-usgs2_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Nitrate of potash or saltpeter</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_nitrate" title="Potassium nitrate">potassium nitrate</a> (KNO<sub>3</sub>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sulfate of potash (SOP)</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_sulfate" title="Potassium sulfate">potassium sulfate</a> (K<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="nowrap">Permanganate of potash</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Potassium_permanganate" title="Potassium permanganate">potassium permanganate</a> (KMnO<sub>4</sub>) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FirstUSpatent.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/FirstUSpatent.jpg/220px-FirstUSpatent.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/FirstUSpatent.jpg/330px-FirstUSpatent.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/FirstUSpatent.jpg/440px-FirstUSpatent.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2640" data-file-height="2090" /></a><figcaption>The first <a href="/wiki/United_States_patent_law" title="United States patent law">U.S. patent</a> was issued for an improvement "in the making of Pot ash and Pearl ash by a new Apparatus and Process"; it was signed by then President <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CoveredHopperForPotashBoltonON.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/CoveredHopperForPotashBoltonON.jpg/220px-CoveredHopperForPotashBoltonON.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/CoveredHopperForPotashBoltonON.jpg/330px-CoveredHopperForPotashBoltonON.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/CoveredHopperForPotashBoltonON.jpg/440px-CoveredHopperForPotashBoltonON.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a><figcaption>A covered hopper car in a Canadian train for shipping potash by rail</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Origin_of_potash_ore">Origin of potash ore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Origin of potash ore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most of the world reserves of potassium (K) were deposited as sea water in ancient <a href="/wiki/Inland_ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland ocean">inland oceans</a>. After the water evaporated, the potassium salts crystallized into beds of potash ore. These are the locations where potash is being mined today. The deposits are a naturally occurring mixture of potassium chloride (KCl) and sodium chloride (NaCl), more commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Table_salt" class="mw-redirect" title="Table salt">table salt</a>. Over time, as the surface of the earth changed, these deposits were covered by thousands of feet of earth.<sup id="cite_ref-digital.library.okstate.edu_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital.library.okstate.edu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Potash (especially potassium carbonate) has been used in bleaching textiles, making <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, ceramic, and making <a href="/wiki/Soap" title="Soap">soap</a>, since the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potash was principally obtained by <a href="/wiki/Leaching_(chemistry)" title="Leaching (chemistry)">leaching</a> the ashes of land plants. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="14th–17th_century"><span id="14th.E2.80.9317th_century"></span>14th–17th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 14th–17th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Potash_mining">Potash mining</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Potash mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the 14th century potash was mined in <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. One of the world's largest deposits, 140 to 150 million tons, is located in the <a href="/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallol, Ethiopia">Dallol</a> area of the <a href="/wiki/Afar_Region" title="Afar Region">Afar Region</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ethiopia_Mining_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ethiopia_Mining-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Wood-derived_potash">Wood-derived potash</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wood-derived potash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Potash was one of the most important industrial chemicals. It was refined from the ashes of <a href="/wiki/Broad-leaved_tree" title="Broad-leaved tree">broadleaved trees</a> and produced primarily in the forested areas of Europe, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>. Although methods for producing artificial alkalis were invented in the late 18th century, these did not become economical until the late 19th century and so the dependence on organic sources of potash remained. </p><p>Potash became an important international trade commodity in Europe from at least the early 14th century. It is estimated that European imports of potash required 6 or more million cubic metres each year from the early 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Warde_2018_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Warde_2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1420 and 1620, the primary exporting cities for <a href="/wiki/Wood_ash" title="Wood ash">wood-derived potash</a> were <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsberg" title="Königsberg">Königsberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>. In the late 15th century, London was the lead importer due to its position as the centre of soft soap making while the Dutch dominated as suppliers and consumers in the 16th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Warde_2018_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Warde_2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 1640s, geopolitical disruptions (i.e. <a href="/wiki/Russo-Polish_War_(1654%E2%80%931667)" title="Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)">Russo-Polish War (1654–1667)</a>) meant that the centres of export moved from the Baltic to <a href="/wiki/Archangelsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Archangelsk">Archangelsk</a>, Russia. In 1700, Russian ash was dominant though Gdańsk remained notable for the quality of its potash. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="18th_century">18th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 18th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kelp_ash">Kelp ash</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Kelp ash"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a> islands, <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> ash provided potash and <a href="/wiki/Soda_ash" class="mw-redirect" title="Soda ash">soda ash</a>, production starting "possibly as early as 1719" and lasting for a century. The products were "eagerly sought after by the glass and soap industries of the time."<sup id="cite_ref-stkelp_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stkelp-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_America">North America</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the 18th century, higher quality American potash was increasingly exported to Britain. In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, potash production provided settlers in North America badly needed cash and credit as they cleared wooded land for crops. To make full use of their land, settlers needed to dispose of excess wood. The easiest way to accomplish this was to burn any wood not needed for fuel or construction. Ashes from <a href="/wiki/Hardwood" title="Hardwood">hardwood</a> trees could then be used to make <a href="/wiki/Potassium_hydroxide" title="Potassium hydroxide">lye</a>, which could either be used to make soap or boiled down to produce valuable potash. Hardwood could generate ashes at the rate of 60 to 100 <a href="/wiki/Bushel" title="Bushel">bushels</a> per acre (500 to 900 m<sup>3</sup>/km<sup>2</sup>). In 1790, the sale of ashes could generate $3.25 to $6.25 per acre ($800 to $1,500/km<sup>2</sup>) in rural <a href="/wiki/New_York_State" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State">New York State</a> – nearly the same rate as hiring a laborer to clear the same area. Potash making became a major industry in British North America. Great Britain was always the most important market. The American potash industry followed the woodsman's ax across the country. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_first_US_patent">The first US patent</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The first US patent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first <a href="/wiki/United_States_patent_law" title="United States patent law">US patent</a> of any kind was issued in 1790 to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hopkins_(inventor)" title="Samuel Hopkins (inventor)">Samuel Hopkins</a> for an improvement "in the making of Pot ash and Pearl ash by a new Apparatus and Process".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Pearl ash</i> was a purer quality made by <a href="/wiki/Calcination" title="Calcination">calcination</a> of potash in a <a href="/wiki/Reverberatory_furnace" title="Reverberatory furnace">reverberatory furnace</a> or kiln. <a href="/wiki/Potash_pit" title="Potash pit">Potash pits</a> were once used in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> to produce potash that was used in making soap for the preparation of wool for yarn production. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 19th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After about 1820, New York replaced New England as the most important source; by 1840 the center was in Ohio. Potash production was always a by-product industry, following from the need to clear land for <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-digital.library.okstate.edu_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-digital.library.okstate.edu-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1767, potash from wood ashes was exported from Canada. By 1811, 70% of the total 19.6 million lbs of potash imports to Britain came from Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-Paul_Warde_2018_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paul_Warde_2018-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exports of potash and pearl ash reached 43,958 barrels in 1865. There were 519 <a href="/wiki/Ashery" title="Ashery">asheries</a> in operation in 1871. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century_industrialization">20th century industrialization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 20th century industrialization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:International_Exchange_of_Potash_in_1937_-_DPLA_-_6e2d669a051158fe7afe1fc031988d4f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/International_Exchange_of_Potash_in_1937_-_DPLA_-_6e2d669a051158fe7afe1fc031988d4f.jpg/220px-International_Exchange_of_Potash_in_1937_-_DPLA_-_6e2d669a051158fe7afe1fc031988d4f.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/International_Exchange_of_Potash_in_1937_-_DPLA_-_6e2d669a051158fe7afe1fc031988d4f.jpg/330px-International_Exchange_of_Potash_in_1937_-_DPLA_-_6e2d669a051158fe7afe1fc031988d4f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/International_Exchange_of_Potash_in_1937_-_DPLA_-_6e2d669a051158fe7afe1fc031988d4f.jpg/440px-International_Exchange_of_Potash_in_1937_-_DPLA_-_6e2d669a051158fe7afe1fc031988d4f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5743" data-file-height="3343" /></a><figcaption>Global imports/exports of potash in 1937</figcaption></figure> <p>The wood-ash industry declined in the late 19th century when large-scale production of <a href="/wiki/Category:Potassium_minerals" title="Category:Potassium minerals">potash from mineral</a> salts was established in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>. In the early 20th century, the potash industry was dominated by a cartel in which Germany had the dominant role.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 147">: 147 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">WWI</a> saw a brief resurgence of American asheries, with their product typically consisting of 66% hydroxide, 17% carbonate, 16% sulfate and other impurities.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the century, the cartel ended as new potash producers emerged in the USSR and Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 147">: 147 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1943, potash was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, Canada, during oil drilling. Active exploration began in 1951. In 1958, the Potash Company of America became the first potash producer in Canada with the commissioning of an underground potash mine at <a href="/wiki/Patience_Lake" title="Patience Lake">Patience Lake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ce_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As numerous potash producers in Canada developed, the Saskatchewan government became increasingly involved in the industry, leading to the creation of <a href="/wiki/Canpotex" title="Canpotex">Canpotex</a> in the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 147">: 147 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canadianpotashmine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Canadianpotashmine.jpg/220px-Canadianpotashmine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Canadianpotashmine.jpg/330px-Canadianpotashmine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Canadianpotashmine.jpg/440px-Canadianpotashmine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>A postcard of the Kalium Chemicals plant in <a href="/wiki/Belle_Plaine,_Saskatchewan" title="Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan">Belle Plaine, Saskatchewan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1964 the Canadian company Kalium Chemicals established the first potash mine using the solution process. The discovery was made during oil reserve exploration. The mine was developed near Regina, Saskatchewan. The mine reached depths greater than 1500 meters. It is now the Mosaic Corporation's Belle Plaine unit. </p><p>The USSR's potash production had largely been for domestic use and use in the <a href="/wiki/Council_for_Mutual_Economic_Assistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Council for Mutual Economic Assistance">Council for Mutual Economic Assistance</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 147">: 147 </span></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the USSR</a>, Russian and <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mining in Belarus">Belarusian</a> potash producers entered into direct competition with producers elsewhere in the world for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 147">: 147 </span></sup> </p><p><br /> </p><p> In the beginning of the 20th century, potash deposits were found in the <a href="/wiki/Dallol,_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallol, Ethiopia">Dallol Depression</a> in the Musely and Crescent localities near the Ethiopean-<a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrean</a> border. The estimated reserves in Musely and Crescent are 173 and 12 million tonnes respectively. The latter is particularly suitable for surface mining. It was explored in the 1960s but the works stopped due to flooding in 1967. Attempts to continue mining in the 1990s were halted by the <a href="/wiki/Eritrean%E2%80%93Ethiopian_War" title="Eritrean–Ethiopian War">Eritrean–Ethiopian War</a> and have not resumed as of 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-industrialization1_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-industrialization1-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potash_evaporation_ponds_near_Moab,_UT,_May_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Potash_evaporation_ponds_near_Moab%2C_UT%2C_May_2013.jpg/220px-Potash_evaporation_ponds_near_Moab%2C_UT%2C_May_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Potash_evaporation_ponds_near_Moab%2C_UT%2C_May_2013.jpg/330px-Potash_evaporation_ponds_near_Moab%2C_UT%2C_May_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Potash_evaporation_ponds_near_Moab%2C_UT%2C_May_2013.jpg/440px-Potash_evaporation_ponds_near_Moab%2C_UT%2C_May_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>Potash evaporation ponds at the <a href="/wiki/Intrepid_Potash" title="Intrepid Potash">Intrepid Potash</a> mine near <a href="/wiki/Moab,_Utah" title="Moab, Utah">Moab, Utah</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mining">Mining</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shaft_mining_and_strip_mining">Shaft mining and strip mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Shaft mining and strip mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All commercial potash deposits come originally from <a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">evaporite</a> deposits and are often buried deep below the earth's surface. Potash ores are typically rich in potassium chloride (KCl), sodium chloride (NaCl) and other salts and clays, and are typically obtained by conventional shaft mining with the extracted ore ground into a powder.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most potash mines today are deep shaft mines as much as 4,400 feet (1,400 m) underground. Others are mined as strip mines, having been laid down in horizontal layers as <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a>. In above-ground processing plants, the KCl is separated from the mixture to produce a high-analysis potassium fertilizer. Other potassium salts can be separated by various procedures, resulting in potassium sulfate and potassium-magnesium sulfate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissolution_mining_and_evaporation_methods">Dissolution mining and evaporation methods</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Dissolution mining and evaporation methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other methods include dissolution mining and evaporation methods from brines. In the evaporation method, hot water is injected into the potash, which is dissolved and then pumped to the surface where it is concentrated by solar induced evaporation. <a href="/wiki/Amine" title="Amine">Amine</a> reagents are then added to either the mined or evaporated solutions. The amine coats the KCl but not NaCl. Air bubbles cling to the amine + KCl and float it to the surface while the NaCl and clay sink to the bottom. The surface is skimmed for the amine + KCl, which is then dried and packaged for use as a K rich fertilizer—KCl dissolves readily in water and is available quickly for <a href="/wiki/Plant_nutrition" title="Plant nutrition">plant nutrition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recovery of potassium fertilizer salts from sea water has been studied in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During extraction of salt from seawater by evaporation, potassium salts get concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Bittern_(salt)" title="Bittern (salt)">bittern</a>, an effluent from the salt industry. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Potash deposits are distributed unevenly throughout the world.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 147">: 147 </span></sup> As of 2015<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, deposits are being mined in Canada, Russia, China, Belarus, Israel, Germany, Chile, the United States, Jordan, Spain, the United Kingdom, Uzbekistan and Brazil,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the most significant deposits present under the great depths of the <a href="/wiki/Prairie_Evaporite_Formation" title="Prairie Evaporite Formation">Prairie Evaporite Formation</a> in <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>, Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-ce_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ce-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canada and Russia are the countries where the bulk of potash is produced; Belarus is also a major producer.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 12">: 12 </span></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Permian_Basin_(North_America)" title="Permian Basin (North America)">Permian Basin</a> deposit includes the major mines outside of <a href="/wiki/Carlsbad,_New_Mexico" title="Carlsbad, New Mexico">Carlsbad</a>, New Mexico, to the world's purest potash deposit in <a href="/wiki/Lea_County,_New_Mexico" title="Lea County, New Mexico">Lea County, New Mexico</a> (near the Carlsbad deposits), which is believed to be roughly 80% pure. (<a href="/wiki/Osceola_County,_Michigan" title="Osceola County, Michigan">Osceola County, Michigan</a>, has deposits 90+% pure; the only mine there was converted to salt production, however.) Canada is the largest producer, followed by Russia and Belarus. The most significant reserve of Canada's potash is located in the province of Saskatchewan and is mined by <a href="/wiki/The_Mosaic_Company" title="The Mosaic Company">The Mosaic Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrien" title="Nutrien">Nutrien</a> and <a href="/wiki/K%2BS" title="K+S">K+S</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs2_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, most potash deposits are concentrated in the deserts and salt flats of the <a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basins" class="mw-redirect" title="Endorheic basins">endorheic basins</a> of its western provinces, particularly <a href="/wiki/Qinghai" title="Qinghai">Qinghai</a>. Geological expeditions discovered the reserves in the 1950s<sup id="cite_ref-jung_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jung-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but commercial exploitation lagged until <a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Reform_and_Opening_Up_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Reform and Opening Up Policy">Reform and Opening Up Policy</a> in the 1980s. The 1989 opening of the Qinghai Potash Fertilizer Factory in the remote <a href="/wiki/Qarhan_Playa" title="Qarhan Playa">Qarhan Playa</a> increased China's production of <a href="/wiki/Potassium_chloride" title="Potassium chloride">potassium chloride</a> sixfold, from less than 40,000 t (39,000 long tons; 44,000 short tons) a year at <a href="/wiki/Haixi_Mongol_and_Tibetan_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Haixi Mongol and Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture">Haixi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tanggu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanggu">Tanggu</a> to just under 240,000 t (240,000 long tons; 260,000 short tons) a year.<sup id="cite_ref-factsoflife_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-factsoflife-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, almost 70% of potash production was controlled by <a href="/wiki/Canpotex" title="Canpotex">Canpotex</a>, an exporting and marketing firm, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Belarusian_Potash_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belarusian Potash Company (page does not exist)">Belarusian Potash Company</a>. The latter was a joint venture between <a href="/wiki/Belaruskali" title="Belaruskali">Belaruskali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uralkali" title="Uralkali">Uralkali</a>, but on July 30, 2013, Uralkali announced that it had ended the venture.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Potash is <a href="/wiki/Solubility" title="Solubility">water soluble</a> and transporting it requires special transportation infrastructure.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 152">: 152 </span></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right;"> <caption>List of countries by potash production </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Rank </th> <th rowspan="2">Country </th> <th colspan="5">Extraction in metric tons K<sub>2</sub>O equivalent </th></tr> <tr> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2020 </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td>10,789,662 </td> <td>12,562,695 </td> <td>14,023,931 </td> <td>12,643,318 </td> <td>13,881,665 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td>6,480,000 </td> <td>7,300,000 </td> <td>7,055,000 </td> <td>7,368,000 </td> <td>8,167,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </td> <td>6,180,100 </td> <td>7,101,800 </td> <td>7,346,096 </td> <td>7,348,293 </td> <td>7,562,153 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td>5,783,000 </td> <td>5,534,000 </td> <td>5,452,000 </td> <td>5,902,000 </td> <td>5,530,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td>2,750,841 </td> <td>2,963,561 </td> <td>2,754,085 </td> <td>2,615,284 </td> <td>2,874,026 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td>2,093,100 </td> <td>2,126,700 </td> <td>2,149,300 </td> <td>2,043,500 </td> <td>2,415,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Flag_of_Jordan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Jordan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> </td> <td>1,222,140 </td> <td>1,415,260 </td> <td>1,485,960 </td> <td>1,516,460 </td> <td>1,598,200 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_Chile.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chile.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </td> <td>1,303,840 </td> <td>1,238,630 </td> <td>991,180 </td> <td>683,540 </td> <td>966,680 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%2823px%29.png 2x" data-file-width="69" data-file-height="39" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>510,000 </td> <td>480,000 </td> <td>520,000 </td> <td>510,000 </td> <td>460,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td>672,246 </td> <td>557,468 </td> <td>635,490 </td> <td>547,100 </td> <td>455,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a> </td> <td>198,600 </td> <td>307,600 </td> <td>343,500 </td> <td>286,900 </td> <td>442,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td>316,429 </td> <td>306,296 </td> <td>201,181 </td> <td>269,300 </td> <td>276,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> </td> <td>83,000 </td> <td>114,900 </td> <td>176,900 </td> <td>198,400 </td> <td>210,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> </td> <td>482,800 </td> <td>297,400 </td> <td>291,100 </td> <td>84,000 </td> <td>99,260 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a> </td> <td>10,500 </td> <td>15,300 </td> <td>32,900 </td> <td>37,200 </td> <td>37,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>15,200 </td> <td>11,100 </td> <td>16,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/34px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Bolivia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Bolivia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="750" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> </td> <td>0 </td> <td>0 </td> <td>1,700 </td> <td>17,800 </td> <td>4,400 </td></tr> <tr class="unsortable"> <th> </th> <th>Total </th> <th>38,876,258 </th> <th>42,321,610 </th> <th>43,475,523 </th> <th>42,082,195 </th> <th>44,996,384 </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Occupational_hazards">Occupational hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Occupational hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Excessive respiratory disease due to environmental hazards, such as <a href="/wiki/Radon" title="Radon">radon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asbestos" title="Asbestos">asbestos</a>, has been a concern for potash miners throughout history. Potash miners are liable to develop <a href="/wiki/Silicosis" title="Silicosis">silicosis</a>. Based on a study conducted between 1977 and 1987 of cardiovascular disease among potash workers, the overall mortality rates were low, but a noticeable difference in above-ground workers was documented.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consumption">Consumption</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Consumption"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right"> <caption>Production of potash and reserves at some current mines (being <2% of global reserves)<br />(both in <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\ce {K2O}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msubsup> <mtext>K</mtext> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mn>2</mn> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mspace width="0pt" height="0pt" depth=".2em" /> </mrow> </msubsup> <mtext>O</mtext> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\ce {K2O}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/97a29d56ba1edb1ccfe9026d1e403e7cf02b971d" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:4.671ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\ce {K2O}}}"></span> equivalent)<br />(2021, in million tonnes)<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Production </th> <th>Reserves </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td align="right">14.2 (28.57%) </td> <td align="right">1,100 (33.33%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td align="right">9.1 (17.14%) </td> <td align="right">400 (12.12%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a> </td> <td align="right">7.6 (16.48%) </td> <td align="right">750 (22.73%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> </td> <td align="right">6.0 (14.76%) </td> <td align="right">170 (5.15%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> </td> <td align="right">2.8 (6.90%) </td> <td align="right">150 (4.55%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a> </td> <td align="right">2.4 (5.14%) </td> <td align="right">Large (?%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a> </td> <td align="right">1.6 (3.37%) </td> <td align="right">Large (?%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> </td> <td align="right">0.9 (1.85%) </td> <td align="right">100 (3.03%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td align="right">0.5 (1.04%) </td> <td align="right">220 (6.67%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td align="right">0.4 (0.79%) </td> <td align="right">68 (2.06%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> </td> <td align="right">0.3 (0.58%) </td> <td align="right">2.3 (0.01%) </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Other countries</b> </td> <td align="right">0.4 (0.76%) </td> <td align="right">300 (9.09%) </td></tr> <tr class="sortbottom"> <td><b>World total</b> </td> <td align="right">46.3 (100.00%) </td> <td align="right">>3,300 (100.00%) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertilizers">Fertilizers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Fertilizers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Potassium is the third major plant and crop nutrient after <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">phosphorus</a>. It has been used since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">antiquity</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> <a href="/wiki/Fertilizer" title="Fertilizer">fertilizer</a> (about 90% of current use).<sup id="cite_ref-usgs_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fertilizer use is the main driver behind potash consumption, especially for its use in fertilizing crops that contribute to high-protein diets.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 23">: 23 </span></sup> As of at least 2010, more than 95% of potash is mined for use in agricultural purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 24">: 24 </span></sup> </p><p>Elemental potassium does not occur in nature because it reacts violently with water.<sup id="cite_ref-HollemanAF_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HollemanAF-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As part of various compounds, potassium makes up about 2.6% of the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_crust" title="Earth's crust">Earth's crust</a> by mass and is the seventh most abundant element, similar in abundance to sodium at approximately 1.8% of the crust.<sup id="cite_ref-Greenwood_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Greenwood-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potash is important for agriculture because it improves water retention, yield, nutrient value, taste, color, texture<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 24">: 24 </span></sup> and disease resistance of food crops. It has wide application to fruit and vegetables, rice, wheat and other grains, sugar, corn, soybeans, <a href="/wiki/Palm_oil" title="Palm oil">palm oil</a> and cotton, all of which benefit from the nutrient's quality-enhancing properties.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Demand for food and animal feed has been on the rise since 2000. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Agriculture" title="United States Department of Agriculture">United States Department of Agriculture</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Economic_Research_Service" title="Economic Research Service">Economic Research Service</a> (ERS) attributes the trend to average annual population increases of 75 million people around the world. Geographically, economic growth in Asia and Latin America greatly contributed to the increased use of potash-based fertilizer. Rising incomes in developing countries also were a factor in the growing potash and fertilizer use. With more money in the household budget, consumers added more meat and dairy products to their diets. This shift in eating patterns required more acres to be planted, more fertilizer to be applied and more animals to be fed—all requiring more potash. </p><p>After years of trending upward, fertilizer use slowed in 2008. The worldwide economic downturn is the primary reason for the declining fertilizer use, dropping prices, and mounting inventories.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The world's largest consumers of potash are China, the United States, Brazil, and India.<sup id="cite_ref-Potassio_Do_Brasil_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potassio_Do_Brasil-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brazil imports 90% of the potash it needs.<sup id="cite_ref-Potassio_Do_Brasil_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Potassio_Do_Brasil-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Potash consumption for fertilizers is expected to increase to about 37.8 million tonnes by 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Potash imports and exports are often reported in K<sub>2</sub>O <i>equivalent</i>, although fertilizer never contains potassium oxide, per se, because potassium oxide is <a href="/wiki/Causticity" class="mw-redirect" title="Causticity">caustic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hygroscopic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygroscopic">hygroscopic</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pricing">Pricing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Pricing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the beginning of 2008, potash prices started a meteoric climb from less than US$200 a tonne to a high of US$875 in February 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These subsequently dropped dramatically to an April 2010 low of US$310 level, before recovering in 2011–12, and relapsing again in 2013. For reference, prices in November 2011 were about US$470 per tonne, but as of May 2013 were stable at US$393.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the surprise breakup of the world's largest potash cartel at the end of July 2013, potash prices were poised to drop some 20 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of December 2015, potash traded for US$295 a tonne. In April 2016 its price was US$269.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2017, prices had stabilised at around US$216 a tonne down 18% from the previous year. By January 2018, prices have been recovering to around US$225 a tonne.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> World potash demand tends to be price inelastic in the short-run and even in the long run.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to its use as a fertilizer, potassium chloride is important in many industrialized economies, where it is used in <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_recycling" title="Aluminium recycling">aluminium recycling</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Chloralkali" class="mw-redirect" title="Chloralkali">chloralkali</a> industry to produce potassium hydroxide, in metal <a href="/wiki/Electroplating" title="Electroplating">electroplating</a>, oil-well <a href="/wiki/Drilling_fluid" title="Drilling fluid">drilling fluid</a>, snow and ice melting, steel heat-treating, in medicine as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Hypokalemia" title="Hypokalemia">hypokalemia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_softening" title="Water softening">water softening</a>. Potassium hydroxide is used for industrial water treatment and is the precursor of potassium carbonate, several forms of potassium phosphate, many other potassic chemicals, and soap manufacturing. Potassium carbonate is used to produce <a href="/wiki/Animal_feed" title="Animal feed">animal feed</a> supplements, <a href="/wiki/Cement" title="Cement">cement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fire_extinguishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire extinguishers">fire extinguishers</a>, food products, <a href="/wiki/Photographic_processing" title="Photographic processing">photographic chemicals</a>, and textiles. It is also used in <a href="/wiki/Brewing" title="Brewing">brewing</a> <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, pharmaceutical preparations, and as a <a href="/wiki/Catalyst" class="mw-redirect" title="Catalyst">catalyst</a> for <a href="/wiki/Synthetic_rubber" title="Synthetic rubber">synthetic rubber</a> manufacturing. Also combined with <a href="/wiki/Silica_sand" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica sand">silica sand</a> to produce <a href="/wiki/Potassium_silicate" title="Potassium silicate">potassium silicate</a>, sometimes known as <a href="/wiki/Waterglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterglass">waterglass</a>, for use in <a href="/wiki/Paints" class="mw-redirect" title="Paints">paints</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arc_welding" title="Arc welding">arc welding</a> electrodes. These non-fertilizer uses have accounted for about 15% of annual potash consumption in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-usgs2_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-usgs2-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Substitutes">Substitutes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Substitutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>No substitutes exist for potassium as an essential plant nutrient and as an essential nutritional requirement for animals and humans.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_22-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 143">: 143 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">Manure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glauconite" title="Glauconite">glauconite</a> (greensand) are low-potassium-content sources that can be profitably transported only short distances to crop fields.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bone_ash" title="Bone ash">Bone ash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltpeter" class="mw-redirect" title="Saltpeter">Saltpeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltwater_soap" title="Saltwater soap">Saltwater soap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">Sodium hydroxide</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-usgs2-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-usgs2_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs2_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs2_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-usgs2_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/potash/myb1-2008-potas.pdf">Potash</a>, USGS 2008 Minerals Yearbook</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDavy1808" class="citation journal cs1">Davy, Humphry (1808). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gpwEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA32">"On some new phenomena of chemical changes produced by electricity, in particular the decomposition of the fixed alkalies, and the exhibition of the new substances that constitute their bases; and on the general nature of alkaline bodies"</a>. <i>Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London</i>. <b>98</b>: 32. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0001">10.1098/rstl.1808.0001</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Philosophical+Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+London&rft.atitle=On+some+new+phenomena+of+chemical+changes+produced+by+electricity%2C+in+particular+the+decomposition+of+the+fixed+alkalies%2C+and+the+exhibition+of+the+new+substances+that+constitute+their+bases%3B+and+on+the+general+nature+of+alkaline+bodies&rft.volume=98&rft.pages=32&rft.date=1808&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1098%2Frstl.1808.0001&rft.aulast=Davy&rft.aufirst=Humphry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgpwEAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipipotash.org/uploads/udocs/Chap-1_potash_production.pdf">"Production and use of potassium chloride"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Potash Institute</i>. p. 17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Potash+Institute&rft.atitle=Production+and+use+of+potassium+chloride&rft.pages=17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipipotash.org%2Fuploads%2Fudocs%2FChap-1_potash_production.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipni.net/publication/bettercrops.nsf/0/A529956F62A701F6852579800082035A/$FILE/Better%20Crops%201998-3%20p06.pdf">"Production and Use of Potassium"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Better Crops</i>. <b>82</b> (3): 6. 1998 – via International Plant Nutrition Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Better+Crops&rft.atitle=Production+and+Use+of+Potassium&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=6&rft.date=1998&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipni.net%2Fpublication%2Fbettercrops.nsf%2F0%2FA529956F62A701F6852579800082035A%2F%24FILE%2FBetter%2520Crops%25201998-3%2520p06.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chemically pure KCl (96% of world potash capacity<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) contains 63.17% K<sub>2</sub>O equivalent<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://natural-resources.canada.ca/our-natural-resources/minerals-mining/minerals-metals-facts/potash-facts/20521">"Potash facts"</a>. <i>natural-resources.canada.ca</i>. 2018-01-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Forest Products Laboratory.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wood+Ashes+and+Production+of+Potash&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+Agriculture%2C+Forest+Service%2C+Forest+Products+Laboratory&rft.date=1919&rft.aulast=Bateman&rft.aufirst=Ernest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DksNWAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-industrialization1-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-industrialization1_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720153154/http://www.mome.gov.et/industrial.html">"Minerals for Agricultural Industrialization"</a>. 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International Plant Nutrition Institute.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tifac.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=733&Itemid=205">Recovery of Potassium Fertiliser Salts from Sea Bittern</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150610214622/http://www.tifac.org.in/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=733&Itemid=205">Archived</a> 2015-06-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Tifac.org.in. Retrieved on 2013-06-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Quick Guide to Potash. (2013, June 14). 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January 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.atitle=Potash+Mineral+Commodity+Summaries+2023&rft.date=2023-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Fperiodicals%2Fmcs2023%2Fmcs2023-potash.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HollemanAF-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HollemanAF_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold_F._Holleman,_Egon_Wiberg_and_Nils_Wiberg1985" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arnold F. Holleman, Egon Wiberg and Nils Wiberg (1985). "Potassium". <i>Lehrbuch der Anorganischen Chemie</i> (in German) (91–100 ed.). Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-007511-3"><bdi>978-3-11-007511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Potassium&rft.btitle=Lehrbuch+der+Anorganischen+Chemie&rft.edition=91%E2%80%93100&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-3-11-007511-3&rft.au=Arnold+F.+Holleman%2C+Egon+Wiberg+and+Nils+Wiberg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Greenwood-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Greenwood_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood1997" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, Norman N (1997). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryelement00earn_612"><i>Chemistry of the Elements</i></a></span> (2 ed.). Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistryelement00earn_612/page/n89">69</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-08-037941-8"><bdi>978-0-08-037941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+the+Elements&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=69&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Butterworth-Heinemann&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-08-037941-8&rft.aulast=Greenwood&rft.aufirst=Norman+N&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistryelement00earn_612&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.activex.com.au/reports/2008-09/AIV_20081114_ASX_Announ_Potash_Outlook.pdf">Potash Price Close to all time highs – Future Outlook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090918050005/http://www.activex.com.au/reports/2008-09/AIV_20081114_ASX_Announ_Potash_Outlook.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-09-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved on 2013-06-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091008015109/http://southernstates.com/articles/ca/potash-global.aspx">Potash Around the World</a>. southernstates.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indmin.com/Article/2188737/Channel/0/Potash-global-review-tunnel-vision.html">"Potash global review: tunnel vision"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220331085627/https://www.indmin.com/Article/2188737/Channel/0/Potash-global-review-tunnel-vision.html">Archived</a> 2022-03-31 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Industrial Minerals</i>, May 2009</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Potassio_Do_Brasil-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Potassio_Do_Brasil_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Potassio_Do_Brasil_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.potassiodobrasil.com.br/index.php/pagina/view/9/supply-demand#x1">Supply and Demand</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101210053902/http://www.potassiodobrasil.com.br/index.php/pagina/view/9/supply-demand#x1">Archived</a> 2010-12-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Potash Investing news. February 5, 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.potashinvestingnews.com/354-potash-prices-at-record-high.html">the original</a> on March 16, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 18,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Potash+Prices+Are+Record+High&rft.date=2009-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.potashinvestingnews.com%2F354-potash-prices-at-record-high.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/potash/5-year/">5 Year Potash Prices and Potash Price Charts – InvestmentMine</a>. Infomine.com (2013-05-31). Retrieved on 2013-06-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/potash-prices-idUSL6N0H032X20130905">"Potash prices head for 20 pct drop after cartel disintegrates"</a>. <i>Reuters</i>. 5 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2019</span> – via www.reuters.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Potash+prices+head+for+20+pct+drop+after+cartel+disintegrates&rft.date=2013-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Farticle%2Fpotash-prices-idUSL6N0H032X20130905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/potash/">"Potash Prices and Potash Price Charts"</a>. <i>InfoMine</i>. 2016-04-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=InfoMine&rft.atitle=Potash+Prices+and+Potash+Price+Charts&rft.date=2016-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infomine.com%2Finvestment%2Fmetal-prices%2Fpotash%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ycharts.com/indicators/potassium_chloride_muriate_of_potash_spot_price">"Potash Prices and Potash Price Charts"</a>. <i>ycharts</i>. 2017-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ycharts&rft.atitle=Potash+Prices+and+Potash+Price+Charts&rft.date=2017-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fycharts.com%2Findicators%2Fpotassium_chloride_muriate_of_potash_spot_price&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotash" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /></span></span> This article incorporates <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usgs.gov/information-policies-and-instructions/copyrights-and-credits">public domain material</a> from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals/pubs/commodity/potash/myb1-2008-potas.pdf"><i>Potash</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Geological_Survey" title="United States Geological Survey">United States Geological Survey</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Potash&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fminerals.usgs.gov%2Fminerals%2Fpubs%2Fcommodity%2Fpotash%2Fmyb1-2008-potas.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotash" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Seaver, Frederick J. (1918) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reynoldstonnewyork.org/category/history-of-a-mill-and-logging-community-in-the-northern-new-york-state/history-of-reynoldston-ny/making-potash-in-reynoldston/">"Historical Sketches of Franklin County And Its Several Towns"</a>, J.B Lyons Company, Albany, NY, Section "Making Potash" pp. 27–29</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potash&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110309031121/http://www.mpaulkeeslerbooks.com/Potash.html">They Burned the Woods and Sold the Ashes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inventionandtech.com/content/first-u-s-patent-1">Henry M. Paynter, <i>The First Patent</i>, Invention & Technology, Fall 1990</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=1&p=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&S1=1790$.PD.&OS=ISD/$/$/1790&RS=ISD/1790$$">The First U.S. Patent</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160415181250/http://patft.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-adv.htm&r=1&p=1&f=G&l=50&d=PALL&S1=1790%24.PD.&OS=ISD%2F%24%2F%24%2F1790&RS=ISD%2F1790%24%24">Archived</a> 2016-04-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, issued for a method of potash production</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060107214307/http://www.potashcorp.com/media/flash/world_map/">World Agriculture and Fertilizer Markets Map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071006195305/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Central_Asia/IH01Ag01.html">Russia reaps rich harvest with potash</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/I-joist" title="I-joist">I-joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">Fiberboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">Oriented strand board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_structural_straw_board" title="Oriented structural straw board">Oriented structural straw board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">Structural insulated panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93plastic_composite" title="Wood–plastic composite">Wood–plastic composite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_lumber" title="Composite lumber">lumber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuelwood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelog" title="Firelog">Firelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellet_fuel" title="Pellet fuel">Pellet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">nano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_smoke" title="Liquid smoke">Liquid smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroligneous_acid" title="Pyroligneous acid">Pyroligneous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">By-products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkdust" title="Barkdust">Barkdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">Black liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramial_chipped_wood" title="Ramial chipped wood">Ramial chipped wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood flour">Wood flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">Woodchips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavin_(wood)" title="Bavin (wood)">Bavin (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billet_(wood)" title="Billet (wood)">Billet (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapboard_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapboard (architecture)">Clapboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust_brandy" title="Sawdust brandy">Sawdust brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-rail_fence" title="Split-rail fence">Split-rail fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Wooden masts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Certified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_bamboo" title="Engineered bamboo">Engineered bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakisugi" title="Yakisugi">Yakisugi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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