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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=zh.wikipedia.org&uselang=zh"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-外来词术语的变迁" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外来词术语的变迁"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>外来词术语的变迁</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-外来词术语的变迁-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关外来词术语的变迁子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-外来词术语的变迁-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-外来语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外来语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>外来语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外来语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外来词术语的英汉对照" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外来词术语的英汉对照"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>外来词术语的英汉对照</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外来词术语的英汉对照-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-漢語外來語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#漢語外來語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>漢語外來語</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-漢語外來語-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关漢語外來語子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-漢語外來語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-翻譯方法" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#翻譯方法"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>翻譯方法</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-翻譯方法-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关翻譯方法子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-翻譯方法-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-音譯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音譯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>音譯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音譯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音譯加意譯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音譯加意譯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>音譯加意譯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音譯加意譯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音譯加漢語部分" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音譯加漢語部分"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>音譯加漢語部分</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音譯加漢語部分-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音譯（兼顧漢語意思）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音譯（兼顧漢語意思）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>音譯（兼顧漢語意思）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音譯（兼顧漢語意思）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-音譯（取對應外語中某個部分音譯，化學中多見）" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#音譯（取對應外語中某個部分音譯，化學中多見）"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>音譯（取對應外語中某個部分音譯，化學中多見）</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-音譯（取對應外語中某個部分音譯，化學中多見）-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-直接漢字譯入" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#直接漢字譯入"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>直接漢字譯入</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-直接漢字譯入-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-仿譯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#仿譯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>仿譯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-仿譯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-意譯" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#意譯"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>意譯</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-意譯-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-直接使用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#直接使用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>直接使用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-直接使用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-汉语的外來語列表" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#汉语的外來語列表"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>汉语的外來語列表</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-汉语的外來語列表-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-来自英语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来自英语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10.1</span> <span>来自英语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来自英语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-來自日語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#來自日語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10.2</span> <span>來自日語</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-來自日語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-來自俄语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#來自俄语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10.3</span> <span>來自俄语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-來自俄语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他语言中的外來語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他语言中的外來語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>其他语言中的外來語</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-其他语言中的外來語-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关其他语言中的外來語子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-其他语言中的外來語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-日语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#日语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>日语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-日语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-朝鮮語/韓語" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#朝鮮語/韓語"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>朝鮮語/韓語</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-朝鮮語/韓語-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-越南语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#越南语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>越南语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-越南语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-英语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#英语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>英语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-英语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-法语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#法语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>法语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-法语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-俄语" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#俄语"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>俄语</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-俄语-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考资料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考资料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考资料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考资料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考文獻" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考文獻"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>參考文獻</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考文獻-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">外来语</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。82种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-82" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">82种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leenwoord" title="Leenwoord – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Leenwoord" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B8_%D8%AF%D8%AE%D9%8A%D9%84" title="لفظ دخيل – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لفظ دخيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="كلمه مستعاره – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كلمه مستعاره" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9stamu_lling%C3%BC%C3%ADsticu" title="Préstamu llingüísticu – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Préstamu llingüísticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%85%D8%A7_%D8%B3%D8%A4%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%B1" title="آلینما سؤزلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آلینما سؤزلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanwoat" title="Loanwoat – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Loanwoat" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinubling_kataga" title="Sinubling kataga – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Sinubling kataga" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B" title="Запазычаныя словы – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Запазычаныя словы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Запазычаньне – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Запазычаньне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B8_%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Чужди думи – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Чужди думи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8B%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6" title="ঋণশব্দ – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ঋণশব্দ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amprest_(yezhoniezh)" title="Amprest (yezhoniezh) – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Amprest (yezhoniezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tu%C4%91ica" title="Tuđica – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tuđica" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manlleu_(ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstica)" title="Manlleu (lingüística) – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Manlleu (lingüística)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%88%DB%95%D8%B1%DA%AF%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%88" title="وشەی وەرگیراو – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="وشەی وەرگیراو" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C5%99ejat%C3%A9_slovo" title="Přejaté slovo – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Přejaté slovo" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D1%8B%D1%88%C4%83%D0%BD%D0%BD%C4%83_c%C4%83%D0%BCa%D1%85%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Йышăннă căмaхсем – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Йышăннă căмaхсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gair_benthyg" title="Gair benthyg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gair benthyg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5neord" title="Låneord – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Låneord" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehnwort" title="Lehnwort – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lehnwort" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF_(%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1)" title="Δάνειο (γλώσσα) – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Δάνειο (γλώσσα)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Loanword" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingva_prunto" title="Lingva prunto – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lingva prunto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9stamo_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico" title="Préstamo lingüístico – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Préstamo lingüístico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laens%C3%B5na" title="Laensõna – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laensõna" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%98%D9%87" title="وام‌واژه – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وام‌واژه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lainasana" title="Lainasana – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lainasana" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emprunt_lexical" title="Emprunt lexical – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Emprunt lexical" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lienwurd" title="Lienwurd – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lienwurd" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iasacht_(focal)" title="Iasacht (focal) – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iasacht (focal)" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9stamo_ling%C3%BC%C3%ADstico" title="Préstamo lingüístico – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Préstamo lingüístico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%94_%D7%A9%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מילה שאולה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מילה שאולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="आगत शब्द – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="आगत शब्द" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Posu%C4%91enice" title="Posuđenice – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Posuđenice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%BE%C4%8Donka" title="Požčonka – 上索布语" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Požčonka" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="上索布语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B6vev%C3%A9nysz%C3%B3" title="Jövevényszó – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Jövevényszó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%B8%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Փոխառություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փոխառություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_serapan" title="Kata serapan – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kata serapan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B6kuor%C3%B0" title="Tökuorð – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Tökuorð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prestito_linguistico" title="Prestito linguistico – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prestito linguistico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E7%94%A8%E8%AA%9E" title="借用語 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="借用語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/fu%27ivla" title="fu'ivla – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="fu'ivla" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%96%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5_%D1%81%D3%A9%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Кірме сөздер – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кірме сөздер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%96%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%85%E1%9E%B8" title="ពាក្យកម្ចី – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ពាក្យកម្ចី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%99%B8%EB%9E%98%EC%96%B4" title="외래어 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="외래어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Кабылдоо – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Кабылдоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li%C3%A8nwoord" title="Liènwoord – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Liènwoord" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skolinys" title="Skolinys – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Skolinys" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aizguvums" title="Aizguvums – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Aizguvums" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Заемка – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Заемка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F_%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="കടം കൊണ്ട വാക്ക് – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കടം കൊണ്ട വാക്ക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kata_pinjaman" title="Kata pinjaman – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kata pinjaman" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Ушовал – 厄尔兹亚语" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ушовал" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="厄尔兹亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehnwoort" title="Lehnwoort – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Lehnwoort" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leynwoord" title="Leynwoord – 低萨克森语" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Leynwoord" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="低萨克森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leenwoord" title="Leenwoord – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Leenwoord" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5nord" title="Lånord – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lånord" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5nord" title="Lånord – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lånord" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zapo%C5%BCyczenie_j%C4%99zykowe" title="Zapożyczenie językowe – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Zapożyczenie językowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Empr%C3%A9stimo_(lingu%C3%ADstica)" title="Empréstimo (linguística) – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Empréstimo (linguística)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Заимствование – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Заимствование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8_%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Киирии тыл – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Киирии тыл" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%B1" title="ඉල්ලාගත් වචන – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉල්ලාගත් වචන" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Loanword" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prevzeta_beseda" title="Prevzeta beseda – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Prevzeta beseda" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fjala_e_huazuar" title="Fjala e huazuar – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fjala e huazuar" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pozajmljenice" title="Pozajmljenice – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Pozajmljenice" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leenwoud" title="Leenwoud – 沙特菲士蘭文" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Leenwoud" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="沙特菲士蘭文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A5nord" title="Lånord – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lånord" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utohozi" title="Utohozi – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Utohozi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8A%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="கடன்சொல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கடன்சொல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%A6%E0%B0%82" title="అరువు పదం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అరువు పదం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%A1" title="คำยืม – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คำยืม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Al%C4%B1nt%C4%B1_kelime" title="Alıntı kelime – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alıntı kelime" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Алынма – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Алынма" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Мовне запозичення – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мовне запозичення" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%AE%DB%8C%D9%84_%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B8" title="دخیل لفظ – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دخیل لفظ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BB%AB_m%C6%B0%E1%BB%A3n" title="Từ mượn – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Từ mượn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calcaedje_(linwince)" title="Calcaedje (linwince) – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Calcaedje (linwince)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="外来语 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="外来语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chioh-%C4%93ng-j%C4%AB" title="Chioh-ēng-jī – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chioh-ēng-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" title="借詞 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="借詞" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" 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</div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20140909-0248_Costa_Mesa_Mitsuwa.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/20140909-0248_Costa_Mesa_Mitsuwa.JPG/220px-20140909-0248_Costa_Mesa_Mitsuwa.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/20140909-0248_Costa_Mesa_Mitsuwa.JPG/330px-20140909-0248_Costa_Mesa_Mitsuwa.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/20140909-0248_Costa_Mesa_Mitsuwa.JPG/440px-20140909-0248_Costa_Mesa_Mitsuwa.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4512" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><b>Tofu</b>是<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>从<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="日语">日语</a>词<b>Tōfu</b>借来的，音译自日语汉字词"豆腐（とうふ）"。 <a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AF%AD" title="日语">日语</a>词<b>Tōfu</b>本身是从<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%AD" title="汉语">汉语</a>词"豆腐"<i>dòufu</i>借来的。</figcaption></figure> <p><b>外來語</b>，又稱為<b>外來詞</b>、<b>借用語</b>、<b>借詞</b>（loanword），是一種<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80" title="語言">語言</a>從別的語言借來的辭彙。一般情況下，外來詞不包括意譯詞，僅指那些連音帶義吸收的詞彙<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外来词术语的变迁"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E6.9D.A5.E8.AF.8D.E6.9C.AF.E8.AF.AD.E7.9A.84.E5.8F.98.E8.BF.81"></span>外来词术语的变迁</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：外来词术语的变迁"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>现代以前，汉语曾使用过“译语”“译名”“译词”“外国语”等词来指称外来词。 “译语”唐代首先开始使用，指经过翻译的语词。至明清两代即开始用“译语”来命名译馆（会同馆、四夷馆）所编撰之“华夷译语”。同时还有使用至今的“译名”，但含义笼统，既可指意译词也可指音译词。随着“词”的概念和名称在汉语中出现并固定下来，也开始出现“译词”一名。“外国语”则是通俗说法，并非正式的术语。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外来语"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E6.9D.A5.E8.AF.AD"></span>外来语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：外来语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>近代作为正式的科学术语是从「外来语」开始的。「外来语」一词是20世纪初（1902年）从日语借入的，一直到1950年代初，主要限于指完全或部分音译的词，此外还增指从日语借入的汉字词。现在「外来语」主要在日语学界及台湾的语言学家，以及在讨论外来词范围的问题时使用，而「外来词」主要由中国大陆学者使用。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="外来词术语的英汉对照"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E6.9D.A5.E8.AF.8D.E6.9C.AF.E8.AF.AD.E7.9A.84.E8.8B.B1.E6.B1.89.E5.AF.B9.E7.85.A7"></span>外来词术语的英汉对照</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：外来词术语的英汉对照"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>loan word——指采用直接引用、音译或仿译等手段从另一种语言（包括方言）引进的词。该词是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a><b>Lehnwort</b>的英语仿译词，翻译为“借词”或“借用词”。日语至今仍用“外来语”对应。 </p><p>alien word——主要指直接来自另一种语言的词，一般不包含意譯或仿译。直译为“外国词”。 </p><p>foreign word——指从外国语中进来的词，相当于“外国语”。该词是德语<b>Fremdwort</b>的英语仿译词。日语“外国语”一词即由此翻译而来，但以后又以loan word来对应。 </p><p>calque/loan translation——指按照外来语词的语素构成的逐一意译的词语。一般翻译为“仿译”、“借译”、“仿造”。 </p><p>德語世界的外來語(Lehnwort)尤指已經本土化得聽不出也看不出是外語的詞，比如一個漢人說“我看<i><a href="/wiki/%E9%90%B3%E5%B0%84%E5%BD%B1%E7%A2%9F" title="鐳射影碟">鐳射（Laser）影碟</a></i>”、“他上<i>麻</i>省理工”。而外國語(Fremdwort)尤指一聽或一看就知道是外語的詞，比如一個漢人說“我看<i>LD</i>”、“他上<i>MIT</i>”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="漢語外來語"><span id=".E6.BC.A2.E8.AA.9E.E5.A4.96.E4.BE.86.E8.AA.9E"></span>漢語外來語</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：漢語外來語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>公元二世纪，佛经初次通过<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%9F%9F" title="西域">西域</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%9F%E5%85%B9%E8%AF%AD" title="龟兹语">龟兹语</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BD%97%E8%AF%AD" title="吐火罗语">吐火罗语</a>）翻译成汉语，这时的外来语包括<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E9%97%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="沙门">沙门</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E5%BD%8C" title="沙彌">沙弥</a>、波逸提、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%BA%E5%AE%B6" title="出家">出家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E9%81%93" title="外道">外道</a>等。</li> <li>隋唐时期第二次大规模从<a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%B5%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="梵文">梵文</a>佛经翻译成汉语，引入大批佛教、地理外来语：信度河、五印度、<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80" title="摩揭陀">摩揭陀</a>、缚喝、锐秣陀、胡寔健、呾剌健、揭职、梵衍那、<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%BB%E6%B5%AE%E6%8F%90" class="mw-redirect" title="閻浮提">閻浮提</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%BD%E8%97%8D" title="伽藍">伽藍</a>、无着菩萨、<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%A3%E5%A0%B5%E6%B3%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="窣堵波">窣堵波</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%8D%E5%88%A9" title="舍利">舍利</a>、迦腻色迦、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%85%E7%9B%98" class="mw-redirect" title="涅盘">涅盘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%96%E4%BA%B2" title="世亲">世亲</a>、卑钵罗树、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B9%E9%82%A3" title="刹那">刹那</a>等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%8B%E6%9C%9D" title="宋朝">宋朝</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E6%B4%8B" title="南洋">南洋</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B" title="西洋">西洋</a>各国通商，引入第三波来自<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="阿拉伯语">阿拉伯语</a>的外来语如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%9B%E9%BD%90" title="三佛齐">三佛齐</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E9%A9%AC%E4%BB%A4" title="单马令">单马令</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%8C%E7%89%99%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="凌牙斯加">凌牙斯加</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%89" class="mw-redirect" title="佛罗安">佛罗安</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E6%8B%96" class="mw-redirect" title="新拖">新拖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%91%E7%AF%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="监篦">监篦</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B0%E6%97%A0%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="兰无里">兰无里</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%86%E5%85%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="细兰（页面不存在）">细兰</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%90%89%E4%B8%B9" title="苏吉丹">苏吉丹</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E6%AF%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南毗（页面不存在）">南毗</a>、 <a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E8%8C%B6%E8%BE%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="胡茶辣">胡茶辣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E5%9B%89%E5%8D%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="麻囉华">麻囉华</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%97%E5%B0%BC%E5%8D%8E%E5%9B%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="南尼华囉（页面不存在）">南尼华囉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E5%98%89" class="mw-redirect" title="麻嘉">麻嘉</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B1%82%E6%8B%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="层拔（页面不存在）">层拔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%AE%E8%9B%AE%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="瓮蛮国">瓮蛮国</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%BE%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="白达">白达</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%BD%E5%8E%AE%E7%A6%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="忽厮离">忽厮离</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%B0%E7%9A%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="木兰皮">木兰皮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%BD%E9%87%8C%E9%87%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="斯伽里野">斯伽里野</a>等。 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E9%A6%99" title="乳香">乳香</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%A1%E8%8D%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="没药">没药</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%8B%89" title="安拉">阿拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%92%83" title="琉璃">琉璃</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%98%87%E5%90%88%E9%A6%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蘇合香（页面不存在）">蘇合香</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%A6%E8%8D%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="芦荟">芦荟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%A6%99" class="mw-disambig" title="木香">木香</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%9F%E6%A6%94" class="mw-redirect" title="槟榔">槟榔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%A0%E8%90%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="菠萝">菠罗</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%B4%E6%A7%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="榴槤">榴槤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%92%E6%9E%9C" title="芒果">芒果</a>。</li></ul></li> <li>明朝西方<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E7%A8%A3%E4%BC%9A" title="耶稣会">耶稣会</a>士来华，引入第四波外来语：如亚细亚（<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="亞洲">亞洲</a>）、印地亚（<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a>）、欧罗巴（<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E6%B4%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="歐洲">歐洲</a>）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9" title="意大利">意大利</a>、拂郎机、亚非利加（<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%B4%B2" title="非洲">非洲</a>）、亚美利加（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E6%B4%B2" title="美洲">美洲</a>）等</li> <li>晚清至今：由于学习世界各国的文化和科学技术，不少外来语大量涌入，至今仍在增长中。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="翻譯方法"><span id=".E7.BF.BB.E8.AD.AF.E6.96.B9.E6.B3.95"></span>翻譯方法</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：翻譯方法"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>的外來詞的形式有<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="音譯">音譯</a>、義譯、音譯加表意性質、音義兼譯、直接<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%80%9F%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="借用（页面不存在）">借用</a>、轉譯等形式。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音譯"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E8.AD.AF"></span>音譯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：音譯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>直接按照原語言辭彙的發音轉換成漢語辭彙。像漢語翻譯規則規定對於傳統上非漢字國家的地理名稱、人名按音譯直接翻譯： <ul><li>來自<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="東南亞">東南亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="南亞">南亞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="西亞">西亞</a>語言等直譯詞彙： <a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E7%81%AB%E7%BE%85" class="mw-disambig" title="吐火羅">吐火羅</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%8F%AD%E9%99%80" title="摩揭陀">摩揭陀</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E9%A6%B1%E9%82%8F%E5%9C%8B" title="健馱邏國">健馱邏國</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="真臘">真臘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%B2%E7%94%98" title="蒲甘">蒲甘</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E4%BD%9B%E9%BD%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="三佛齊">三佛齊</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%BD%E4%BB%96" class="mw-disambig" title="巽他">新拖</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%AB%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="錫蘭">細蘭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E9%87%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="古里">古里</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%A3%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="大食">大食</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8A%A0" title="麥加">麻嘉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E7%BB%99%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="桑给巴尔">层拔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%9B%BC" title="阿曼">瓮蛮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8A%A0" title="麥加">麻嘉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%A0%BC%E8%BE%BE" title="巴格达">白达</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E5%85%B0%E7%9A%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="木兰皮">木兰皮</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B2%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="西西里岛">斯伽里野</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%B4%9B%E5%93%A5" title="摩洛哥">默伽猎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B8%A4%E6%B3%A5" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="渤泥">渤泥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BB%A1%E8%80%85%E4%BC%AF%E5%A4%B7" title="满者伯夷">满者伯夷</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%AD%E7%94%B2" title="马六甲">马六甲</a>等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B" title="佛">佛</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E9%99%80" class="mw-redirect" title="佛陀">佛陀</a>、南无、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%B9%E9%82%A3" title="刹那">刹那</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="蜜">蜜</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E9%A6%99" title="乳香">乳香</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%A1%E8%8D%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="没药">没药</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="阿拉">阿拉</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E7%92%83" title="琉璃">琉璃</a>、蘇合香、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%A6%E8%8D%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="芦荟">芦荟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E9%A6%99" class="mw-disambig" title="木香">木香</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A7%9F%E6%A6%94" class="mw-redirect" title="槟榔">槟榔</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%87%A4%E6%A2%A8" title="凤梨">波萝</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%B4%E6%A7%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="榴槤">榴槤</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%92%E6%9E%9C" title="芒果">芒果</a>等。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%89%93" class="mw-redirect" title="苏打">苏打</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF" title="瓦斯">瓦斯</a>等。</li> <li>如<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E9%87%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%8D%A1" title="斯里蘭卡">斯里蘭卡</a>（Sri Lanka）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="紐約">紐約</a>（New York）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="阿皮亞">阿皮亞</a> （Apia）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E9%81%94%E6%9E%97" class="mw-redirect" title="史達林">史達林</a>（<span lang="ru">სტალინი / Сталин</span>）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E9%81%94" class="mw-redirect" title="馬達">馬達</a> （Motor）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%99%BC" title="沙發">沙發</a>（Sofa）等。在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A3%92%E7%90%83" title="棒球">棒球</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AF%E8%AF%AD" title="术语">術語</a>中的紅不讓，直接音譯全壘打Home Run而來。</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音譯加意譯"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E8.AD.AF.E5.8A.A0.E6.84.8F.E8.AD.AF"></span>音譯加意譯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：音譯加意譯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="剑桥">康桥</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%80%9D%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" title="马克思主义">馬克思主义</a>（Marxism）…… <ul><li>地名中的東西南北大小新舊等部分，各種語言普遍採取意譯，漢語亦然：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" class="mw-disambig" title="南印度">南印度</a>（South India）、西太平洋、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%A5%BF%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="新西蘭">新西蘭</a>（New Zealand，台灣及港澳翻译為「紐西蘭」，是單純音譯）</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音譯加漢語部分"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E8.AD.AF.E5.8A.A0.E6.BC.A2.E8.AA.9E.E9.83.A8.E5.88.86"></span>音譯加漢語部分</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：音譯加漢語部分"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>，加入部分多表示該詞類屬：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A0%E5%9F%8E" title="占城">占城</a>（“占”為音譯，“城”為漢語加入部分）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%AD%E8%95%BE%E8%88%9E" title="芭蕾舞">芭蕾舞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%A4%E9%85%92" title="啤酒">啤酒</a>、波羅毬（来自波斯语polo），“卡片”（card），馬鮫魚，摩托車，紅毛丹……</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音譯（兼顧漢語意思）"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E8.AD.AF.EF.BC.88.E5.85.BC.E9.A1.A7.E6.BC.A2.E8.AA.9E.E6.84.8F.E6.80.9D.EF.BC.89"></span>音譯（兼顧漢語意思）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：音譯（兼顧漢語意思）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%BD%E6%B5%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="幽浮">幽浮</a>（UFO）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%AD%E5%AE%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="駭客">駭客</a>（hacker）、基因（gene）……（參考：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E4%B9%89%E5%85%BC%E8%AF%91" title="音义兼译">音義對應翻譯</a>）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="音譯（取對應外語中某個部分音譯，化學中多見）"><span id=".E9.9F.B3.E8.AD.AF.EF.BC.88.E5.8F.96.E5.B0.8D.E6.87.89.E5.A4.96.E8.AA.9E.E4.B8.AD.E6.9F.90.E5.80.8B.E9.83.A8.E5.88.86.E9.9F.B3.E8.AD.AF.EF.BC.8C.E5.8C.96.E5.AD.B8.E4.B8.AD.E5.A4.9A.E8.A6.8B.EF.BC.89"></span>音譯（取對應外語中某個部分音譯，化學中多見）</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：音譯（取對應外語中某個部分音譯，化學中多見）"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>：如钡、钒、镭、镧、铀、氟、氡、氦、氘……</li> <li>選取古漢語已有漢字音譯或新造形聲字音譯</li> <li>：如<a href="/wiki/%E9%B4%AF%E9%B6%93" class="mw-redirect" title="鴯鶓">鴯鶓</a>、<a href="/wiki/%F0%AA%84%B3%E9%B7%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="𪄳鷎">𪄳鷎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B6%86%E4%B4%88" class="mw-redirect" title="鶆䴈">鶆䴈</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E3%BA%A2%E3%B9%A2%E7%8B%93" title="㺢㹢狓">㺢㹢狓</a>等等</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="直接漢字譯入"><span id=".E7.9B.B4.E6.8E.A5.E6.BC.A2.E5.AD.97.E8.AD.AF.E5.85.A5"></span>直接漢字譯入</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：直接漢字譯入"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>：對傳統上使用漢字國家，按照該詞漢字寫法直接引入，但讀音用漢語讀音，而非譯入語讀音。多見於日語外來詞：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟">經濟</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="科學">科學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E7%94%A2%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="共產主義">共產主義</a>等 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語">日語</a>外來語多為直接<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97" class="mw-redirect" title="漢字">漢字</a>譯入（見<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%8C%E8%A3%BD%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="和製漢語">和製漢語</a>），但也有少數音譯詞，如<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%BB%E6%A6%BB%E7%B1%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="榻榻米">榻榻米</a>（たたみ）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9C%E4%B8%8D%E8%BE%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="甜不辣">甜不辣</a>（てんぷら）等</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="仿譯"><span id=".E4.BB.BF.E8.AD.AF"></span>仿譯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：仿譯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>（將譯入語的詞彙逐詞譯為漢語詞彙，語序多保持不變）：如<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E7%8B%97" title="熱狗">熱狗</a>（hot dog）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BF" title="黑板">黑板</a>（black board）等</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="意譯"><span id=".E6.84.8F.E8.AD.AF"></span>意譯</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：意譯"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>（概念來自外語，用漢語詞彙創造新詞）：<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="電腦">電腦</a>（computer）、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="互聯網">互聯網</a>（Internet, <a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%AF%E7%B6%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="互聯網">互聯網</a>是意譯，因特網是<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="音譯">音譯</a>加<a href="/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E8%AD%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="意譯">意譯</a>）等</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="直接使用"><span id=".E7.9B.B4.E6.8E.A5.E4.BD.BF.E7.94.A8"></span>直接使用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：直接使用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>按照原語言<a href="/wiki/%E8%AA%9E%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="語法">語法</a>規則直接借用外來詞彙和文字，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF" title="香港">香港</a>常用的張sir（張先生）、你好Happy、OK、演藝界常說的<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%AD%E5%BD%99" class="mw-redirect" title="辭彙">辭彙</a>NG等等形式。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="汉语的外來語列表"><span id=".E6.B1.89.E8.AF.AD.E7.9A.84.E5.A4.96.E4.BE.86.E8.AA.9E.E5.88.97.E8.A1.A8"></span>汉语的外來語列表</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：汉语的外來語列表"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="来自英语"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E8.87.AA.E8.8B.B1.E8.AF.AD"></span>来自英语</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节：来自英语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>本表只列入非专有名词。人名、地名、商标、商品名等专有名词绝大多数都是音译词，数量巨大，不列入。 </p> <ul><li>食物：<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%90%E5%8F%B8" title="吐司">吐司</a>（toast）、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB" title="三明治">三明治</a>（sandwich）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%AB%E8%96%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="披薩">披薩</a>（義大利語：<span lang="it">pizza</span>）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A7%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%9B" title="巧克力">巧克力</a>（Chocolate）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%96%E5%95%A1" title="咖啡">咖啡</a>（coffee）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%AF%E6%A8%82" class="mw-redirect" title="可樂">可樂</a>（cola）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="芝士">芝士</a>（cheese）</li> <li>交通：<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%A9%E6%89%98%E8%BB%8A" title="摩托車">摩托車</a>（Motorcycle）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="巴士">巴士</a>（bus）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%9F%E5%8F%AF%E9%81%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="速可達（页面不存在）">速可達</a>（scooter）。</li> <li>服装：<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%B7%E4%BD%A0%E8%A3%99" title="迷你裙">迷你裙</a>（miniskirt）的「迷你」、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%9F%BA%E5%B0%BC%E6%B3%B3%E8%A1%A3" title="比基尼泳衣">比基尼</a>（bikini）、<a href="/wiki/T%E6%81%A4" title="T恤">T恤</a>（T-shirt）</li> <li>数学：<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="拓扑学">拓扑</a>（topology）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑">逻辑</a>（logic）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BE%E5%88%86%E6%AF%94" title="百分比">趴/巴仙</a>（percent，經日語引入縮略）</li> <li>物理：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%B8%E5%85%8B" title="夸克">夸克</a>（quark）</li> <li>化学：大多数化学元素、有机物等，如<a href="/wiki/%E9%93%80" class="mw-redirect" title="铀">铀</a>（uranium）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="嘧啶">嘧啶</a>（pyrimidine）</li> <li>生物学：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>（gene）</li> <li>地球科学：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E9%80%9A" title="克拉通">克拉通</a>（craton）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%B0%E8%B2%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="喀斯特地貌">喀斯特地貌</a>（Karst） <ul><li>很多地质年代名称是从英语经由日语引入汉语的，如：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%92%E6%AD%A6%E7%BA%AA" title="寒武纪">寒武纪</a>（Cambrian）</li></ul></li> <li>医学：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%8B%E5%B7%B4" title="淋巴">淋巴</a>（lymph）、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E5%85%8B" title="休克">休克</a>（shock）、 <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E4%BB%96%E5%91%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="维他命">维他命</a>（vitamin）</li> <li>机械：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B5" title="泵">泵</a>（pump）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%80" class="mw-redirect" title="阀">阀</a>（valve）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0_(%E6%9C%BA%E6%A2%B0)" title="法兰 (机械)">法兰</a>（flange）</li> <li>藝術：<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%A4%AA%E5%A5%87" title="蒙太奇">蒙太奇</a>（法語：Montage）、馬賽克（Mosaic）</li> <li>音樂：<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E9%A2%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="麥克風">麥克風</a>（microphone）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E5%A3%AB%E9%A2%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="色士風">色士風</a>（saxophone）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E4%BB%96" title="吉他">吉他</a>（guitar）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%92%AA" class="mw-disambig" title="咪">咪</a>（mic）</li> <li>軍事：<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%A6%E5%85%8B" title="坦克">坦克</a>（tank）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%B2%E7%B4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="聲納">聲納</a>（sonar）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%E8%BE%BE" title="雷达">雷达</a>（radar）</li> <li>運動：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E6%8B%89%E6%9D%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="馬拉松">馬拉松</a>（marathon）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%AB%E7%90%83" title="高爾夫球">高爾夫球</a>（golf）、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E9%BD%A1%E7%90%83" title="保齡球">保齡球</a>（bowling）</li> <li>单位：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="米 (单位)">米</a>（metre）、盎司（ounce）、磅（pound）、噸（ton）</li> <li>網路用語：<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E5%9B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="哈囉">哈囉</a>（hello）、嗨（hi）、十卜（support）、黑特（hate）</li> <li>其他：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-disambig" title="卡">卡</a>（card）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%AF%E8%91%9B" title="杯葛">杯葛</a>（boycott）、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E6%98%8E%E9%A3%9B%E8%A1%8C%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="不明飛行物">幽浮</a>（UFO）、<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B6%E8%A6%AA" title="父親">爹地</a>（daddy）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AA%BD%E5%92%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="媽咪">媽咪</a>（mummy）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E5%AE%A2" title="黑客">黑客</a>（hacker）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%8A%E5%88%A5" title="告別">掰掰</a>（bye bye，問候語）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BE%E8%85%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="图腾">图腾</a>（totem）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%B8%E5%87%8C" title="霸凌">霸凌</a>（bully）、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B9%A6%E6%9E%81" title="蹦极">蹦极</a>（bungee）、<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%95%A6%E5%9C%88" class="mw-redirect" title="呼啦圈">呼啦圈</a>（hula hoop）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B7%E5%84%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="酷儿">酷儿</a>（queer）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A1%91%E6%8B%BF" title="桑拿">桑拿</a>（sauna）</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="來自日語"><span id=".E4.BE.86.E8.87.AA.E6.97.A5.E8.AA.9E"></span>來自日語</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节：來自日語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" title="漢語中的日語借詞">漢語中的日語借詞</a></div> <p>現代中文有大量的日語借詞。 </p> <ul><li>日本人自造的汉字词：</li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E8%A9%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="電話">電話</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B9%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="幹部">幹部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A3%BD%E5%8F%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="壽司">壽司</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E9%87%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="方針">方針</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E7%AD%96" title="政策">政策</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%95%86%E6%A5%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="商業">商業</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B9%B9%E9%83%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="幹部">幹部</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%A5%E5%BA%B7" title="健康">健康</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A4%BE%E6%9C%83%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="社會主義">社會主義</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%96%E7%B7%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="取締">取締</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E6%B8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="引渡">引渡</a>、樣、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%8B%E7%BA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="手續（页面不存在）">手續</a>、具體的、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%AE%E7%9A%84" class="mw-redirect" title="目的">目的</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A9%E5%8B%99" title="義務">義務</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%95%B6%E4%BA%8B%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="當事者（页面不存在）">當事者</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%B7%E5%88%B6%E5%9F%B7%E8%A1%8C" title="強制執行">強制執行</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A0%B4%E5%90%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="場合（页面不存在）">場合</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%93%E6%B6%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="打消（页面不存在）">打消</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E5%91%98%E4%BB%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="动员令">動員令</a>、無某某之必要（…の必要がない）、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BB%A3%E5%83%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="代價（页面不存在）">代價</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%BA%E6%9D%83%E4%BA%BA" title="债权人">債權人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B5%E5%8B%99%E4%BA%BA" title="債務人">債務人</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原素（页面不存在）">原素</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A6%81%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="要素（页面不存在）">要素</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%81%B6%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="偶素（页面不存在）">偶素</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%B8%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="常素（页面不存在）">常素</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%90%8D%E5%AE%B3%E8%B3%A0%E5%84%9F" title="損害賠償">損害賠償</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E4%BA%BA" title="法人">法人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8D%E5%A9%9A%E7%BD%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="重婚罪">重婚罪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E6%86%91" class="mw-redirect" title="文憑">文憑</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B2%E5%BE%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="盲從（页面不存在）">盲從</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%92%E5%A4%96" class="mw-redirect" title="排外">排外</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E6%95%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公敵（页面不存在）">公敵</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%A8%E8%B6%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="旨趣（页面不存在）">旨趣</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%89%80" title="派出所">派出所</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%86%B2%E5%85%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="憲兵">憲兵</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%A2%E5%AF%9F%E5%AE%98" title="檢察官">檢察官</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="水体">水体</a> </p> <ul><li>以下词汇为汉语原有词汇，日本人用其对译外语词汇，赋予新含义，此后又传回中国，这种过程被称作“<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E8%AF%8D%E5%9B%9E%E6%94%B6" title="借词回收">借词回收</a>”： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%93%E6%BF%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="經濟">經濟</a>：《晋书·殷浩传》：「足下沉识淹长，思综通练，起而明之，足以经济。」</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="共和">共和</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E8%A1%8C%E6%94%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="共和行政">共和行政</a>。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%8A%E5%88%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="權利">權利</a>：《荀子·劝学》：「君子知夫不全不粹之不足以为美也……是故权利不能倾也，群众不能移也。」</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB" title="政治">政治</a>：《书·毕命》：「道洽政治，泽润生命。」</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E7%B9%94" class="mw-disambig" title="組織">組織</a>：《呂氏春秋·先己》「《詩》曰：‘執轡如組’」漢·高誘注：「組讀組織之組。夫組織之匠，成文於手，猶良御執轡於手而調馬口，以致萬里也。」</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%9B%E7%94%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="衛生">衛生</a>：《莊子·庚桑楚》：「老子曰：‘衛生之經，能抱一乎？’」郭象注：「防衛其生，令合道也。」</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AD%A6%E5%AF%9F" title="警察">警察</a>：唐玄奘《大唐西域记·蓝摩国》：「野象群行，采花以散，冥力警察，初无间替。」古义警戒监察，与今义没有关联，此义是日本人自造。（中文里警察是个人或集体，日语里警察是机构，而警察官作为个人或集体）</li></ul></li> <li>以下词语的意义皆是古已有之，并非日本人赋予的新意义，因此不算从日语引入的外来语，但这些词汇常被误认为是日语传入的： <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="革命">革命</a>：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%A4%E6%AD%A6%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="汤武革命">汤武革命</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E9%BE%99%E9%9D%A9%E5%91%BD" title="神龙革命">神龙革命</a>，古义与今义几无差别。</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%80%E7%82%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="所為（页面不存在）">所為</a>：《易·繫辭上》：「知變化之道者，其知神之所為乎！」晉·陸機《吊魏武帝文》序：「諸舍中無所為，學作履組賣也。」</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C" title="政府">政府</a>：《资治通鉴·唐宣宗大中二年》：「前凤翔节度使石雄诣政府自陈黑山、乌岭之功，求一镇以终老。」</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%80%E5%BE%8B" title="紀律">紀律</a>：《左傳·桓公二年》：「百官於是乎戒懼而不敢易紀律。」</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%97%E6%97%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宗旨（页面不存在）">宗旨</a>：《北齐书·儒林传·孙灵晖》：「灵晖年七岁，便好学，日诵数千言，唯寻讨惠蔚手录章疏，不求师友。《三礼》及三《传》，皆通宗旨。」</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA" title="封建">封建</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>：柳宗元《<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%81%E5%BB%BA%E8%AB%96" title="封建論">封建论</a>》，中国之“封建”一词与英文之feudalism有相同之处，此义非日本人自造。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E7%B4%84" class="mw-redirect" title="契約">契約</a>：《魏書·鹿悆傳》：「契約既固，未旬，綜果降。」</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="來自俄语"><span id=".E4.BE.86.E8.87.AA.E4.BF.84.E8.AF.AD"></span>來自俄语</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节：來自俄语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="漢語中的俄語借詞（页面不存在）">漢語中的俄語借詞</a></div> <p>現代中文有大量的俄語借詞。1984年上海辞书出版社出版的《汉语外来词词典》（刘正琰）列出398个、共32类。其中音译词208个，占52%。 </p> <ul><li>政治词汇：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83" title="苏维埃">苏维埃</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B" title="布尔什维克">布尔什维克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E4%BB%80%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B" title="孟什维克">孟什维克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E6%B4%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="托派">托派</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E7%88%BE%E4%BB%80%E7%B6%AD%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="布爾什維主義">布尔什维主义</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%A2%E9%87%8C%E7%A9%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="客里空（页面不存在）">客里空</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%99%E7%9A%87" title="沙皇">沙皇</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A7%86%E6%9E%97%E5%AE%AB" title="克里姆林宫">克里姆林宫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%E7%A4%BE" title="塔斯社">塔斯社</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9C%E5%B9%B2%E4%BA%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="东干人">东干人</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E8%B5%AB%E4%B8%BB%E4%B9%89" class="mw-redirect" title="马赫主义">马赫主义</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E8%BE%BE%E6%B1%89%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E5%B7%A5%E4%BD%9C%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯达汉诺夫工作者（页面不存在）">斯达汉诺夫工作者</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E4%BF%84" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="苏俄">苏俄</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%84%E8%8B%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="俄苏（页面不存在）">俄苏</a>、苏式、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B4%A9%E5%BE%97" title="崩得">崩得</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%9C%E9%A9%AC" title="杜马">杜马</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E5%8D%A1" title="契卡">契卡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%A0%BC%E5%8B%83" title="克格勃">克格勃</a></li> <li>文学词汇：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马尼洛夫精神（页面不存在）">马尼洛夫精神</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%8B%83%E6%B4%9B%E6%91%A9%E5%A4%AB%E6%80%A7%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥勃洛摩夫性格（页面不存在）">奥勃洛摩夫性格</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%B1%E9%87%91%E4%B9%8B%E6%B5%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴拉莱金之流（页面不存在）">巴拉莱金之流</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%B3%BB" title="斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基体系">斯坦尼斯拉夫斯基体系</a>、波特鲁什卡</li> <li>经济词汇：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E5%B8%83" title="卢布">卢布</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="戈比">戈比</a>、</li> <li>技术词汇：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%9C%E5%9B%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="康拜因">康拜因</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%8E%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="嘎斯">嘎斯</a>（指煤气）、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%96%E6%8B%89%E6%9C%BA" title="拖拉机">拖拉机</a></li> <li>餐饮词汇：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9%E5%8A%A0" title="伏特加">伏特加</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E7%93%A6%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="克瓦斯">克瓦斯</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E6%9E%97%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马林果（页面不存在）">马林果</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%90%88%E7%83%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="马合烟">马合烟</a>、苏泊汤、列巴、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%8B%E6%B1%A4" title="罗宋汤">罗宋汤</a></li> <li>衣饰词汇：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%90%89" class="mw-redirect" title="布拉吉">布拉吉</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%8B%E5%B8%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗宋帽（页面不存在）">罗宋帽</a></li> <li>计量词汇：<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="普特">普特</a></li> <li>军事词汇：<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%80%E7%A7%8B%E8%8E%8E%E7%81%AB%E7%AE%AD%E7%82%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="喀秋莎火箭炮">喀秋莎</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%A0%BC%E9%A3%9E%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="米格飞机">米格飞机</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%B2%81%E4%B9%8C" title="格鲁乌">格鲁乌</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%BB%E6%94%BF%E6%B2%BB%E9%83%A8" class="mw-disambig" title="总政治部">总政治部</a></li> <li>娱乐词汇：巴扬</li></ul> <p>更广义的“俄源词”是指<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，受俄语原词影响而在汉语中产生的、造词依据俄语原词的某个要素的汉语新词，如“<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E8%81%94%E7%BA%A2%E5%86%9B" title="苏联红军">红军</a>”、“<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%89%B2%E6%81%90%E6%80%96" title="白色恐怖">白色恐怖</a>”、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E5%85%88%E9%98%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="少先队">少先队</a>、共青团、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%B3%E6%A8%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="劳模">劳模</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%94%E5%85%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="联共">联共</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%8C%AA" title="白匪">白匪</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%86%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="白军">白军</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%8D%80" class="mw-redirect" title="白區">白区</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%8C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="苏区">苏区</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E8%AF%AD%E8%A7%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="外语角（页面不存在）">外语角</a>、文学角、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%BE%E4%B9%A6%E8%A7%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="图书角（页面不存在）">图书角</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%9D%BF%E6%8A%A5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑板报（页面不存在）">黑板报</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%91%E5%B9%B4%E5%AE%AB" title="少年宫">少年宫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%AE%AE_(%E4%B8%AD%E8%8F%AF%E4%BA%BA%E6%B0%91%E5%85%B1%E5%92%8C%E5%9C%8B)" title="文化宮 (中華人民共和國)">文化宫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%9D%E8%A1%93%E5%AE%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="藝術宮">艺术宫</a>、民族宫、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E5%AE%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工人文化宫（页面不存在）">工人文化宫</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E6%B0%91%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E4%BA%94%E5%B9%B4%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="国民经济五年计划">国民经济五年计划</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="其他语言中的外來語"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E8.AF.AD.E8.A8.80.E4.B8.AD.E7.9A.84.E5.A4.96.E4.BE.86.E8.AA.9E"></span>其他语言中的外來語</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节：其他语言中的外來語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="日语"><span id=".E6.97.A5.E8.AF.AD"></span>日语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节：日语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語中的法語借詞">日語中的法語借詞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語中的德語借詞">日語中的德語借詞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語中的荷蘭語借詞">日語中的荷蘭語借詞</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99%E8%AA%9E%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語中的葡萄牙語借詞">日語中的葡萄牙語借詞</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E%E4%B8%AD%E7%9A%84%E5%85%B6%E4%BB%96%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%80%9F%E8%A9%9E" title="日語中的其他語言借詞">日語中的其他語言借詞</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%A4%E7%94%BA%E6%99%82%E4%BB%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="室町時代">室町時代</a>之前，<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="日語">日語</a>幾乎全部外來語都來自<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%8F%A4%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="中古漢語">中古漢語</a>，此等<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="漢字詞">漢字詞</a>日語稱為「漢語」。此外，日本漢字讀法有分<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%93%E8%AE%80" title="訓讀">訓讀</a>（同義固有詞發音）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E8%AE%80" title="音讀">音讀</a>（源於漢語的發音）兩種。 </p><p>在<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%8E%E6%B2%BB%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="明治維新">明治維新</a>初期，日本翻譯外國書籍時也使用漢文（如《<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%B9%B9" class="mw-disambig" title="演繹">演繹</a>》）。但由於<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">二戰</a>後日本在文化上急速西化，且仅用漢字翻譯也有不便的情況（短詞如“民主”沒有問題，但長起來像“個人計算機”就不太好唸），故使用<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="片假名">片假名</a>翻譯的外來語飛速增長，特別是進入資訊時代之後。 <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%87%E5%81%87%E5%90%8D" title="片假名">片假名</a>詞的濫用有時會造成理解的困難，因此國立國語研究所的外來語研究會也提議將一部分片假名詞換為漢字詞。另外片假名有時也直接造成使用的不便，如<span lang="ja">ストライキ</span>（罷工）和<span lang="ja">ストライク</span>（棒球中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%BD%E7%90%83" title="好球">好球</a>）、以及<span lang="ja">ガラス</span>（玻璃）和<span lang="ja">グラス</span>（玻璃杯）等，兩者分別出自英文單字 <span lang="en">strike</span> 和 <span lang="en">glass</span>，但意義有異。 </p><p>日語的“外來語”大部分來自英語，一小部分來自法語、荷蘭語、德語等。早年<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC%E9%94%81%E5%9B%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="日本锁国">日本鎖國</a>時期，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9F%E6%88%B6%E5%B9%95%E5%BA%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="江戶幕府">江戶幕府</a>只跟來自<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="荷蘭">荷蘭</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%89%99" title="葡萄牙">葡萄牙</a>等地的少數商人和傳教士來往，而日語中借用荷語和葡語的詞彙為早期的西化外來語之一；後來在明治維新時期，法語和德語的外來語跟著傳入日本；之後日本在<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%A4%A7%E6%88%98" title="第二次世界大战">二戰</a>戰敗後，隨著<a href="/wiki/%E9%A7%90%E6%97%A5%E7%BE%8E%E8%BB%8D" title="駐日美軍">駐日美軍</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9C%8B%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" class="mw-redirect" title="美國文化">美國文化</a>的傳入，英語外來詞逐漸變成日本外來語的大宗。例如：<span title="漢字或假名表記（原文）"><span lang="ja"></span></span><span title="片假名表記"><span lang="ja">イレブン</span></span><sup> <span title="羅馬字表記" class="Unicode" style="white-space:normal; text-decoration: none" lang="ja-Latn">irebun</span></sup>一字為英文中<span lang="en">Eleven</span>的念法，但它的意思是<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%83%E5%93%A1" title="足球員">足球員</a>（11個人）。 </p><p>此外，若遇到過為冗長的西式或和製外來語時，通常會縮減到四個<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E6%8B%8D" title="音拍">音拍</a>，如“<span lang="ja">パーソナルコンピュータ</span>”（<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AA%E4%BA%BA%E7%94%B5%E8%84%91" title="个人电脑">个人电脑</a>）就经常被缩减为“<span lang="ja">パソコン</span>”。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="朝鮮語/韓語"><span id=".E6.9C.9D.E9.AE.AE.E8.AA.9E.2F.E9.9F.93.E8.AA.9E"></span>朝鮮語/韓語</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节：朝鮮語/韓語"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>諺文同日語假名一樣，皆屬於<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97" title="表音文字">表音文字</a>，故韓文外來語（尤其是大韓民國所使用的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E9%9F%93%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%8B%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="大韓民國標準語">大韓民國標準語</a>）跟日語一樣以<a href="/wiki/%E8%AB%BA%E6%96%87" title="諺文">諺文</a>讀音直譯。“外來語”大部分來自英語。而朝鮮民主主義人民共和國所使用的<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96%E8%AA%9E" title="文化語">文化語</a>，由於較少受到外國文化影響，故外來語的數目較少，且多數外來語來自俄語。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="越南语"><span id=".E8.B6.8A.E5.8D.97.E8.AF.AD"></span>越南语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节：越南语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>越南语的外來語主要來自近現代的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD" title="英语">英语</a>詞彙（由於越南曾經是法國的<a href="/wiki/%E6%AE%96%E6%B0%91%E5%9C%B0" title="殖民地">殖民地</a>，來自法語的詞彙尤其多），也有少量来自本國<a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%8A%E5%8D%97%E6%B0%91%E6%97%8F" title="越南民族">少數民族</a>語言或其他语言的。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="英语"><span id=".E8.8B.B1.E8.AF.AD"></span>英语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节：英语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AF%AD%E5%80%9F%E8%AF%8D" title="英语借词">英语借词</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="英語">英語</a>中來自<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語">漢語</a>的外來語，除了以<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%A6%A5%E7%91%AA%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="威妥瑪拼音">威妥瑪拼音</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="漢語拼音">漢語拼音</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%9A%E7%94%A8%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3" title="通用拼音">通用拼音</a>直譯的<a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E" title="現代標準漢語">標準官話</a>外來語以外，還有部分的中文外來詞彙以<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%A9%E5%8D%97%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="閩南語">閩南語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="粵語">粵語</a>等其他語言音譯所產生。 </p><p>下表主要為非專有名詞；專有名詞數量龐大且多為單純音譯詞，故不列入。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>英语 </th> <th>原词 </th></tr> <tr> <td>Confucius</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="孔夫子">孔夫子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Mencius</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%AD%90" title="孟子">孟子</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Taoism</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%93%E6%95%99" title="道教">道教</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>silk</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E7%B6%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="絲綢">絲綢</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tea</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B6" title="茶">茶</a>（“茶”的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%89%E6%BC%B3%E7%89%87" title="泉漳片">閩南語</a>发音<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E8%A9%B1%E5%AD%97" title="白話字">白話字</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B0%E7%BE%85" class="mw-redirect" title="台羅">台羅</a>：tê） </td></tr> <tr> <td>sampan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%88%A2%E6%9D%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="舢板">舢板</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>tofu</td> <td>音譯自日語漢字詞「<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%86%E8%85%90" title="豆腐">豆腐</a>（<span lang="ja">とうふ</span>）」 </td></tr> <tr> <td>rickshaw</td> <td>音译自日语“<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%8A%9B%E8%BB%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="人力車">人力車</a>”（力車） </td></tr> <tr> <td>chop suey</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%82%E7%A2%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="杂碎">杂碎</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%99%E6%B8%AF%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80%E5%AD%B8%E5%AD%B8%E6%9C%83%E7%B2%B5%E8%AA%9E%E6%8B%BC%E9%9F%B3%E6%96%B9%E6%A1%88" title="香港語言學學會粵語拼音方案">粵語拼音</a>：zaap<sup>6</sup> seoi<sup>3</sup>） </td></tr> <tr> <td>dimsum</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%BB%A3%E5%BC%8F%E9%BB%9E%E5%BF%83" title="廣式點心">點心</a>（粵語拼音：dim<sup>2</sup> sam<sup>1</sup>） </td></tr> <tr> <td>yin yang</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%B4%E9%98%B3" title="阴阳">阴阳</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>fengshui</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%8E%E6%B0%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="风水">风水</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>kungfu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%A4%AB" title="功夫">功夫</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Gongfu tea</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E5%A4%AB%E8%8C%B6" title="工夫茶">工夫茶</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaolinite</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%B6%BA%E5%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="高嶺土">高嶺土</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>ketchup</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%84%E6%B1%81" class="mw-redirect" title="茄汁">茄汁</a>（可能） </td></tr> <tr> <td>cheongsam</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%97%E8%A2%8D" title="旗袍">旗袍</a>（長衫） </td></tr> <tr> <td>oolong tea</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E9%BE%8D%E8%8C%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="烏龍茶">烏龍茶</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>erhu</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E8%83%A1" title="二胡">二胡</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>lychee</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%94%E6%9E%9D" title="荔枝">荔枝</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>longan</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E9%BE%8D%E7%9C%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="龍眼">龍眼</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>soy</td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%B1%86" title="大豆">大豆</a>，音译自日语“<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AC%E6%B2%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="醬油">醬油</a>”（しょうゆ） </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="法语"><span id=".E6.B3.95.E8.AF.AD"></span>法语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节：法语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>历史上，英语长期受法语影响，可是，最近几十年，英语也在影响法语，比如，现在法国人会说 <span lang="fr">le parking</span>（停車場）、<span lang="fr">le football</span>（足球）、<span lang="fr">le weekend</span>（週末）等等。另外在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%AF%94%E5%88%A9%E6%99%82" class="mw-redirect" title="比利時">比利時</a>與部份前法屬殖民地所使用的法語，也有借用其他語言轉譯的詞彙；如比利時所使用的法語有來自<a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E8%98%AD%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="荷蘭文">荷蘭文</a>的詞彙，而<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%81%E5%8C%97%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="魁北克">魁北克</a>所使用的法語有來自英文的詞彙，其他地區亦同。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="俄语"><span id=".E4.BF.84.E8.AF.AD"></span>俄语</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节：俄语"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>早期<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%84%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="俄語">俄語</a>有部分來自其他語言的音譯詞彙，另外同樣使用<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%88%BE%E5%AD%97%E6%AF%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="西里爾字母">西里爾字母</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="保加利亞語">保加利亞語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E4%BA%9E%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="塞爾維亞語">塞爾維亞語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%B6%E9%A0%93%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="馬其頓語">馬其頓語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%99%E5%8F%A4%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="蒙古語">蒙古語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E8%96%A9%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="哈薩克語">哈薩克語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%94%E5%90%89%E5%85%8B%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="塔吉克語">塔吉克語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E4%BF%84%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="白俄羅斯語">白俄羅斯語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="吉爾吉斯語">吉爾吉斯語</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%8F%E5%85%8B%E8%98%AD%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="烏克蘭語">烏克蘭語</a>等語言也沿用各國的西里爾字母譯音產生外來語。 </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>俄語 </th> <th>中文原詞 </th></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ru">Китай</span></td> <td>中國（古以「<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%91%E4%B8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="契丹">契丹</a>」來稱呼中國） </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ru">Конфуций</span></td> <td>孔夫子 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ru">чай</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E8%8C%B6" title="茶">茶</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ru">шёлк</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%E7%B5%B2%E7%B6%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="絲綢">絲綢</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ru">Янцзы</span></td> <td>揚子江（即「長江」） </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ru">Каолинит</span></td> <td>高嶺土 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ru">тофу</span></td> <td>豆腐 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ru">тайфун</span></td> <td>颱風 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span lang="ru">жемчуг</span></td> <td>珍珠 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E8%AF%91" class="mw-redirect" title="借译">借译</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E6%BA%90%E8%AF%8D" title="同源词">同源词</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="语言接触">语言接触</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A2%E5%AD%97%E8%A9%9E" title="漢字詞">漢字詞</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E8%B6%8A%E8%AF%8D" title="汉越词">汉越词</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考资料"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E8.B5.84.E6.96.99"></span>参考资料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节：参考资料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">現代漢語（增訂本）. 商務印書館. 2012: 244.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&rft.btitle=%E7%8F%BE%E4%BB%A3%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E%EF%BC%88%E5%A2%9E%E8%A8%82%E6%9C%AC%EF%BC%89&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=244&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8B%99%E5%8D%B0%E6%9B%B8%E9%A4%A8&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">陳心慧譯、岡田英弘著《世界史的誕生》：「日本將西洋史的<span lang="en">feudalism</span>誤譯為封建制，這是因為西洋史學者不具有中國史的知識，而東洋史學者也不具有歐洲史的知識，雙方沒有相互糾正錯誤的能力。……日本的西洋史將<span lang="en">feudalism</span>誤譯為封建制的結果，影響了日本的東洋史，讓人有一種在西元前221年秦始皇統一中國之前，中國就已經實行<span lang="en">feudalism</span>的錯誤印象。」，頁210-211。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">日知在《“封建主义”问题（论feudlism百年来的误译）》一文中说严复是最早把“feudlism”翻译为“封建”的（载《世界历史》1991年第6期），黄仁宇在《大历史》自序的注中，则说是日本人首先把feudlism翻译成“封建”。外来词词典记述来自日本的外来词中确实列有“封建”一词。日本何时以“封建”对译“feudalism”，尚待查考，但1903年初马君武在《社会主义与进化论比较》一文中即提到“欧洲封建分立之制”，这里的“封建”显然是“feudalism”的对译，可能是沿用了日本的译文。这时《社会通诠》还没有出版。所以不能排除严复采取日本译名的可能性。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">徐来娣：《汉俄语言接触研究》，黑龙江人民出版社，2007年版。</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Dahl, Östen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110524202338/http://wals.info/chapter/138">The World Atlas of Language Structures Online</a>. Max Planck Digital Library. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-06-04</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wals.info/feature/138">原始内容</a>存档于2011-05-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=%C3%96sten&rft.aulast=Dahl&rft.btitle=The+World+Atlas+of+Language+Structures+Online&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Max+Planck+Digital+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwals.info%2Ffeature%2F138&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|contribution=</code>被忽略 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#chapter_ignored" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考文獻"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8D.BB"></span>參考文獻</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节：參考文獻"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li>Betz, Werner (1949): <i>Deutsch und Lateinisch: Die Lehnbildungen der althochdeutschen Benediktinerregel</i>. Bonn: Bouvier.</li> <li>Betz, Werner (1959): “Lehnwörter und Lehnprägungen im Vor- und Frühdeutschen”. In: Maurer, Friedrich / Stroh, Friedrich (eds.): <i>Deutsche Wortgeschichte</i>. 2nd ed. Berlin: Schmidt, vol. 1, 127–147.</li> <li>Cannon, Garland (1999): “Problems in studying loans”, <i>Proceedings of the annual meeting of the Berkeley Linguistics Society</i> 25, 326–336.</li> <li>Duckworth, David (1977): “Zur terminologischen und systematischen Grundlage der Forschung auf dem Gebiet der englisch-deutschen Interferenz: Kritische Übersicht und neuer Vorschlag”. In: Kolb, Herbert / Lauffer, Hartmut (eds.) (1977): Sprachliche Interferenz: Festschrift für Werner Betz zum 65. Geburtstag. Tübingen: Niemeyer, p. 36–56.</li> <li>Gneuss, Helmut (1955): <i>Lehnbildungen und Lehnbedeutungen im Altenglischen</i>. Berlin: Schmidt.</li> <li>Joachim Grzega (2003): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/grzega1032.pdf">“Borrowing as a Word-Finding Process in Cognitive Historical Onomasiology”</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20121018211011/http://www1.ku-eichstaett.de/SLF/EngluVglSW/grzega1032.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onomasiology.de">Onomasiology Online</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20111018114733/http://www.onomasiology.de/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</i> 4, 22–42.</li> <li>Grzega, Joachim (2004): <i>Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu?</i> Heidelberg: Winter.</li> <li>Haugen, Einar (1950): “The analysis of linguistic borrowing”. <i>Language</i> 26, 210–231.</li> <li>Haugen, Einar (1956): “Review of Gneuss 1955”. <i>Language</i> 32, 761–766.</li> <li><cite id="CITEREFHitchings2008" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Hitchings&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Hitchings（页面不存在）">Hitchings, Henry</a>, The Secret Life of Words: How English Became English, London: John Murray, 2008, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-7195-6454-3" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-7195-6454-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-7195-6454-3</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft.aulast=Hitchings&rft.btitle=The+Secret+Life+of+Words%3A+How+English+Became+English&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-7195-6454-3&rft.place=London&rft.pub=John+Murray&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li>Koch, Peter (2002): “Lexical Typology from a Cognitive and Linguistic Point of View”. In: Cruse, D. Alan et al. (eds.): <i>Lexicology: An International on the Nature and Structure of Words and Vocabularies/Lexikologie: Ein internationales Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wörtern und Wortschätzen</i>. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1142–1178.</li> <li>Oksaar, Els (1996): “The history of contact linguistics as a discipline”. In: Goebl, Hans et al. (eds.): <i>Kontaktlinguistik/contact linguistics/linguistique de contact: ein internationales Handbuch zeitgenössischer Forschung/an international handbook of contemporary research/manuel international des recherches contemporaines</i>. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 1–12.</li> <li>Stanforth, Anthony W. (2002): “Effects of language contact on the vocabulary: an overview”. In: Cruse, D. Alan et al. (eds.) (2002): Lexikologie: ein internationales Handbuch zur Natur und Struktur von Wörtern und Wortschätzen/Lexicology: an international handbook on the nature and structure of words and vocabularies. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, p. 805–813.</li> <li>Weinreich, Uriel (1953): <i>Languages in contact: findings and problems</i>. The Hague: Mouton.</li> <li>Zuckermann, Ghil’ad (2003), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=140391723X">‘‘Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew’’</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140201235515/http://www.palgrave.com/products/title.aspx?is=140391723X">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Houndmills: <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" class="mw-redirect" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>.</li> <li>Bloom, Dan (2010): "What's That Pho?". French Loan Words in Vietnam Today; Taipei Times, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2010/05/29/2003474148">[1]</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140201201823/http://taipeitimes.com/News/feat/archives/2010/05/29/2003474148">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD&action=edit&section=30" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="38" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">查看<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%8D%E5%85%B8" title="维基词典">维基词典</a>中的词条「<b><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E5%A4%96%E6%9D%A5%E8%AF%AD" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/外来语">外来语</a></b>」或「<b><a href="https://zh.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%80%9F%E8%AF%8D" class="extiw" title="wikt:借词">借词</a></b>」。</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140213002918/http://wold.livingsources.org/">World Loanword Database (WOLD)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.transpacificradio.com/2006/11/07/words-on-words-big-debut-how-loan-words-exacerbate-future-shock-in-japan/">Discussion on how loan words exacerbate Future Shock (Streaming audio & mp3)</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20200821020650/http://www.transpacificradio.com/2006/11/07/words-on-words-big-debut-how-loan-words-exacerbate-future-shock-in-japan/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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