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<li id="toc-Precursors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Precursors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Precursors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Precursors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Early work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_working_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_working_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>First working systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_working_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commercial_telegraphy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commercial_telegraphy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Commercial telegraphy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commercial_telegraphy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Commercial telegraphy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Commercial_telegraphy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cooke_and_Wheatstone_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooke_and_Wheatstone_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Cooke and Wheatstone system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooke_and_Wheatstone_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wheatstone_ABC_telegraph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wheatstone_ABC_telegraph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Wheatstone ABC telegraph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wheatstone_ABC_telegraph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Morse_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Morse_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Morse system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Morse_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foy–Breguet_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foy–Breguet_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Foy–Breguet system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foy–Breguet_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expansion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expansion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Expansion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expansion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telegraphic_improvements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telegraphic_improvements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Telegraphic improvements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telegraphic_improvements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Teleprinters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teleprinters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Teleprinters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teleprinters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_harmonic_telegraph" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_harmonic_telegraph"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>The harmonic telegraph</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_harmonic_telegraph-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceanic_telegraph_cables" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceanic_telegraph_cables"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Oceanic telegraph cables</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oceanic_telegraph_cables-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cable_and_Wireless_Company" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cable_and_Wireless_Company"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Cable and Wireless Company</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cable_and_Wireless_Company-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telegraphy_and_longitude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telegraphy_and_longitude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Telegraphy and longitude</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telegraphy_and_longitude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telegraphy_in_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telegraphy_in_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Telegraphy in war</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Telegraphy_in_war-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Telegraphy in war subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Telegraphy_in_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Crimean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crimean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Crimean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crimean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-First_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>First World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_telegraph_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_telegraph_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>End of the telegraph era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_telegraph_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Electrical telegraph</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 27 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-27" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">27 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%83%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A" title="إبراق كهربائي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إبراق كهربائي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%88%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95_%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AB" title="বৈদ্যুতিক টেলিগ্রাফ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বৈদ্যুতিক টেলিগ্রাফ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Електрически телеграф – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Електрически телеграф" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C3%A8graf_el%C3%A8ctric" title="Telègraf elèctric – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Telègraf elèctric" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrisk_telegraf" title="Elektrisk telegraf – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Elektrisk telegraf" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektra_telegrafo" title="Elektra telegrafo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elektra telegrafo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegrafo_elektriko" title="Telegrafo elektriko – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Telegrafo elektriko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%84%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C" title="تلگراف برقی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تلگراف برقی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9graphie_%C3%A9lectrique" title="Télégraphie électrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Télégraphie électrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C3%A9grafo_el%C3%A9ctrico" title="Telégrafo eléctrico – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Telégrafo eléctrico" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%84%EC%8B%A0" title="전신 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="전신" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elektrala_telegrafilo" title="Elektrala telegrafilo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Elektrala telegrafilo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraf_listrik" title="Telegraf listrik – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Telegraf listrik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraf_elektrik" title="Telegraf elektrik – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Telegraf elektrik" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraf_listrik" title="Telegraf listrik – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Telegraf listrik" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Цахилгаан телеграф – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цахилгаан телеграф" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E4%BF%A1" title="電信 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="電信" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tel%C3%A9grafo_el%C3%A9trico" title="Telégrafo elétrico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Telégrafo elétrico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Электрический телеграф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Электрический телеграф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Electrical telegraph" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraf" title="Telegraf – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Telegraf" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenn%C3%A4tin" title="Lennätin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lennätin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF" title="மின்சாரத் தந்தி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மின்சாரத் தந்தி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2" title="โทรเลขไฟฟ้า – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โทรเลขไฟฟ้า" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84" title="Електричний телеграф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Електричний телеграф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Early system for transmitting text over wires</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg/220px-Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="277" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg/330px-Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg/440px-Cooke_and_Wheatstone_electric_telegraph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2420" data-file-height="3052" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">Cooke and Wheatstone's</a> five-needle telegraph from 1837</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morse_Telegraph_1837.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Morse_Telegraph_1837.jpg/220px-Morse_Telegraph_1837.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Morse_Telegraph_1837.jpg/330px-Morse_Telegraph_1837.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Morse_Telegraph_1837.jpg/440px-Morse_Telegraph_1837.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Morse telegraph</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Printing_Telegraph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Printing_Telegraph.jpg/220px-Printing_Telegraph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Printing_Telegraph.jpg/330px-Printing_Telegraph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Printing_Telegraph.jpg/440px-Printing_Telegraph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/David_Edward_Hughes" title="David Edward Hughes">Hughes</a> telegraph, an early (1855) teleprinter built by Siemens and Halske</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Electrical telegraphy</b> is a point-to-point <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a> system, primarily used from the 1840s until the late 20th century. It was the first electrical <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> system and the most widely used of a number of early messaging systems called <i><a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraphs</a></i>, that were devised to send text messages more quickly than physically carrying them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieve197313_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieve197313-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Electrical telegraphy can be considered the first example of <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Text telegraphy consisted of two or more geographically separated stations, called <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph office">telegraph offices</a>. The offices were connected by wires, usually supported overhead on <a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">utility poles</a>. Many electrical telegraph systems were invented that operated in different ways, but the ones that became widespread fit into two broad categories. First are the needle telegraphs, in which electric current sent down the telegraph line produces electromagnetic force to move a needle-shaped pointer into position over a printed list. Early needle telegraph models used multiple needles, thus requiring multiple wires to be installed between stations. The first commercial needle telegraph system and the most widely used of its type was the <a href="/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph</a>, invented in 1837. The second category are armature systems, in which the current activates a <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_sounder" title="Telegraph sounder">telegraph sounder</a> that makes a click; communication on this type of system relies on sending clicks in coded rhythmic patterns. The archetype of this category was the Morse system and the code associated with it, both invented by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a> in 1838. In 1865, the Morse system became the standard for international communication, using a modified form of Morse's code that had been developed for German railways. </p><p>Electrical telegraphs were used by the emerging railway companies to provide signals for train control systems, minimizing the chances of trains colliding with each other.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was built around the <a href="/wiki/Signalling_block_system" title="Signalling block system">signalling block system</a> in which signal boxes along the line communicate with neighbouring boxes by telegraphic sounding of <a href="/wiki/Electric_bell#Single-stroke_bells" title="Electric bell">single-stroke bells</a> and three-position <a href="/wiki/Needle_telegraph" title="Needle telegraph">needle telegraph</a> instruments. </p><p>In the 1840s, the electrical telegraph superseded <a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">optical telegraph</a> systems such as semaphores, becoming the standard way to send urgent messages. By the latter half of the century, most <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">developed nations</a> had commercial telegraph networks with local telegraph offices in most cities and towns, allowing the public to send messages (called <a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegrams</a>) addressed to any person in the country, for a fee. </p><p>Beginning in 1850, <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine telegraph cables</a> allowed for the first rapid communication between people on different continents. The telegraph's nearly-instant transmission of messages across continents –  and between continents –  had widespread social and economic impacts. The electric telegraph led to <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>'s invention of <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a>, the first means of <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radiowave</a> telecommunication, which he began in 1894.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the early 20th century, manual operation of telegraph machines was slowly replaced by <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a> networks. Increasing use of the <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> pushed telegraphy into only a few specialist uses; its use by the general public dwindled to greetings for special occasions. The rise of the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a> in the 1990s largely made dedicated telegraphy networks obsolete. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Precursors">Precursors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Precursors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></div> <p>Prior to the electric telegraph, visual systems were used, including <a href="/wiki/Beacon" title="Beacon">beacons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">smoke signals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag_semaphore" title="Flag semaphore">flag semaphore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">optical telegraphs</a> for visual signals to communicate over distances of land.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An auditory predecessor was West African <a href="/wiki/Talking_drum" title="Talking drum">talking drums</a>. In the 19th century, <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a> drummers used talking drums to mimic human <a href="/wiki/Tone_(linguistics)" title="Tone (linguistics)">tonal</a> <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_language" title="Yoruba language">language</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to communicate complex messages – usually regarding news of birth, ceremonies, and military conflict – over 4–5 mile distances.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_work">Early work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soemmerring_1810_telegraph_overview.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Soemmerring_1810_telegraph_overview.jpg/220px-Soemmerring_1810_telegraph_overview.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Soemmerring_1810_telegraph_overview.jpg/330px-Soemmerring_1810_telegraph_overview.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Soemmerring_1810_telegraph_overview.jpg/440px-Soemmerring_1810_telegraph_overview.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1747" data-file-height="2620" /></a><figcaption>Sömmering's electric telegraph in 1809</figcaption></figure> <p>From <a href="/wiki/History_of_electrical_engineering" title="History of electrical engineering">early studies of electricity</a>, electrical phenomena were known to travel with great speed, and many experimenters worked on the application of electricity to <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communications</a> at a distance. All the known effects of electricity – such as <a href="/wiki/Electric_spark" title="Electric spark">sparks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_attraction" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrostatic attraction">electrostatic attraction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemical_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemical change">chemical changes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_shock" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric shock">electric shocks</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetism" title="Electromagnetism">electromagnetism</a> – were applied to the problems of detecting controlled transmissions of electricity at various distances.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1753, an anonymous writer in the <i><a href="/wiki/Scots_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="Scots Magazine">Scots Magazine</a></i> suggested an electrostatic telegraph. Using one wire for each letter of the alphabet, a message could be transmitted by connecting the wire terminals in turn to an electrostatic machine, and observing the deflection of <a href="/wiki/Pith" title="Pith">pith</a> balls at the far end.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writer has never been positively identified, but the letter was signed C.M. and posted from <a href="/wiki/Renfrew" title="Renfrew">Renfrew</a> leading to a Charles Marshall of Renfrew being suggested.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Telegraphs employing electrostatic attraction were the basis of early experiments in electrical telegraphy in Europe, but were abandoned as being impractical and were never developed into a useful communication system.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1774, <a href="/wiki/Georges-Louis_Le_Sage" title="Georges-Louis Le Sage">Georges-Louis Le Sage</a> realised an early electric telegraph. The telegraph had a separate wire for each of the 26 letters of the <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a> and its range was only between two rooms of his home.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1800, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">voltaic pile</a>, providing a <a href="/wiki/Continuous_current" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous current">continuous current</a> of <a href="/wiki/Electricity" title="Electricity">electricity</a> for experimentation. This became a source of a low-voltage current that could be used to produce more distinct effects, and which was far less limited than the momentary discharge of an <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_generator" title="Electrostatic generator">electrostatic machine</a>, which with <a href="/wiki/Leyden_jar" title="Leyden jar">Leyden jars</a> were the only previously known human-made sources of electricity. </p><p>Another very early experiment in electrical telegraphy was an "electrochemical telegraph" created by the <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Physician" title="Physician">physician</a>, anatomist and inventor <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Thomas_von_S%C3%B6mmering" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Thomas von Sömmering">Samuel Thomas von Sömmering</a> in 1809, based on an earlier 1804 design by Spanish <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> and scientist <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Salva_Campillo" title="Francisco Salva Campillo">Francisco Salva Campillo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1999_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both their designs employed multiple wires (up to 35) to represent almost all Latin letters and numerals. Thus, messages could be conveyed electrically up to a few kilometers (in von Sömmering's design), with each of the telegraph receiver's wires immersed in a separate glass tube of acid. An electric current was sequentially applied by the sender through the various wires representing each letter of a message; at the recipient's end, the currents electrolysed the acid in the tubes in sequence, releasing streams of hydrogen bubbles next to each associated letter or numeral. The telegraph receiver's operator would watch the bubbles and could then record the transmitted message.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones1999_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones1999-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is in contrast to later telegraphs that used a single wire (with ground return). </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hans_Christian_%C3%98rsted" title="Hans Christian Ørsted">Hans Christian Ørsted</a> discovered in 1820 that an electric current produces a magnetic field that will deflect a compass needle. In the same year <a href="/wiki/Johann_Schweigger" title="Johann Schweigger">Johann Schweigger</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Galvanometer" title="Galvanometer">galvanometer</a>, with a coil of wire around a compass, that could be used as a sensitive indicator for an electric current.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also that year, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Marie_Amp%C3%A8re" title="André-Marie Ampère">André-Marie Ampère</a> suggested that telegraphy could be achieved by placing small magnets under the ends of a set of wires, one pair of wires for each letter of the alphabet. He was apparently unaware of Schweigger's invention at the time, which would have made his system much more sensitive. In 1825, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Barlow_(mathematician)" title="Peter Barlow (mathematician)">Peter Barlow</a> tried Ampère's idea but only got it to work over 200 feet (61 m) and declared it impractical. In 1830 <a href="/wiki/William_Ritchie_(physicist)" title="William Ritchie (physicist)">William Ritchie</a> improved on Ampère's design by placing the magnetic needles inside a coil of wire connected to each pair of conductors. He successfully demonstrated it, showing the feasibility of the electromagnetic telegraph, but only within a lecture hall.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1825, <a href="/wiki/William_Sturgeon" title="William Sturgeon">William Sturgeon</a> invented the <a href="/wiki/Electromagnet" title="Electromagnet">electromagnet</a>, with a single winding of uninsulated wire on a piece of varnished <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, which increased the magnetic force produced by electric current. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> improved it in 1828 by placing several windings of insulated wire around the bar, creating a much more powerful electromagnet which could operate a telegraph through the high resistance of long telegraph wires.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During his tenure at <a href="/wiki/The_Albany_Academy" title="The Albany Academy">The Albany Academy</a> from 1826 to 1832, Henry first demonstrated the theory of the 'magnetic telegraph' by ringing a bell through one-mile (1.6 km) of wire strung around the room in 1831.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1835, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Henry" title="Joseph Henry">Joseph Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edward_Davy" title="Edward Davy">Edward Davy</a> independently invented the mercury dipping <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">electrical relay</a>, in which a magnetic needle is dipped into a pot of mercury when an electric current passes through the surrounding coil.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibberd1966_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibberd1966-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1837, Davy invented the much more practical metallic make-and-break relay which became the relay of choice in telegraph systems and a key component for periodically renewing weak signals.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davy demonstrated his telegraph system in <a href="/wiki/Regent%27s_Park" title="Regent's Park">Regent's Park</a> in 1837 and was granted a patent on 4 July 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-bsp_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bsp-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davy also invented a printing telegraph which used the electric current from the telegraph signal to mark a ribbon of calico infused with <a href="/wiki/Potassium_iodide" title="Potassium iodide">potassium iodide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_hypochlorite" title="Calcium hypochlorite">calcium hypochlorite</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieve197323–24_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieve197323–24-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_working_systems">First working systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First working systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Electrical_telegraph" title="Special:EditPage/Electrical telegraph">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Electrical+telegraph%22">"Electrical telegraph"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Electrical+telegraph%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Electrical+telegraph%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Electrical+telegraph%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Electrical+telegraph%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Electrical+telegraph%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2021</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dial_of_Ronalds%27_electric_telegraph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dial_of_Ronalds%27_electric_telegraph.jpg/220px-Dial_of_Ronalds%27_electric_telegraph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dial_of_Ronalds%27_electric_telegraph.jpg/330px-Dial_of_Ronalds%27_electric_telegraph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Dial_of_Ronalds%27_electric_telegraph.jpg/440px-Dial_of_Ronalds%27_electric_telegraph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1808" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption>Revolving alphanumeric dial created by <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ronalds" title="Francis Ronalds">Francis Ronalds</a> as part of his electric telegraph (1816)</figcaption></figure> <p>The first working telegraph was built by the English inventor <a href="/wiki/Francis_Ronalds" title="Francis Ronalds">Francis Ronalds</a> in 1816 and used static electricity.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the family home on <a href="/wiki/Kelmscott_House" title="Kelmscott House">Hammersmith Mall</a>, he set up a complete subterranean system in a 175-yard (160 m) long trench as well as an eight-mile (13 km) long overhead telegraph. The lines were connected at both ends to revolving dials marked with the letters of the alphabet and electrical impulses sent along the wire were used to transmit messages. Offering his invention to the <a href="/wiki/British_Admiralty" class="mw-redirect" title="British Admiralty">Admiralty</a> in July 1816, it was rejected as "wholly unnecessary".<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His account of the scheme and the possibilities of rapid global communication in <i>Descriptions of an Electrical Telegraph and of some other Electrical Apparatus</i><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the first published work on electric telegraphy and even described the risk of <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Bandwidth_problems" title="Submarine communications cable">signal retardation</a> due to induction.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Elements of Ronalds' design were utilised in the subsequent commercialisation of the telegraph over 20 years later.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Electric_telegraphy_in_Imperial_Russia" title="Electric telegraphy in Imperial Russia">Electric telegraphy in Imperial Russia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pavel_Shilling.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/ca/Pavel_Shilling.jpg" decoding="async" width="174" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="174" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Schilling" title="Pavel Schilling">Pavel Schilling</a>, an early pioneer of electrical telegraphy</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Schilling_telegraph" title="Schilling telegraph">Schilling telegraph</a>, invented by <a href="/wiki/Baron_Schilling" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Schilling">Baron Schilling</a> von Canstatt in 1832, was an early <a href="/wiki/Needle_telegraph" title="Needle telegraph">needle telegraph</a>. It had a transmitting device that consisted of a keyboard with 16 black-and-white keys.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahie1884307–325_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahie1884307–325-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These served for switching the electric current. The receiving instrument consisted of six <a href="/wiki/Galvanometer" title="Galvanometer">galvanometers</a> with magnetic needles, suspended from <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a> <a href="/wiki/Yarn" title="Yarn">threads</a>. The two stations of Schilling's telegraph were connected by eight wires; six were connected with the galvanometers, one served for the return current and one for a signal bell. When at the starting station the operator pressed a key, the corresponding pointer was deflected at the receiving station. Different positions of black and white flags on different disks gave combinations which corresponded to the letters or numbers. Pavel Schilling subsequently improved its apparatus by reducing the number of connecting wires from eight to two. </p><p>On 21 October 1832, Schilling managed a short-distance transmission of signals between two telegraphs in different rooms of his apartment. In 1836, the British government attempted to buy the design but Schilling instead accepted overtures from <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a>. Schilling's telegraph was tested on a 5-kilometre-long (3.1 mi) experimental underground and underwater cable, laid around the building of the main Admiralty in Saint Petersburg and was approved for a telegraph between the imperial palace at <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof</a> and the naval base at <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt" title="Kronstadt">Kronstadt</a>. However, the project was cancelled following Schilling's death in 1837.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200354_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200354-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Schilling was also one of the first to put into practice the idea of the <a href="/wiki/Binary_coding" class="mw-redirect" title="Binary coding">binary</a> system of signal transmission.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahie1884307–325_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahie1884307–325-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work was taken over and developed by <a href="/wiki/Moritz_von_Jacobi" title="Moritz von Jacobi">Moritz von Jacobi</a> who invented telegraph equipment that was used by Tsar <a href="/wiki/Alexander_III_of_Russia" title="Alexander III of Russia">Alexander III</a> to connect the Imperial palace at <a href="/wiki/Tsarskoye_Selo" title="Tsarskoye Selo">Tsarskoye Selo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kronstadt_Naval_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Kronstadt Naval Base">Kronstadt Naval Base</a>. </p><p>In 1833, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Friedrich_Gauss" title="Carl Friedrich Gauss">Carl Friedrich Gauss</a>, together with the physics professor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Eduard_Weber" title="Wilhelm Eduard Weber">Wilhelm Weber</a> in <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6ttingen" title="Göttingen">Göttingen</a>, installed a 1,200-metre-long (3,900 ft) wire above the town's roofs. Gauss combined the <a href="/wiki/Schweigger_multiplier" class="mw-redirect" title="Schweigger multiplier">Poggendorff-Schweigger multiplicator</a> with his magnetometer to build a more sensitive device, the <a href="/wiki/Galvanometer" title="Galvanometer">galvanometer</a>. To change the direction of the electric current, he constructed a <a href="/wiki/Commutator_(electric)" title="Commutator (electric)">commutator</a> of his own. As a result, he was able to make the distant needle move in the direction set by the commutator on the other end of the line. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diagram_of_alphabet_used_in_a_5_needle_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_Telegraph,_indicating_the_letter_G.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Diagram_of_alphabet_used_in_a_5_needle_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_Telegraph%2C_indicating_the_letter_G.png/220px-Diagram_of_alphabet_used_in_a_5_needle_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_Telegraph%2C_indicating_the_letter_G.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Diagram_of_alphabet_used_in_a_5_needle_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_Telegraph%2C_indicating_the_letter_G.png/330px-Diagram_of_alphabet_used_in_a_5_needle_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_Telegraph%2C_indicating_the_letter_G.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Diagram_of_alphabet_used_in_a_5_needle_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_Telegraph%2C_indicating_the_letter_G.png/440px-Diagram_of_alphabet_used_in_a_5_needle_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_Telegraph%2C_indicating_the_letter_G.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1094" /></a><figcaption>Diagram of alphabet used in a 5-needle Cooke and Wheatstone Telegraph, indicating the letter G</figcaption></figure><p>At first, Gauss and Weber used the telegraph to coordinate time, but soon they developed other signals and finally, their own alphabet. The alphabet was encoded in a binary code that was transmitted by positive or negative voltage pulses which were generated by means of moving an induction coil up and down over a permanent magnet and connecting the coil with the transmission wires by means of the commutator. The page of Gauss's laboratory notebook containing both his code and the first message transmitted, as well as a replica of the telegraph made in the 1850s under the instructions of Weber are kept in the faculty of physics at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_G%C3%B6ttingen" title="University of Göttingen">University of Göttingen</a>, in Germany. </p><p>Gauss was convinced that this communication would be of help to his kingdom's towns. Later in the same year, instead of a <a href="/wiki/Voltaic_pile" title="Voltaic pile">voltaic pile</a>, Gauss used an <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_induction" title="Electromagnetic induction">induction</a> pulse, enabling him to transmit seven letters a minute instead of two. The inventors and university did not have the funds to develop the telegraph on their own, but they received funding from <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt" title="Alexander von Humboldt">Alexander von Humboldt</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carl_August_Steinheil" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl August Steinheil">Carl August Steinheil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> was able to build a telegraph network within the city in 1835–1836. In 1838, Steinheil installed a telegraph along the <a href="/wiki/Nuremberg%E2%80%93F%C3%BCrth_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg–Fürth railway line">Nuremberg–Fürth railway line</a>, built in 1835 as the first German railroad, which was the first <a href="/wiki/Earth-return_telegraph" title="Earth-return telegraph">earth-return telegraph</a> put into service. </p><p>By 1837, <a href="/wiki/William_Fothergill_Cooke" title="William Fothergill Cooke">William Fothergill Cooke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a> had co-developed a <a href="/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">telegraph system</a> which used a number of needles on a board that could be moved to point to letters of the alphabet. Any number of needles could be used, depending on the number of characters it was required to code. In May 1837 they patented their system. The patent recommended five needles, which coded twenty of the alphabet's 26 letters. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wallace_Study-Telegraph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wallace_Study-Telegraph.jpg/220px-Wallace_Study-Telegraph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wallace_Study-Telegraph.jpg/330px-Wallace_Study-Telegraph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Wallace_Study-Telegraph.jpg/440px-Wallace_Study-Telegraph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3100" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption>Morse key and sounder</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a> independently developed and patented a recording electric telegraph in 1837. Morse's assistant <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a> developed an instrument that was called the register for recording the received messages. It embossed dots and dashes on a moving paper tape by a stylus which was operated by an electromagnet.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvert2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvert2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Morse and Vail developed the <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a> signalling <a href="/wiki/Alphabet" title="Alphabet">alphabet</a>. </p><p>On 24 May 1844, Morse sent to Vail the historic first message “<a href="/wiki/Baltimore-Washington_telegraph_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore-Washington telegraph line">WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT</a>" from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a> in Washington to the <a href="/wiki/B%26O_Railroad_Museum" title="B&O Railroad Museum">old Mt. Clare Depot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commercial_telegraphy">Commercial telegraphy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commercial telegraphy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooke_and_Wheatstone_system">Cooke and Wheatstone system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Cooke and Wheatstone system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraphy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Electrical telegraphy in the United Kingdom">Electrical telegraphy in the United Kingdom</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GWR_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_double_needle_telegraph_instrument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GWR_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_double_needle_telegraph_instrument.jpg/220px-GWR_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_double_needle_telegraph_instrument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GWR_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_double_needle_telegraph_instrument.jpg/330px-GWR_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_double_needle_telegraph_instrument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/GWR_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_double_needle_telegraph_instrument.jpg/440px-GWR_Cooke_and_Wheatstone_double_needle_telegraph_instrument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1366" data-file-height="1366" /></a><figcaption>GWR Cooke and Wheatstone double needle telegraph instrument</figcaption></figure> <p>The first commercial electrical telegraph was the <a href="/wiki/Cooke_and_Wheatstone_telegraph" title="Cooke and Wheatstone telegraph">Cooke and Wheatstone system</a>. A demonstration four-needle system was installed on the <a href="/wiki/Euston_railway_station" title="Euston railway station">Euston</a> to <a href="/wiki/Camden_Town" title="Camden Town">Camden Town</a> section of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Stephenson" title="Robert Stephenson">Robert Stephenson</a>'s <a href="/wiki/London_and_Birmingham_Railway" title="London and Birmingham Railway">London and Birmingham Railway</a> in 1837 for signalling rope-hauling of locomotives.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was rejected in favour of pneumatic whistles.<sup id="cite_ref-Bowers_129_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowers_129-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cooke and Wheatstone had their first commercial success with a system installed on the <a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway" title="Great Western Railway">Great Western Railway</a> over the 13 miles (21 km) from <a href="/wiki/Paddington_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddington station">Paddington station</a> to <a href="/wiki/West_Drayton" title="West Drayton">West Drayton</a> in 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200367_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200367-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a five-needle, six-wire<sup id="cite_ref-Bowers_129_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bowers_129-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> system, and had the major advantage of displaying the letter being sent so operators did not need to learn a code. The insulation failed on the underground cables between Paddington and West Drayton,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200367–68_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200367–68-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauchamp200135_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauchamp200135-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and when the line was extended to <a href="/wiki/Slough" title="Slough">Slough</a> in 1843, the system was converted to a one-needle, two-wire configuration with uninsulated wires on poles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200369_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200369-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of installing wires was ultimately more economically significant than the cost of training operators. The one-needle telegraph proved highly successful on British railways, and 15,000 sets were in use at the end of the nineteenth century; some remained in service in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200367–69_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200367–69-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Electric_Telegraph_Company" title="Electric Telegraph Company">Electric Telegraph Company</a>, the world's first public telegraphy company, was formed in 1845 by financier <a href="/wiki/John_Lewis_Ricardo" title="John Lewis Ricardo">John Lewis Ricardo</a> and Cooke.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wheatstone_ABC_telegraph">Wheatstone ABC telegraph</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Wheatstone ABC telegraph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ABC_machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ABC_machine.jpg/170px-ABC_machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ABC_machine.jpg/255px-ABC_machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/ABC_machine.jpg/340px-ABC_machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="767" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Magneto" title="Magneto">magneto</a>-powered Wheatstone A. B. C. telegraph with the horizontal "communicator" dial, the inclined "indicator" dial and crank handle for the magneto that generated the electrical signal.</figcaption></figure> <p>Wheatstone developed a practical alphabetical system in 1840 called the A.B.C. System, used mostly on private wires. This consisted of a "communicator" at the sending end and an "indicator" at the receiving end. The communicator consisted of a circular dial with a pointer and the 26 letters of the alphabet (and four punctuation marks) around its circumference. Against each letter was a key that could be pressed. A transmission would begin with the pointers on the dials at both ends set to the start position. The transmitting operator would then press down the key corresponding to the letter to be transmitted. In the base of the communicator was a <a href="/wiki/Magneto" title="Magneto">magneto</a> actuated by a handle on the front. This would be turned to apply an alternating voltage to the line. Each half cycle of the current would advance the pointers at both ends by one position. When the pointer reached the position of the depressed key, it would stop and the magneto would be disconnected from the line. The communicator's pointer was geared to the magneto mechanism. The indicator's pointer was moved by a polarised electromagnet whose <a href="/wiki/Armature_(electrical)" title="Armature (electrical)">armature</a> was coupled to it through an <a href="/wiki/Escapement" title="Escapement">escapement</a>. Thus the alternating line voltage moved the indicator's pointer on to the position of the depressed key on the communicator. Pressing another key would then release the pointer and the previous key, and re-connect the magneto to the line.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These machines were very robust and simple to operate, and they stayed in use in Britain until well into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Morse_system">Morse system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Morse system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_first_telegram._Professor_Samuel_Morse_sending_the_despatch_as_dictated_by_Miss_Annie_Ellsworth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_first_telegram._Professor_Samuel_Morse_sending_the_despatch_as_dictated_by_Miss_Annie_Ellsworth.jpg/220px-The_first_telegram._Professor_Samuel_Morse_sending_the_despatch_as_dictated_by_Miss_Annie_Ellsworth.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_first_telegram._Professor_Samuel_Morse_sending_the_despatch_as_dictated_by_Miss_Annie_Ellsworth.jpg/330px-The_first_telegram._Professor_Samuel_Morse_sending_the_despatch_as_dictated_by_Miss_Annie_Ellsworth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_first_telegram._Professor_Samuel_Morse_sending_the_despatch_as_dictated_by_Miss_Annie_Ellsworth.jpg/440px-The_first_telegram._Professor_Samuel_Morse_sending_the_despatch_as_dictated_by_Miss_Annie_Ellsworth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="2186" /></a><figcaption>1900 illustration of Professor Morse sending <a href="/wiki/Baltimore%E2%80%93Washington_telegraph_line" title="Baltimore–Washington telegraph line">the first long-distance message</a> – "WHAT HATH GOD WROUGHT" – on 24 May 1844</figcaption></figure> <p>The Morse system uses a single wire between offices. At the sending station, an operator taps on a switch called a <a href="/wiki/Telegraph_key" title="Telegraph key">telegraph key</a>, spelling out text messages in <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>. Originally, the armature was intended to make marks on paper tape, but operators learned to interpret the clicks and it was more efficient to write down the message directly. </p><p>In 1851, a conference in Vienna of countries in the German-Austrian Telegraph Union (which included many central European countries) adopted the Morse telegraph as the system for international communications.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/International_Morse_code" class="mw-redirect" title="International Morse code">international Morse code</a> adopted was considerably modified from the original <a href="/wiki/American_Morse_code" title="American Morse code">American Morse code</a>, and was based on a code used on Hamburg railways (<a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Clemens_Gerke" title="Friedrich Clemens Gerke">Gerke</a>, 1848).<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A common code was a necessary step to allow direct telegraph connection between countries. With different codes, additional operators were required to translate and retransmit the message. In 1865, a conference in Paris adopted Gerke's code as the International Morse code and was henceforth the international standard. The US, however, continued to use American Morse code internally for some time, hence international messages required retransmission in both directions.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the United States, the Morse/Vail telegraph was <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_North_American_telegraphy" title="Timeline of North American telegraphy">quickly deployed in the two decades following the first demonstration</a> in 1844. The <a href="/wiki/First_transcontinental_telegraph" title="First transcontinental telegraph">overland telegraph</a> connected the west coast of the continent to the east coast by 24 October 1861, bringing an end to the <a href="/wiki/Pony_Express" title="Pony Express">Pony Express</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foy–Breguet_system"><span id="Foy.E2.80.93Breguet_system"></span>Foy–Breguet system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Foy–Breguet system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foy%E2%80%93Breguet_telegraph" title="Foy–Breguet telegraph">Foy–Breguet telegraph</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Foy-Breguet_telegraph_display.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Foy-Breguet_telegraph_display.jpg/220px-Foy-Breguet_telegraph_display.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Foy-Breguet_telegraph_display.jpg/330px-Foy-Breguet_telegraph_display.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Foy-Breguet_telegraph_display.jpg/440px-Foy-Breguet_telegraph_display.jpg 2x" data-file-width="952" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Foy%E2%80%93Breguet_telegraph" title="Foy–Breguet telegraph">Foy–Breguet telegraph</a> displaying the letter "Q"</figcaption></figure> <p>France was slow to adopt the electrical telegraph, because of the extensive <a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">optical telegraph</a> system built during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_era" title="Napoleonic era">Napoleonic era</a>. There was also serious concern that an electrical telegraph could be quickly put out of action by enemy saboteurs, something that was much more difficult to do with optical telegraphs which had no exposed hardware between stations. The <a href="/wiki/Foy-Breguet_telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Foy-Breguet telegraph">Foy-Breguet telegraph</a> was eventually adopted. This was a two-needle system using two signal wires but displayed in a uniquely different way to other needle telegraphs. The needles made symbols similar to the <a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Chappe</a> optical system symbols, making it more familiar to the telegraph operators. The optical system was decommissioned starting in 1846, but not completely until 1855. In that year the Foy-Breguet system was replaced with the Morse system.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expansion">Expansion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Expansion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As well as the rapid expansion of the use of the telegraphs along the railways, they soon spread into the field of mass communication with the instruments being installed in <a href="/wiki/Post_office" title="Post office">post offices</a>. The era of mass personal communication had begun. Telegraph networks were expensive to build, but financing was readily available, especially from London bankers. By 1852, National systems were in operation in major countries:<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Extent of the telegraph in 1852 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country</th> <th style="width: 14em;">Company or system</th> <th>Miles or kilometers<br />of wire</th> <th>ref </th></tr> <tr> <td>United States</td> <td>20 companies</td> <td>23,000 mi or 37,000 km</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraphy_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Electrical telegraphy in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Electric_Telegraph_Company" title="Electric Telegraph Company">Electric Telegraph Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Magnetic Telegraph Company">Magnetic Telegraph Company</a>, and others</td> <td>2,200 mi or 3,500 km</td> <td><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Prussia</td> <td>Siemens system</td> <td>1,400 mi or 2,300 km</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Austria</td> <td>Siemens system</td> <td>1,000 mi or 1,600 km</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Canada</td> <td></td> <td>900 mi or 1,400 km</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>France</td> <td>optical systems dominant</td> <td>700 mi or 1,100 km</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The New York and Mississippi Valley Printing Telegraph Company, for example, was created in 1852 in Rochester, New York and eventually became the <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union Telegraph Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although many countries had telegraph networks, there was no <i>worldwide</i> interconnection. Message by post was still the primary means of communication to countries outside Europe. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Worldwide postal speeds in 1852 </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">A letter by post from London took </th></tr> <tr> <th>days</th> <th>to reach<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>New York in the United States </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Alexandria in Egypt </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>Constantinople in Ottoman Turkey </td></tr> <tr> <td>33</td> <td>Bombay in India (west coast of India) </td></tr> <tr> <td>44</td> <td>Calcutta in Bengal (east coast of India) </td></tr> <tr> <td>45</td> <td>Singapore </td></tr> <tr> <td>57</td> <td>Shanghai in China </td></tr> <tr> <td>73</td> <td>Sydney in Australia </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Telegraphy was introduced in <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> during the 1870s.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telegraphic_improvements">Telegraphic improvements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Telegraphic improvements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Components_of_the_electromechanical_telegraph_network._Proce_Wellcome_V0025510.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Components_of_the_electromechanical_telegraph_network._Proce_Wellcome_V0025510.jpg/220px-Components_of_the_electromechanical_telegraph_network._Proce_Wellcome_V0025510.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Components_of_the_electromechanical_telegraph_network._Proce_Wellcome_V0025510.jpg/330px-Components_of_the_electromechanical_telegraph_network._Proce_Wellcome_V0025510.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Components_of_the_electromechanical_telegraph_network._Proce_Wellcome_V0025510.jpg/440px-Components_of_the_electromechanical_telegraph_network._Proce_Wellcome_V0025510.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3300" data-file-height="2174" /></a><figcaption>Wheatstone automated telegraph network equipment</figcaption></figure> <p>A continuing goal in telegraphy was to reduce the cost per message by reducing hand-work, or increasing the sending rate. There were many experiments with moving pointers, and various electrical encodings. However, most systems were too complicated and unreliable. A successful expedient to reduce the cost per message was the development of <a href="/wiki/Telegraphese" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraphese">telegraphese</a>. </p><p>The first system that did not require skilled technicians to operate was Charles Wheatstone's ABC system in 1840 in which the letters of the alphabet were arranged around a clock-face, and the signal caused a needle to indicate the letter. This early system required the receiver to be present in real time to record the message and it reached speeds of up to 15 words a minute. </p><p>In 1846, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Bain_(inventor)" title="Alexander Bain (inventor)">Alexander Bain</a> patented a chemical telegraph in Edinburgh. The signal current moved an iron pen across a moving paper tape soaked in a mixture of ammonium nitrate and potassium ferrocyanide, decomposing the chemical and producing readable blue marks in Morse code. The speed of the printing telegraph was 16 and a half words per minute, but messages still required translation into English by live copyists. Chemical telegraphy came to an end in the US in 1851, when the Morse group defeated the Bain patent in the US District Court.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For a brief period, starting with the New York–Boston line in 1848, some telegraph networks began to employ sound operators, who were trained to understand Morse code aurally. Gradually, the use of sound operators eliminated the need for telegraph receivers to include register and tape. Instead, the receiving instrument was developed into a "sounder", an electromagnet that was energized by a current and attracted a small iron lever. When the sounding key was opened or closed, the sounder lever struck an anvil. The Morse operator distinguished a dot and a dash by the short or long interval between the two clicks. The message was then written out in long-hand.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Royal_Earl_House" title="Royal Earl House">Royal Earl House</a> developed and patented a letter-printing telegraph system in 1846 which employed an alphabetic keyboard for the transmitter and automatically printed the letters on paper at the receiver,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and followed this up with a steam-powered version in 1852.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Advocates of printing telegraphy said it would eliminate Morse operators' errors. The House machine was used on four main American telegraph lines by 1852. The speed of the House machine was announced as 2600 words an hour.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clavier_Baudot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Clavier_Baudot.jpg/330px-Clavier_Baudot.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Clavier_Baudot.jpg/495px-Clavier_Baudot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Clavier_Baudot.jpg/660px-Clavier_Baudot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1714" data-file-height="1672" /></a><figcaption>A Baudot keyboard, 1884</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/David_Edward_Hughes" title="David Edward Hughes">David Edward Hughes</a> invented the printing telegraph in 1855; it used a keyboard of 26 keys for the alphabet and a spinning type wheel that determined the letter being transmitted by the length of time that had elapsed since the previous transmission. The system allowed for automatic recording on the receiving end. The system was very stable and accurate and became accepted around the world.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next improvement was the <a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot code</a> of 1874. French engineer <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Baudot" title="Émile Baudot">Émile Baudot</a> patented a printing telegraph in which the signals were translated automatically into typographic characters. Each character was assigned a five-bit code, mechanically interpreted from the state of five on/off switches. Operators had to maintain a steady rhythm, and the usual speed of operation was 30 words per minute.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauchamp2001394–395_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauchamp2001394–395-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this point, reception had been automated, but the speed and accuracy of the transmission were still limited to the skill of the human operator. The first practical automated system was patented by Charles Wheatstone. The message (in <a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">Morse code</a>) was typed onto a piece of perforated tape using a keyboard-like device called the 'Stick Punch'. The transmitter automatically ran the tape through and transmitted the message at the then exceptionally high speed of 70 words per minute. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Teleprinters">Teleprinters</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Teleprinters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Electrical_telegraph" title="Special:EditPage/Electrical telegraph">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phelps%27_Electro-motor_Printing_Telegraph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Phelps%27_Electro-motor_Printing_Telegraph.jpg/220px-Phelps%27_Electro-motor_Printing_Telegraph.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Phelps%27_Electro-motor_Printing_Telegraph.jpg/330px-Phelps%27_Electro-motor_Printing_Telegraph.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Phelps%27_Electro-motor_Printing_Telegraph.jpg/440px-Phelps%27_Electro-motor_Printing_Telegraph.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>Phelps' Electro-motor Printing Telegraph from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1880</span>, the last and most advanced telegraphy mechanism designed by <a href="/wiki/George_May_Phelps" title="George May Phelps">George May Phelps</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0516-500,_Fernschreibmaschine_mit_Telefonanschluss.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0516-500%2C_Fernschreibmaschine_mit_Telefonanschluss.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0516-500%2C_Fernschreibmaschine_mit_Telefonanschluss.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0516-500%2C_Fernschreibmaschine_mit_Telefonanschluss.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0516-500%2C_Fernschreibmaschine_mit_Telefonanschluss.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0516-500%2C_Fernschreibmaschine_mit_Telefonanschluss.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-2008-0516-500%2C_Fernschreibmaschine_mit_Telefonanschluss.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="543" /></a><figcaption>A Creed Model 7 teleprinter in 1930</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teletype-IMG_7289.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Teletype-IMG_7289.jpg/220px-Teletype-IMG_7289.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Teletype-IMG_7289.jpg/330px-Teletype-IMG_7289.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Teletype-IMG_7289.jpg/440px-Teletype-IMG_7289.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5616" data-file-height="3744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Teletype_Model_33" title="Teletype Model 33">Teletype Model 33</a> ASR (Automatic Send and Receive)</figcaption></figure> <p>An early successful <a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">teleprinter</a> was invented by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_G._Creed" title="Frederick G. Creed">Frederick G. Creed</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a> he created his first keyboard perforator, which used compressed air to punch the holes. He also created a reperforator (receiving perforator) and a printer. The reperforator punched incoming Morse signals onto paper tape and the printer decoded this tape to produce alphanumeric characters on plain paper. This was the origin of the Creed High Speed Automatic Printing System, which could run at an unprecedented 200 words per minute. His system was adopted by the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></i> for daily transmission of the newspaper contents. </p><p>With the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Teletypewriter" class="mw-redirect" title="Teletypewriter">teletypewriter</a>, telegraphic encoding became fully automated. Early teletypewriters used the ITA-1 <a href="/wiki/Baudot_code" title="Baudot code">Baudot code</a>, a five-bit code. This yielded only thirty-two codes, so it was over-defined into two "shifts", "letters" and "figures". An explicit, unshared shift code prefaced each set of letters and figures. In 1901, Baudot's code was modified by <a href="/wiki/Donald_Murray_(inventor)" title="Donald Murray (inventor)">Donald Murray</a>. </p><p>In the 1930s, teleprinters were produced by <a href="/wiki/Teletype_Corporation" title="Teletype Corporation">Teletype</a> in the US, <a href="/wiki/Creed_%26_Company" title="Creed & Company">Creed</a> in Britain and <a href="/wiki/Siemens" title="Siemens">Siemens</a> in Germany. </p><p>By 1935, message routing was the last great barrier to full automation. Large telegraphy providers began to develop systems that used <a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">telephone-like rotary dialling</a> to connect teletypewriters. These resulting systems were called "Telex" (TELegraph EXchange). Telex machines first performed rotary-telephone-style <a href="/wiki/Pulse_dialling" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulse dialling">pulse dialling</a> for <a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit switching</a>, and then sent data by <a href="/wiki/ITA2" class="mw-redirect" title="ITA2">ITA2</a>. This "type A" Telex routing functionally automated message routing. </p><p>The first wide-coverage Telex network was implemented in Germany during the 1930s<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as a network used to communicate within the government. </p><p>At the rate of 45.45 (±0.5%) <a href="/wiki/Baud" title="Baud">baud</a> – considered speedy at the time – up to 25 telex channels could share a single long-distance telephone channel by using <i><a href="/wiki/Voice_frequency_telegraphy" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice frequency telegraphy">voice frequency telegraphy</a> <a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">multiplexing</a></i>, making telex the least expensive method of reliable long-distance communication. </p><p>Automatic teleprinter exchange service was introduced into Canada by <a href="/wiki/CPR_Telegraphs" class="mw-redirect" title="CPR Telegraphs">CPR Telegraphs</a> and <a href="/wiki/CN_Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="CN Telegraph">CN Telegraph</a> in July 1957 and in 1958, <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union</a> started to build a Telex network in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_harmonic_telegraph">The harmonic telegraph</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: The harmonic telegraph"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone" title="Invention of the telephone">Invention of the telephone</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_telegraphy" title="Acoustic telegraphy">Acoustic telegraphy</a></div> <p>The most expensive aspect of a telegraph system was the installation – the laying of the wire, which was often very long. The costs would be better covered by finding a way to send more than one message at a time through the single wire, thus increasing revenue per wire. Early devices included the <a href="/wiki/Duplex_(telegraph)" class="mw-redirect" title="Duplex (telegraph)">duplex</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Quadruplex_telegraph" title="Quadruplex telegraph">quadruplex</a> which allowed, respectively, one or two telegraph transmissions in each direction. However, an even greater number of channels was desired on the busiest lines. In the latter half of the 1800s, several inventors worked towards creating a method for doing just that, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>. </p><p>One approach was to have resonators of several different frequencies act as carriers of a modulated on-off signal. This was the harmonic telegraph, a form of <a href="/wiki/Multiplexing#Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">frequency-division multiplexing</a>. These various frequencies, referred to as harmonics, could then be combined into one complex signal and sent down the single wire. On the receiving end, the frequencies would be separated with a matching set of resonators. </p><p>With a set of frequencies being carried down a single wire, it was realized that the human voice itself could be transmitted electrically through the wire. This effort led to the <a href="/wiki/Invention_of_the_telephone" title="Invention of the telephone">invention of the telephone</a>. (While the work toward packing multiple telegraph signals onto one wire led to telephony, later advances would pack multiple voice signals onto one wire by increasing the bandwidth by modulating frequencies much higher than human hearing. Eventually, the bandwidth was widened much further by using laser light signals sent through fiber optic cables. Fiber optic transmission can carry 25,000 telephone signals simultaneously down a single fiber.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oceanic_telegraph_cables">Oceanic telegraph cables</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Oceanic telegraph cables"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1891_Telegraph_Lines.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1891_Telegraph_Lines.jpg/330px-1891_Telegraph_Lines.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1891_Telegraph_Lines.jpg/495px-1891_Telegraph_Lines.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/1891_Telegraph_Lines.jpg/660px-1891_Telegraph_Lines.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Major telegraph lines in 1891</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_telegraph_cable" title="Transatlantic telegraph cable">Transatlantic telegraph cable</a> and <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">Submarine communications cable</a></div> <p>Soon after the first successful telegraph systems were operational, the possibility of transmitting messages across the sea by way of <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine communications cables</a> was first proposed. One of the primary technical challenges was to sufficiently insulate the submarine cable to prevent the electric current from leaking out into the water. In 1842, a Scottish surgeon <a href="/wiki/William_Montgomerie" title="William Montgomerie">William Montgomerie</a><sup id="cite_ref-Haigh26_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haigh26-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> introduced <a href="/wiki/Gutta-percha" title="Gutta-percha">gutta-percha</a>, the adhesive juice of the <i><a href="/wiki/Palaquium_gutta" title="Palaquium gutta">Palaquium gutta</a></i> tree, to Europe. <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a> and Wheatstone soon discovered the merits of gutta-percha as an insulator, and in 1845, the latter suggested that it should be employed to cover the wire which was proposed to be laid from <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a> to <a href="/wiki/Calais" title="Calais">Calais</a>. Gutta-percha was used as insulation on a wire laid across the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> between <a href="/wiki/Cologne-Deutz" class="mw-redirect" title="Cologne-Deutz">Deutz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cologne" title="Cologne">Cologne</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1849, <a href="/wiki/C._V._Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="C. V. Walker">C. V. Walker</a>, electrician to the <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Railway_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Eastern Railway (UK)">South Eastern Railway</a>, submerged a 2 miles (3.2 km) wire coated with gutta-percha off the coast from Folkestone, which was tested successfully.<sup id="cite_ref-Haigh26_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Haigh26-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/John_Watkins_Brett" title="John Watkins Brett">John Watkins Brett</a>, an engineer from <a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a>, sought and obtained permission from <a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe">Louis-Philippe</a> in 1847 to establish <a href="/wiki/Telegraph" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegraph">telegraphic communication</a> between France and England. The first undersea cable was laid in 1850, connecting the two countries and was followed by connections to Ireland and the Low Countries. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Telegraph_Company" title="Atlantic Telegraph Company">Atlantic Telegraph Company</a> was formed in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in 1856 to undertake to construct a commercial telegraph cable across the Atlantic Ocean. It was successfully completed on 18 July 1866 by the ship <a href="/wiki/SS_Great_Eastern" title="SS Great Eastern">SS <i>Great Eastern</i></a>, captained by <a href="/wiki/Sir_James_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir James Anderson">Sir James Anderson</a>, after many mishaps along the way.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Pender, one of the men on the Great Eastern, later founded several telecommunications companies primarily laying cables between Britain and Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Earlier transatlantic <a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable" title="Submarine communications cable">submarine cables</a> installations were attempted in 1857, 1858 and 1865. The 1857 cable only operated intermittently for a few days or weeks before it failed. The study of underwater telegraph cables accelerated interest in mathematical analysis of very long <a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">transmission lines</a>. The telegraph lines from Britain to India were connected in 1870. (Those several companies combined to form the <i>Eastern Telegraph Company</i> in 1872.) The HMS <i>Challenger</i> expedition in 1873–1876 mapped the ocean floor for future underwater telegraph cables.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia was first linked to the rest of the world in October 1872 by a submarine telegraph cable at Darwin.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This brought news reports from the rest of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The telegraph across the Pacific was completed in 1902, finally encircling the world. </p><p>From the 1850s until well into the 20th century, British submarine cable systems dominated the world system. This was set out as a formal strategic goal, which became known as the <a href="/wiki/All_Red_Line" title="All Red Line">All Red Line</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kennedy197110_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kennedy197110-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1896, there were thirty cable laying ships in the world and twenty-four of them were owned by British companies. In 1892, British companies owned and operated two-thirds of the world's cables and by 1923, their share was still 42.7 percent.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cable_and_Wireless_Company">Cable and Wireless Company</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Cable and Wireless Company"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png/330px-1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png/495px-1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png/660px-1901_Eastern_Telegraph_cables.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1458" /></a><figcaption>The Eastern Telegraph Company network in 1901</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc" title="Cable & Wireless plc">Cable & Wireless plc</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cable_%26_Wireless_plc" title="Cable & Wireless plc">Cable & Wireless</a> was a British telecommunications company that traced its origins back to the 1860s, with Sir <a href="/wiki/John_Pender" title="John Pender">John Pender</a> as the founder,<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although the name was only adopted in 1934. It was formed from successive mergers including: </p> <ul><li>The Falmouth, Malta, Gibraltar Telegraph Company</li> <li>The British Indian Submarine Telegraph Company</li> <li>The Marseilles, Algiers and Malta Telegraph Company</li> <li>The Eastern Telegraph Company<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Eastern Extension Australasia and China Telegraph Company</li> <li>The Eastern and Associated Telegraph Companies<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telegraphy_and_longitude">Telegraphy and longitude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Telegraphy and longitude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Main article § Section: <a href="/wiki/History_of_longitude#Land_surveying_and_telegraphy" title="History of longitude">History of longitude § Land surveying and telegraphy</a>. </p><p>The telegraph was very important for sending time signals to determine longitude, providing greater accuracy than previously available. Longitude was measured by comparing local time (for example local noon occurs when the sun is at its highest above the horizon) with absolute time (a time that is the same for an observer anywhere on earth). If the local times of two places differ by one hour, the difference in longitude between them is 15° (360°/24h). Before telegraphy, absolute time could be obtained from astronomical events, such as <a href="/wiki/Eclipses" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipses">eclipses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occultations" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultations">occultations</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lunar_distance_(navigation)" title="Lunar distance (navigation)">lunar distances</a>, or by transporting an accurate clock (a <a href="/wiki/Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">chronometer</a>) from one location to the other. </p><p>The idea of using the telegraph to transmit a time signal for longitude determination was suggested by <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Arago" title="François Arago">François Arago</a> to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a> in 1837,<sup id="cite_ref-Walker_1850_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Walker_1850-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the first test of this idea was made by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Wilkes" title="Charles Wilkes">Capt. Wilkes</a> of the U.S. Navy in 1844, over Morse's line between Washington and Baltimore.<sup id="cite_ref-Briggs_1858_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Briggs_1858-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The method was soon in practical use for longitude determination, in particular by the U.S. Coast Survey, and over longer and longer distances as the telegraph network spread across North America and the world, and as technical developments improved accuracy and productivity<sup id="cite_ref-Loomis_1856_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loomis_1856-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 318–330">: 318–330 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Stachurski_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stachurski-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 98–107">: 98–107 </span></sup> </p><p>The "telegraphic longitude net"<sup id="cite_ref-Schott_1897_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schott_1897-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> soon became worldwide. Transatlantic links between Europe and North America were established in 1866 and 1870. The US Navy extended observations into the West Indies and Central and South America with an additional transatlantic link from South America to Lisbon between 1874 and 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-Green1877_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green1877-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Green1880_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green1880-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Davis1885_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Davis1885-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laird1891_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laird1891-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British, Russian and US observations created a chain from Europe through Suez, Aden, Madras, Singapore, China and Japan, to Vladivostok, thence to Saint Petersburg and back to Western Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-Green1883_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Green1883-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia's telegraph network was linked to Singapore's via Java in 1871,<sup id="cite_ref-Martinez2017_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martinez2017-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the net circled the globe in 1902 with the connection of the Australia and New Zealand networks to Canada's via the <a href="/wiki/All_Red_Line" title="All Red Line">All Red Line</a>. The two determinations of longitudes, one transmitted from east to west and the other from west to east, agreed within one second of arc (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">15</span></span> second of time – less than 30 metres).<sup id="cite_ref-Stewart1924_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stewart1924-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Telegraphy_in_war">Telegraphy in war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Telegraphy in war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ability to send telegrams brought obvious advantages to those conducting war. Secret messages were encoded, so interception alone would not be sufficient for the opposing side to gain an advantage. There were also geographical constraints on intercepting the telegraph cables that improved security, however once radio telegraphy was developed interception became far more widespread. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crimean_War">Crimean War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Crimean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Crimean_War" title="Crimean War">Crimean War</a> was one of the first conflicts to use <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">telegraphs</a> and was one of the first to be documented extensively. In 1854, the government in London created a military Telegraph Detachment for the Army commanded by an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Engineers" title="Royal Engineers">Royal Engineers</a>. It was to comprise twenty-five men from the Royal Corps of Sappers & Miners trained by the Electric Telegraph Company to construct and work the first field electric telegraph.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Journalistic recording of the war was provided by <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Russell" title="William Howard Russell">William Howard Russell</a> (writing for <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> newspaper) with photographs by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Fenton" title="Roger Fenton">Roger Fenton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges2010306–309_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges2010306–309-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> News from war correspondents kept the public of the nations involved in the war informed of the day-to-day events in a way that had not been possible in any previous war. After the French extended their telegraph lines to the coast of the Black Sea in late 1854, war news began reaching <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> in two days. When the British laid an underwater cable to the Crimean peninsula in April 1855, news reached London in a few hours. These prompt daily news reports energised British public opinion on the war, which brought down the government and led to Lord Palmerston becoming prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges2010304–311_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges2010304–311-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Civil_War">American Civil War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> the telegraph proved its value as a tactical, operational, and strategic communication medium and an important contributor to Union victory.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By contrast the Confederacy failed to make effective use of the South's much smaller telegraph network. Prior to the War the telegraph systems were primarily used in the commercial sector. Government buildings were not inter-connected with telegraph lines, but relied on runners to carry messages back and forth.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwoch2018_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwoch2018-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the war the Government saw no need to connect lines within city limits, however, they did see the use in connections between cities. Washington D.C. being the hub of government, it had the most connections, but there were only a few lines running north and south out of the city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwoch2018_98-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwoch2018-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was not until the Civil War that the government saw the true potential of the telegraph system. Soon after the shelling of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Sumter" title="Fort Sumter">Fort Sumter</a>, the South cut telegraph lines running into D.C., which put the city in a state of panic because they feared an immediate Southern invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwoch2018_98-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwoch2018-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within 6 months of the start of the war, the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Military_Telegraph_Corps" title="U.S. Military Telegraph Corps">U.S. Military Telegraph Corps</a> (USMT) had laid approximately 300 miles (480 km) of line. By war's end they had laid approximately 15,000 miles (24,000 km) of line, 8,000 for military and 5,000 for commercial use, and had handled approximately 6.5 million messages. The telegraph was not only important for communication within the armed forces, but also in the civilian sector, helping political leaders to maintain control over their districts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even before the war, the <a href="/wiki/American_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telegraph Company">American Telegraph Company</a> censored suspect messages informally to block aid to the secession movement. During the war, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Simon_Cameron" title="Simon Cameron">Simon Cameron</a>, and later <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Stanton" title="Edwin Stanton">Edwin Stanton</a>, wanted control over the telegraph lines to maintain the flow of information. Early in the war, one of Stanton's first acts as Secretary of War was to move telegraph lines from ending at <a href="/wiki/George_B._McClellan" title="George B. McClellan">McClellan's</a> headquarters to terminating at the War Department. Stanton himself said "[telegraphy] is my right arm". Telegraphy assisted Northern victories, including the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antietam" title="Battle of Antietam">Battle of Antietam</a> (1862), the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Battle of Chickamauga</a> (1863), and <a href="/wiki/Sherman%27s_March_to_the_Sea" title="Sherman's March to the Sea">Sherman's March to the Sea</a> (1864).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012_99-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The telegraph system still had its flaws. The USMT, while the main source of telegraphers and cable, was still a civilian agency. Most operators were first hired by the telegraph companies and then contracted out to the War Department. This created tension between generals and their operators. One source of irritation was that USMT operators did not have to follow military authority. Usually they performed without hesitation, but they were not required to, so <a href="/wiki/Albert_J._Myer" title="Albert J. Myer">Albert Myer</a> created a <a href="/wiki/Signal_Corps_(United_States_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal Corps (United States Army)">U.S. Army Signal Corps</a> in February 1863. As the new head of the Signal Corps, Myer tried to get all telegraph and flag signaling under his command, and therefore subject to military discipline. After creating the Signal Corps, Myer pushed to further develop new telegraph systems. While the USMT relied primarily on civilian lines and operators, the Signal Corp's new field telegraph could be deployed and dismantled faster than USMT's system.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012_99-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_World_War">First World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: First World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, Britain's telegraph communications were almost completely uninterrupted, while it was able to quickly cut Germany's cables worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1971_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1971-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British government censored telegraph cable companies in an effort to root out espionage and restrict financial transactions with Central Powers nations.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> British access to transatlantic cables and its codebreaking expertise led to the <a href="/wiki/Zimmermann_Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Zimmermann Telegram">Zimmermann Telegram</a> incident that contributed to the <a href="/wiki/American_entry_into_World_War_I" title="American entry into World War I">US joining the war</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite British acquisition of German colonies and expansion into the Middle East, debt from the war led to Britain's control over telegraph cables to weaken while US control grew.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lorenz_SZ42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lorenz_SZ42.jpg/220px-Lorenz_SZ42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lorenz_SZ42.jpg/330px-Lorenz_SZ42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Lorenz_SZ42.jpg/440px-Lorenz_SZ42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>German Lorenz SZ42 teleprinter attachment (left) and Lorenz military teleprinter (right) at <a href="/wiki/The_National_Museum_of_Computing" title="The National Museum of Computing">The National Museum of Computing</a> on <a href="/wiki/Bletchley_Park" title="Bletchley Park">Bletchley Park</a>, England</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> revived the 'cable war' of 1914–1918. In 1939, German-owned cables across the Atlantic were cut once again, and, in 1940, Italian cables to South America and Spain were cut in retaliation for Italian action against two of the five British cables linking Gibraltar and Malta. <a href="/wiki/Electra_House" title="Electra House">Electra House</a>, Cable & Wireless's head office and central cable station, was damaged by German bombing in 1941. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance movements</a> in occupied Europe sabotaged communications facilities such as telegraph lines,<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> forcing the Germans to use <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraphy</a>, which could then be <a href="/wiki/Y-stations" class="mw-redirect" title="Y-stations">intercepted</a> by Britain. The Germans developed a highly complex teleprinter attachment (German: <i>Schlüssel-Zusatz</i>, "cipher attachment") that was used for enciphering telegrams, using the <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_cipher" title="Lorenz cipher">Lorenz cipher</a>, between German High Command (<a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">OKW</a>) and the army groups in the field. These contained situation reports, battle plans, and discussions of strategy and tactics. Britain intercepted these signals, diagnosed how the encrypting machine worked, and <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis_of_the_Lorenz_cipher" title="Cryptanalysis of the Lorenz cipher">decrypted</a> a large amount of teleprinter traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopeland20061–6_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopeland20061–6-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_telegraph_era">End of the telegraph era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: End of the telegraph era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></div> <p>In America, the end of the telegraph era can be associated with the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Union" title="Western Union">Western Union Telegraph Company</a>. Western Union was the leading telegraph provider for America and was seen as the best competition for the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Telephone_Company" title="Bell Telephone Company">National Bell Telephone Company</a>. Western Union and Bell were both invested in telegraphy and telephone technology. Western Union's decision to allow Bell to gain the advantage in telephone technology was the result of Western Union's upper management's failure to foresee the surpassing of the telephone over the, at the time, dominant telegraph system. Western Union soon lost the legal battle for the rights to their telephone copyrights. This led to Western Union agreeing to a lesser position in the telephone competition, which in turn led to the lessening of the telegraph.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012_99-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the telegraph was not the focus of the legal battles that occurred around 1878, the companies that were affected by the effects of the battle were the main powers of telegraphy at the time. Western Union thought that the agreement of 1878 would solidify telegraphy as the long-range communication of choice. However, due to the underestimates of telegraph's future<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag needs further explanation. (October 2019)">further explanation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and poor contracts, Western Union found itself declining.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012_99-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/AT%26T" title="AT&T">AT&T</a> acquired working control of Western Union in 1909 but relinquished it in 1914 under threat of antitrust action. AT&T bought Western Union's electronic mail and <a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a> businesses in 1990. </p><p>Although commercial "telegraph" services are still available in <a href="/wiki/Worldwide_use_of_telegrams_by_country" title="Worldwide use of telegrams by country">many countries</a>, transmission is usually done via a <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">computer network</a> rather than a dedicated wired connection. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/92_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="92 Code">92 Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurora#Historically_significant_events" title="Aurora">Aurora#Historically significant events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Telephone_and_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="American Telephone and Telegraph Company">American Telephone and Telegraph Company</a> (AT&T)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Canada" title="Bell Canada">Bell Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomagnetically_induced_current" title="Geomagnetically induced current">Geomagnetically induced current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Northern_Telegraph_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Northern Telegraph Company">Great Northern Telegraph Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutral_direct-current_telegraph_system" title="Neutral direct-current telegraph system">Neutral direct-current telegraph system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiogram_(message)" title="Radiogram (message)">Radiogram (message)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Electric_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Electric Company">Western Electric Company</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWenzlhuemer2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wenzlhuemer, Roland (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de/volltextserver/19679/1/Wenzlhuemer_The_Development_of_Telegraphy_2007.pdf">"The Development of Telegraphy, 1870–1900: A European Perspective on a World History Challenge"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>History Compass</i>. <b>5</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1720–</span>1742. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2007.00461.x">10.1111/j.1478-0542.2007.00461.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1478-0542">1478-0542</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Compass&rft.atitle=The+Development+of+Telegraphy%2C+1870%E2%80%931900%3A+A+European+Perspective+on+a+World+History+Challenge&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1720-%3C%2Fspan%3E1742&rft.date=2007-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1478-0542.2007.00461.x&rft.issn=1478-0542&rft.aulast=Wenzlhuemer&rft.aufirst=Roland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchiv.ub.uni-heidelberg.de%2Fvolltextserver%2F19679%2F1%2FWenzlhuemer_The_Development_of_Telegraphy_2007.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKieve197313-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKieve197313_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKieve1973">Kieve 1973</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts" class="citation web cs1">Roberts, Steven. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://distantwriting.co.uk/introduction.html">"Distant Writing: A History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868: 2. Introduction"</a>. <q>Using these discoveries a number of inventors or rather 'adapters' appeared, taking this new knowledge, transforming it into useful ideas with commercial utility; the first of these 'products' was the use of electricity to transmit information between distant points, the electric telegraph.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Distant+Writing%3A+A+History+of+the+Telegraph+Companies+in+Britain+between+1838+and+1868%3A+2.+Introduction&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdistantwriting.co.uk%2Fintroduction.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanns2012" class="citation book cs1">Vanns, Michael A. (2012). <i>Signalling in the Age of Steam</i>. abc (2nd ed.). Ian Allan. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3536-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7110-3536-2"><bdi>978-0-7110-3536-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Signalling+in+the+Age+of+Steam&rft.series=abc&rft.pages=16&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Ian+Allan&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7110-3536-2&rft.aulast=Vanns&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoss2013" class="citation cs2">Moss, Stephen (10 July 2013), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/shortcuts/2013/jul/10/final-telegram-to-be-sent-india">"Final telegram to be sent. STOP"</a>, <i>The Guardian: International Edition</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian%3A+International+Edition&rft.atitle=Final+telegram+to+be+sent.+STOP&rft.date=2013-07-10&rft.aulast=Moss&rft.aufirst=Stephen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2Fshortcuts%2F2013%2Fjul%2F10%2Ffinal-telegram-to-be-sent-india&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1974" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Raymond (1974). "The Technology and the Society". <i>Television: Technology and Cultural Form</i>. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0819562599" title="Special:BookSources/0819562599"><bdi>0819562599</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Technology+and+the+Society&rft.btitle=Television%3A+Technology+and+Cultural+Form&rft.place=Hanover%2C+NH&rft.pub=Wesleyan+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=0819562599&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChen2000" class="citation book cs1">Chen, Matthew Y. 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London: Hunter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Descriptions+of+an+Electrical+Telegraph+and+of+some+other+Electrical+Apparatus&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Hunter&rft.date=1823&rft.aulast=Ronalds&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdescriptionsane00ronagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRonalds2016" class="citation journal cs1">Ronalds, B.F. 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London: Imperial College Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78326-917-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78326-917-4"><bdi>978-1-78326-917-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sir+Francis+Ronalds%3A+Father+of+the+Electric+Telegraph&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-78326-917-4&rft.aulast=Ronalds&rft.aufirst=B.F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFahie1884307–325-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahie1884307–325_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFahie1884307–325_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFahie1884">Fahie 1884</a>, pp. 307–325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200354-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200354_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuurdeman2003">Huurdeman 2003</a>, p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECalvert2008-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECalvert2008_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCalvert2008">Calvert 2008</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Howe, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHistory.com_Staff2009" class="citation cs2">History.com Staff (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/inventions/telegraph"><i>Morse Code & the Telegraph</i></a>, A+E Networks</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morse+Code+%26+the+Telegraph&rft.pub=A%2BE+Networks&rft.date=2009&rft.au=History.com+Staff&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Finventions%2Ftelegraph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130219081333/http://www.connected-earth.com/journeys/Firstgenerationtechnologies/Thetelegraph/Thetelegraphicagedawns/index.htm">"The telegraphic age dawns"</a>. <i>BT Group Connected Earth Online Museum</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BT+Group+Connected+Earth+Online+Museum&rft.atitle=The+telegraphic+age+dawns&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.connected-earth.com%2Fjourneys%2FFirstgenerationtechnologies%2FThetelegraph%2FThetelegraphicagedawns%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bowers_129-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bowers_129_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bowers_129_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bowers, p. 129</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200367-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200367_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuurdeman2003">Huurdeman 2003</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200367–68-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200367–68_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuurdeman2003">Huurdeman 2003</a>, pp. 67–68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeauchamp200135-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeauchamp200135_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBeauchamp2001">Beauchamp 2001</a>, p. 35.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200369-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200369_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuurdeman2003">Huurdeman 2003</a>, p. 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200367–69-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHuurdeman200367–69_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHuurdeman2003">Huurdeman 2003</a>, pp. 67–69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nichols, John (1967). <i>The Gentleman's magazine, Volumes 282–283.</i> p. 545. University of California</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Atterbury" class="citation web cs1">Paul Atterbury. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/victorian_technology_01.shtml">"Victorian Technology"</a>. BBC.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Victorian+Technology&rft.pub=BBC&rft.au=Paul+Atterbury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fhistory%2Fbritish%2Fvictorians%2Fvictorian_technology_01.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o5RW31DLaVs">"Telegraph – A working ABC telegraph from prof. Ch. Wheatstone"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></i>. 5 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Telegraph+%E2%80%93+A+working+ABC+telegraph+from+prof.+Ch.+Wheatstone&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Do5RW31DLaVs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreebody1958" class="citation cs2">Freebody, J. W. (1958), "Historical Survey of Telegraphy", <i>Telegraphy</i>, London: Sir Isaac Pitman & Sons, Ltd., pp. 30, 31</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Historical+Survey+of+Telegraphy&rft.btitle=Telegraphy&rft.place=London&rft.pages=30%2C+31&rft.pub=Sir+Isaac+Pitman+%26+Sons%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Freebody&rft.aufirst=J.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobbsHallas" class="citation web cs1">Hobbs, Alan G.; Hallas, Sam. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.samhallas.co.uk/telhist1/telehist.htm">"A Short History of Telegraphy"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Telegraphy&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=Alan+G.&rft.au=Hallas%2C+Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.samhallas.co.uk%2Ftelhist1%2Ftelehist.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnbull1853" class="citation book cs1">Turnbull, Laurence (1853). <i>Electro-magnetic telegraph</i>. Philadelphia: A. Hart. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/60717772">60717772</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Electro-magnetic+telegraph&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=A.+Hart&rft.date=1853&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F60717772&rft.aulast=Turnbull&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe2003" class="citation book cs1">Coe, Lewis (2003). <i>The Telegraph: A History of Morse's Invention and Its Predecessors in the United States</i>. McFarland. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786418087" title="Special:BookSources/0786418087"><bdi>0786418087</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Telegraph%3A+A+History+of+Morse%27s+Invention+and+Its+Predecessors+in+the+United+States&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0786418087&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2014" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Andrew L. (2014). <i>Open Standards and the Digital Age</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1107039193" title="Special:BookSources/978-1107039193"><bdi>978-1107039193</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Open+Standards+and+the+Digital+Age&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1107039193&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Andrew+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Today in History – 24 October, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/today-in-history/october-24">The Transcontinental Telegraph and the End of the Pony Express</a>, Library of Congress, retrieved 3 February 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Holzmann & Pehrson, pp. 93–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christine Rider, ed., <i>Encyclopedia of the Age of the Industrial Revolution, 1700–1920</i> (2007) 2:440.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaffner1867" class="citation web cs1">Shaffner, Taliaferro Preston (1867). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/telegraphmanualc00shafrich">"The Telegraph Manual: A Complete History and Description of the Semaphoric, Electric and Magnetic Telegraphs of Europe, Asia, Africa, and America, Ancient and Modern: with Six Hundred and Twenty-five Illustrations"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Telegraph+Manual%3A+A+Complete+History+and+Description+of+the+Semaphoric%2C+Electric+and+Magnetic+Telegraphs+of+Europe%2C+Asia%2C+Africa%2C+and+America%2C+Ancient+and+Modern%3A+with+Six+Hundred+and+Twenty-five+Illustrations&rft.date=1867&rft.aulast=Shaffner&rft.aufirst=Taliaferro+Preston&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftelegraphmanualc00shafrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard B. Du Boff, "Business Demand and the Development of the Telegraph in the United States, 1844–1860." <i>Business History Review</i> 54#4 (1980): 459–479.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Liffen, "The Introduction of the Electric Telegraph in Britain, a Reappraisal of the Work of Cooke and Wheatstone." <i>International Journal for the History of Engineering & Technology</i> (2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnns2015" class="citation journal cs1">Enns, Anthony (September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarworks.umass.edu/cpo/vol4/iss1/11/">"Spiritualist Writing Machines: Telegraphy,Typtology, Typewriting"</a>. <i>Communication +1</i>. <b>4</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7275%2FR5M61H51">10.7275/R5M61H51</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14674389">14674389</a>. <q>Article 11</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Communication+%2B1&rft.atitle=Spiritualist+Writing+Machines%3A+Telegraphy%2CTyptology%2C+Typewriting&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2015-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7275%2FR5M61H51&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14674389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Enns&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarworks.umass.edu%2Fcpo%2Fvol4%2Fiss1%2F11%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2012" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Steven (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://distantwriting.co.uk/companiesandforeigntraffic.html"><i>A History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838–1868</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2017</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Telegraph+Companies+in+Britain+between+1838%E2%80%931868&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdistantwriting.co.uk%2Fcompaniesandforeigntraffic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhalid1998" class="citation book cs1">Khalid, Adeeb (1998). 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"The Transatlantic Telegraphs and the 'Class of 1866' – the Formative Years of Transnational Networks in Telegraphic Space, 1858–1884/89". <i>Historical Social Research / Historische Sozialforschung</i>. <b>35</b> (1 (131)): <span class="nowrap">237–</span>259. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0172-6404">0172-6404</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20762437">20762437</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Social+Research+%2F+Historische+Sozialforschung&rft.atitle=The+Transatlantic+Telegraphs+and+the+%27Class+of+1866%27+%E2%80%93+the+Formative+Years+of+Transnational+Networks+in+Telegraphic+Space%2C+1858%E2%80%931884%2F89&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=1+%28131%29&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E237-%3C%2Fspan%3E259&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20762437%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0172-6404&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=Simone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarosielski2015" class="citation book cs1">Starosielski, Nicole (2015). 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evolution+of+Eastern+Telegraph+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atlantic-cable.com%2FCableCos%2FCandW%2FEastern%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atlantic-cable.com/CableCos/CandW/EATC/">"Origins of the Eastern & Associated Telegraph Companies"</a>.</cite><span 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Science and Arts</i>. <b>10</b> (28): <span class="nowrap">151–</span>160.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Science+and+Arts&rft.atitle=Report+on+the+experience+of+the+Coast+Survey+in+regard+to+telegraph+operations%2C+for+determination+of+longitude+%26c.&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=28&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E151-%3C%2Fspan%3E160&rft.date=1850&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Sears+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fappendix-telegraphic-longitude-the-american-journal-of-science-and-arts&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Briggs_1858-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Briggs_1858_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBriggsMaverick1858" class="citation book cs1">Briggs, Charles Frederick; Maverick, Augustus (1858). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storyoftelegraph01brig"><i>The Story of the Telegraph, and a History of the Great Atlantic Cable: A Complete Record of the Inception, Progress, and Final Success of that Undertaking: a General History of Land and Oceanic Telegraphs: Descriptions of Telegraphic Apparatus, and Biographical Sketches of the Principal Persons Connected with the Great Work</i></a>. 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New York: Harper and Brothers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+recent+progress+of+astronomy%2C+especially+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Harper+and+Brothers&rft.date=1856&rft.aulast=Loomis&rft.aufirst=Elias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frecentprogressof00loomrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stachurski-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stachurski_85-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStachurski2009" class="citation book cs1">Stachurski, Richard (2009). <i>Longitude by Wire: Finding North America</i>. Columbia: University of South Carolina Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-801-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57003-801-3"><bdi>978-1-57003-801-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Longitude+by+Wire%3A+Finding+North+America&rft.place=Columbia&rft.pub=University+of+South+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-57003-801-3&rft.aulast=Stachurski&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schott_1897-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Schott_1897_86-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchott1897" class="citation journal cs1">Schott, Charles A. (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F102749">"The telegraphic longitude net of the United States and its connection with that of Europe, as developed by the Coast and Geodetic Survey between 1866 and 1896"</a>. <i>The Astronomical Journal</i>. <b>18</b>: <span class="nowrap">25–</span>28. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1897AJ.....18...25S">1897AJ.....18...25S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F102749">10.1086/102749</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Astronomical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+telegraphic+longitude+net+of+the+United+States+and+its+connection+with+that+of+Europe%2C+as+developed+by+the+Coast+and+Geodetic+Survey+between+1866+and+1896&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E28&rft.date=1897&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F102749&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1897AJ.....18...25S&rft.aulast=Schott&rft.aufirst=Charles+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F102749&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green1877-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green1877_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1877" class="citation book cs1">Green, Francis Matthews (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportontelegra00greegoog"><i>Report on the telegraphic determination of differences of longitude in the West Indies and Central America</i></a>. Washington: US Hydrographic Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+telegraphic+determination+of+differences+of+longitude+in+the+West+Indies+and+Central+America&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=US+Hydrographic+Office&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Francis+Matthews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freportontelegra00greegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green1880-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green1880_88-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1880" class="citation book cs1">Green, Francis Matthews (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/telegraphicdete00norrgoog"><i>Telegraphic determination of longitudes on the east coast of South America embracing the meridians of Lisbon, Madeira, St. Vincent, Pernambuco, Bahia, Rio de Janeiro, Montevideo, Buenos Ayres, and Para, with the latitude of the several stations</i></a>. Washington: US Hydrographic Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telegraphic+determination+of+longitudes+on+the+east+coast+of+South+America+embracing+the+meridians+of+Lisbon%2C+Madeira%2C+St.+Vincent%2C+Pernambuco%2C+Bahia%2C+Rio+de+Janeiro%2C+Montevideo%2C+Buenos+Ayres%2C+and+Para%2C+with+the+latitude+of+the+several+stations&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=US+Hydrographic+Office&rft.date=1880&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Francis+Matthews&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftelegraphicdete00norrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Davis1885-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Davis1885_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavisNorris1885" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Chales Henry; Norris, John Alexander (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/davis-1885-telegraphic-determination-of-longitudes"><i>Telegraphic Determination of Longitudes in Mexico and Central America and on the West Coast of South America: Embracing the Meridians of Vera Cruz; Guatemala; La Libertad; Salvador; Paita; Lima; Arica; Valparaiso; and the Argentine National Observatory at Cordoba; with the Latitudes of the Several Sea-coast Stations</i></a>. Washington: US Hydrographic Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telegraphic+Determination+of+Longitudes+in+Mexico+and+Central+America+and+on+the+West+Coast+of+South+America%3A+Embracing+the+Meridians+of+Vera+Cruz%3B+Guatemala%3B+La+Libertad%3B+Salvador%3B+Paita%3B+Lima%3B+Arica%3B+Valparaiso%3B+and+the+Argentine+National+Observatory+at+Cordoba%3B+with+the+Latitudes+of+the+Several+Sea-coast+Stations&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=US+Hydrographic+Office&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Chales+Henry&rft.au=Norris%2C+John+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdavis-1885-telegraphic-determination-of-longitudes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laird1891-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laird1891_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorrisLairdHolcombeGarrett1891" class="citation book cs1">Norris, John Alexander; Laird, Charles; Holcombe, John H.L.; Garrett, Le Roy M. (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/telegraphicdete00garrgoog"><i>Telegraphic determination of longitudes in Mexico, Central America, the West Indies, and on the north coast of South America, embracing the meridians of Coatzacoalcos; Salina Cruz; La Libertad; San Juan del Sur; St. Nicolas Mole; Port Plata; Santo Domingo; Curacao; and La Guayra, with the latitudes of the several stations</i></a>. Washington: US Hydrographic Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telegraphic+determination+of+longitudes+in+Mexico%2C+Central+America%2C+the+West+Indies%2C+and+on+the+north+coast+of+South+America%2C+embracing+the+meridians+of+Coatzacoalcos%3B+Salina+Cruz%3B+La+Libertad%3B+San+Juan+del+Sur%3B+St.+Nicolas+Mole%3B+Port+Plata%3B+Santo+Domingo%3B+Curacao%3B+and+La+Guayra%2C+with+the+latitudes+of+the+several+stations&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=US+Hydrographic+Office&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=John+Alexander&rft.au=Laird%2C+Charles&rft.au=Holcombe%2C+John+H.L.&rft.au=Garrett%2C+Le+Roy+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftelegraphicdete00garrgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Green1883-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Green1883_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenDavisNorris1883" class="citation book cs1">Green, Francis Mathews; Davis, Charles Henry; Norris, John Alexander (1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.177254"><i>Telegraphic Determination of Longitudes in Japan, China, and the East Indies: Embracing the Meridians of Yokohama, Nagasaki, Wladiwostok, Shanghai, Amoy, Hong-Kong, Manila, Cape St. James, Singapore, Batavia, and Madras, with the Latitude of the Several Stations</i></a>. Washington: US Hydrographic Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Telegraphic+Determination+of+Longitudes+in+Japan%2C+China%2C+and+the+East+Indies%3A+Embracing+the+Meridians+of+Yokohama%2C+Nagasaki%2C+Wladiwostok%2C+Shanghai%2C+Amoy%2C+Hong-Kong%2C+Manila%2C+Cape+St.+James%2C+Singapore%2C+Batavia%2C+and+Madras%2C+with+the+Latitude+of+the+Several+Stations&rft.place=Washington&rft.pub=US+Hydrographic+Office&rft.date=1883&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Francis+Mathews&rft.au=Davis%2C+Charles+Henry&rft.au=Norris%2C+John+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.177254&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martinez2017-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martinez2017_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez2017" class="citation journal cs1">Martinez, Julia (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4008&context=lhapapers">"Asian Servants for the Imperial Telegraph: Imagining North Australia as an Indian Ocean Colony before 1914"</a>. <i>Australian Historical Studies</i>. <b>48</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">227–</span>243. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F1031461X.2017.1279196">10.1080/1031461X.2017.1279196</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:149205560">149205560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Asian+Servants+for+the+Imperial+Telegraph%3A+Imagining+North+Australia+as+an+Indian+Ocean+Colony+before+1914&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E227-%3C%2Fspan%3E243&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F1031461X.2017.1279196&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A149205560%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Martinez&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fro.uow.edu.au%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D4008%26context%3Dlhapapers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stewart1924-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stewart1924_93-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStewart1924" class="citation journal cs1">Stewart, R.Meldrum (1924). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924JRASC..18....1S">"Dr. Otto Klotz"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada</i>. <b>18</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1924JRASC..18....1S">1924JRASC..18....1S</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Astronomical+Society+of+Canada&rft.atitle=Dr.+Otto+Klotz&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=1924&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1924JRASC..18....1S&rft.aulast=Stewart&rft.aufirst=R.Meldrum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fui.adsabs.harvard.edu%2Fabs%2F1924JRASC..18....1S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2012" class="citation cs2">Roberts, Steven (2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://distantwriting.co.uk/telegraphwar.html"><i>Distant Writing A History of Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868: 16. Telegraph at War 1854–1868</i></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Distant+Writing+A+History+of+Telegraph+Companies+in+Britain+between+1838+and+1868%3A+16.+Telegraph+at+War+1854%E2%80%931868&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdistantwriting.co.uk%2Ftelegraphwar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges2010306–309-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges2010306–309_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiges2010">Figes 2010</a>, pp. 306–309.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFiges2010304–311-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFiges2010304–311_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFiges2010">Figes 2010</a>, pp. 304–311.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochfelder2019" class="citation cs2">Hochfelder, David (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com/the-telegraph.html"><i>Essential Civil WAR Curriculum: The Telegraph</i></a>, Virginia Center for Civil War Studies at Virginia Tech</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Essential+Civil+WAR+Curriculum%3A+The+Telegraph&rft.pub=Virginia+Center+for+Civil+War+Studies+at+Virginia+Tech&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Hochfelder&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.essentialcivilwarcurriculum.com%2Fthe-telegraph.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchwoch2018-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwoch2018_98-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwoch2018_98-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchwoch2018_98-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchwoch2018">Schwoch 2018</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012_99-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012_99-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012_99-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHochfelder2012_99-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHochfelder2012">Hochfelder 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKennedy1971-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKennedy1971_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKennedy1971">Kennedy 1971</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHills2006" class="citation journal cs1">Hills, Jill (June 2006). 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War, Censorship and Global Transmission: From the Telegraph to the Internet". <i>International Communication Gazette</i>. <b>68</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">195–</span>216. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1748048506063761">10.1177/1748048506063761</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1748-0485">1748-0485</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153879238">153879238</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Communication+Gazette&rft.atitle=What%27s+New%3F+War%2C+Censorship+and+Global+Transmission%3A+From+the+Telegraph+to+the+Internet&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E195-%3C%2Fspan%3E216&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153879238%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1748-0485&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F1748048506063761&rft.aulast=Hills&rft.aufirst=Jill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historyextra.com/article/bbc-history-magazine/telegram-brought-america-first-world-war">"The telegram that brought America into the First World War"</a>. <i>BBC History Magazin e</i>. 17 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+History+Magazin+e&rft.atitle=The+telegram+that+brought+America+into+the+First+World+War&rft.date=2017-01-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyextra.com%2Farticle%2Fbbc-history-magazine%2Ftelegram-brought-america-first-world-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolymar2000" class="citation journal cs1">Solymar, L. (March 2000). "The effect of the telegraph on law and order, war, diplomacy, and power politics". <i>Interdisciplinary Science Reviews</i>. <b>25</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">203–</span>210. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000ISRv...25..203S">2000ISRv...25..203S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F030801800679233">10.1179/030801800679233</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0308-0188">0308-0188</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144107714">144107714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Interdisciplinary+Science+Reviews&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+the+telegraph+on+law+and+order%2C+war%2C+diplomacy%2C+and+power+politics&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E203-%3C%2Fspan%3E210&rft.date=2000-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F030801800679233&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144107714%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0308-0188&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000ISRv...25..203S&rft.aulast=Solymar&rft.aufirst=L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/event/World-War-II/German-occupied-Europe"><i>World War II: German-occupied Europe</i></a>, Encyclopaedia Britannica</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II%3A+German-occupied+Europe&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fevent%2FWorld-War-II%2FGerman-occupied-Europe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopeland20061–6-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopeland20061–6_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCopeland2006">Copeland 2006</a>, pp. 1–6.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeauchamp2001" class="citation book cs1">Beauchamp, Ken (2001). <i>History of Telegraphy</i>. London: The Institution of Electrical Engineers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-792-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85296-792-8"><bdi>978-0-85296-792-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Telegraphy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Institution+of+Electrical+Engineers&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-85296-792-8&rft.aulast=Beauchamp&rft.aufirst=Ken&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Bowers, Brian, <i>Sir Charles Wheatstone: 1802–1875</i>, IET, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0852961030" title="Special:BookSources/0852961030">0852961030</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalvert2008" class="citation web cs1">Calvert, J. B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm">"The Electromagnetic Telegraph"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Electromagnetic+Telegraph&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Calvert&rft.aufirst=J.+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmysite.du.edu%2F~jcalvert%2Ftel%2Fmorse%2Fmorse.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopeland2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Copeland" title="Jack Copeland">Copeland, B. Jack</a>, ed. (2006). <i>Colossus: The Secrets of Bletchley Park's Codebreaking Computers</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284055-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-284055-4"><bdi>978-0-19-284055-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colossus%3A+The+Secrets+of+Bletchley+Park%27s+Codebreaking+Computers&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-284055-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFahie1884" class="citation book cs1">Fahie, John Joseph (1884). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924031221249/mode/2up?q=Schilling"><i>A History of Electric Telegraphy, to the Year 1837</i></a>. London: E. & F.N. Spon. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/559318239">559318239</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Electric+Telegraphy%2C+to+the+Year+1837&rft.place=London&rft.pub=E.+%26+F.N.+Spon&rft.date=1884&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F559318239&rft.aulast=Fahie&rft.aufirst=John+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924031221249%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3DSchilling&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiges2010" class="citation book cs1">Figes, Orlando (2010). <i><a href="/wiki/Crimea:_The_Last_Crusade" title="Crimea: The Last Crusade">Crimea: The Last Crusade</a></i>. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9704-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9704-0"><bdi>978-0-7139-9704-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crimea%3A+The+Last+Crusade&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9704-0&rft.aulast=Figes&rft.aufirst=Orlando&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibberd1966" class="citation book cs1">Gibberd, William (1966). <i>Australian Dictionary of Biography: Edward Davy</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography%3A+Edward+Davy&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Gibberd&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHochfelder2012" class="citation book cs1">Hochfelder, David (2012). <i>The Telegraph in America, 1832–1920</i>. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">6–</span>17, <span class="nowrap">138–</span>141. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421407470" title="Special:BookSources/9781421407470"><bdi>9781421407470</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Telegraph+in+America%2C+1832%E2%80%931920&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E6-%3C%2Fspan%3E17%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E138-%3C%2Fspan%3E141&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781421407470&rft.aulast=Hochfelder&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Holzmann, Gerard J.; Pehrson, Björn, <i>The Early History of Data Networks</i>, Wiley, 1995 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0818667826" title="Special:BookSources/0818667826">0818667826</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuurdeman2003" class="citation book cs1">Huurdeman, Anton A. (2003). <i>The Worldwide History of Telecommunications</i>. Wiley-Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0471205050" title="Special:BookSources/978-0471205050"><bdi>978-0471205050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Worldwide+History+of+Telecommunications&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0471205050&rft.aulast=Huurdeman&rft.aufirst=Anton+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1999" class="citation book cs1">Jones, R. Victor (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121011042334/http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/images/history/von_Soem.html"><i>Samuel Thomas von Sömmering's "Space Multiplexed" Electrochemical Telegraph (1808–1810)</i></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://people.seas.harvard.edu/~jones/cscie129/images/history/von_Soem.html">the original</a> on 11 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+Thomas+von+S%C3%B6mmering%27s+%22Space+Multiplexed%22+Electrochemical+Telegraph+%281808%E2%80%931810%29&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=R.+Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpeople.seas.harvard.edu%2F~jones%2Fcscie129%2Fimages%2Fhistory%2Fvon_Soem.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span> Attributed to <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Michaelis, Anthony R. (1965), <i>From semaphore to satellite</i>, Geneva: International Telecommunication Union</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+semaphore+to+satellite&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=International+Telecommunication+Union&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Michaelis&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKennedy1971" class="citation journal cs1">Kennedy, P. M. (October 1971). "Imperial Cable Communications and Strategy, 1870–1914". <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>86</b> (341): <span class="nowrap">728–</span>752. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2Flxxxvi.cccxli.728">10.1093/ehr/lxxxvi.cccxli.728</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/563928">563928</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Imperial+Cable+Communications+and+Strategy%2C+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.volume=86&rft.issue=341&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E728-%3C%2Fspan%3E752&rft.date=1971-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2Flxxxvi.cccxli.728&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F563928%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kennedy&rft.aufirst=P.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieve1973" class="citation book cs1">Kieve, Jeffrey L. (1973). <i>The Electric Telegraph: A Social and Economic History</i>. David and Charles. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7153-5883-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7153-5883-9"><bdi>0-7153-5883-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/655205099">655205099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Electric+Telegraph%3A+A+Social+and+Economic+History&rft.pub=David+and+Charles&rft.date=1973&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F655205099&rft.isbn=0-7153-5883-9&rft.aulast=Kieve&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mercer, David, <i>The Telephone: The Life Story of a Technology</i>, Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/031333207X" title="Special:BookSources/031333207X">031333207X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwoch2018" class="citation book cs1">Schwoch, James (2018). <i>Wired into Nature: The Telegraph and the North American Frontier</i>. University of Illinois Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0252041778" title="Special:BookSources/978-0252041778"><bdi>978-0252041778</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wired+into+Nature%3A+The+Telegraph+and+the+North+American+Frontier&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0252041778&rft.aulast=Schwoch&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBotjer2015" class="citation book cs1">Botjer, George F. (2015). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/samuelfbmorsedaw0000botj/"><i>Samuel F.B. Morse and the Dawn of the Age of Electricity</i></a></span>. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-0140-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4985-0140-8"><bdi>978-1-4985-0140-8</bdi></a> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Samuel+F.B.+Morse+and+the+Dawn+of+the+Age+of+Electricity&rft.place=Lanham%2C+MD&rft.pub=Lexington+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-4985-0140-8&rft.aulast=Botjer&rft.aufirst=George+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsamuelfbmorsedaw0000botj%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Cooke, W.F., <i>The Electric Telegraph, Was it invented by Prof. Wheatstone?</i>, London 1856.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray1892" class="citation journal cs1">Gray, Thomas (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tnjfe4vEBGwC&pg=PA639">"The Inventors of the Telegraph And Telephone"</a>. <i>Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution</i>. <b>71</b>: <span class="nowrap">639–</span>659<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Report+of+the+Board+of+Regents+of+the+Smithsonian+Institution&rft.atitle=The+Inventors+of+the+Telegraph+And+Telephone&rft.volume=71&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E639-%3C%2Fspan%3E659&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtnjfe4vEBGwC%26pg%3DPA639&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gauß, C. F., <i>Works</i>, Göttingen 1863–1933.</li> <li>Howe, Daniel Walker, <i>What Hath God Wrought: The Transformation of America, 1815–1848</i>, Oxford University Press, 2007 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0199743797" title="Special:BookSources/0199743797">0199743797</a>.</li> <li>Peterson, M.J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholarworks.umass.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1040&context=edethicsinscience">Roots of Interconnection: Communications, Transportation and Phases of the Industrial Revolution</a>, International Dimensions of Ethics Education in Science and Engineering Background Reading, Version 1; February 2008.</li> <li>Steinheil, C.A., <i>Ueber Telegraphie</i>, München 1838.</li> <li>Yates, JoAnne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514134221/http://thebhc.org/publications/BEHprint/v015/p0149-p0164.pdf">The Telegraph's Effect on Nineteenth Century Markets and Firms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">Massachusetts Institute of Technology</a>, pp. 149–163.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Electrical_telegraph&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox 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data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original text related to this article: <div style="margin-left: 10px;"><b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Littell%27s_Living_Age/Volume_4/Issue_34/The_Magnetic_Telegraph" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Littell's Living Age/Volume 4/Issue 34/The Magnetic Telegraph">"The Magnetic Telegraph" (1845) predicts the impact of the telegraph on the consolidation of American identity</a></b></div></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Electrical_telegraph" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.morsetelegraphclub.org/">Morse Telegraph Club, Inc.</a> (The Morse Telegraph Club is an international non-profit organization dedicated to the perpetuation of the knowledge and traditions of telegraphy.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050829153213/http://collections.ic.gc.ca/canso/index.htm">"Transatlantic Cable Communications"</a>. <i>Canada's Digital Collections</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://collections.ic.gc.ca/canso/index.htm">the original</a> on 29 August 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canada%27s+Digital+Collections&rft.atitle=Transatlantic+Cable+Communications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcollections.ic.gc.ca%2Fcanso%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185600/http://www.rustelecom-museum.ru/objects/?ContainerID=757&containerType=62&objectID=399&langID=57">Shilling's telegraph</a>, an exhibit of the <a href="/wiki/A.S._Popov_Central_Museum_of_Communications" title="A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications">A.S. Popov Central Museum of Communications</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070804113714/http://www.du.edu/~jcalvert/tel/morse/morse.htm">History of electromagnetic telegraph</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919171140/http://www.connected-earth.co.uk/Galleries/Telecommunicationsage/Thetelegraph/Thefirstelectrictelegraphs/index.htm">The first electric telegraphs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.computer-museum.ru/connect/chlitlgr.htm">The Dawn of Telegraphy</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927132314/http://www.pcweek.ru/Year2002/N3/CP1251/Communications/chapt3.htm">Pavel Shilling and his telegraph</a>- article in <i>PCWeek</i>, Russian edition.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://distantwriting.co.uk/">Distant Writing</a> – The History of the Telegraph Companies in Britain between 1838 and 1868</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/06may_carringtonflare.htm?">NASA – Carrington Super Flare</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100329223702/http://science.nasa.gov/headlines/y2008/06may_carringtonflare.htm">Archived</a> 29 March 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a> 6 May 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DI038d4SBFEC">How Cables Unite The World</a> – a 1902 article about telegraph networks and technology from the magazine <i><a href="/wiki/The_World%27s_Work" title="The World's Work">The World's Work</a></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Telegraph"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Telegraph">"Telegraph" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New_International_Encyclopedia" class="mw-redirect" title="New International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i>. 1905.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Telegraph&rft.btitle=New+International+Encyclopedia&rft.date=1905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AElectrical+telegraph" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archives.isl.lib.in.us/repositories/2/resources/333">Indiana telegraph and telephone collection</a>, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/o3b8y8g">Wonders of electricity and the elements, being a popular account of modern electrical and magnetic discoveries, magnetism and electric machines, the electric telegraph and the electric light, and the metal bases, salt, and acids</a></i> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.sciencehistory.org/">Science History Institute Digital Collections</a></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.sciencehistory.org/works/hmo12zt">The electro magnetic telegraph: with an historical account of its rise, progress, and present condition</a></i> from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.sciencehistory.org/">Science History Institute Digital Collections</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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href="/wiki/Template:Morse_code" title="Template:Morse code"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Morse_code" title="Template talk:Morse code"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Morse_code" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Morse code"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Morse_code152" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Morse_code" title="Morse code">International Morse code</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Transmission methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On%E2%80%93off_keying" title="On–off keying">On–off keying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_wave" title="Continuous wave">Continuous wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulated_continuous_wave" title="Modulated continuous wave">Modulated continuous wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph" title="Heliograph">Heliograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signal_lamp" title="Signal lamp">Signal lamp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;">Notable signals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SOS" title="SOS">SOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CQD" title="CQD">CQD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_mnemonics" title="Morse code mnemonics">Morse code mnemonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosigns_for_Morse_code" title="Prosigns for Morse code">Prosigns for Morse code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_abbreviations" title="Morse code abbreviations">Morse code abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q_code" title="Q code">Q code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_code" title="Z code">Z code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Other writing systems<br />in Morse code</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Morse_code" title="American Morse code">American Morse code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Greek" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Greek alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Cyrillic" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Cyrillic script</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Morse_code" title="Russian Morse code">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Hebrew" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Hebrew script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morse_code_for_non-Latin_alphabets#Arabic" title="Morse code for non-Latin alphabets">Arabic script</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabun_code" title="Wabun code">Wabun code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_telegraph_code" title="Chinese telegraph code">Chinese telegraph code</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Telecommunications802" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Telecommunications"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Telecommunications802" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_protection_system" title="Cable protection system">Cable protection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">Cable TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audio_coding_format" title="Audio coding format">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_cosine_transform" title="Discrete cosine transform">DCT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_coding_format" title="Video coding format">video</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media" title="Digital media">Digital media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Internet_video" title="Internet video">Internet video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_video_platform" title="Online video platform">online video platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edholm%27s_law" title="Edholm's law">Edholm's law</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#History">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_Age" title="Information Age">Information Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Information revolution">Information revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_telegraph" title="Optical telegraph">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pager" title="Pager">Pager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_prepaid_mobile_phones" title="History of prepaid mobile phones">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaphore" title="Semaphore">Semaphore</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phryctoria" title="Phryctoria">Phryctoria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">Semiconductor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device" title="Semiconductor device">device</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_transistor" title="History of the transistor">transistor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telautograph" title="Telautograph">Telautograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teleprinter" title="Teleprinter">Teleprinter</a> (teletype)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_television" title="Streaming television">streaming</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whistled_language" title="Whistled language">Whistled language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless revolution">Wireless revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pioneers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasir_Ahmed_(engineer)" title="Nasir Ahmed (engineer)">Nasir Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohamed_M._Atalla" title="Mohamed M. Atalla">Mohamed M. Atalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Baran" title="Paul Baran">Paul Baran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emile_Berliner" title="Emile Berliner">Emile Berliner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Blake_(inventor)" title="Francis Blake (inventor)">Francis Blake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bourseul" title="Charles Bourseul">Charles Bourseul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Walter Houser Brattain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogen_Dalal" class="mw-redirect" title="Yogen Dalal">Yogen Dalal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Davies" title="Donald Davies">Donald Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Davis_Jr." title="Daniel Davis Jr.">Daniel Davis Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Dolbear" title="Amos Dolbear">Amos Dolbear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Edison" title="Thomas Edison">Thomas Edison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Heaviside" title="Oliver Heaviside">Oliver Heaviside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Hooke" title="Robert Hooke">Robert Hooke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erna_Schneider_Hoover" title="Erna Schneider Hoover">Erna Schneider Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)">Harold Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardiner_Greene_Hubbard" title="Gardiner Greene Hubbard">Gardiner Greene Hubbard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Kahn" class="mw-redirect" title="Bob Kahn">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawon_Kahng" title="Dawon Kahng">Dawon Kahng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narinder_Singh_Kapany" title="Narinder Singh Kapany">Narinder Singh Kapany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roberto_Landell_de_Moura" title="Roberto Landell de Moura">Roberto Landell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innocenzo_Manzetti" title="Innocenzo Manzetti">Innocenzo Manzetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Metcalfe" title="Robert Metcalfe">Robert Metcalfe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Morse" title="Samuel Morse">Samuel Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jun-ichi_Nishizawa" title="Jun-ichi Nishizawa">Jun-ichi Nishizawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Grafton_Page" title="Charles Grafton Page">Charles Grafton Page</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radia_Perlman" title="Radia Perlman">Radia Perlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tivadar_Pusk%C3%A1s" title="Tivadar Puskás">Tivadar Puskás</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Almon_Brown_Strowger" title="Almon Brown Strowger">Almon Brown Strowger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Sutton_(inventor)" title="Henry Sutton (inventor)">Henry Sutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner_Tainter" title="Charles Sumner Tainter">Charles Sumner Tainter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Tissot" title="Camille Tissot">Camille Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Watson" title="Thomas A. Watson">Thomas A. Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_Internet_pioneers" title="List of Internet pioneers">Internet pioneers</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br />media</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiber-optic_communication" title="Fiber-optic communication">Fiber-optic communication</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">optical fiber</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_communication" title="Molecular communication">Molecular communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmission_line" title="Transmission line">Transmission line</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_circuit" title="Telecommunication circuit">telecommunication circuit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br />and switching</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(computing)" title="Bandwidth (computing)">Bandwidth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">terminal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Space-division_multiple_access" title="Space-division multiple access">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code-division_multiple_access" title="Code-division multiple access">Code-division</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communication_protocol" title="Communication protocol">Communication protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_communication" title="Data communication">Data transmission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Store_and_forward" title="Store and forward">Store and forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Types of network</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Cellular network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Services Digital Network">ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Television broadcasting">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UUCP" title="UUCP">UUCP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Notable networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CYCLADES" title="CYCLADES">CYCLADES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet2" title="Internet2">Internet2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JANET" title="JANET">JANET</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NPL_network" title="NPL network">NPL network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toasternet" title="Toasternet">Toasternet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usenet" title="Usenet">Usenet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Africa" title="Category:Telecommunications in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li>Americas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_North_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in North America">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_South_America" title="Category:Telecommunications in South America">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communications_in_Antarctica" title="Category:Communications in Antarctica">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Asia" title="Category:Telecommunications in Asia">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Category:Telecommunications in Europe">Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_in_Oceania" title="Category:Telecommunications in Oceania">Oceania</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/List_of_telecommunications_regulatory_bodies" title="List of telecommunications regulatory bodies">Global telecommunications regulation bodies</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/16px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/24px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/32px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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44 Template:Cite_book"," 12.19% 141.228 15 Template:Cite_journal"," 9.81% 113.643 28 Template:Sfn"," 8.26% 95.718 2 Template:Navbox"," 7.95% 92.062 1 Template:In_lang"," 6.74% 78.039 1 Template:Morse_code"," 4.86% 56.324 18 Template:Cite_web"," 4.63% 53.677 1 Template:Short_description"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.755","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":21896533,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREF\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAppleyard1930\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeauchamp2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBotjer2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggsBurke2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBriggsMaverick1858\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCalvert2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoe2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFConleyLamble2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCopeland2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavisNorris1885\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnns2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFahie1884\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFiges2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreebody1958\"] = 1,\n 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