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id="toc-Regulation_of_pathogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathogenicity_of_lineages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathogenicity_of_lineages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Pathogenicity of lineages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathogenicity_of_lineages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Detection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Detection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Detection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Detection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use_as_a_transfection_vector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use_as_a_transfection_vector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Use as a transfection vector</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use_as_a_transfection_vector-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use as a transfection vector subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use_as_a_transfection_vector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cancer_treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cancer_treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cancer treatment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cancer_treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Epidemiology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Routes_of_infection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Routes_of_infection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Routes of infection</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Routes_of_infection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infectious_cycle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infectious_cycle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Infectious cycle</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infectious_cycle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Listeria monocytogenes</i></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لستيريا مولدة للوحيدات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لستيريا مولدة للوحيدات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%C3%A8ria_monocit%C3%B2gena" title="Listèria monocitògena – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Listèria monocitògena" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeeriabakter" title="Listeeriabakter – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Listeeriabakter" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B7_%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%85%CF%84%CF%84%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Λιστέρια η μονοκυτταρογόνος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιστέρια η μονοκυτταρογόνος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86%D8%B2" title="لیستریا مونوسیتوژنز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیستریا مونوسیتوژنز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84_%EB%AA%A8%EB%85%B8%EC%82%AC%EC%9D%B4%ED%86%A0%EC%A0%9C%EB%84%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="리스테리아 모노사이토제네스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리스테리아 모노사이토제네스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="لستيريا مولده للوحيدات – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لستيريا مولده للوحيدات" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A2%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B5%E3%82%A4%E3%83%88%E3%82%B2%E3%83%8D%E3%82%B9" title="リステリア・モノサイトゲネス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リステリア・モノサイトゲネス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%A8" title="Listeria मोनोसाइटोजीन – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="Listeria मोनोसाइटोजीन" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Listeria monocytogenes" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E6%A0%B8%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%A2%9E%E7%94%9F%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E8%8F%8C" title="单核细胞增生李斯特菌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="单核细胞增生李斯特菌" data-language-autonym="中文" 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monocytogenes</i> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Listeria_monocytogenes_PHIL_2287_lores.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Listeria_monocytogenes_PHIL_2287_lores.jpg/220px-Listeria_monocytogenes_PHIL_2287_lores.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Listeria_monocytogenes_PHIL_2287_lores.jpg/330px-Listeria_monocytogenes_PHIL_2287_lores.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Listeria_monocytogenes_PHIL_2287_lores.jpg/440px-Listeria_monocytogenes_PHIL_2287_lores.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2212" data-file-height="2767" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">Scanning electron micrograph</a> of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i>. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Listeria" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">Bacteria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bacilli" title="Bacilli">Bacilli</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Order: </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caryophanales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caryophanales (page does not exist)">Caryophanales</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Family: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Listeriaceae" title="Listeriaceae">Listeriaceae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria"><i>Listeria</i></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species"><i><b>L. monocytogenes</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;"></span><i>Listeria monocytogenes</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">(E. Murray et al. 1926) Pirie 1940</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Listeria monocytogenes</b></i> is the species of <a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">pathogenic bacteria</a> that causes the infection <a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">listeriosis</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Facultative_anaerobic_organism" title="Facultative anaerobic organism">facultative anaerobic</a> bacterium, capable of surviving in the presence or absence of oxygen. It can grow and reproduce inside the host's cells and is one of the most <a href="/wiki/Virulence_factor" title="Virulence factor">virulent</a> foodborne pathogens. Twenty to thirty percent of foodborne listeriosis infections in high-risk individuals may be fatal.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramaswamy_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, listeriosis continues an upward trend that began in 2008, causing 2,161 confirmed cases and 210 reported deaths in 2014, 16% more than in 2013. In the EU, listeriosis mortality rates also are higher than those of other foodborne pathogens.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Responsible for an estimated 1,600 illnesses and 260 deaths in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> annually, <a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">listeriosis</a> ranks third in total number of deaths among foodborne bacterial pathogens, with fatality rates exceeding even <i><a href="/wiki/Salmonella" title="Salmonella">Salmonella</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Species#Abbreviations" title="Species">spp.</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum">Clostridium botulinum</a></i>. </p><p>Named for <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Lister" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister">Joseph Lister</a>, <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Gram-positive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-positive">Gram-positive</a> <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacterium</a>, in the phylum <a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a>. Its ability to grow at temperatures as low as 0 °C permits multiplication at typical refrigeration temperatures, greatly increasing its ability to evade control in human foodstuffs. <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">Motile</a> via <a href="/wiki/Flagella" class="mw-redirect" title="Flagella">flagella</a> at 30 °C and below, but usually not at 37 °C,<sup id="cite_ref-Gründling_Burrack_Bouwer_Higgins_2004_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gründling_Burrack_Bouwer_Higgins_2004-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>L. monocytogenes</i> can instead move within <a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">eukaryotic</a> cells by explosive <a href="/wiki/Polymerization" title="Polymerization">polymerization</a> of <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">actin</a> filaments (known as comet tails or actin rockets).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Once <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> enters the host <a href="/wiki/Cytoplasm" title="Cytoplasm">cytoplasm</a>, multiple changes in bacterial metabolism and gene expression help to complete its metamorphosis from soil dweller to intracellular pathogen.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Studies suggest that up to 10% of human <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal_tract" title="Gastrointestinal tract">gastrointestinal tracts</a> may be colonized by <i>L. monocytogenes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ramaswamy_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ramaswamy-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, clinical diseases due to <i>L. monocytogenes</i> are more frequently recognized by <a href="/wiki/Veterinarian" title="Veterinarian">veterinarians</a>, especially as <a href="/wiki/Meningoencephalitis" title="Meningoencephalitis">meningoencephalitis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ruminant" title="Ruminant">ruminants</a>. See: <a href="/wiki/Listeriosis_in_animals" title="Listeriosis in animals">listeriosis in animals</a>. </p><p>Due to its frequent <a href="/wiki/Pathogenicity" class="mw-redirect" title="Pathogenicity">pathogenicity</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> in newborns (acquired transvaginally), pregnant women are often advised not to eat soft cheeses such as <a href="/wiki/Brie_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Brie cheese">Brie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camembert_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Camembert (cheese)">Camembert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feta_cheese" class="mw-redirect" title="Feta cheese">feta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Queso_blanco" class="mw-redirect" title="Queso blanco">queso blanco fresco</a>, which may be contaminated with and permit growth of <i>L. monocytogenes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Genigeorgis_Carniciu_Dutulescu_Farver_1991_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genigeorgis_Carniciu_Dutulescu_Farver_1991-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the third most common cause of meningitis in newborns. <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> can infect the brain, spinal-cord membranes and bloodstream of the host<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> through the ingestion of contaminated food such as unpasteurized dairy or raw foods.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria_monocytogenes&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>L. monocytogenes</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria" title="Gram-positive bacteria">Gram-positive</a>, non-<a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">spore-forming</a>, motile, facultatively anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium. It is <a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">catalase</a>-positive and <a href="/wiki/Oxidase" title="Oxidase">oxidase</a>-negative, and expresses a beta <a href="/wiki/Hemolysin" title="Hemolysin">hemolysin</a>, which causes destruction of red blood cells. This bacterium exhibits characteristic tumbling motility when viewed with light microscopy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although <i>L. monocytogenes</i> is actively motile by means of peritrichous <a href="/wiki/Flagellum" title="Flagellum">flagella</a> at room temperature (20−25 °C), the organism does not synthesize flagella at body temperatures (37 °C).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The genus <i>Listeria</i> belongs to the class Bacilli and the order Bacillales, which also includes <i>Bacillus</i> and <i>Staphylococcus</i>. <i>Listeria</i> currently contains 27 species: <i>Listeria aquatica, Listeria booriae, Listeria cornellensis, Listeria cossartiae, Listeria costaricensis, Listeria farberi, Listeria fleischmannii, Listeria floridensis, Listeria goaensis, Listeria grandensis, Listeria grayi, Listeria immobilis, Listeria innocua, Listeria ivanovii, Listeria marthii, Listeria monocytogenes, Listeria murrayi, Listeria newyorkensis, Listeria portnoyi, Listeria riparia, Listeria rocourtiae, Listeria rustica, Listeria seeligeri, Listeria thailandensis, Listeria valentina, Listeria weihenstephanensis, Listeria welshimeri</i>. <i>L. denitrificans</i>, previously thought to be part of the genus <i>Listeria</i>, was reclassified into the new genus <i><a href="/wiki/Jonesia" title="Jonesia">Jonesia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-collins_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-collins-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <i>L. ivanovii</i> and <i>L. monocytogenes</i> are pathogenic in mice, but only <i>L. monocytogenes</i> is consistently associated with human illness.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 13 <a href="/wiki/Serotype" title="Serotype">serotypes</a> of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> can cause disease, but more than 90% of human isolates belong to only three serotypes: 1/2a, 1/2b, and 4b. <i>L. monocytogenes</i> serotype 4b strains are responsible for 33 to 35% of sporadic human cases worldwide and for all major foodborne outbreaks in Europe and North America since the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria_monocytogenes&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>L. monocytogenes</i> was first described by E.G.D. Murray (Everitt George Dunne Murray) in 1924 based on six cases of sudden death in young rabbits, and published a description with his colleagues in 1926 .<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Murray referred to the organism as <i>Bacterium monocytogenes</i> before <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Pirie" title="Harvey Pirie">Harvey Pirie</a> changed the genus name to <i>Listeria</i> in 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although clinical descriptions of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> infection in both animals and humans were published in the 1920s, it was not recognized as a significant cause of <a href="/wiki/Neonatal_infection" title="Neonatal infection">neonatal infection</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> until 1952 in <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">Listeriosis</a> in adults was later associated with patients living with compromised immune systems, such as individuals taking <a href="/wiki/Immunosuppressive_drug" title="Immunosuppressive drug">immunosuppressant drugs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corticosteroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Corticosteroids">corticosteroids</a> for <a href="/wiki/Malignancy" title="Malignancy">malignancies</a> or organ transplants, and those with HIV infection.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>L. monocytogenes</i> was not identified as a cause of foodborne illness until 1981, however. An outbreak of listeriosis in <a href="/wiki/City_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Halifax">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, involving 41 cases and 18 deaths, mostly in pregnant women and neonates, was epidemiologically linked to the consumption of coleslaw containing cabbage that had been contaminated with <i>L. monocytogenes</i>-contaminated sheep manure.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, a number of cases of foodborne listeriosis have been reported, and <i>L. monocytogenes</i> is now widely recognized as an important hazard in the food industry.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathogenesis">Pathogenesis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria_monocytogenes&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Pathogenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J_Cell_Biol_2002_Aug_158(3)_409-14,_Figure_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/J_Cell_Biol_2002_Aug_158%283%29_409-14%2C_Figure_1.png/250px-J_Cell_Biol_2002_Aug_158%283%29_409-14%2C_Figure_1.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/J_Cell_Biol_2002_Aug_158%283%29_409-14%2C_Figure_1.png/375px-J_Cell_Biol_2002_Aug_158%283%29_409-14%2C_Figure_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/J_Cell_Biol_2002_Aug_158%283%29_409-14%2C_Figure_1.png/500px-J_Cell_Biol_2002_Aug_158%283%29_409-14%2C_Figure_1.png 2x" data-file-width="1153" data-file-height="886" /></a><figcaption>Stages in the intracellular lifecycle of <i>L. monocytogenes</i>: (Center) Cartoon depicting entry, escape from a vacuole, actin nucleation, actin-based motility, and cell-to-cell spread. (Outside) Representative electron micrographs from which the cartoon was derived. LLO, PLCs, and ActA are all described in the text. The cartoon and micrographs were adapted from Tilney and Portnoy (1989).</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">Listeriosis</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2008_Canada_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak">2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak</a>, <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Chile_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2008–2009 Chile listeriosis outbreak">2008–2009 Chile listeriosis outbreak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2011_United_States_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2011 United States listeriosis outbreak">2011 United States listeriosis outbreak</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/2014_Macedonia_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2014 Macedonia listeriosis outbreak">2014 Macedonia listeriosis outbreak</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_South_African_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak">2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak</a>, and <a href="/wiki/2018_Australian_rockmelon_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2018 Australian rockmelon listeriosis outbreak">2018 Australian rockmelon listeriosis outbreak</a></div> <p>Invasive <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infection</a> by <i>L. monocytogenes</i> causes the disease listeriosis. When the infection is not invasive, any illness as a consequence of infection is termed febrile gastroenteritis. The manifestations of listeriosis include sepsis,<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_1966_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_1966-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Meningoencephalitis" title="Meningoencephalitis">meningoencephalitis</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-Gray_1966_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gray_1966-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Encephalitis" title="Encephalitis">encephalitis</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Armstrong1993_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Armstrong1993-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> corneal ulcer,<sup id="cite_ref-Holland_1987_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holland_1987-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> pneumonia,<sup id="cite_ref-whitelock_1989_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-whitelock_1989-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> myocarditis,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Uterus" title="Uterus">intrauterine</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cervix" title="Cervix">cervical</a> infections in pregnant women, which may result in <a href="/wiki/Miscarriage" title="Miscarriage">spontaneous abortion</a> (second to third trimester) or <a href="/wiki/Stillbirth" title="Stillbirth">stillbirth</a>. Surviving neonates of fetomaternal listeriosis may suffer granulomatosis infantiseptica — <a href="/wiki/Pyogenic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pyogenic">pyogenic</a> <a href="/wiki/Granulomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Granulomas">granulomas</a> distributed over the whole body — and may suffer from physical retardation. <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">Influenza</a>-like symptoms, including persistent fever, usually precede the onset of the aforementioned disorders. Gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, and <a href="/wiki/Diarrhea" title="Diarrhea">diarrhea</a>, may precede more serious forms of listeriosis or may be the only symptoms expressed. Gastrointestinal symptoms were epidemiologically associated with use of <a href="/wiki/Antacid" title="Antacid">antacids</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">cimetidine</a>. The onset time to serious forms of listeriosis is unknown, but may range from a few days to 3 weeks. The onset time to gastrointestinal symptoms is unknown, but probably exceeds 12 hours. An early study suggested that <i>L. monocytogenes</i> is unique among Gram-positive bacteria in that it might possess <a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide" title="Lipopolysaccharide">lipopolysaccharide</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wexler_1979_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wexler_1979-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which serves as an <a href="/wiki/Endotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Endotoxin">endotoxin</a>. Later, it was found to not be a true endotoxin. <i>Listeria</i> cell walls consistently contain <a href="/wiki/Lipoteichoic_acid" title="Lipoteichoic acid">lipoteichoic acids</a>, in which a glycolipid moiety, such as a galactosyl-glucosyl-diglyceride, is covalently linked to the terminal phosphomonoester of the teichoic acid. This lipid region anchors the polymer chain to the cytoplasmic membrane. These lipoteichoic acids resemble the lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria in both structure and function, being the only <a href="/wiki/Amphiphile" title="Amphiphile">amphipathic</a> polymers at the cell surface.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>L. monocytogenes</i> has D-galactose residues on its surface that can attach to D-galactose receptors on the host cell walls. These host cells are generally <a href="/wiki/Microfold_cell" title="Microfold cell">M cells</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peyer%27s_patches" class="mw-redirect" title="Peyer's patches">Peyer's patches</a> of the intestinal mucosa. Once attached to these cells, <i>L. monocytogenes</i> can translocate past the intestinal membrane and into the body.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Alternatively, losses of structural integrity (such as small lacerations) in the gastrointestinal epithelium could allow the microorganism to penetrate from the gastrointestinal tract to the bloodstream. </p><p>The infectious dose of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> varies with the strain and with the susceptibility of the victim. From cases contracted through raw or supposedly pasteurized milk, one may safely assume that, in susceptible persons, fewer than 1,000 total organisms may cause disease. <i>L. monocytogenes</i> may invade the gastrointestinal epithelium. Once the bacterium enters the host's <a href="/wiki/Monocyte" title="Monocyte">monocytes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macrophage" title="Macrophage">macrophages</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Polymorphonuclear_leukocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymorphonuclear leukocyte">polymorphonuclear leukocytes</a>, it becomes bloodborne (sepsis) and can grow. Its presence intracellularly in <a href="/wiki/Phagocytosis" title="Phagocytosis">phagocytic</a> cells also permits access to the brain and probably transplacental migration to the fetus in pregnant women. This process is known as the "Trojan Horse mechanism". The pathogenesis of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> centers on its ability to survive and multiply in phagocytic host cells. It seems that <i>Listeria</i> originally evolved to invade membranes of the intestines, as an intracellular infection, and developed a chemical mechanism to do so. This involves a bacterial protein <a href="/wiki/Internalin" title="Internalin">internalin</a> (InlA/InlB), which attaches to a protein on the intestinal cell membrane "cadherin" and allows the bacteria to invade the cells through a zipper mechanism. These adhesion molecules are also to be found in two other unusually tough barriers in humans — the blood-brain barrier and the fetal–placental barrier, and this may explain the apparent affinity that <i>L. monocytogenes</i> has for causing meningitis and affecting babies <i>in utero</i>. Once inside the cell, <i>L. monocytogenes</i> rapidly acidifies the lumen of the vacuole formed around it during cell entry to activate listeriolysin O, a <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol-dependent_cytolysin" title="Cholesterol-dependent cytolysin">cholesterol-dependent cytolysin</a> capable of disrupting the vacuolar membrane. This frees the pathogen and gives it access to the cytosol of the cell, where it continues its pathogenesis.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Motility in the intracellular space is provided by actin assembly-inducing protein, which allows the bacteria to use the host cell's actin polymerization machinery to polymerize the cytoskeleton to give a "boost" to the bacterial cell so it can move in the cell. The same mechanism also allows the bacteria to travel from cell to cell.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regulation_of_pathogenesis">Regulation of pathogenesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria_monocytogenes&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regulation of pathogenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>L. monocytogenes</i> can act as a <a href="/wiki/Saprophyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Saprophyte">saprophyte</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogen</a>, depending on its environment. When this bacterium is present within a host organism, <a href="/wiki/Quorum_sensing" title="Quorum sensing">quorum sensing</a> and other signals cause the up-regulation of several <a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">virulence</a> genes. Depending on the location of the bacterium within the host organism, different activators up-regulate the virulence genes. SigB, an alternative <a href="/wiki/Sigma_factor" title="Sigma factor">sigma factor</a>, up-regulates <i>Vir</i> genes in the intestines, whereas <a href="/wiki/PrfA_thermoregulator_UTR" title="PrfA thermoregulator UTR">PrfA</a> up-regulates gene expression when the bacterium is present in blood.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid1662763_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid1662763-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid2122460_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid2122460-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16428730_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16428730-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid16102006_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid16102006-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>L. monocytogenes</i> also senses the entry to host by examining available nutrient sources. For example <a href="/wiki/L-glutamine" class="mw-redirect" title="L-glutamine">L-glutamine</a>, an abundant nitrogen source in the host, induces the expression of virulence genes in <i>L. monocytogenes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Little is known about how this bacterium switches between acting as a saprophyte and a pathogen; however, several <a href="/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes_non-coding_RNA" title="Listeria monocytogenes non-coding RNA">noncoding RNAs</a> are thought to be required to induce this change.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathogenicity_of_lineages">Pathogenicity of lineages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria_monocytogenes&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pathogenicity of lineages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>L. monocytogenes</i> has three distinct lineages, with differing evolutionary histories and pathogenic potentials.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffers_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffers-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lineage I strains contain the majority of human clinical isolates and all human epidemic clones, but are underrepresented in animal clinical isolates.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffers_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffers-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lineage II strains are overrepresented in animal cases and underrepresented in human clinical cases, and are more prevalent in environmental and <a href="/wiki/Food_sampling" title="Food sampling">food samples</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lineage III isolates are very rare, but significantly more common in animal than human isolates.<sup id="cite_ref-Jeffers_37-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jeffers-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Detection">Detection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria_monocytogenes&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Detection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Listeria_monocytogenes_grown_on_Listeria_Selective_Agar.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Listeria_monocytogenes_grown_on_Listeria_Selective_Agar.jpg/200px-Listeria_monocytogenes_grown_on_Listeria_Selective_Agar.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Listeria_monocytogenes_grown_on_Listeria_Selective_Agar.jpg/300px-Listeria_monocytogenes_grown_on_Listeria_Selective_Agar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Listeria_monocytogenes_grown_on_Listeria_Selective_Agar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="300" /></a><figcaption>Colonies of typical <i>L. monocytogenes</i> as they appear when grown on <i>Listeria</i>-selective <a href="/wiki/Agar" title="Agar">agar</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Anton test is used in the identification of <i>L. monocytogenes</i>; instillation of a culture into the conjunctival sac of a rabbit or guinea pig causes severe keratoconjunctivitis within 24 hours.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Listeria </i>species grow on media such as Mueller-Hinton agar. Identification is enhanced if the primary cultures are done on agar containing sheep blood, because the characteristic small zone of hemolysis can be observed around and under colonies. Isolation can be enhanced if the tissue is kept at 4 °C for some days before inoculation into bacteriologic media. The organism is a facultative anaerobe and is catalase-positive and motile. <i>Listeria</i> produces acid, but not gas, when fermenting a variety of carbohydrates.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The motility at room temperature and hemolysin production are primary findings that help differentiate Listeria from <a href="/wiki/Corynebacterium" title="Corynebacterium">Corynebacterium</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8993861_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8993861-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The methods for analysis of food are complex and time-consuming. The present U.S. FDA method, revised in September 1990, requires 24 and 48 hours of enrichment, followed by a variety of other tests. Total time to identification takes five to seven days, but the announcement of specific non-radiolabelled <a href="/wiki/DNA_probes" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA probes">DNA probes</a> should soon allow a simpler and faster confirmation of suspect isolates.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Recombinant DNA technology may even permit two- to three-day positive analysis in the future. Currently, the FDA is collaborating in adapting its methodology to quantitate very low numbers of the organisms in foods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria_monocytogenes&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When listeric meningitis occurs, the overall <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">mortality</a> may reach 70%, from <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a> 50%, and from perinatal/neonatal infections greater than 80%. In infections during pregnancy, the mother usually survives. Reports of successful treatment with parenteral <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ampicillin" title="Ampicillin">ampicillin</a> exist.<sup id="cite_ref-Treatment_of_listeriosis_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treatment_of_listeriosis-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole" class="mw-redirect" title="Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole">Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole</a> has been shown effective in patients allergic to penicillin.<sup id="cite_ref-Treatment_of_listeriosis_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Treatment_of_listeriosis-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A bacteriophage, <i><a href="/wiki/Listeria_phage_P100" class="mw-redirect" title="Listeria phage P100">Listeria phage P100</a></i>, has been proposed as <a href="/wiki/Food_additive" title="Food additive">food additive</a> to control <i>L. monocytogenes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bacteriophage treatments have been developed by several companies. EBI Food Safety and Intralytix both have products suitable for treatment of the bacterium. The U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Food and Drug Administration (United States)">Food and Drug Administration</a> (FDA) approved a cocktail of six <a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">bacteriophages</a> from Intralytix, and a one-type phage product from EBI Food Safety designed to kill <i>L. monocytogenes</i>. Uses would potentially include spraying it on fruits and ready-to-eat meat such as sliced ham and turkey.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use_as_a_transfection_vector">Use as a transfection vector</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria_monocytogenes&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Use as a transfection vector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because <i>L. monocytogenes</i> is an intracellular bacterium, some studies have used this bacterium as a vector to deliver genes <i><a href="/wiki/In_vitro" title="In vitro">in vitro</a></i>. Current <a href="/wiki/Transfection" title="Transfection">transfection</a> efficiency remains poor. One example of the successful use of <i>L. monocytogenes</i> in <i>in vitro</i> transfer technologies is in the delivery of gene therapies for cystic fibrosis cases.<sup id="cite_ref-CFTR_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CFTR-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cancer_treatment">Cancer treatment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria_monocytogenes&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cancer treatment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> is being investigated as a <a href="/wiki/Cancer_immunotherapy" title="Cancer immunotherapy">cancer immunotherapy</a> for several types of cancer.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A live attenuated <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> <a href="/wiki/Cancer_vaccine" title="Cancer vaccine">cancer vaccine</a>, <a href="/wiki/ADXS11-001" class="mw-redirect" title="ADXS11-001">ADXS11-001</a>, is under development as a possible treatment for <a href="/wiki/Cervical_carcinoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Cervical carcinoma">cervical carcinoma</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OBnews_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBnews-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria_monocytogenes&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Epidemiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Researchers have found <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> in at least 37 <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammalian species</a>, both domesticated and feral, as well as in at least 17 species of <a href="/wiki/Birds" class="mw-redirect" title="Birds">birds</a> and possibly in some species of <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>. Laboratories can isolate <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> from <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a>, and other environmental sources. <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> is quite hardy and resists the deleterious effects of freezing, drying, and heat remarkably well for a bacterium that does not form spores. Most <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> strains are pathogenic to some degree.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Routes_of_infection">Routes of infection</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria_monocytogenes&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Routes of infection"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> has been associated with such foods as raw <a href="/wiki/Milk" title="Milk">milk</a>, pasteurized fluid milk,<sup id="cite_ref-Fleming_1985_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fleming_1985-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheeses</a> (particularly soft-ripened varieties), hard-boiled eggs,<sup id="cite_ref-CDC_Eggs_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CDC_Eggs-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>, raw <a href="/wiki/Vegetables" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetables">vegetables</a>, fermented raw-meat <a href="/wiki/Sausage" title="Sausage">sausages</a>, raw and cooked <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a>, raw meats (of all types), and raw and smoked <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>. Most bacteria can survive near freezing temperatures, but cannot absorb nutrients, grow or replicate; however, <i>L. monocytogenes</i> has the ability to grow at temperatures as low as 0 °C which permits exponential multiplication in refrigerated foods. At refrigeration temperature, such as 4 °C, the amount of ferric iron can affect the growth of <i>L. monocytogenes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dworaczek_Kubo_Dykes_2002_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dworaczek_Kubo_Dykes_2002-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infectious_cycle">Infectious cycle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria_monocytogenes&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Infectious cycle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The primary site of infection is the intestinal epithelium, where the bacteria invade nonphagocytic cells via the "zipper" mechanism. Uptake is stimulated by the binding of listerial internalins (Inl) to <a href="/wiki/E-cadherin" class="mw-redirect" title="E-cadherin">E-cadherin</a>, a host cell adhesion factor, or Met (<a href="/wiki/C-Met" class="mw-redirect" title="C-Met">c-Met</a>), hepatocyte growth factor. This binding activates certain Rho-GTPases, which subsequently bind and stabilize <a href="/wiki/Wiskott%E2%80%93Aldrich_syndrome_protein" title="Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein">Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein</a> (WASp). WASp can then bind the <a href="/wiki/Arp2/3_complex" title="Arp2/3 complex">Arp2/3 complex</a> and serve as an <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">actin</a> nucleation point. Subsequent actin polymerization creates a "phagocytic cup", an actin-based structure normally formed around foreign materials by phagocytes prior to endocytosis. The net effect of internalin binding is to exploit the junction-forming apparatus of the host into internalizing the bacterium. <i>L. monocytogenes</i> can also invade phagocytic cells (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Macrophages" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophages">macrophages</a>), but requires only internalins for invasion of nonphagocytic cells.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Following internalization, the bacterium must escape from the vacuole/<a href="/wiki/Phagosome" title="Phagosome">phagosome</a> before fusion with a <a href="/wiki/Lysosome" title="Lysosome">lysosome</a> can occur. Three main virulence factors that allow the bacterium to escape are <a href="/wiki/Listeriolysin_O" title="Listeriolysin O">listeriolysin O</a> (LLO encoded by <i>hly</i>) phospholipase A (encoded by <i>plcA</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Phospholipase_B" title="Phospholipase B">phospholipase B</a> (<i>plcB</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Secretion of LLO and PlcA disrupts the vacuolar membrane and allows the bacterium to escape into the cytoplasm, where it may proliferate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Once in the cytoplasm, <i>L. monocytogenes</i> exploits host <a href="/wiki/Actin" title="Actin">actin</a> for the second time. <a href="/wiki/Actin_assembly-inducing_protein" title="Actin assembly-inducing protein">ActA proteins</a> associated with the old bacterial cell pole (being a bacillus, <i>L. monocytogenes</i> septates in the middle of the cell, thus has one new pole and one old pole) are capable of binding the <a href="/wiki/Arp2/3_complex" title="Arp2/3 complex">Arp2/3 complex</a>, thereby inducing actin nucleation at a specific area of the bacterial cell surface. Actin polymerization then propels the bacterium unidirectionally into the host cell membrane. The protrusion formed may then be internalized by a neighboring cell, forming a double-membrane vacuole from which the bacterium must escape using LLO and PlcB. This mode of direct cell-to-cell spread involves a cellular mechanism known as <a href="/wiki/Paracytophagy" title="Paracytophagy">paracytophagy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid10491395_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid10491395-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ability of L. monocytogenes to successfully infect depends on its resistance to the high concentrations of <a href="/wiki/Bile" title="Bile">bile</a> encountered throughout the <a href="/wiki/Gastrointestinal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gastrointestinal">gastrointestinal</a> tract.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resistance is due, in part, to the <a href="/wiki/Nucleotide_excision_repair" title="Nucleotide excision repair">nucleotide excision repair</a> <a href="/wiki/UvrABC_endonuclease" title="UvrABC endonuclease">protein UvrA</a> that is necessary for <a href="/wiki/DNA_repair" title="DNA repair">repair of DNA damages</a> caused by <a href="/wiki/Bile_acid" title="Bile acid">bile salts</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria_monocytogenes&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ramaswamy-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ramaswamy_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ramaswamy_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRamaswamyCresenceRejithaLekshmi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ramaswamy V, Cresence VM, Rejitha JS, Lekshmi MU, Dharsana KS, Prasad SP, et al. 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class="citation journal cs1">Pizarro-Cerda J, Cossart, P (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.000800">"Microbe Profile: Listeria monocytogenes: a paradigm among intracellular bacterial pathogens"</a>. <i>Microbiology</i>. <b>165</b> (7): 719–721. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1099%2Fmic.0.000800">10.1099/mic.0.000800</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31124782">31124782</a>.</cite><span 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PMID 17186676</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Listeria_monocytogenes&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikispecies-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/14px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/20px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/27px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></a></span> Data related to <a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/Listeria_monocytogenes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Special:Search/Listeria monocytogenes">Listeria monocytogenes</a> at Wikispecies</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Listeria_monocytogenes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Listeria monocytogenes">Listeria monocytogenes</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060901182509/http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/~mow/chap6.html">U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural Toxins Handbook: Listeria monocytogenes</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.phac-aspc.gc.ca/alert-alerte/listeria_200808-eng.php">Public Health Agency of Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bacdive.dsmz.de/index.php?search=6875&submit=Search">Type strain of <i>Listeria monocytogenes</i> at Bac<i>Dive</i> - the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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listeriosis outbreak">2014 Macedonia listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_South_African_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak">2017–2018 South African listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Australian_rockmelon_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2018 Australian rockmelon listeriosis outbreak">2018 Australian rockmelon listeriosis outbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_United_States_listeriosis_outbreak" title="2024 United States listeriosis outbreak">2024 United States listeriosis outbreak</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Listeriaceae" title="Listeriaceae">Listeriaceae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_aquatica" title="Listeria aquatica">Listeria aquatica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_booriae" title="Listeria booriae">Listeria booriae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_cornellensis" title="Listeria cornellensis">Listeria cornellensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_costaricensis" title="Listeria costaricensis">Listeria costaricensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_fleischmannii" title="Listeria fleischmannii">Listeria fleischmannii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_floridensis" title="Listeria floridensis">Listeria floridensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_goaensis" title="Listeria goaensis">Listeria goaensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_grandensis" title="Listeria grandensis">Listeria grandensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_grayi" title="Listeria grayi">Listeria grayi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_innocua" title="Listeria innocua">Listeria innocua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_ivanovii" title="Listeria ivanovii">Listeria ivanovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_marthii" title="Listeria marthii">Listeria marthii</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Listeria monocytogenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes_non-coding_RNA" title="Listeria monocytogenes non-coding RNA">Listeria monocytogenes non-coding RNA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_newyorkensis" title="Listeria newyorkensis">Listeria newyorkensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_riparia" title="Listeria riparia">Listeria riparia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_rocourtiae" title="Listeria rocourtiae">Listeria rocourtiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_seeligeri" title="Listeria seeligeri">Listeria seeligeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_thailandensis" title="Listeria thailandensis">Listeria thailandensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_weihenstephanensis" title="Listeria weihenstephanensis">Listeria weihenstephanensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_welshimeri" title="Listeria welshimeri">Listeria welshimeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">Listeriosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Listeriosis_in_animals" title="Listeriosis in animals">Listeriosis in animals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="*_Bacillota_(low-G+C)_Infectious_diseases_*_Bacterial_diseases:_G+" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-positive bacterial infection">G+</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacilli" title="Bacilli">Bacilli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillales" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacillales">Lactobacillales</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">Cat-</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-hemolytic_streptococci" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-hemolytic streptococci">α</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optochin" title="Optochin">optochin</a> susceptible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">S. pneumoniae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_infection" title="Pneumococcal infection">Pneumococcal infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">optochin resistant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viridans_streptococci" title="Viridans streptococci">Viridans streptococci</a>: <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mitis" title="Streptococcus mitis">S. mitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans" title="Streptococcus mutans">S. mutans</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_oralis" title="Streptococcus oralis">S. oralis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_sanguinis" title="Streptococcus sanguinis">S. sanguinis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_sobrinus" title="Streptococcus sobrinus">S. sobrinus</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_anginosus_group" title="Streptococcus anginosus group"><i>S. anginosus</i> group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta-hemolytic_streptococci" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-hemolytic streptococci">β</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacitracin" title="Bacitracin">bacitracin</a> susceptible: <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes">S. pyogenes</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">Group A streptococcal infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Streptococcal pharyngitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">Scarlet fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">Erysipelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">Rheumatic fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Group B streptococcal infection">B</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>bacitracin resistant, <a href="/wiki/CAMP_test" title="CAMP test">CAMP test</a>+: <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae" title="Streptococcus agalactiae">S. agalactiae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_iniae" title="Streptococcus iniae">Streptococcus iniae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_Streptococcus_iniae_infection" title="Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection">Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)#Gamma" title="Hemolysis (microbiology)">γ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus#Group_D_(enterococci)_*variable_in_hemolysis" title="Streptococcus">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_esculin_agar" title="Bile esculin agar">BEA</a>+: <i><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_bovis" title="Streptococcus bovis">Streptococcus bovis</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus" title="Enterococcus">Enterococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bile_esculin_agar" title="Bile esculin agar">BEA</a>+: <i><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis" title="Enterococcus faecalis">Enterococcus faecalis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus_faecium" title="Enterococcus faecium">Enterococcus faecium</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacillales" title="Bacillales">Bacillales</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">Cat+</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcal_infection" title="Staphylococcal infection">Staphylococcus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coagulase" title="Coagulase">Cg+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">S. aureus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcal_scalded_skin_syndrome" title="Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome">Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome" title="Toxic shock syndrome">Toxic shock syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">MRSA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coagulase" title="Coagulase">Cg-</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Novobiocin" title="Novobiocin">novobiocin</a> susceptible</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_epidermidis" title="Staphylococcus epidermidis">S. epidermidis</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><i>novobiocin resistant</i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_saprophyticus" title="Staphylococcus saprophyticus">S. saprophyticus</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus" title="Bacillus">Bacillus</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis" title="Bacillus anthracis">Bacillus anthracis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">Anthrax</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_cereus" title="Bacillus cereus">Bacillus cereus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Food poisoning</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Listeria monocytogenes</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">Listeriosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clostridia" title="Clostridia">Clostridia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">spore</a>-forming)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>motile:</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum">Clostridium botulinum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_tetani" title="Clostridium tetani">Clostridium tetani</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">Tetanus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i>nonmotile:</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_gangrene" title="Gas gangrene">Gas gangrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostridial_necrotizing_enteritis" title="Clostridial necrotizing enteritis">Clostridial necrotizing enteritis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides" title="Clostridioides">Clostridioides</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">spore</a>-forming)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile" title="Clostridioides difficile">Clostridioides difficile</a></i> [<i>Clostridium difficile</i>] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudomembranous colitis">Pseudomembranous colitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><i><a href="/wiki/Finegoldia" title="Finegoldia">Finegoldia</a></i> (non-spore forming)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Finegoldia" title="Finegoldia">Finegoldia magna</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollicutes" title="Mollicutes">Mollicutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmataceae" title="Mycoplasmataceae">Mycoplasmataceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_urealyticum" title="Ureaplasma urealyticum">Ureaplasma urealyticum</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureaplasma infection">Ureaplasma infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_genitalium" title="Mycoplasma genitalium">Mycoplasma genitalium</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniae" title="Mycoplasma pneumoniae">Mycoplasma pneumoniae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumonia" title="Mycoplasma pneumonia">Mycoplasma pneumonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anaeroplasmatales" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaeroplasmatales">Anaeroplasmatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Erysipelothrix_rhusiopathiae" title="Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae">Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erysipeloid" title="Erysipeloid">Erysipeloid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Listeria monocytogenes</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q292015" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q292015">Q292015</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Listeria monocytogenes">Listeria monocytogenes</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/BacDive" title="BacDive">BacDive</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bacdive.dsmz.de/strain/6875">6875</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/3VGJ4">3VGJ4</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/974245">974245</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/LSTEMO">LSTEMO</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/5428162">5428162</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=10932504">10932504</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=963001">963001</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Prokaryotic_names_with_Standing_in_Nomenclature" title="List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature">LPSN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lpsn.dsmz.de/species/listeria-monocytogenes">listeria-monocytogenes</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=1639">1639</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/4403b22f-ca1b-4267-8665-640cab91cf0c">4403b22f-ca1b-4267-8665-640cab91cf0c</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=1038312">1038312</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q292015#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" 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