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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Preparation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preparation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outbreak_and_suppression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outbreak_and_suppression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Outbreak and suppression</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outbreak_and_suppression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Casualties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Casualties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Casualties</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Casualties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_controversy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Press reports</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Press_reports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>British response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_affairs_and_propaganda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_affairs_and_propaganda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Political affairs and propaganda</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_affairs_and_propaganda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Primary sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">April Uprising of 1876</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D8%A3%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%84_1876" title="انتفاضة أبريل 1876 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتفاضة أبريل 1876" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_(1876)" title="Красавіцкае паўстанне (1876) – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Красавіцкае паўстанне (1876)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Априлско въстание – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Априлско въстание" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_d%27abril" title="Revolta d'abril – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolta d'abril" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dubnov%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Dubnové povstání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Dubnové povstání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprilaufstand" title="Aprilaufstand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Aprilaufstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprilli%C3%BClest%C3%B5us" title="Aprilliülestõus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Aprilliülestõus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sublevaci%C3%B3n_de_Abril" title="Sublevación de Abril – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sublevación de Abril" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprila_ribelo_de_1876" title="Aprila ribelo de 1876 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Aprila ribelo de 1876" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apirileko_Altxaldia" title="Apirileko Altxaldia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Apirileko Altxaldia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insurrection_bulgare_d%27avril_1876" title="Insurrection bulgare d'avril 1876 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Insurrection bulgare d'avril 1876" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_April" title="Pemberontakan April – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan April" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolta_d%27aprile" title="Rivolta d'aprile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivolta d'aprile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9C_(%D7%91%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94)" title="מרד אפריל (בולגריה) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרד אפריל (בולגריה)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="აპრილის აჯანყება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="აპრილის აჯანყება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%99%D1%83%D1%96%D1%80_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96_(%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Сәуір көтерілісі (Болгария) – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сәуір көтерілісі (Болгария)" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Априлско востание – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Априлско востание" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprilopstand" title="Aprilopstand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Aprilopstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_kwietniowe" title="Powstanie kwietniowe – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie kwietniowe" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_de_Abril_(1876)" title="Revolta de Abril (1876) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolta de Abril (1876)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_bulgar%C4%83_din_aprilie_1876" title="Revolta bulgară din aprilie 1876 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revolta bulgară din aprilie 1876" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_(1876)" title="Апрельское восстание (1876) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Апрельское восстание (1876)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apr%C3%ADlov%C3%A9_povstanie" title="Aprílové povstanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Aprílové povstanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Априлски устанак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Априлски устанак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aprilupproret" title="Aprilupproret – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Aprilupproret" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulgar_%C4%B0syanlar%C4%B1" title="Bulgar İsyanları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bulgar İsyanları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97_(1876)" title="Квітневе повстання в Болгарії (1876) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Квітневе повстання в Болгарії (1876)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A1876%E5%B9%B4%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="保加利亚1876年起义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="保加利亚1876年起义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">April Uprising</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Suppressed rebellion in Ottoman Bulgaria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"April Uprising" redirects here. For the John Butler Trio's fifth studio album, see <a href="/wiki/April_Uprising_(album)" title="April Uprising (album)">April Uprising (album)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">April Uprising</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:BulgarianRebels1876Antonoff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BulgarianRebels1876Antonoff.jpg/220px-BulgarianRebels1876Antonoff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BulgarianRebels1876Antonoff.jpg/330px-BulgarianRebels1876Antonoff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BulgarianRebels1876Antonoff.jpg/440px-BulgarianRebels1876Antonoff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1180" data-file-height="778" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>20 April – mid-May 1876</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Bulgaria</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Uprising suppressed </p> <ul><li>Suppression led to the <a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Conference" title="Constantinople Conference">Constantinople Conference</a>, then to the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a> and ultimately to the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Bulgaria" title="Liberation of Bulgaria">Liberation of Bulgaria</a></li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/20px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/30px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/39px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="155" /></span></span></span> Bulgarian revolutionaries</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/20px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/30px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/39px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="155" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Benkovski" title="Georgi Benkovski">Georgi Benkovski</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/20px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/30px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/39px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="155" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ilarion_Dragostinov" title="Ilarion Dragostinov">Ilarion Dragostinov</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a> <br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/20px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/30px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/39px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="155" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Panayot_Volov" title="Panayot Volov">Panayot Volov</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/20px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/30px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg/39px-Zname_Aprilsko_vastanie.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="203" data-file-height="155" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Hristo Botev</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action"><span style="font-family:'Times New Roman','Old English Text MT',serif"><b>†</b></span></a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hafuz_Pasha" title="Hafuz Pasha">Hafiz Pasha</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_Aga_of_Sofya&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusuf Aga of Sofya (page does not exist)">Yusuf Aga of Sofya</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasan_Pasha_of_Ni%C5%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasan Pasha of Niş (page does not exist)">Hasan Pasha of Niş</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Around 10,000 men</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Around 100,000 men</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 15,000–30,000 killed (including civilians)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 200–4,000 killed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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title="Battle of Elena">Elena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nikopol" title="Battle of Nikopol">Nikopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stara_Zagora" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Stara Zagora">Stara Zagora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_M%C4%83cin" title="Action off Măcin">Măcin</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Plevna" title="Siege of Plevna">Plevna</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shipka_Pass" title="Battle of Shipka Pass">Shipka Pass</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lovcha" title="Battle of Lovcha">Lovcha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aladzha" title="Battle of Aladzha">Aladzha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gorni_Dubnik" title="Battle of Gorni Dubnik">Gorni-Dubnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Erzurum_(1877)" title="Battle of Erzurum (1877)">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kars" title="Battle of Kars">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tashkessen" title="Battle of Tashkessen">Tashkessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sofia" title="Battle of Sofia">Sofia</a></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plovdiv_(1878)" title="Battle of Plovdiv (1878)">Plovdiv</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmanli_massacre" title="Harmanli massacre">Harmanli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bulgarian–Ottoman_conflicts" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Bulgarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Bulgarian–Ottoman wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Bulgarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Bulgarian–Ottoman wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Bulgarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Bulgarian–Ottoman wars"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bulgarian–Ottoman_conflicts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><span style="font-size:87%;">Bulgarian–Ottoman conflicts</span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="font-size:97%;"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars" title="Bulgarian–Ottoman wars">Bulgarian–Ottoman wars</a> (1345–1396)</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ihtiman" title="Battle of Ihtiman">Ihtiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Samokov" title="Battle of Samokov">Samokov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa" title="Battle of Maritsa">Chernomen</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sofia" title="Siege of Sofia">Sofia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tarnovo" title="Siege of Tarnovo">Tarnovo (1393)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Uprisings in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Bulgaria</a> (1396–1878)</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Konstantin_and_Fruzhin" title="Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin">Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Tarnovo_Uprising" title="First Tarnovo Uprising">Tarnovo (1598)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Tarnovo_Uprising" title="Second Tarnovo Uprising">Tarnovo (1686)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiprovtsi_uprising" title="Chiprovtsi uprising">Chiprovtsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karposh%27s_rebellion" title="Karposh's rebellion">Karposh's rebellion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">April Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razlovci_uprising" title="Razlovci uprising">Razlovtsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresna%E2%80%93Razlog_uprising" title="Kresna–Razlog uprising">Kresna–Razlog uprising</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_unification" title="Bulgarian unification">Unified Bulgaria</a> (20th century)</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a></li> <li><br /><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Balkan_War" title="Second Balkan War">Second Balkan War</a></li></ul></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>April Uprising</b> (<a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>: <span lang="bg">Априлско въстание</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Bulgarian" title="Romanization of Bulgarian">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Bulgarian-language romanization"><i lang="bg-Latn">Aprilsko vastanie</i></span>) was an <a href="/wiki/Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a> organised by the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarians</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> from April to May 1876. The rebellion was suppressed by <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">irregular</a> Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Bashi-bazouk" title="Bashi-bazouk">bashi-bazouk</a> units that engaged in indiscriminate slaughter of both rebels and non-combatants (see <a href="/wiki/Batak_massacre" title="Batak massacre">Batak massacre</a>). </p><p>The American community around <a href="/wiki/Robert_College" title="Robert College">Robert College</a> in Istanbul, the Protestant mission in Plovdiv headed by J.F. Clarke as well as two other Americans, journalist <a href="/wiki/Januarius_MacGahan" title="Januarius MacGahan">Januarius MacGahan</a> and diplomat <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Schuyler" title="Eugene Schuyler">Eugene Schuyler</a>, were indispensable in bringing knowledge of Ottoman atrocities to the wider European public.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GladstoneDisraeli_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GladstoneDisraeli-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Their reports of the events, which came to be known in the press as the <b>Bulgarian Horrors</b> and the <b>Crime of the Century</b>, caused a public outcry across Europe and mobilised both common folks and famous intellectuals to demand a reform of the failed Ottoman model of governance of the Bulgarian lands.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGahan_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGahan-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gladstone_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gladstone-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schuyler_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schuyler-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ODwight_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODwight-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The shift in public opinion, in particular, in the Ottoman Empire's hitherto closest ally, the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, eventually led to the <a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Bulgaria" title="Liberation of Bulgaria">re-establishment of a separate Bulgarian state</a> in 1878.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising_of_1876&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Bulgaria</a></div> <p>In Europe, in the 18th century, the classic non-national states were the <i><a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multi-ethnic</a> empires</i><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a>, whose population belonged to many ethnic groups and spoke many languages. The idea of <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a> became more prominent during the 19th century. The most noticeable characteristic was the degree to which nation states used the state as an instrument of <i>national unity</i> in economic, social and cultural life. By the 18th century, the Ottomans had fallen well behind the rest of Europe in science, technology, and industry. However, the Bulgarian population was also suppressed socially and politically under <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> rule. Additionally, more immediate causes for the greater mobilisation compared to earlier revolts were the severe internal and external problems which the Ottoman Empire experienced in the middle of the 1870s. In 1875, taxes levied on non-Muslims were raised for fear of <a href="/wiki/National_bankruptcy" class="mw-redirect" title="National bankruptcy">state bankruptcy</a>, which, in turn, caused additional tension between <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christians</a> and led to the <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1875-1878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina Uprising (1875-1878)">Herzegovinian rebellion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora_Uprising" title="Stara Zagora Uprising">Stara Zagora revolt</a> in Bulgaria. The failure of the Ottomans to handle the Herzegovinian uprising<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> successfully showed the weakness of the Ottoman state, and the atrocities committed during its suppression discredited it internationally. In the late 19th century, European ideas of <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> were adopted by the Bulgarian elite.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zname_Aprilskoto_vastanie.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Zname_Aprilskoto_vastanie.jpg/220px-Zname_Aprilskoto_vastanie.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Zname_Aprilskoto_vastanie.jpg/330px-Zname_Aprilskoto_vastanie.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Zname_Aprilskoto_vastanie.jpg/440px-Zname_Aprilskoto_vastanie.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="345" /></a><figcaption>Rebel flag from <a href="/wiki/Gorna_Oryahovitsa" title="Gorna Oryahovitsa">Gorna Oryahovitsa</a>. The text reads '<a href="/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%BC%D1%8A%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="Свобода или смърть">Свобода или смърть</a>' (<i>Freedom or Death</i>).</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparation">Preparation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising_of_1876&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1875, activists of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Revolutionary_Central_Committee" title="Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee">Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee</a> met in the Romanian town of <a href="/wiki/Giurgiu" title="Giurgiu">Giurgiu</a> and decided that the political situation was suitable for a general uprising. The uprising was scheduled for April or May 1876. The territory of the country was divided into five revolutionary districts with centers in <a href="/wiki/Vratsa" title="Vratsa">Vratsa</a> (leader-<a href="/wiki/Stoyan_Zaimov" title="Stoyan Zaimov">Stoyan Zaimov</a>), <a href="/wiki/Veliko_Tarnovo" title="Veliko Tarnovo">Veliko Tarnovo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stefan_Stambolov" title="Stefan Stambolov">Stefan Stambolov</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sliven" title="Sliven">Sliven</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ilarion_Dragostinov" title="Ilarion Dragostinov">Ilarion Dragostinov</a>), <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> (<a href="/wiki/Panayot_Volov" title="Panayot Volov">Panayot Volov</a>—who later gave his position to his assistant <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Benkovski" title="Georgi Benkovski">Georgi Benkovski</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nikola_Obretenov" title="Nikola Obretenov">Nikola Obretenov</a>). </p><p>The rebels had been hoarding arms and ammunition for some time and even constructed a makeshift <a href="/wiki/Cherry_gun" title="Cherry gun">cannon out of cherry-wood</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the progress of the preparation of the uprising, the organisers gave up the idea of a fifth revolutionary district in <a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a> due to the deplorable situation of the local revolutionary committees and moved the centre of the fourth revolutionary district from <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> to <a href="/wiki/Panagyurishte" title="Panagyurishte">Panagyurishte</a>. On 14 April 1876, a general meeting of the committees from the fourth revolutionary district was held in the Oborishte locality near <a href="/wiki/Panagyurishte" title="Panagyurishte">Panagyurishte</a> to discuss the proclamation of the insurrection. However, one of the delegates disclosed the plot to the Ottoman authorities. As a result, the Ottoman police made an attempt to arrest the leader of the local revolutionary committee in <a href="/wiki/Koprivshtitsa" title="Koprivshtitsa">Koprivshtitsa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Todor_Kableshkov" title="Todor Kableshkov">Todor Kableshkov</a> on 2 May [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 20 April] 1876. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Revolutionary_Central_Committee" title="Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee">Bulgarian Revolutionary Central Committee</a>'s minutes from 17th of April 1876 chaired by <a href="/wiki/Georgi_Benkovski" title="Georgi Benkovski">Benkovski</a> discuss retaliation against the Turkish and Muslim population in mixed regions opposing the uprising. These actions include killing, arson of property and homes and seizure of assets. On the other hand, Muslims who did not resist were to be protected in the same way as the Bulgarian population. The committee also gave approval for torching towns and villages.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, there is no evidence that this plan was implemented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outbreak_and_suppression">Outbreak and suppression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising_of_1876&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Outbreak and suppression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:April_Uprising.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/April_Uprising.png/220px-April_Uprising.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/April_Uprising.png/330px-April_Uprising.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/April_Uprising.png/440px-April_Uprising.png 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="953" /></a><figcaption>April Uprising</figcaption></figure> <p>In conformity with the decisions taken at <a href="/wiki/Oborishte_locality" title="Oborishte locality">Oborishte</a>, the local rebel committee attacked and surrounded the headquarters of the Ottoman police in <a href="/wiki/Koprivshtitsa" title="Koprivshtitsa">Koprivshtitsa</a> on 20 April 1876. At least two Ottoman police officers were killed, and the commander, Necip Aga, was forced to release arrested rebel suspects. Necip Aga and his close officials managed to escape the siege. However, due to this incident, the Bulgarian rebels had to proclaim the insurrection two weeks in advance of the planned date.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within several days, the rebellion spread to the entire <a href="/wiki/Sredna_Gora" title="Sredna Gora">Sredna Gora</a> and to a number of towns and villages in the northwestern <a href="/wiki/Rhodopes" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhodopes">Rhodopes</a>. The insurrection broke out in the other revolutionary districts, though on a much smaller scale. The areas of <a href="/wiki/Gabrovo" title="Gabrovo">Gabrovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tryavna" title="Tryavna">Tryavna</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pavlikeni" title="Pavlikeni">Pavlikeni</a> also revolted in force, along with several villages north and south of <a href="/wiki/Sliven" title="Sliven">Sliven</a> and near <a href="/wiki/Berovo" title="Berovo">Berovo</a> (in present-day <a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a>). </p><p>The Ottoman response was immediate and severe. <a href="/wiki/Irregular_military" title="Irregular military">Irregular</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Bashi-bazouk" title="Bashi-bazouk">bashi-bazouks</a></i>, sometimes accompanied by army detachments, were swiftly mobilized. These forces attacked the first insurgent towns as early as 25 April. The Ottomans massacred civilian populations, the principal places being <a href="/wiki/Panagurishte" class="mw-redirect" title="Panagurishte">Panagurishte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perushtitza" class="mw-redirect" title="Perushtitza">Perushtitza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Klisura,_Plovdiv_Province" title="Klisura, Plovdiv Province">Klisura</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Batak,_Bulgaria" title="Batak, Bulgaria">Batak</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Batak_massacre" title="Batak massacre">Batak massacre</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of May, the insurrection was completely suppressed. One of the last sparks of resistance was poet <a href="/wiki/Hristo_Botev" title="Hristo Botev">Hristo Botev</a>'s attempt to come to the rebels' rescue with a detachment of Bulgarian political émigrés resident in Romania, which ended with the unit's rout and Botev's death. </p><p>Nevertheless, a unit of <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> paramilitaries managed to commit a final atrocity well after the end of hostilities. They butchered 145 non-combatants at <a href="/wiki/Boyadzhik_massacre" title="Boyadzhik massacre">Boyadzhik</a> after confusing the preparation for a Bulgarian holiday with a rebellion in the making.<sup id="cite_ref-Patriarchia_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patriarchia-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Atanasoff_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Atanasoff-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Sublime_Porte" title="Sublime Porte">Porte</a>'s refusal to send additional regular army detachments, and the decision of the <a href="/wiki/Bey" title="Bey">Beys</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edirne" title="Edirne">Edirne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Filibe</a> to instead arm <a href="/wiki/Bashi-bazouk" title="Bashi-bazouk">bashi-bazouk</a> forces greatly determined the number of casualties and the aftermath of the uprising's suppression.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PrelReport_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrelReport-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, the village of <a href="/wiki/Bratsigovo" title="Bratsigovo">Bratsigovo</a>, which was one of the best prepared centres of the rebellion and managed to fiercely resist enemy attacks for days, suffered only 250 casualties, very few of whom civilian, after fighting a regular Ottoman army unit.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The leader of the Bratsigovo resistance, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/bg:%D0%92%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2" class="extiw" title="wikt:bg:Васил Петлешков">Vasil Petleshkov</a>, also assumed all blame for what had happened. By contrast, <a href="/wiki/Perushtitza" class="mw-redirect" title="Perushtitza">Perushtitza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panagurishte" class="mw-redirect" title="Panagurishte">Panagurishte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Batak,_Bulgaria" title="Batak, Bulgaria">Batak</a>, which faced bashi-bazouk forces, all suffered enormous casualties, estimated by Schuyler at approx. 1,000, 3,000 and 5,000, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGahan,_1876,_pp._92-93_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGahan,_1876,_pp._92-93-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Schuyler qualified the uprising as poorly prepared and undeserving of the brutality of the Ottoman response.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGahan,_1876,_pp._92-93_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGahan,_1876,_pp._92-93-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern Bulgarian historiography also calls it premature and poorly prepared and considers that the organisers only wanted to draw European and Russian public attention to the plight of Ottoman Bulgarians, with no illusions that the revolt would succeed.<sup id="cite_ref-mitev_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mitev-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In view of the poor preparation of the insurgents, but the enormous repercussions of their deeds, American Protestant missionary and author Henry Otis Dwight called the revolt <i>"the maddest freak that ever led men to death"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODwight_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODwight-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising_of_1876&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Casualties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg/250px-%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg" decoding="async" width="250" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg/375px-%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg/500px-%D0%9F%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8F._1889_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="715" /></a><figcaption><i>The <a href="/wiki/Batak_massacre" title="Batak massacre">Batak massacre</a></i> (1889), painted by <a href="/wiki/Antoni_Piotrowski" title="Antoni Piotrowski">Antoni Piotrowski</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The most detailed contemporary account of the uprising was prepared by American diplomat <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Schuyler" title="Eugene Schuyler">Eugene Schuyler</a>. He learned about the events from faculty members at <a href="/wiki/Robert_College" title="Robert College">Robert College</a>, who feared that the coming investigation of Englishman Walter Baring would turn into a cover-up because of the British Empire's strongly pro-Ottoman official stance and his own reputation as a <a href="/wiki/Turkophilia" title="Turkophilia">Turkophile</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After visiting 3 cities and 11 villages, Schuyler compiled a report detailing the burning of sixty-five villages, the demolition of five monasteries and the slaughter of at least 15,000 people—rebels and non-combatants alike.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-PrelReport_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrelReport-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, what Schuyler emphasised the most was the exceptional, highly unnecessary brutality employed, in particular, at <a href="/wiki/Batak,_Bulgaria" title="Batak, Bulgaria">Batak</a>. Eventually, despite his reputation as a Turkophile, Baring by and large confirmed Schuyler's findings. The report of his investigation only reduced the estimated number of victims to 12,000.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Januarius_MacGahan" title="Januarius MacGahan">Januarius MacGahan</a> also put the number of Bulgarian casualties at 15,000, with the reservation that the figure does not cover the insurrection north of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan mountains">Balkan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGahan,_1876,_p._11_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGahan,_1876,_p._11-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent investigations by the French and Russian Consuls estimated the number of Bulgarian casualties at 25,000–40,000.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGahan,_1876,_p._11_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGahan,_1876,_p._11-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In mid-June 1876, Turkish sources claimed some 18,000 casualties, and Bulgarian ones 30,000.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Baring, the civilian Muslim population was not materially affected by the rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also substantiated in the reports of <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Schuyler" title="Eugene Schuyler">Eugene Schuyler</a> and James F. Clarke, who testify that very few peaceful Muslims were killed.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Schuyler, Muslim casualties numbered 115, of whom 12 women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-PrelReport_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrelReport-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ottoman officials at the time claimed approx. 500 Muslim casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGahan,_1876,_p._13_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGahan,_1876,_p._13-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_controversy">Modern controversy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising_of_1876&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Modern controversy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_interior_of_the_church_in_Batak_two_years_after_the_suppression_of_the_April_Uprising.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/The_interior_of_the_church_in_Batak_two_years_after_the_suppression_of_the_April_Uprising.jpg/250px-The_interior_of_the_church_in_Batak_two_years_after_the_suppression_of_the_April_Uprising.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="245" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1b/The_interior_of_the_church_in_Batak_two_years_after_the_suppression_of_the_April_Uprising.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="333" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption>The interior of the church in Batak two years after the bloody suppression of the April Uprising and the massacre of the inhabitants of the village. Photographer and exact date not known.</figcaption></figure> <p>While contemporary witnesses are unanimous on the scale of destruction of human life and property among the rebels and agree that there were few Muslim casualties, there is disagreement on both issues among modern Western historians. Some of them not only take issue with the number of Muslim victims but also disparage or negate Bulgarian casualties. </p><p>Thus, American historian <a href="/wiki/Justin_McCarthy_(American_historian)" title="Justin McCarthy (American historian)">Justin McCarthy</a> claims that more than 1,000 Muslims were slaughtered and many more expelled during the revolt, while putting Bulgarian casualties at 3,000–12,000.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also stresses that Russian atrocities against Muslims during the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_of_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878">Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878</a> were far worse than those against insurgent Bulgarians.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</i>, <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Shaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Shaw">Stanford Shaw</a> claims that far more Muslims than Christians were killed in the uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also estimates Bulgarian casualties at fewer than 4,000. </p><p>On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jelavich" title="Barbara Jelavich">Barbara Jelavich</a>, who admits that the beginning of the April Uprising was accompanied by a massacre of Muslim civilians, upholds Baring's estimate of 12,000 Bulgarian casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-jelavich_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jelavich-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to British historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Shannon_(historian)" title="Richard Shannon (historian)">Richard Shannon</a>, the insurgents killed less than 200 Muslims, very few of whom were non-combatants.<sup id="cite_ref-Shannon_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shannon-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the report written by Schuyler and American journalist <a href="/wiki/Januarius_MacGahan" title="Januarius MacGahan">Januarius MacGahan</a>, the Ottoman government at the time did not claim more than 500 Muslims killed—most of whom in battle.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGahan,_1876,_p._13_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGahan,_1876,_p._13-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polish scholar <a href="/wiki/Tomasz_Kamusella" title="Tomasz Kamusella">Tomasz Kamusella</a> opines that the numbers of victims may not distinguish between Orthodox Christians and Muslims, but acknowledges that there were only some 500 Muslim deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This is countered by American historian <a href="/wiki/Richard_Millman_(historian)" title="Richard Millman (historian)">Richard Millman</a>, who states that Schuyler visited in person only 11 of the villages he reported on, even though Schuyler himself admits that on the first page of his report.<sup id="cite_ref-PrelReport_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrelReport-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it is certain that Schuyler visited Batak and other towns and villages that suffered a particularly gruesome fate, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Perushtitsa" title="Perushtitsa">Perushtitsa</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Panagyurishte" title="Panagyurishte">Panagyurishte</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Millman also claims that the accepted reality of the massacres is largely a myth.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>McCarthy, Shaw and Millman all blame the accounts of Baring, MacGahan, Schuyler and Gladstone's actions on a colonial mindset, an ingrained anti-Turkish bias, "othering", preconceived ideas of Turkish barbarism and guilt or, at best, on pro-Russian leaning.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shaw_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shaw-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCarthy has since dedicated an entire book to the issue, where he attributes all negative perceptions of Turkey in the US to 19th century American missionaries—such as pastor James F. Clarke, who first gave an alert about the treatment of the Bulgarian rebels.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, McCarthy, Shaw and Millman have in turn themselves been accused by fellow Western historians of being an <i>"apologist for the Turkish state"</i>, of having <i>"an indefensible bias toward the Turkish official position"</i> (McCarthy), of suffering from a <i>"Turkish-nationalist bias"</i>, of offering a <i>"vehemently anti-Armenian and Hellenophobic interpretation of modern Turkish history"</i> (Shaw), of <i>"being irredeemably pro-Turkish and pro-Disraeli"</i> (Millman), etc. multiple times throughout their careers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ShawCharny_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShawCharny-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most relevant in the context of the April Uprising's casualty figures is fellow historian Hakem Al-Rustom's critique that </p> <blockquote><p><i>"Justin McCarthy is an apologist for the Turkish state and supports the official version of history, which denies the Armenian genocide. He thus might have exaggerated the number of Muslim victims in the Balkans in order to underplay the number of Armenian victims in Anatolia."</i><sup id="cite_ref-JWS_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JWS-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Both McCarthy and Shaw are <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Genocide">Armenian Genocide</a> denialists.<sup id="cite_ref-Denial_2003,_p._248_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Denial_2003,_p._248-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hovannisian_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hovannisian-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-HewsenLecture_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HewsenLecture-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> McCarthy is also a member of, and has received <a href="/wiki/Funding_of_science#Influence_on_research" title="Funding of science">grants</a> from, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Turkish_Studies" title="Institute of Turkish Studies">Institute of Turkish Studies</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Linenthal_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Linenthal-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary Bulgarian historians generally accept the number of Bulgarian casualties at the end of the uprising to be around 30,000. According to British and French figures, 12,000–15,000 Bulgarian civilians were massacred during the uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-jelavich_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jelavich-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reaction_in_the_West">Reaction in the West</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising_of_1876&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Reaction in the West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Press_reports">Press reports</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising_of_1876&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Press reports"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>News of massacres of Bulgarians reached European embassies in Istanbul in May and June 1876 through Bulgarian students at <a href="/wiki/Robert_College" title="Robert College">Robert College</a>, the American college in the city. Faculty members at Robert College wrote to the British Ambassador and to the Istanbul correspondents of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_News_(UK)" title="The Daily News (UK)">Daily News</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg/200px-Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg/300px-Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg/400px-Konstantin_Makovsky_-_The_Bulgarian_martyresses.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="2026" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Makovsky" title="Konstantin Makovsky">Konstantin Makovsky</a> (1839–1915). <i>The Bulgarian Martyresses</i> (1877)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>But let me tell you what we saw at Batak ... The number of children killed in these massacres is something enormous. They were often spitted on bayonets, and we have several stories from eye-witnesses who saw the little babes carried about the streets, both here and at Olluk-Kni, on the points of bayonets. The reason is simple. When a Mohammedan has killed a certain number of infidels he is sure of Paradise, no matter what his sins may be ... It was a heap of skulls, intermingled with bones from all parts of the human body, skeletons nearly entire and rotting, clothing, human hair and putrid flesh lying there in one foul heap, around which the grass was growing luxuriantly. It emitted a sickening odour, like that of a dead horse, and it was here that the dogs had been seeking a hasty repast when our untimely approach interrupted them ... The ground is covered here with skeletons, to which are clinging articles of clothing and bits of putrid flesh. The air was heavy, with a faint, sickening odour, that grows stronger as we advance. It is beginning to be horrible.</i> </p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Eyewitness account of J. A. MacGahan on Turkish atrocities in Bulgaria, in a letter to the London <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_News_(UK)" title="The Daily News (UK)">Daily News</a></i> of August 22, 1876<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>An article about the massacres in the <i>Daily News</i> on 23 June provoked a question in Parliament about Britain's support for Turkey, and demands for an investigation.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli" title="Benjamin Disraeli">Benjamin Disraeli</a> promised to conduct an investigation about what had really happened. </p><p>In July, the British Embassy in Istanbul sent a second secretary, Walter Baring, to Bulgaria to investigate the stories of atrocities. Baring did not speak Bulgarian (although he did speak Turkish) and British policy was officially pro-Turkish, so the Bulgarian community in Istanbul feared he would not report the complete story. They asked the American Consul in Istanbul, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Schuyler" title="Eugene Schuyler">Eugene Schuyler</a>, to conduct his own investigation. </p><p>Schuyler set off for Bulgaria on 23 July, four days after Baring. He was accompanied by a well-known American war correspondent, <a href="/wiki/Januarius_MacGahan" title="Januarius MacGahan">Januarius MacGahan</a>, by a German correspondent, and by a Russian diplomat, Prince Aleksei Tseretelev. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Basibozuk-1877-78.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Basibozuk-1877-78.jpg/250px-Basibozuk-1877-78.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Basibozuk-1877-78.jpg/375px-Basibozuk-1877-78.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Basibozuk-1877-78.jpg/500px-Basibozuk-1877-78.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Ottoman bashi-bazouk</figcaption></figure> <p>Schuyler's group spent three weeks visiting <a href="/wiki/Batak,_Bulgaria" title="Batak, Bulgaria">Batak</a> and other villages where massacres had taken place. Schuyler's official report, published in November 1876, said that fifty-eight villages in Bulgaria had been destroyed, five monasteries demolished, and fifteen thousand people in all massacred. The report was reprinted as a booklet and widely circulated in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGahan_1876_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGahan_1876-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baring's report to the British government about the massacres was similar but put the number of victims at about twelve thousand.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacGahan's vivid articles from Bulgaria moved British public opinion against Turkey. He described in particular what he had seen in the town of Batak, where five thousand of a total of seven thousand residents had been slaughtered, beheaded or burned alive by Turkish irregulars, and their bodies left in piles around the town square and the church.<sup id="cite_ref-MacGahan_1876_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacGahan_1876-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_response">British response</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising_of_1876&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: British response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acgladstone2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Acgladstone2.jpg/250px-Acgladstone2.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Acgladstone2.jpg/375px-Acgladstone2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Acgladstone2.jpg/500px-Acgladstone2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1133" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Gladstone in 1879, painted by <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Liberal Party leader <a href="/wiki/William_Ewart_Gladstone" title="William Ewart Gladstone">William Ewart Gladstone</a> published a pamphlet on 6 September 1876, <i>Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> attacked the Disraeli government for its indifference to the Ottoman Empire's violent repression of the April Uprising. Gladstone made clear his <a href="/wiki/Anti-Turkism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Turkism">hostility focused on the Turkish people</a>, rather than on the Muslim religion. The Turks he said: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>"... were, upon the whole, from the black day when they first entered Europe, the one great anti-human specimen of humanity. Wherever they went, a broad line of blood marked the track behind them; and as far as their dominion reached, civilisation disappeared from view. They represented everywhere government by force, as opposed to government by law. For the guide of this life they had a relentless fatalism: for its reward hereafter, a sensual paradise."</i><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p> The political impact of the reports was immediate and dramatic. As the leader of the opposition, Gladstone called upon the government to withdraw its support for Turkey.</p><blockquote><p><i>"I entreat my countrymen"</i>, he wrote, <i>"upon whom far more than upon any other people in Europe it depends, to require and to insist that our government, which has been working in one direction, shall work in the other, and shall apply all its vigour to concur with the states of Europe in obtaining the extinction of the Turkish executive power in Bulgaria. Let the Turks now carry away their abuses in the only possible manner, namely, by carrying off themselves ..."</i><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Prominent Europeans, including <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, spoke against the Turkish behavior in Bulgaria. When <a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War,_1877-78" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78">war with Russia</a> started in 1877, the Turkish Government asked Britain for help, but the British government refused, citing public outrage caused by the Bulgarian massacres as the reason. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_affairs_and_propaganda">Political affairs and propaganda</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising_of_1876&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political affairs and propaganda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the 19th century, British Empire typically supported Ottomans against their conflicts against Russian Empire, a common rival at the time, to curb its <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">pan-Slavist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox Christian</a> influence in Balkans. William Gladstone assumed a pro-Russian position on the conflict and was not concerned with the expansion of Russia's power projection. In contrast, the works of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Burnaby" title="Frederick Burnaby">Frederick Burnaby</a> present a pro-Turkish understanding of events. To investigate the accounts of massacres in British media, Burnaby embarked on a travel through Ottoman lands; his memoirs were published under the titles <i>A Ride to Khiva: Travels and Adventures in Central Asia</i> (1876) and <i>On Horseback through Asia Minor</i> (1877). According to Burnaby, many Western accounts of atrocities were exaggerated and sometimes fabricated and atrocities against Muslims were omitted from the press reports. The landlord of Burnaby in Ankara complains to him about this as such,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>Your newspapers always published the accounts of the Bulgarian women and children who were slaughtered, and never went into any particulars about the Turkish women who were massacred by the Bulgarians, or about our soldiers whose noses were cut off, and who were mutilated by the insurgents in the Herzegovina. A Turk values his nose quite as much as a Christian.</i></p></blockquote> <p>Burnaby's goal was to present a counter-narrative to the general Russophile attitude in Britain. According to Turkish historian Sinan Akıllı, his attempts manifested mixed results and were only partially successful in reversing the public opinion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_68-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising_of_1876&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Conference" title="Constantinople Conference">Constantinople Conference</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantinople_conference.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Constantinople_conference.png/300px-Constantinople_conference.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Constantinople_conference.png/450px-Constantinople_conference.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Constantinople_conference.png/600px-Constantinople_conference.png 2x" data-file-width="3741" data-file-height="2612" /></a><figcaption>Boundaries of the Bulgarian autonomous provinces proposal tabled in Constantinople</figcaption></figure> <p>The April uprising was not successful in itself, but its bloody suppression by the Ottomans caused such outrage across Europe that public opinion, even in Turcophile England, shifted, demanding a reform of the model of Ottoman governance.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Powers">Great Powers</a> called the <a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Conference" title="Constantinople Conference">Constantinople Conference</a> in December 1876, where they presented the Sultan with a combined proposal that envisaged the creation of two autonomous Bulgarian provinces, largely overlapping with the borders of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a>. By splitting the autonomy in two and ensuring extensive international oversight of provincial affairs, the proposal reflected all of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>'s wishes and allayed its fears that the provinces would become Russian puppets. </p><p>Thus, the decades-long Bulgarian struggle for self-governance and freedom appeared to finally bear fruit. And this the Bulgarians had achieved entirely by themselves—through the efforts of both clergy and the young Bulgarian bourgeoisie, which had successfully argued before and succeeded in convincing Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_Emin_%C3%82li_Pasha" title="Mehmed Emin Âli Pasha">Âli Pasha</a> in the need for a separate <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian church</a> and millet, thus initiating the Bulgarian nation-building process even under foreign rule,<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and through the blood shed by the hothead revolutionaries who had managed to cause a seismic shift in European public opinion. </p><p>However, on 20 January 1877, Grand Vizier <a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha" title="Midhat Pasha">Midhat Pasha</a> officially and finally rejected the autonomy proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bulgarian historiography has traditionally cast the blame for the failure of the Conference on the go-to villain in modern Bulgarian history, the English. However, newer research rather indicates that the power that sabotaged the Conference was the Russian Empire itself. The Russians had already apportioned Ottoman holdings in Europe amongst themselves and <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> by virtue of the secret <a href="/wiki/Reichstadt_Agreement" title="Reichstadt Agreement">Reichstadt Agreement</a> and <a href="/wiki/Budapest_Convention_of_1877" title="Budapest Convention of 1877">Budapest Convention</a> and stood to lose the most from a Bulgarian state that was not under their control—namely, their century-old dream of controlling the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Straits" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Straits">Turkish Straits</a> and having a warm-water port (a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Catherine_the_Great" title="Catherine the Great">Catherine the Great</a>'s "<a href="/wiki/Greek_Plan" title="Greek Plan">Greek Plan</a>").<sup id="cite_ref-tsvetkov1_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tsvetkov1-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The date of finalisation of the Budapest Convention, 15 January 1877, mere five days before Midhat Pasha's rejection of the autonomy proposal, and its clauses, where the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> explicitly undertakes not to create a large Slavic state but rather two small autonomous Bulgarian principalities/provinces north and south of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Balkan mountains">Balkan mountains</a> have even caused several researchers to call the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a> a "trick" or a "charade".<sup id="cite_ref-indzhev_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-indzhev-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yordanov1_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yordanov1-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Doychev_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Doychev-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whatever the truth, the Ottoman Empire's rejection of the autonomy proposal gave the Russians the much-desired excuse to declare war on the Ottoman Empire, while preventing the United Kingdom from interfering because of public opinion. Less than two years after the uprising, Bulgaria, or at least a part of it, would be free again. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising_of_1876&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Ottoman Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razlovtsi_insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Razlovtsi insurrection">Razlovtsi insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Bulgaria" title="Liberation of Bulgaria">Liberation of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresna%E2%80%93Razlog_uprising" title="Kresna–Razlog uprising">Kresna–Razlog uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_unification" title="Bulgarian unification">Bulgarian unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Pears" title="Edwin Pears">Edwin Pears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyadzhik_massacre" title="Boyadzhik massacre">Boyadzhik massacre</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising_of_1876&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Historical Dictionary of Bulgaria, Raymond Detrez, Edition 3, Publisher Rowman & Littlefield, 2014, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1442241802" title="Special:BookSources/1442241802">1442241802</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette24365" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24365/page/5140">"No. 24365"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 19 September 1876. pp. 5140–5144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+24365&rft.pages=5140-5144&rft.date=1876-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F24365%2Fpage%2F5140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GladstoneDisraeli-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GladstoneDisraeli_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historytoday.com/archive/gladstone-disraeli-and-bulgarian-horrors">"Gladstone, Disraeli and the Bulgarian Horrors"</a>.</cite><span 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(1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/MacGahanTurkishAtrocitiesInBulgaria/MacGahan_Turkish%20Atrocities%20in%20Bulgaria#page/n89/mode/2up">"Mr. Schuyler's Preliminary Report"</a>. <i>Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the "Daily News," J.A. MacGahan, Esq</i>. London: Bradbury Agnew and Co. p. 89<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bulgaria%2FHistory&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/whp-1750/xcabef9ed3fc7da7b:unit-2-liberal-and-national-revolutions/xcabef9ed3fc7da7b:2-3-nationalism/a/read-ethnic-nationalism-beta">"Ethnic Nationalism"</a>. <i>Khan Academy</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Khan+Academy&rft.atitle=Ethnic+Nationalism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.khanacademy.org%2Fhumanities%2Fwhp-1750%2Fxcabef9ed3fc7da7b%3Aunit-2-liberal-and-national-revolutions%2Fxcabef9ed3fc7da7b%3A2-3-nationalism%2Fa%2Fread-ethnic-nationalism-beta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Ottoman-Empire/The-1875-78-crisis">"Ottoman Empire – The 1875–78 crisis"</a>. <i>www.britannica.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.britannica.com&rft.atitle=Ottoman+Empire+%E2%80%93+The+1875%E2%80%9378+crisis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FOttoman-Empire%2FThe-1875-78-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDimitrovaKaytchev1998" class="citation journal cs1">Dimitrova, Snezhana; Kaytchev, Naum (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43057128">"Bulgarian nationalism, articulated by the textbooks in modern Bulgarian history 1878–1996"</a>. <i>Internationale Schulbuchforschung</i>. <b>20</b> (1): 51–70. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0172-8237">0172-8237</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43057128">43057128</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Internationale+Schulbuchforschung&rft.atitle=Bulgarian+nationalism%2C+articulated+by+the+textbooks+in+modern+Bulgarian+history+1878%E2%80%931996&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-70&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43057128%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0172-8237&rft.aulast=Dimitrova&rft.aufirst=Snezhana&rft.au=Kaytchev%2C+Naum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43057128&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A description of how these cherry-wood cannons were made appears in the historical fiction work: <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Vazov" title="Ivan Vazov">Vazov, Ivan Minchov</a> (1971) <i><a href="/wiki/Under_the_Yoke" title="Under the Yoke">Under the yoke</a></i> (Translated from the Bulgarian <i>Под игото</i> by Marguerite Alexieva and Theodora Atanassova.) Twayne Publishers, New York, and many other editions.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">A picture entitled <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eH1MSHM1hLUC&pg=PA83">"Plate 4.8 A wooden cannon captured from the Bulgarian insurgents by the Turks, January 1877"</a> appears in: Crampton, R. J. (1997) <i>A Concise History of Bulgaria</i> Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, p. 83, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56183-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56183-3">0-521-56183-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190130175519/http://www.virtualnabiblioteka.com/images/upload/books/Novi/Zahari_Stojanov_-_Zapiski_po_bylgarskite_vystanija_-1771-b.pdf">"Захари Стоянов Записки по българските въстания pp. 339–334"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualnabiblioteka.com/images/upload/books/Novi/Zahari_Stojanov_-_Zapiski_po_bylgarskite_vystanija_-1771-b.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2019-01-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-04-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2+%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F+pp.+339%E2%80%93334&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualnabiblioteka.com%2Fimages%2Fupload%2Fbooks%2FNovi%2FZahari_Stojanov_-_Zapiski_po_bylgarskite_vystanija_-1771-b.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFЗафиров2007" class="citation book cs1">Зафиров, Димитър (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HDQn3tJkyUcC&pg=PA306"><i>История на българите</i></a>. Trud Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789545287527" title="Special:BookSources/9789545287527"><bdi>9789545287527</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5&rft.pub=Trud+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9789545287527&rft.aulast=%D0%97%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%80&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHDQn3tJkyUcC%26pg%3DPA306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patriarchia-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patriarchia_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bg-patriarshia.bg/news/135-godini-ot-boyadzhishkoto-klane-prez-1876-g">"135 години от Бояджишкото клане през 1876 г."</a> [135th Anniversary of the Boyadzhik Massacre]. <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Patriarchate" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulgarian Patriarchate">Bulgarian Patriarchate</a>. 18 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=135+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7+1876+%D0%B3.&rft.pub=Bulgarian+Patriarchate&rft.date=2011-05-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbg-patriarshia.bg%2Fnews%2F135-godini-ot-boyadzhishkoto-klane-prez-1876-g&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atanasoff-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Atanasoff_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtanasoff1985" class="citation journal cs1">Atanasoff, John V. (1985). "The Beginning". Sofia: Narodna Mladezh Publishers.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Beginning&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Atanasoff&rft.aufirst=John+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> (Bulgarian version of his 1984 paper).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacGahan, 1876, p. 89</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrelReport-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PrelReport_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrelReport_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrelReport_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-PrelReport_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuyler1876" class="citation web cs1">Schuyler, Eugene (10 August 1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout33-t2-body-d3.html">"Mr. Schuyler's Preliminary Report on the Moslem Atrocities"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mr.+Schuyler%27s+Preliminary+Report+on+the+Moslem+Atrocities&rft.date=1876-08-10&rft.aulast=Schuyler&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-Stout33-t2-body-d3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stoyanov, 1892, Chap. VIII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacGahan,_1876,_pp._92-93-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacGahan,_1876,_pp._92-93_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacGahan,_1876,_pp._92-93_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacGahan, 1876, pp. 92–93</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mitev-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mitev_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitev2012" class="citation cs2">Mitev, Plamen (2012), <i>Българското Възраждане</i> [<i>The Bulgarian National Revival</i>], Стандарт, pp. 178–180, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-8976-56-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-8976-56-5"><bdi>978-954-8976-56-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.pages=178-180&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-954-8976-56-5&rft.aulast=Mitev&rft.aufirst=Plamen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkin2009" class="citation cs2">Larkin, Brendan (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.wesleyan.edu/object/ir-1070"><i>The Times and the Bulgarian Massacres</i></a>, p. 75</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Times+and+the+Bulgarian+Massacres&rft.pages=75&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.wesleyan.edu%2Fobject%2Fir-1070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">MacGahan, 1876, p. 91</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette24365" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/24365/page/5115">"No. 24365"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 19 September 1876. pp. 5115–5140.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+24365&rft.pages=5115-5140&rft.date=1876-09-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F24365%2Fpage%2F5115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacGahan,_1876,_p._11-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacGahan,_1876,_p._11_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacGahan,_1876,_p._11_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacGahan, 1876, p. 11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarkin2009" class="citation cs2">Larkin, Brendan (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.wesleyan.edu/object/ir-1070"><i>The Times and the Bulgarian Massacres</i></a>, p. 72</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Times+and+the+Bulgarian+Massacres&rft.pages=72&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Larkin&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.wesleyan.edu%2Fobject%2Fir-1070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/diplomaticremin02loftgoog#page/n184/mode/2up"><i>The Diplomatic Reminiscences of Lord Augustus Loftus. 1862–1879</i></a>. Vol. II (1 ed.). London: Cassell & Company, Limited. 1894. p. 170<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2016</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Diplomatic+Reminiscences+of+Lord+Augustus+Loftus.+1862%E2%80%931879&rft.place=London&rft.pages=170&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Cassell+%26+Company%2C+Limited&rft.date=1894&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fdiplomaticremin02loftgoog%23page%2Fn184%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuke_of_Argyll1877" class="citation book cs1">Duke of Argyll (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/easternquestionf01argyuoft#page/228/mode/2up"><i>The Eastern Question: From the Treaty of Paris, 1856, to the Treaty of Berlin, 1878, and to the Second Afghan War</i></a>. Vol. I. London: Strahan & Company Limited. p. 229<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2016</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Eastern+Question%3A+From+the+Treaty+of+Paris%2C+1856%2C+to+the+Treaty+of+Berlin%2C+1878%2C+and+to+the+Second+Afghan+War&rft.place=London&rft.pages=229&rft.pub=Strahan+%26+Company+Limited&rft.date=1877&rft.au=Duke+of+Argyll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Feasternquestionf01argyuoft%23page%2F228%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andrew G. Bostom (2005) <i>The Legacy of Jihad: Islamic Holy War and the Fate of Non-Muslims</i> p. 664</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacGahan,_1876,_p._13-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacGahan,_1876,_p._13_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacGahan,_1876,_p._13_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">MacGahan, 1876, p. 13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCarthy, Justin. <i>Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922</i> The Darwin Press Inc., Princeton, 6th Printing 2008, p. 60</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCarthy, Justin. <i>Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922</i> The Darwin Press Inc., Princeton, 6th Printing 2008, p. 92–94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shaw-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Shaw_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw and Shaw (1977) <i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey, Nide 2</i> Cambridge University Press, p. 162</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jelavich-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jelavich_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-jelavich_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jelavich, Barbara (1999) <i>History of the Balkans: Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries, Nide 1</i>, Cambridge University Press, p. 347 <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Shannon-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Shannon_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon1975" class="citation cs2">Shannon, Richard (1975), <i>Gladstone and the Bulgarian agitation</i>, p. 47, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/020801487X" title="Special:BookSources/020801487X"><bdi>020801487X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gladstone+and+the+Bulgarian+agitation&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=020801487X&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kamusella, Tomasz (2018) <i>Ethnic Cleansing During the Cold War: The Forgotten 1989 Expulsion of Turks</i>, Routledge <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="Please supply an ISBN for this book.">ISBN missing</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchuyler1901" class="citation cs2">Schuyler, Eugene (1901), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/selectedessayswi00schu#page/66/mode/2up"><i>Selected Essays, with a Memoir by Evelyn Schuyler</i></a>, New York: Scribner, pp. 66–74<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2016</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Selected+Essays%2C+with+a+Memoir+by+Evelyn+Schuyler&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=66-74&rft.pub=Scribner&rft.date=1901&rft.aulast=Schuyler&rft.aufirst=Eugene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fselectedessayswi00schu%23page%2F66%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Cary (1965) <i>Bulgaria Today: the Land and the People, a Voyage of Discovery</i> p. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millman, Richard. <i>The Bulgarian Massacres Reconsidered</i> pp. 218, 227–228</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Millman, Richard. <i>The Bulgarian Massacres Reconsidered</i> pp. 218, 227–230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCarthy, Justin. <i>Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922</i> The Darwin Press Inc., Princeton, 6th Printing 2008, p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The American missionaries were the primary source of the negative image that has persisted long after the missions had closed and the churches that sent the missionaries had evolved into advocates of an unprejudiced acceptance of other cultures….The missionaries…widened and deepened the prejudice of Americans</i>. For more see: <a href="/wiki/Justin_McCarthy_(American_historian)" title="Justin McCarthy (American historian)">Justin McCarthy</a> (2010) The Turk in America: The Creation of an Enduring Prejudice, University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City, p. 8, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1607810131" title="Special:BookSources/1607810131">1607810131</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHickok1996" class="citation journal cs1">Hickok, Michael Robert (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/review-of-middle-east-studies/article/abs/death-and-exile-the-ethnic-cleansing-of-ottoman-muslims-18211922-by-justin-mccarthy-368-pages-maps-tables-notes-appendix-bibliography-index-princeton-nj-darwin-press-1996-3500-cloth-isbn-0878500944/BB02FDFF14D67DC27E26FA880205A383">"Death and Exile: The Ethnic Cleansing of Ottoman Muslims, 1821–1922, by Justin Mccarthy. 368 pages, maps, tables, notes, appendix, bibliography, index. Princeton, NJ: Darwin Press, 1996. $35.00 (Cloth) ISBN 0-87850-094-4"</a>. <i>Review of Middle East Studies</i>. <b>30</b> (2): 214. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026318400034337">10.1017/S0026318400034337</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-3184">0026-3184</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:164893463">164893463</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Middle+East+Studies&rft.atitle=Death+and+Exile%3A+The+Ethnic+Cleansing+of+Ottoman+Muslims%2C+1821%E2%80%931922%2C+by+Justin+Mccarthy.+368+pages%2C+maps%2C+tables%2C+notes%2C+appendix%2C+bibliography%2C+index.+Princeton%2C+NJ%3A+Darwin+Press%2C+1996.+%2435.00+%28Cloth%29+ISBN+0-87850-094-4&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=214&rft.date=1996&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A164893463%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-3184&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026318400034337&rft.aulast=Hickok&rft.aufirst=Michael+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Freview-of-middle-east-studies%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Fdeath-and-exile-the-ethnic-cleansing-of-ottoman-muslims-18211922-by-justin-mccarthy-368-pages-maps-tables-notes-appendix-bibliography-index-princeton-nj-darwin-press-1996-3500-cloth-isbn-0878500944%2FBB02FDFF14D67DC27E26FA880205A383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKieserOktemReinkowski2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hans-Lukas_Kieser" title="Hans-Lukas Kieser">Kieser, Hans-Lukas</a>; Oktem, Kerem; Reinkowski, Maurus (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomsburycollections.com/book/world-war-i-and-the-end-of-the-ottomans-from-the-balkan-wars-to-the-armenian-genocide/introduction-world-war-i-and-the-end-of-the-ottomans-from-the-balkan-wars-to-the-armenian-genocide?from=search">"Introduction"</a>. <i>World War I and the End of the Ottomans: From the Balkan Wars to the Armenian Genocide</i>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-744-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85772-744-2"><bdi>978-0-85772-744-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=World+War+I+and+the+End+of+the+Ottomans%3A+From+the+Balkan+Wars+to+the+Armenian+Genocide&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-85772-744-2&rft.aulast=Kieser&rft.aufirst=Hans-Lukas&rft.au=Oktem%2C+Kerem&rft.au=Reinkowski%2C+Maurus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomsburycollections.com%2Fbook%2Fworld-war-i-and-the-end-of-the-ottomans-from-the-balkan-wars-to-the-armenian-genocide%2Fintroduction-world-war-i-and-the-end-of-the-ottomans-from-the-balkan-wars-to-the-armenian-genocide%3Ffrom%3Dsearch&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zürcher, Eric J. <i>Turkey: A Modern History, 3rd. Ed</i>. London: I.B. Tauris, 2004, p. 360.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShawCharny-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShawCharny_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharny2000" class="citation journal cs1">Charny, Israel W. (2000-04-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007/s12142-000-1019-6">"Innocent denials of known genocides: A further contribution to a psychology of denial of genocide"</a>. <i>Human Rights Review</i>. <b>1</b> (3): 15–39. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs12142-000-1019-6">10.1007/s12142-000-1019-6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1874-6306">1874-6306</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144586638">144586638</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Rights+Review&rft.atitle=Innocent+denials+of+known+genocides%3A+A+further+contribution+to+a+psychology+of+denial+of+genocide&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=15-39&rft.date=2000-04-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144586638%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1874-6306&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs12142-000-1019-6&rft.aulast=Charny&rft.aufirst=Israel+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%2Fs12142-000-1019-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShannon1981" class="citation journal cs1">Shannon, Richard (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCVIII.CCCLXXXIX.721">"Britain and the Eastern Question, 1875-1878 [Review]"</a>. <i>The English Historical Review</i>. <b>XCVI</b> (CCCLXXVIII): 170. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCVIII.CCCLXXXIX.721">10.1093/ehr/XCVIII.CCCLXXXIX.721</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+English+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=Britain+and+the+Eastern+Question%2C+1875-1878+%5BReview%5D&rft.volume=XCVI&rft.issue=CCCLXXVIII&rft.pages=170&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fehr%2FXCVIII.CCCLXXXIX.721&rft.aulast=Shannon&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fehr%252FXCVIII.CCCLXXXIX.721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JWS-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-JWS_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAl-Rustom2015" class="citation book cs1">Al-Rustom, Hakem (2015). "Rethinking the "Post-Ottoman"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>". In Altorki, Soraya (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/9781118475683"><i>A Companion to the Anthropology of the Middle East</i></a>. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 387. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F9781118475683">10.1002/9781118475683</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-47568-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-47568-3"><bdi>978-1-118-47568-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rethinking+the+%22Post-Ottoman%22&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+the+Anthropology+of+the+Middle+East&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+NJ&rft.pages=387&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F9781118475683&rft.isbn=978-1-118-47568-3&rft.aulast=Al-Rustom&rft.aufirst=Hakem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdoi.wiley.com%2F10.1002%2F9781118475683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Denial_2003,_p._248-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Denial_2003,_p._248_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yair_Auron" title="Yair Auron">Auron, Yair</a>. <i>The Banality of Denial: Israel and the Armenian Genocide</i>. New Brunswick, N.J.: Transaction Publishers, 2003, p. 248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Israel_W._Charny" class="mw-redirect" title="Israel W. Charny">Charny, Israel W.</a> <i>Encyclopedia of Genocide, Vol. 2</i>. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO, 1999, p. 163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Vahakn_Dadrian" title="Vahakn Dadrian">Dadrian, Vahakn N</a>. "Ottoman Archives and the Armenian Genocide" in <i>The Armenian Genocide: History, Politics, Ethics</i>. Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.) New York: Palgrave MacMillan, 1992, p. 284.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hovannisian-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Hovannisian_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> "Denial of the Armenian Genocide in Comparison with Holocaust Denial" in <i>Remembrance and Denial: The Case of the Armenian Genocide</i>. Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.) Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1999, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HewsenLecture-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-HewsenLecture_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lecture delivered by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hewsen" class="mw-redirect" title="Robert Hewsen">Robert Hewsen</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fmvc5p998Dg"><span class="plainlinks">"Genocide Denial: Evolution of a Process"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a>, part of the 2007 Holocaust and Genocide Lecture Series at <a href="/wiki/Sonoma_State_University" title="Sonoma State University">Sonoma State University</a> (27:24 mark). 17 April 2007. 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London: J Murray. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulgarianhorrors00gladiala/page/31">31</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bulgarian+Horrors+and+the+Question+of+the+East&rft.place=London&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=J+Murray&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=William+Ewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbulgarianhorrors00gladiala&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See also <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGladstone1877" class="citation book cs1">Gladstone, William Ewart (1877). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924028512436#page/n3/mode/2up"><i>Lessons in Massacre; or the Conduct of the Turkish Government in and about Bulgaria since May 1876; chiefly from papers presented by command</i></a>. London: J Murray<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lessons+in+Massacre%3B+or+the+Conduct+of+the+Turkish+Government+in+and+about+Bulgaria+since+May+1876%3B+chiefly+from+papers+presented+by+command&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J+Murray&rft.date=1877&rft.aulast=Gladstone&rft.aufirst=William+Ewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fcu31924028512436%23page%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_68-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAkilli2009" class="citation journal cs1">Akilli, Sinan (2009-06-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/huefd/issue/41208/497822">"Propaganda through travel writing: Frederick Burnaby's contribution to Great Game British politics"</a>. <i>Hacettepe Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Dergisi</i>. <b>26</b> (1): 0. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1301-5737">1301-5737</a>Click on 'pdf' on the top left to download the document. It is available in English.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hacettepe+%C3%9Cniversitesi+Edebiyat+Fak%C3%BCltesi+Dergisi&rft.atitle=Propaganda+through+travel+writing%3A+Frederick+Burnaby%27s+contribution+to+Great+Game+British+politics&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=0&rft.date=2009-06-15&rft.issn=1301-5737&rft.aulast=Akilli&rft.aufirst=Sinan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Ftr%2Fpub%2Fhuefd%2Fissue%2F41208%2F497822&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton2005" class="citation cs2">Crampton, Richard (2005), "The struggle for political independence and the liberation of 1878", <i>A Concise History of Bulgaria</i>, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 75–85, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85085-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85085-1"><bdi>0-521-85085-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+struggle+for+political+independence+and+the+liberation+of+1878&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Bulgaria&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=75-85&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-85085-1&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrampton2005" class="citation cs2">Crampton, Richard (2005), "The struggle for political independence and the liberation of 1878", <i>A Concise History of Bulgaria</i>, New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. 65–75, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-85085-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-85085-1"><bdi>0-521-85085-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+struggle+for+political+independence+and+the+liberation+of+1878&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Bulgaria&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=65-75&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-521-85085-1&rft.aulast=Crampton&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitev2012" class="citation cs2">Mitev, Plamen (2012), <i>Българското Възраждане</i> [<i>The Bulgarian National Revival</i>], Стандарт, pp. 184–185, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-8976-56-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-8976-56-5"><bdi>978-954-8976-56-5</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE+%D0%92%D1%8A%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5&rft.pages=184-185&rft.pub=%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-954-8976-56-5&rft.aulast=Mitev&rft.aufirst=Plamen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tsvetkov1-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tsvetkov1_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlamen_Tzvetkov2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Plamen_Tzvetkov" title="Plamen Tzvetkov">Plamen Tzvetkov</a> (2008). "Chapters 9–11". <i>Светът на мегамитовете</i> [<i>The World of the Megamyths</i>] (in Bulgarian). София: New Bulgarian University Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-954-535-498-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-954-535-498-4"><bdi>978-954-535-498-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapters+9%E2%80%9311&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8A%D1%82+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=New+Bulgarian+University+Publishing+House&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-954-535-498-4&rft.au=Plamen+Tzvetkov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<i>the Bulgarians... should be turned into an <b>obedient tool</b> of Russian policy and into our permanent allies by annihilating any option for them to cross to the enemy side</i>" (pp. 51–53); "<i>the Austrian and Turkish Slavs must be our allies and <b>tools</b> of our policy towards Germany</i>" (pp. 51–53); "<i>if the nations that rebelled against the Turks fall under Western <b>rather than our influence</b>, the situation on the Balkans will become far more untenable for Russia than it is now</i>"' (pp. 57). For more, see: <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Pavlovich_Ignatyev" title="Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev">Nikolay Pavlovich Ignatyev</a> (1986): Записки 1875–1878 (Diaries 1875–1878), Отечествен фронт, София, 1986.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-indzhev-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-indzhev_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvo_Indzhev2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Ivo_Indzhev" title="Ivo Indzhev">Ivo Indzhev</a> (2022). <i>Измамата Сан Стефано</i> [<i>The San Stefano Deceit</i>] (in Bulgarian) (2nd reworked ed.). София: Ciela. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789542838708" title="Special:BookSources/9789542838708"><bdi>9789542838708</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.edition=2nd+reworked&rft.pub=Ciela&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=9789542838708&rft.au=Ivo+Indzhev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yordanov1-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-yordanov1_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlexander_Yordanov2019" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yordanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Yordanov">Alexander Yordanov</a> (2019). <i>Патриотични уроци</i> [<i>Lessons on Patriotism</i>] (in Bulgarian). София: Век 21 – прес. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786199100516" title="Special:BookSources/9786199100516"><bdi>9786199100516</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8+%D1%83%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BA+21+%E2%80%93+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9786199100516&rft.au=Alexander+Yordanov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Doychev-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Doychev_76-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMomchil_Doychev2020" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Momchil Doychev (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.veni.com/?p=5856">"Измамата трети март – кой изтри от историческата памет 13 юли 1878"</a> [The San Stefano Charade – Who Erased 13 July 1878 from Historical Memory] (in Bulgarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82+%E2%80%93+%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8+%D0%BE%D1%82+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82+13+%D1%8E%D0%BB%D0%B8+1878&rft.date=2020&rft.au=Momchil+Doychev&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblog.veni.com%2F%3Fp%3D5856&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Санстефанският договор е обикновен предварителен (прелиминарен) протокол за прекратяване на войната между две воюващи страни. В него понятие „освобождение на България” няма. И това е логично, защото цел на руската политика не е освобождението на България. Завладяването, т.е. окупацията на част от територията на Османската империя, е само средство за постигане на цел. Целта е Русия да има безпрепятствен достъп до Проливите. Това означава, че руската имперска завоевателна доктрина не предвижда по пътя към „топлите морета” да има независими, провеждащи своя национална политика, държави. Нейна цел е да има контролирани и зависими от политиката на императора „автономни” области. Това е целта. Пропагандата е нещо друго. Тя може да облече целта в привлекателна дреха. За българите тази дреха се нарича „освобождение”. Впрочем самите руски историци признават това, когато записват в „Болшая советская енциклопедия” следното: ”Царското правителство на Русия преследваше във войната с Турция завоевателни цели, но използваше лозунга на една освободителна война”. С други думи понятието „освободителна война” е лозунг и нищо повече. Той е за „народните маси”. Елитът – императорският двор, военоначалниците са абсолютно наясно с целта. И я преследват и до Санстефанския „договор”, и след него. Доколкото под Санстефанския протокол стои подписът на руския посланик в Цариград граф Николай П.Игнатиев, то е добре да се цитират неговите „записки”, издадени през 1914 г. в Санкт Петербург. В тях четем: „На Русия ѝ е тясно в Черно море и тя трябва да владее изхода му, т.е. Проливите, пряко и косвено, и то не само заради осигуряването на безопасността и благосъстоянието на своя Юг, колкото поради политически и икономически съображения.” И по-нататък: „За да бъде властта ни здрава и да не изисква постоянно извънредно напрежение от наша страна, е необходимо да държим в нравстено подчинение съседните области и да превърнем българското и гръцкото население, от една страна, и арменското, от друга, в послушно оръдие на руската политика и в постоянни съюзници, като унищожим всякаква възможност за преминаването им във враждебен лагер.”</i> For more, see: <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Yordanov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Yordanov">Alexander Yordanov</a> (2018) Санстефанският договор - „ловушка”, капан, илюзия, инструмент за столетно манипулиране на българския народ [The San Stefano Treaty – A Snare, Trap, Illusion and an Instrument for Manipulating Bulgarians for More Than a Century], <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://faktor.bg/bg/articles/mneniya/lacheni-tsarvuli/-sanstefanskiyat-dogovor-blagodarnostta-dalgat-i-praznikat">https://faktor.bg/bg/articles/mneniya/lacheni-tsarvuli/-sanstefanskiyat-dogovor-blagodarnostta-dalgat-i-praznikat</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising_of_1876&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Çiçek, Nazan. "The Turkish response to Bulgarian horrors: A study in English Turcophobia." <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i> 42.1 (2006): 87–102.</li> <li>Cicek, Nazan. "'Bulgarian Horrors' Revisited: The Many-Layered Manifestations of the Orientalist Discourse in Victorian Political Construction of the External, Intimate and Internal Other." <i>Belleten</i> 81.291 (2017): 525–568. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/ttkbelleten/issue/52444/687921">online</a></li> <li>Crampton, Richard. <i>A Concise History of Bulgaria</i>. (2005). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56183-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56183-3">0-521-56183-3</a></li> <li>Jelavich, Charles and Barbara Jelavich. <i>The Establishment of the Balkan National States, 1804–1920</i> (U of Washington Press, 1977).</li> <li>Ković, Miloš. <i>Disraeli and the Eastern Question</i> (Oxford University Press, 2010)</li> <li>Millman, Richard. "The Bulgarian massacres reconsidered." <i>Slavonic and East European Review</i> 58.2 (1980): 218–231. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4208028">online</a></li> <li>Prévost, Stéphanie. "WT Stead and the Eastern Question (1875–1911); or, How to Rouse England and Why?." <i>19: Interdisciplinary Studies in the Long Nineteenth Century</i> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://19.bbk.ac.uk/article/id/1618/">online</a> doi: 10.16995/ntn.654</li> <li>Saab, Ann P. <i>Reluctant Icon: Gladstone, Bulgaria and the Working Classes, 1856–1878</i> (Harvard University Press, 1991)</li> <li>Schuyler, Eugene, Mr. Schuyler's Preliminary Report on the Moslem Atrocities (1876) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout33-t2-body-d3.html">online</a></li> <li>Seton-Watson, R.W. <i>Disraeli, Gladstone, and the Eastern question: a study in diplomacy and party politics</i> (1935) pp 51–101.</li> <li>Shannon, Richard, and G.S.R. Kitson Clark. <i>Gladstone and the Bulgarian agitation 1876</i> (Nelson, 1963).</li> <li>Stavrianos, L.S. "Balkan Crisis and the Treaty of Berlin: 1878" from <i>The Balkans Since 1453</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060422201607/http://www.suc.org/culture/history/berlin78/">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoyanov1892" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Stoyanov, Zahary (1892). "VII". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chitanka.info/text/3748-zapiski-po-bylgarskite-vystanija/30#textstart"><i>Записки по българските въстания</i></a> [<i>Pages from the Autobiography of a Bulgarian Insurgent</i>] (in Bulgarian). Vol. 3. Plovdiv.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=VII&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D0%B1%D1%8A%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5+%D0%B2%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F&rft.place=Plovdiv&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Stoyanov&rft.aufirst=Zahary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchitanka.info%2Ftext%2F3748-zapiski-po-bylgarskite-vystanija%2F30%23textstart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></li> <li>Whitehead, Cameron. "Reading Beside the Lines: Marginalia, W.E. Gladstone, and the International History of the Bulgarian Horrors." <i>International History Review</i> 37.4 (2015): 864–886.</li> <li>Whitehead, Cameron Ean Alfred. "The Bulgarian Horrors: culture and the international history of the Great Eastern Crisis, 1876–1878" (PhD Diss. University of British Columbia, 2014) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.library.ubc.ca/collections/24/24/items/1.0167317">online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising_of_1876&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Primary sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Gladstone, William Ewart. <i>Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East</i> (J. Murray, 1876) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bulgarianhorror01gladgoog">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoyanoff1913" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Zahari_Stoyanov" title="Zahari Stoyanov">Stoyanoff, Zahary</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/zacharystoyanoff00stoirich/"><i>Pages from the Autobiography of a Bulgarian Insurgent</i></a>. Translated by Potter, M.W. London: Edward Arnold<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2018</span> – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pages+from+the+Autobiography+of+a+Bulgarian+Insurgent&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Edward+Arnold&rft.date=1913&rft.aulast=Stoyanoff&rft.aufirst=Zahary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fzacharystoyanoff00stoirich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGahan1876" class="citation book cs1">MacGahan, Januarius A. (1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/MacGahanTurkishAtrocitiesInBulgaria/mode/2up?view=theater"><i>Turkish Atrocities in Bulgaria, Letters of the Special Commissioner of the "Daily News," J.A. MacGahan, Esq</i></a>. London: Bradbury Agnew and Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Turkish+Atrocities+in+Bulgaria%2C+Letters+of+the+Special+Commissioner+of+the+%22Daily+News%2C%22+J.A.+MacGahan%2C+Esq.&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bradbury+Agnew+and+Co.&rft.date=1876&rft.aulast=MacGahan&rft.aufirst=Januarius+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FMacGahanTurkishAtrocitiesInBulgaria%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AApril+Uprising+of+1876" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=April_Uprising_of_1876&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Walter Short, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101121065738/http://debate.org.uk/topics/history/xstnc-6.html">The Massacres of the Khilafah</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.novinite.com/articles/111458/'The+Bulgarian+Horrors':+Gladstone's+Bulgar">"'The Bulgarian Horrors': Gladstone's Bulgarian Legacy" December 29, 2009</a>, interview with Professor Michael Meltev</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KyYAQ2VZU70">"Mr Gladstone and the Horrors" documentary by Michael Meltev 2009</a></li></ul> <p><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:April_Uprising" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:April Uprising">April Uprising</a> at Wikimedia Commons </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="17px_Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template:Rebellions in the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Template talk:Rebellions in the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rebellions in the Ottoman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="17px_Rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/17px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/26px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/34px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of rebellions in the Ottoman Empire">Rebellions</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rise_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Rise of the Ottoman Empire">Rise <span style="font-size:85%;">(1299–1453)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Bedreddin_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion">Sheikh Bedreddin rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1416–20)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Konstantin_and_Fruzhin" title="Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin">Uprising of Konstantin and Fruzhin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1404–18)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg%27s_rebellion" title="Skanderbeg's rebellion">Skanderbeg's rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1443–68)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C3%A7uktepe_rebellion" title="Buçuktepe rebellion">Buçuktepe rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1446)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Classical_Age_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Classical Age of the Ottoman Empire">Classical Age <span style="font-size:85%;">(1453–1550)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eahkulu_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Şahkulu Rebellion">Şahkulu Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1511)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_Ali_Halife_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nur Ali Halife rebellion">Nur Ali Halife rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1512)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasir_al-Din_rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasir al-Din rebellion (page does not exist)">Nasir al-Din rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1518)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celali_rebellions" title="Celali rebellions">Celali rebellions</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1519)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">Expeditions against the Druze</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1523–1524)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Z%C3%BCnnun_Rebellion" title="Baba Zünnun Rebellion">Baba Zünnun Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1526)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalender_%C3%87elebi_rebellion" title="Kalender Çelebi rebellion">Kalender Çelebi rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1527)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Transformation_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Transformation of the Ottoman Empire">Transformation <span style="font-size:85%;">(1550–1700)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariovo_and_Prilep_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion">Mariovo and Prilep Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1564–65)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">Expedition against the Druze</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1565)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Ottoman_revolts_of_1565%E2%80%931572" title="Anti-Ottoman revolts of 1565–1572">Revolts of 1565–1572</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">Expeditions against the Druze</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1574–1576)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bua_(tribe)" title="Bua (tribe)">Theodoros Boua Grivas revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1585_Ottoman_expedition_against_the_Druze" title="1585 Ottoman expedition against the Druze">Expedition against the Druze</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1585)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cairo_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cairo Rebellion (page does not exist)">Cairo Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1586)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beylerbeyi_Event" class="mw-redirect" title="Beylerbeyi Event">Beylerbeyi Event</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1589)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celali_rebellions" title="Celali rebellions">Celali rebellions</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1590–1610)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Banat" title="Uprising in Banat">Uprising in Banat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1594)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himara_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Himara Revolt">Himara Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1596)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_uprising_of_1596%E2%80%931597" title="Serb uprising of 1596–1597">Serb Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1596–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Tarnovo_Uprising" title="First Tarnovo Uprising">First Tarnovo Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1598)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessaly_Rebellion_(1600)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessaly Rebellion (1600)">Thessaly Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1600)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mamluk_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mamluk Rebellion (page does not exist)">Mamluk Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1609)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_revolt_of_1611" title="Epirus revolt of 1611">Epirus revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1611)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anjar" title="Battle of Anjar">Druze rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1623)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_rebellion" title="Abaza rebellion">Abaza rebellions</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1624, 1627)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">Druze rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1642)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atmeydan%C4%B1_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmeydanı Incident">Atmeydanı Incident</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1648)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87%C4%B1nar_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="Çınar Incident">Çınar Incident</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1656)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abaza_Hasan_Pasha#Second_revolt" title="Abaza Hasan Pasha">Abaza Hasan Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1658–1659)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druze_power_struggle_(1658%E2%80%931667)" title="Druze power struggle (1658–1667)">Druze power struggle</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1658–1667)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Tarnovo_Uprising" title="Second Tarnovo Uprising">Second Tarnovo Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1686)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiprovtsi_uprising" title="Chiprovtsi uprising">Chiprovtsi uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1688)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karposh%27s_rebellion" title="Karposh's rebellion">Karposh's rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1689)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Old_Regime" title="Ottoman Old Regime">Old Regime <span style="font-size:85%;">(1700–1789)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edirne_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Edirne event">Edirne event</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1703)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zisis_Karademos" title="Zisis Karademos">Naousa uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1705)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Great_Insurrection&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Great Insurrection (page does not exist)">The Great Insurrection</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1707–11)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1711_Karamanli_coup" title="1711 Karamanli coup">Karamanli revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1711)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Vu%C4%8Ditrn" title="Uprising in Vučitrn">Uprising in Vučitrn</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1717)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrona_Halil_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrona Halil Rebellion">Patrona Halil Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1730)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Uprising_of_1737%E2%80%9339" class="mw-redirect" title="Serb Uprising of 1737–39">Serb Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1737–39)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orlov_revolt" title="Orlov revolt">Orlov Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1770)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C4%8Da%27s_frontier_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Koča's frontier rebellion">Koča's frontier rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitanian_civil_war" title="Tripolitanian civil war">Tripolitanian civil war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1793–1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Decline_and_modernization_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Decline and modernization of the Ottoman Empire">Decline <span style="font-size:85%;">(1789–1908)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dahije" title="Dahije">Dahije</a> in Belgrade <span style="font-size:85%;">(1801–04)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">First Serbian Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1804–13)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabak%C3%A7%C4%B1_Mustafa_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion">Kabakçı Mustafa rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1807)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan%C4%8Di%C4%87%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Jančić's Rebellion">Jančić's Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1809)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Had%C5%BEi-Prodan%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion">Hadži-Prodan's Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1814)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Serbian_Uprising" title="Second Serbian Uprising">Second Serbian Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1815-17)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_uprising_of_1821" title="Wallachian uprising of 1821">Wallachian Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1821)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Rebellion_(1821)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niš Rebellion (1821)">Niš Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1821)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1821–29)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/At%C3%A7al%C4%B1_Kel_Mehmet_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt">Atçalı Kel Mehmet revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1830)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnian_uprising_(1831%E2%80%9332)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnian uprising (1831–32)">Bosnian uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1831–33)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bilmez_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bilmez Rebellion (page does not exist)">Bilmez Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1832–33)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_rebellion_(1832%E2%80%931834)" title="Laz rebellion (1832–1834)">Laz rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1832–34)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shkod%C3%ABr_Rebellion_(1833)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shkodër Rebellion (1833) (page does not exist)">Shkodër Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1833)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Priest_Jovica%27s_Rebellion" title="Priest Jovica's Rebellion">Priest Jovica's Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1834)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Second_Ma%C5%A1i%C4%87i_Rebellion&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Second Mašići Rebellion (page does not exist)">Second Mašići Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1834)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Peasant_Revolt_(1834%E2%80%9335)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Peasant Revolt (1834–35)">Syrian Peasant Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1834-35)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835%E2%80%931858_revolt_in_Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="1835–1858 revolt in Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitanian revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1835–1858)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Posavina_Rebellion_(1836)" class="mw-redirect" title="Posavina Rebellion (1836)">Posavina Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1836)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Livno_Rebellion_(1836)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Livno Rebellion (1836) (page does not exist)">Livno Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1836)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirot_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirot Rebellion">Pirot Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1836)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkovitsa_Rebellion_(1836)" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkovitsa Rebellion (1836)">Berkovitsa Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1836)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belogradchik_Rebellion_(1836)" class="mw-redirect" title="Belogradchik Rebellion (1836)">Belogradchik Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1836)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vlora_Rebellion_(1836)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vlora Rebellion (1836) (page does not exist)">Vlora Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1836)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1838_Druze_revolt" title="1838 Druze revolt">Druze revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1838)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diber_Rebellion_(1838%E2%80%9339)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diber Rebellion (1838–39) (page does not exist)">Diber Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1838–39)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1841)" title="Cretan Revolt (1841)">Cretan Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1841)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Rebellion_(1841)" class="mw-redirect" title="Niš Rebellion (1841)">Niš Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1841)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uprising_of_Dervish_Cara" title="Uprising of Dervish Cara">Uprising of Dervish Cara</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1843–44)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1845" title="Albanian revolt of 1845">Albanian Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1845)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1847" title="Albanian revolt of 1847">Albanian Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1847)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1852%E2%80%9362)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina Uprising (1852–62)">Herzegovina Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1852–62)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1854" title="Epirus Revolt of 1854">Epirus Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1854)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1854_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1854 Macedonian rebellion">Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1854</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1854)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pecija%27s_First_Revolt" title="Pecija's First Revolt">Doljani Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1858)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_civil_conflict_in_Mount_Lebanon_and_Damascus" title="1860 civil conflict in Mount Lebanon and Damascus">Mount Lebanon civil conflict</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1860)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)" title="Cretan revolt (1866–1869)">Cretan Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1866–69)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1867_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1867 Macedonian rebellion">Greek Macedonian rebellion of 1867</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1866–67)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Uprising_(1875%E2%80%9377)" class="mw-redirect" title="Herzegovina Uprising (1875–77)">Herzegovina Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1875–77)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="April Uprising">Bulgarian April uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razlovtsi_insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Razlovtsi insurrection">Razlovtsi insurrection</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1876)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumanovo Uprising">Kumanovo Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1878_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1878 Macedonian rebellion">1878 Macedonian rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1878)" title="Cretan revolt (1878)">Cretan Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresna%E2%80%93Razlog_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Kresna–Razlog Uprising">Kresna–Razlog Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1878–79)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1878" title="Epirus Revolt of 1878">Epirus Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mouzaki" title="Battle of Mouzaki">Thessaly Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ulcinj_(1880)" title="Battle of Ulcinj (1880)">Ulcinj rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1878)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brsjak_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Brsjak Revolt">Brsjak Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1880–81)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Revolt_(1896%E2%80%931897)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cretan Revolt (1896–1897) (page does not exist)">Cretan Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896%E2%80%931897_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion">1896–1897 Macedonian rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1896–97)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1897%E2%80%931898)" title="Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)">Cretan Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1897–98)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilinden%E2%80%93Preobrazhenie_Uprising" title="Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising">Ilinden–Preobrazhenie Uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1903)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoubak_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoubak revolt">Shoubak revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theriso_revolt" title="Theriso revolt">Theriso revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1905)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1906_Mesopotamia_uprising" title="1906 Mesopotamia uprising">Mesopotamia uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1906)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_uprising_(1907)" title="Bitlis uprising (1907)">Bitlis uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire">Dissolution <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–1922)</span></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Young_Turk_Revolution" title="Young Turk Revolution">Young Turk Revolution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamawand_rebellion" title="Hamawand rebellion">Hamawand rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1908–10)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Bejat_Revolution&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Bejat Revolution (page does not exist)">Al-Bejat Revolution</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/31_March_Incident" class="mw-redirect" title="31 March Incident">31 March Incident</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauran_Druze_Rebellion" title="Hauran Druze Rebellion">Hauran Druze Rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaraniq_rebellion_(1909%E2%80%931910)" title="Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)">Zaraniq rebellion (1909–1910)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karak_revolt" title="Karak revolt">Karak revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1910" title="Albanian revolt of 1910">Albanian revolt of 1910</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1910)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malissori_uprising" title="Malissori uprising">Malissori uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1911)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_revolt_of_1912" title="Albanian revolt of 1912">Albanian revolt of 1912</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1912 Ottoman coup d'état">Savior Officers</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1912)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1913 Ottoman coup d'état">Raid on the Sublime Porte</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1913_Euphrates_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="1913 Euphrates rebellion">Euphrates rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1913)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_uprising_(1914)" title="Bitlis uprising (1914)">Bitlis uprising</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_rebellions_during_World_War_I" title="Kurdish rebellions during World War I">Kurdish rebellions during World War I</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1914–18)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1915_uprising_in_Karbala" title="1915 uprising in Karbala">Uprising in Karbala</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1915)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Revolt" title="Arab Revolt">Arab Revolt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1916–18)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_uprising_in_Hilla" title="1916 uprising in Hilla">Uprising in Hilla</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1916)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ko%C3%A7giri_rebellion" title="Koçgiri rebellion">Koçgiri rebellion</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1921)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Great_Eastern_Crisis" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Template:Great Eastern Crisis"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Template talk:Great Eastern Crisis"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Great Eastern Crisis"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Great_Eastern_Crisis" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Eastern_Crisis" title="Great Eastern Crisis">Great Eastern Crisis</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Montenegrin</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%931877)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)">Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegrin%E2%80%93Ottoman_War_(1876%E2%80%931878)" title="Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)">Montenegrin–Ottoman War (1876–1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Serb</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_uprising_(1875%E2%80%931877)" title="Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)">Herzegovina uprising (1875–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Turkish_Wars_(1876%E2%80%931878)" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)">Serbian–Turkish Wars (1876–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumanovo_uprising" title="Kumanovo uprising">Kumanovo uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgarian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stara_Zagora_Uprising" title="Stara Zagora Uprising">Stara Zagora Uprising</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">April Uprising of 1876</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Razlovtsi_insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Razlovtsi insurrection">Razlovtsi insurrection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kresna%E2%80%93Razlog_uprising" title="Kresna–Razlog uprising">Kresna–Razlog uprising</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greek</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1878_Macedonian_rebellion" title="1878 Macedonian rebellion">1878 Macedonian rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Revolt_of_1878" title="Epirus Revolt of 1878">Epirus Revolt of 1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_revolt_(1878)" title="Cretan revolt (1878)">Cretan revolt (1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Turkish_War_(1877%E2%80%931878)" title="Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)">Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">Romanian War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_campaign_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina_in_1878" title="Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878">Austro-Hungarian campaign in Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1878</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_the_Albanians,_1877%E2%80%931878" class="mw-redirect" title="Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878">Expulsion of the Albanians, 1877–1878</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281844%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Montenegro_%281860%E2%80%931905%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia_%281835%E2%80%931882%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="844" data-file-height="563" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bulgaria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Greece_%281822-1978%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Austria-Hungary_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Germany_%281867%E2%80%931918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International<br /> agreements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Memorandum" title="Berlin Memorandum">Berlin Memorandum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reichstadt_Agreement" title="Reichstadt Agreement">Reichstadt Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Conference" title="Constantinople Conference">Constantinople Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Convention_of_1877" title="Budapest Convention of 1877">Budapest Convention of 1877</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Stefano" title="Treaty of San Stefano">Treaty of San Stefano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_Convention" title="Cyprus Convention">Cyprus Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Exarchate" title="Bulgarian Exarchate">Bulgarian Exarchate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deligrad_Event" title="Deligrad Event">Deligrad Event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Committee" title="Niš Committee">Niš Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Ottoman_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1876 Ottoman coup d'état">1876 Ottoman coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Constitutional_Era" title="First Constitutional Era">First Constitutional Era (Ottoman Empire)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Volunteer_Corps" title="Bulgarian Volunteer Corps">Opalchentsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Question" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Question">Eastern Question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Russian_Administration_in_Bulgaria" title="Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria">Provisional Russian Administration in Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cyprus" title="British Cyprus">British Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Prizren" title="League of Prizren">League of Prizren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_for_Plav_and_Gusinje" title="Battles for Plav and Gusinje">Battles for Plav and Gusinje</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Halepa" title="Pact of Halepa">Pact of Halepa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_Alliance_(1879)" title="Dual Alliance (1879)">Dual Alliance (1879)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brsjak_revolt" title="Brsjak revolt">Brsjak revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro%E2%80%93Serbian_Alliance_of_1881" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881">Austro–Serbian Alliance of 1881</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Tunisia" title="French conquest of Tunisia">French conquest of Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Constantinople_(1881)" title="Convention of Constantinople (1881)">Convention of Constantinople (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_British" title="History of Egypt under the British">British Occupation of Egypt</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marche_slave" title="Marche slave">Marche slave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anna_Karenina" title="Anna Karenina">Anna Karenina</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622059#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1355221/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4359322-7">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85017871">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119825998">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119825998">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="dubnové povstání (1876 : Bulharsko)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph616000&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX472276">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007292402105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027878619">IdRef</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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