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href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ruling_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ruling_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Ruling system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ruling_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Composition_of_the_Parliament" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Composition_of_the_Parliament"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>The Composition of the Parliament</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Composition_of_the_Parliament-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographic_evolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic_evolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Demographic evolution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographic_evolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Immigration_and_emigration_of_Romanians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Immigration_and_emigration_of_Romanians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Immigration and emigration of Romanians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Immigration_and_emigration_of_Romanians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 41 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-41" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">41 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="إمارة ترانسيلفانيا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إمارة ترانسيلفانيا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvaniya_knyazl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Transilvaniya knyazlığı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Transilvaniya knyazlığı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%BA%DB%8C_(%DB%B1%DB%B5%DB%B7%DB%B0%E2%80%93%DB%B1%DB%B7%DB%B1%DB%B1)" title="ترانسیلوانیا دوکلیغی (۱۵۷۰–۱۷۱۱) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ترانسیلوانیا دوکلیغی (۱۵۷۰–۱۷۱۱)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_(%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AB%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%A6-%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%AD%E0%A7%A7%E0%A7%A7)" title="ট্রান্সিলভেনিয়া রাজ্য (১৫৭০-১৭১১) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ট্রান্সিলভেনিয়া রাজ্য (১৫৭০-১৭১১)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Княства Трансільванія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Княства Трансільванія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Княжество Трансилвания – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Княжество Трансилвания" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principat_de_Transsilv%C3%A0nia" title="Principat de Transsilvània – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Principat de Transsilvània" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedmihradsk%C3%A9_kn%C3%AD%C5%BEectv%C3%AD" title="Sedmihradské knížectví – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sedmihradské knížectví" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BCrstentum_Siebenb%C3%BCrgen" title="Fürstentum Siebenbürgen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fürstentum Siebenbürgen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvaania_v%C3%BCrstkond_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Transilvaania vürstkond (1570–1711) – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Transilvaania vürstkond (1570–1711)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principado_de_Transilvania" title="Principado de Transilvania – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Principado de Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Princlando_Transilvanio" title="Princlando Transilvanio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Princlando Transilvanio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvaniako_Printzerria" title="Transilvaniako Printzerria – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Transilvaniako Printzerria" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_(%DB%B1%DB%B5%DB%B7%DB%B0%E2%80%93%DB%B1%DB%B7%DB%B1%DB%B1)" title="شاهزاده‌نشین ترانسیلوانی (۱۵۷۰–۱۷۱۱) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاهزاده‌نشین ترانسیلوانی (۱۵۷۰–۱۷۱۱)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principaut%C3%A9_de_Transylvanie" title="Principauté de Transylvanie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Principauté de Transylvanie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prionnsalachd_Transsilvania" title="Prionnsalachd Transsilvania – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Prionnsalachd Transsilvania" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principado_de_Transilvania" title="Principado de Transilvania – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Principado de Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8A%B8%EB%9E%80%EC%8B%A4%EB%B0%94%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%ED%9B%84%EA%B5%AD" title="트란실바니아 후국 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="트란실바니아 후국" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepangeranan_Transilvania" title="Kepangeranan Transilvania – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kepangeranan Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principato_di_Transilvania_(1570-1711)" title="Principato di Transilvania (1570-1711) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Principato di Transilvania (1570-1711)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%91%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="נסיכות טרנסילבניה (1570–1711) – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נסיכות טרנסילבניה (1570–1711)" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilv%C4%81nijas_hercogiste" title="Transilvānijas hercogiste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Transilvānijas hercogiste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transilvanijos_kunigaik%C5%A1tyst%C4%97" title="Transilvanijos kunigaikštystė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Transilvanijos kunigaikštystė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erd%C3%A9lyi_Fejedelems%C3%A9g_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Erdélyi Fejedelemség (1570–1711) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Erdélyi Fejedelemség (1570–1711)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%DA%A4%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="امارة ترانسيلڤانيا (1570–1711) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="امارة ترانسيلڤانيا (1570–1711)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorstendom_Transsylvani%C3%AB" title="Vorstendom Transsylvanië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vorstendom Transsylvanië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%88%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2%E5%85%AC%E5%9B%BD" title="トランシルヴァニア公国 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="トランシルヴァニア公国" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fyrsted%C3%B8met_Transilvania" title="Fyrstedømet Transilvania – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fyrstedømet Transilvania" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ksi%C4%99stwo_Siedmiogrodu" title="Księstwo Siedmiogrodu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Księstwo Siedmiogrodu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principado_da_Transilv%C3%A2nia" title="Principado da Transilvânia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Principado da Transilvânia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principatul_Transilvaniei" title="Principatul Transilvaniei – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Principatul Transilvaniei" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B6%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE)" title="Трансильвания (княжество) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трансильвания (княжество)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1571%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711) – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Principality of Transylvania (1571–1711)" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kne%C5%BEevina_Transilvanija" title="Kneževina Transilvanija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kneževina Transilvanija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a 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title="Furstendömet Transsylvanien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Furstendömet Transsylvanien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erdel_Prensli%C4%9Fi" title="Erdel Prensliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Erdel Prensliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BD%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE_(1570%E2%80%941711)" title="Трансильванське князівство (1570—1711) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трансильванське князівство (1570—1711)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A2n_v%C6%B0%C6%A1ng_qu%E1%BB%91c_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Thân vương quốc Transylvania (1570–1711) – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thân vương quốc Transylvania (1570–1711)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E8%A5%BF%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%8B_(1570%E5%B9%B4%E2%80%941711%E5%B9%B4)" title="外西凡尼亞公國 (1570年—1711年) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="外西凡尼亞公國 (1570年—1711年)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Former semi-independent state</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Principality of Transylvania</div><div class="ib-country-names"><i>Principatus Transsilvaniae</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader">1570–1711</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Transylvanian_flag,_1601.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Transylvania"><img alt="Flag of Transylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Transylvanian_flag%2C_1601.svg/125px-Transylvanian_flag%2C_1601.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Transylvanian_flag%2C_1601.svg/188px-Transylvanian_flag%2C_1601.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Transylvanian_flag%2C_1601.svg/250px-Transylvanian_flag%2C_1601.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="377" /></a></span></div><div style="padding: 2px 0px 3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Banner_of_Gabriel_Bethlen.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Banner_of_Gabriel_Bethlen.svg/125px-Banner_of_Gabriel_Bethlen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Banner_of_Gabriel_Bethlen.svg/188px-Banner_of_Gabriel_Bethlen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Banner_of_Gabriel_Bethlen.svg/250px-Banner_of_Gabriel_Bethlen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="786" data-file-height="374" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Transylvania">Top: Báthory banner<br />Bottom: Bethlen banner</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_Transylvania_in_Cod._icon._391.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania"><img alt="Coat of arms of Transylvania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Arms_of_Transylvania_in_Cod._icon._391.svg/85px-Arms_of_Transylvania_in_Cod._icon._391.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Arms_of_Transylvania_in_Cod._icon._391.svg/128px-Arms_of_Transylvania_in_Cod._icon._391.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Arms_of_Transylvania_in_Cod._icon._391.svg/170px-Arms_of_Transylvania_in_Cod._icon._391.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1845" data-file-height="2083" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Transylvania"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Transylvanian_Principality.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Administrative map of the Principality of Transylvania, 1606–60"><img alt="Administrative map of the Principality of Transylvania, 1606–60" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Transylvanian_Principality.svg/250px-Transylvanian_Principality.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Transylvanian_Principality.svg/375px-Transylvanian_Principality.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Transylvanian_Principality.svg/500px-Transylvanian_Principality.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1900" /></a></span><div class="ib-country-map-caption">Administrative map of the Principality of Transylvania, 1606–60</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vassal_States_(Ottoman_Empire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassal States (Ottoman Empire)">Vassal state of the Ottoman Empire</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Hungarian_Crown" title="Lands of the Hungarian Crown">Hungarian crown land</a>;<br /><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish</a> fiefdom</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a> (Gyulafehérvár) 1570–1692 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Sibiu" title="Sibiu">Cibinium</a> (Nagyszeben/Hermannstadt/Sibiu) 1692–1711</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> (in administration, science and politics)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a> (vernacular, language of Diet and legislation<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (vernacular, business, some official functions and instruction)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vernacular" title="Vernacular">vernacular</a>).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholicism</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Greek_Catholic_Church" title="Romanian Greek Catholic Church">Romanian Greek Catholicism</a>), <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Calvinism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheranism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodoxy" title="Eastern Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</a>,<br /> <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarianism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Transylvanian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Government</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality" title="Principality">principality</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Transylvania">Rulers</a></th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1570–1571 <small>(first)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/John_II_Sigismund_Z%C3%A1polya" class="mw-redirect" title="John II Sigismund Zápolya">John II Sigismund Zápolya</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• 1704–1711 <small>(last)</small> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi" title="Francis II Rákóczi">Francis II Rákóczi</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Diet" title="Transylvanian Diet">Transylvanian Diet</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Speyer_(1570)" title="Treaty of Speyer (1570)">Treaty of Speyer</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 August 1570</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Bocskai_uprising" title="Bocskai uprising">Bocskai uprising</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">28 September 1604–23 June 1606</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1606)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1606)">Treaty of Vienna</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">23 June 1606</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Nikolsburg" title="Peace of Nikolsburg">Peace of Nikolsburg</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">31 December 1621</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Diploma_Leopoldinum" title="Diploma Leopoldinum">Diploma Leopoldinum</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">16 October 1690</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Treaty of Karlowitz</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">26 January 1699</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 June 1703 – 1 May 1711</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Szatm%C3%A1r" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace of Szatmár">Peace of Szatmár</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 April 1711</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_John_I_of_Hungary_%28Szapolyai%29_%281526-1540%29.svg/17px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_John_I_of_Hungary_%28Szapolyai%29_%281526-1540%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_John_I_of_Hungary_%28Szapolyai%29_%281526-1540%29.svg/26px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_John_I_of_Hungary_%28Szapolyai%29_%281526-1540%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Coa_Hungary_Country_History_John_I_of_Hungary_%28Szapolyai%29_%281526-1540%29.svg/35px-Coa_Hungary_Country_History_John_I_of_Hungary_%28Szapolyai%29_%281526-1540%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg/20px-Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg/30px-Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg/40px-Flag_of_Transylvania_before_1918.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Today part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Principality of Transylvania</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: <i lang="hu">Erdélyi Fejedelemség</i>; <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">Principatus Transsilvaniae</i>; <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: <i lang="de">Fürstentum Siebenbürgen</i>; <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>: <i lang="ro">Principatul Transilvaniei / Principatul Ardealului</i>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Erdel Voyvodalığı / Transilvanya Prensliği</i>) was a semi-independent state ruled primarily by <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a> princes.<sup id="cite_ref-Baer2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baer2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Roman2003_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roman2003-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-RyanMullen1998_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RyanMullen1998-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Boldizsár1987_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boldizsár1987-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lendvai2003_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lendvai2003-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its territory, in addition to the traditional <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvanian lands</a>, also included the other major component called <a href="/wiki/Partium" title="Partium">Partium</a>, which was in some periods comparable in size with Transylvania proper. The establishment of the principality was connected to the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Speyer_(1570)" title="Treaty of Speyer (1570)">Treaty of Speyer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacCulloch_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCulloch-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a>'s status as king of Poland also helped to phase in the name <i>Principality of Transylvania</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peter_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peter-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the principality was essentially independent, it existed as an <a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman vassal state</a> for the majority of the 16th and 17th centuries, overseen by Ottoman Turkish sultans but ruled by Hungarian princes. At various points during this period, the Habsburgs also exerted a degree of <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Hupchick_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hupchick-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The principality continued to be a part of the <a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Hungarian_Crown" title="Lands of the Hungarian Crown">Lands of the Hungarian Crown</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was a symbol of the survival of Hungarian statehood.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It represented Hungarian interests against Habsburg encroachments in the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg-ruled</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Traditional Hungarian law had to be followed scrupulously in the principality;<sup id="cite_ref-Hupchick_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hupchick-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> furthermore, the state was predominantly Protestant.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the unsettled period of <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a>, it was subordinated to the Habsburg monarchy. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Hungary" title="Category:History of Hungary">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History of <span class="fn org label">Hungary</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_(1915-1918,_1919-1946;_angels).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/200px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/300px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg/400px-Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary_%281915-1918%2C_1919-1946%3B_angels%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="745" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early history</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary_before_the_Hungarian_conquest" title="History of Hungary before the Hungarian conquest">The Carpathian Basin before the Hungarian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Roman Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Hunnic Empire</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Kingdom of the Gepids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">454–567</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">469–553</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avar Khaganate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">567–822</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_invasions_of_Europe" title="Hungarian invasions of Europe">Hungarian invasions of Europe</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">~800–970</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_conquest_of_the_Carpathian_Basin" title="Hungarian conquest of the Carpathian Basin">Hungarian conquest</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">862–895</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Medieval</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">895–1000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1000–1301</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Croatia_in_personal_union_with_Hungary" title="Croatia in personal union with Hungary">Personal union with Croatia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1102–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Golden_Bull_of_1222" title="Golden Bull of 1222">Golden Bull</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1222</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Mongol_invasion_of_Hungary" title="First Mongol invasion of Hungary">Mongol invasion of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1241–1242</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1301–1526</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Hungarian–Ottoman Wars">Ottoman Wars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1366–1526</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Early modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Reformation_in_the_Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Reformation in the Kingdom of Hungary">Reformation</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1520</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Ottoman Wars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1570</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)#Royal_Hungary_(1526–1699)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Royal Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1526–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1541–1699</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Principality of Transylvania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1570–1711</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bocskai_uprising" title="Bocskai uprising">Bocskai uprising</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1604–1606</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Magnate_conspiracy" title="Magnate conspiracy">Wesselényi conspiracy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1664–1671</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Upper_Hungary" title="Principality of Upper Hungary">Principality of Upper Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1682–1685</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1699–1867</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Late modern</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1703–1711</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1711%E2%80%931867)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1711–1867)">Principality of Transylvania</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1711–1867</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Reform_Era" title="Hungarian Reform Era">Hungarian Reform Era</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1825–1848</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1848–1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_State" title="Hungarian State">Hungarian State</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1849</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1867–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Lands_of_the_Crown_of_Saint_Stephen" title="Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen">Lands of the Crown of St. Stephen</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1867–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1914–1918</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_between_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungary between the World Wars">Interwar period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1918–1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungarian Soviet Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1919</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Republic_(1919%E2%80%931920)" title="Hungarian Republic (1919–1920)">Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1919–1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1920</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Kingdom of Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1920–1946</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/First_Vienna_Award" title="First Vienna Award">First Vienna Award</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1938</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Governorate of Subcarpathia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1939–1945</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Vienna_Award" title="Second Vienna Award">Second Vienna Award</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1940</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_occupation_of_Yugoslav_territories" title="Hungarian occupation of Yugoslav territories">Revisions of Délvidék</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1941</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1941–1945</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Contemporary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1946–1949</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungarian People's Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1949–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a></td><td style="text-align:right;"> 1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Goulash_Communism" title="Goulash Communism">Goulash Communism</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1956–1989</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Third_Hungarian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Third Hungarian Republic">Third Hungarian Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">1989–2012</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></td><td style="text-align:right;">since 2012</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian people">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hungarian_history" title="Timeline of Hungarian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">History of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Hungarian Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Great_Officers_of_State_(Kingdom_of_Hungary)" title="Template:Great Officers of State (Kingdom of 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Romania" title="Category:History of Romania">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania" title="History of Romania">History of <span class="fn org label">Romania</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Romania"><img alt="Coat of arms of Romania" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/90px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/135px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="670" data-file-height="970" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of Romania">Prehistory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamangia_culture" title="Hamangia culture">Hamangia culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_in_Romania" title="Bronze Age in Romania">Bronze Age in Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Transylvania" title="Prehistory of Transylvania">Prehistory of Transylvania</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_Antiquity" title="Romania in Antiquity">Antiquity</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Dacian Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Romanians" title="Origin of the Romanians">Origin of the Romanians</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> (<a href="/wiki/Romania_in_the_Early_Middle_Ages" title="Romania in the Early Middle Ages">Early</a>)</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">History of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Banat in the Middle Ages">Banat in the Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Bulgarian_Empire" title="First Bulgarian Empire">First Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Bulgarian_Empire" title="Second Bulgarian Empire">Second Bulgarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="Voivodeship of Maramureș">Voivodeship of Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Wallachia" title="Founding of Wallachia">Founding of Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Moldavia" title="Founding of Moldavia">Founding of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Modern Romania">Early Modern Times</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">Silistra Eyalet</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Temesvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Temesvar">Eyalet of Temesvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varat_Eyalet" title="Varat Eyalet">Varat Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phanariotes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phanariotes">Phanariotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">National Awakening</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_School" title="Transylvanian School">Transylvanian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulamentul_Organic" title="Regulamentul Organic">Organic Statute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Moldavian Revolution of 1848">1848 Moldavian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Wallachian Revolution of 1848">1848 Wallachian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Danube Vilayet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">United Principalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asocia%C8%9Bia_Transilvan%C4%83_pentru_Literatura_Rom%C3%A2n%C4%83_%C8%99i_Cultura_Poporului_Rom%C3%A2n" class="mw-redirect" title="Asociația Transilvană pentru Literatura Română și Cultura Poporului Român">ASTRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_War_of_Independence" title="Romanian War of Independence">War of Independence</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Kingdom of Romania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_I" title="Romania in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bessarabia_with_Romania" title="Union of Bessarabia with Romania">Union with Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Bukovina_with_Romania" title="Union of Bukovina with Romania">Union with Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Transylvania_with_Romania" title="Union of Transylvania with Romania">Union with Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Greater Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania_under_Fascism" title="Kingdom of Romania under Fascism">Fascist Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">World War II</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Socialist Republic of Romania</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution">Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">Post-Revolution</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romania_since_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romania since 1989">Romania since 1989</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)">By topic</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic history of Romania">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Romanian" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Romanian">Romanian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Romanian_history" title="Timeline of Romanian history">Historical timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Romania" title="Military history of Romania">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Romania" title="History of Christianity in Romania">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Islam in Romania">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #eee;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Historical_regions_of_Romania" title="Historical regions of Romania">By historical region</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C8%99ana" title="Crișana">Crișana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovina" title="Bukovina">Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dobruja" title="Dobruja">Dobruja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maramure%C8%99" title="History of Maramureș">Maramureș</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muntenia" title="Muntenia">Muntenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania" title="History of Transylvania">Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/16px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/24px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/32px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Romania" title="Portal:Romania">Romania portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Romania" title="Template:History of Romania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Romania" title="Template talk:History of Romania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Romania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Romania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom_and_Zápolya_family"><span id="Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom_and_Z.C3.A1polya_family"></span>Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and Zápolya family</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Eastern Hungarian Kingdom and Zápolya family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Hungarian_Kingdom" title="Eastern Hungarian Kingdom">Eastern Hungarian Kingdom</a></div> <p>On 29 August 1526, the army of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> inflicted a decisive defeat on the Hungarian forces at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Mohács</a>. <a href="/wiki/John_Z%C3%A1polya" title="John Zápolya">John Zápolya</a> was en route to the battlefield with his sizable army but did not participate in the battle for unknown reasons. The youthful King <a href="/wiki/Louis_II_of_Hungary_and_Bohemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia">Louis II of Hungary and Bohemia</a> fell in battle, as did many of his soldiers. When Zápolya was proclaimed king of Hungary, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand</a> from the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">House of Habsburg</a> also claimed the throne. In the ensuing struggle, John Zápolya received the support of Suleiman, who after Zápolya's death in 1540, occupied <a href="/wiki/Buda" title="Buda">Buda</a> and central Hungary in 1541 under the pretext of protecting Zápolya's son, <a href="/wiki/John_Sigismund_Zapolya" class="mw-redirect" title="John Sigismund Zapolya">John II Sigismund</a>. Hungary was now divided into three sections: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungary">Royal Hungary</a> in the west and north, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Hungary" title="Ottoman Hungary">Ottoman Hungary</a>, and the Eastern Hungarian Kingdom under Ottoman suzerainty, which later became the Principality of Transylvania, where Austrian and Turkish influences vied for supremacy for nearly two centuries. The Hungarian magnates of Transylvania resorted to a policy of duplicity in order to preserve independence. </p><p>Transylvania was administrated by Isabella, John Sigismund's mother, from 1541 to 1551, when it fell for five years under Habsburg rule (1551–1556). The <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%A1polya_family" title="Zápolya family">House of Zapolya</a> regained the control of Transylvania in 1556,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when the Diet of <a href="/wiki/Sebe%C8%99" title="Sebeș">Szászsebes</a> elected Sigismund as prince of Transylvania. </p><p>Transylvania was now beyond the reach of <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> religious authority, allowing <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutheran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinist</a> preaching to flourish. In 1563, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Blandrata" class="mw-redirect" title="Giorgio Blandrata">Giorgio Blandrata</a> was appointed as court physician, and his radical religious ideas increasingly influenced both the young king John II and the Calvinist bishop <a href="/wiki/Francis_David" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis David">Francis David</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Bonney_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonney-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually converting both to the <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Anti-Trinitarian</a> (Unitarian) creed. In a formal public disputation, Francis David prevailed over the Calvinist <a href="/wiki/Peter_Melius" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Melius">Peter Melius</a>; resulting in 1568 in the formal adoption of individual <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religious expression</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Edict_of_Torda" title="Edict of Torda">Edict of Torda</a>. This was the first such legal guarantee of religious freedom in Christian Europe, but only for Lutherans, Calvinists, Unitarians and Catholics; Eastern Orthodox Christians being "tolerated" with no legal guarantees granted. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Principality_of_Transylvania">Principality of Transylvania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Principality of Transylvania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_princes_of_Transylvania" title="List of princes of Transylvania">List of princes of Transylvania</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hungary_at_the_End_of_16th_Century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hungary_at_the_End_of_16th_Century.jpg/220px-Hungary_at_the_End_of_16th_Century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hungary_at_the_End_of_16th_Century.jpg/330px-Hungary_at_the_End_of_16th_Century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Hungary_at_the_End_of_16th_Century.jpg/440px-Hungary_at_the_End_of_16th_Century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2249" data-file-height="1708" /></a><figcaption>Principality of Transylvania at the end of 16th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Principality of Transylvania was established in 1570 when John II renounced his claim as <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Speyer_(1570)" title="Treaty of Speyer (1570)">Treaty of Speyer</a> (ratified in 1571),<sup id="cite_ref-MacCulloch_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacCulloch-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and became a Transylvanian prince.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The treaty also recognized that the Principality of Transylvania belonged to the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a> in the sense of public law.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon the death of John II in 1571 the Royal House of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A1thory" class="mw-redirect" title="Báthory">Báthory</a> came to power and ruled Transylvania as princes under the Ottomans, and briefly under Habsburg suzerainty, until 1602. Their rise to power marked the beginning of the Principality of Transylvania as a semi-independent state. </p><p>Prince <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a> was the first powerful prince of independent Transylvania,<sup id="cite_ref-Bonney_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonney-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a Hungarian Catholic who later became king under the name Stephen Báthory of Poland.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonney_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonney-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He undertook to maintain the religious liberty granted by the Edict of Torda but interpreted this obligation in an increasingly restricted sense. The latter period of Báthory rule saw Transylvania under <a href="/wiki/Sigismund_B%C3%A1thory" title="Sigismund Báthory">Sigismund Báthory</a> – prince of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-Bonney_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonney-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – enter the <a href="/wiki/Long_War_(Ottoman_wars)" class="mw-redirect" title="Long War (Ottoman wars)">Long War</a>, which started as a Christian alliance against the Turks and became a four-sided conflict involving Transylvania, the Habsburgs, the Ottomans, and the <a href="/wiki/Voivode" title="Voivode">voivode</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a>. After 1601 the principality was for a short time under the rule of <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor">Rudolf II</a>, who initiated the <a href="/wiki/Germanization" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanization">Germanization</a> of the population, and in order to reclaim the Principality for Catholicism he initiated the <a href="/wiki/Counter_Reformation" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter Reformation">Counter Reformation</a>. From 1604 to 1606, the Hungarian nobleman <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bocskay" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Bocskay">Stephen Bocskay</a> led a successful rebellion against Austrian rule. Bocskay was elected Prince of Transylvania on 5 April 1603 and prince of Hungary two months later. He achieved the Peace of Vienna in 1606.<sup id="cite_ref-Bonney_21-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bonney-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which afforded religious liberty and political autonomy, the restoration of all confiscated estates, the repeal of all "unrighteous" judgments, and a complete retroactive amnesty for all Hungarians in <a href="/wiki/Royal_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Hungary">Royal Hungary</a>, as well as his own recognition as the independent sovereign prince of an enlarged Principality of Transylvania. The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Vienna_(1606)" title="Treaty of Vienna (1606)">Treaty of Vienna (1606)</a> guaranteed the right of Transylvanians to elect their own independent princes, but Georg <a href="/wiki/House_of_Keglevi%C4%87" class="mw-redirect" title="House of Keglević">Keglević</a>, who was the Commander-in-chief, General, Vice-<a href="/wiki/Ban_(title)" title="Ban (title)">Ban</a> of Croatia, Slavonia and Dalmatia, was since 1602 <a href="/wiki/Baron" title="Baron">Baron</a> in Transylvania. It was a very difficult and complicated peace treaty after a long war. </p><p>Under Bocskay's successors Transylvania had its golden age,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> especially under the reigns of <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1bor_Bethlen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gábor Bethlen">Gábor Bethlen</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_I_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi" title="George I Rákóczi">George I Rákóczi</a>. Gábor Bethlen, who reigned from 1613 to 1629, perpetually thwarted all efforts of the emperor to oppress or circumvent his subjects, and won reputation abroad by championing the Protestant cause. Three times he waged war on the emperor, twice he was proclaimed <a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King of Hungary</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Nikolsburg" title="Peace of Nikolsburg">Peace of Nikolsburg</a> (31 December 1621), he obtained for the Protestants a confirmation of the Treaty of Vienna, and for himself seven additional counties in northern Hungary. Bethlen's successor, George I Rákóczi, was equally successful. His principal achievement was the Peace of <a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a> (16 September 1645), the last political triumph of Hungarian Protestantism, in which the emperor was forced to confirm again the articles of the Peace of Vienna. Gabriel Bethlen and George I Rákóczi also did much for education and culture, and their era has justly been called the golden era of Transylvania. They lavished money on the embellishment of their capital, <a href="/wiki/Alba_Iulia" title="Alba Iulia">Alba Iulia</a>, which became the main bulwark of <a href="/wiki/Protestant" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestant">Protestantism</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>. During their reign, Transylvania was also one of the few European countries where <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calvinist" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinist">Calvinists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheran" class="mw-redirect" title="Lutheran">Lutherans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Unitarianism" title="Unitarianism">Unitarians</a> lived in mutual tolerance, all of them belonging to the officially accepted religions – <i>religiones receptae</i>, while the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> church, however, were only tolerated.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The fall of <a href="/wiki/Oradea" title="Oradea">Nagyvárad</a> to the expansionist Ottomans on 27 August 1660 marked the decline of the Principality. To counter the Ottoman threat, the Habsburgs determined to gain influence in and perhaps control of this territory. Under Prince Kemeny, the diet of Transylvania proclaimed the secession of a sovereign Transylvania from the Ottomans (April 1661) and appealed for help to Vienna, but a secret Habsburg-Ottoman agreement resulted in the further increase of Habsburg influence. After the defeat of the Ottomans at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vienna" title="Battle of Vienna">Battle of Vienna</a> in 1683, the Habsburgs gradually began to impose their rule on the formerly autonomous Transylvania. Following the 1699 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Karlowitz" title="Treaty of Karlowitz">Treaty of Karlowitz</a>, Transylvania was formally attached to Habsburg-controlled Hungary,<sup id="cite_ref-Britannica_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and subjected to the direct rule of the emperor's governors. From 1711 onward, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Principality of Transylvania">Habsburg control over Transylvania</a> was consolidated, and the princes of Transylvania were replaced with governors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Transylvania#Historical_population" title="History of Transylvania">History of Transylvania § Historical population</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ruling_system">Ruling system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ruling system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Until 1691 Transylvania was ruled by <a href="/wiki/Unio_Trium_Nationum" title="Unio Trium Nationum">Unio Trium Nationum</a>, the three state-constituting socio-ethnical entities termed "nations", consisting of the Hungarian nobility, the Saxon urban settlers, and the Székely peasant-soldiers, while a significant part of the general population, consisted of Orthodox Romanians, remained deprived of any civil and political rights.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-article_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-article-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Composition_of_the_Parliament">The Composition of the Parliament</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Composition of the Parliament"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <b><a href="/wiki/Unio_Trium_Nationum" title="Unio Trium Nationum">Unio Trium Nationum</a></b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for "Union of the Three Nations") was a pact of mutual aid codified in 1438 by three <a href="/wiki/Estates_of_the_realm" title="Estates of the realm">Estates</a> of <a href="/wiki/Voivodeship_of_Transylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Voivodeship of Transylvania">Transylvania</a>: the (largely <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a>) <a href="/wiki/Nobility" title="Nobility">nobility</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Saxon</a> (<a href="/wiki/German_people" class="mw-redirect" title="German people">German</a>) patrician class,<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the free military <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foszto2007_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foszto2007-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The union was directed against the whole of the peasantry, regardless of ethnicity, in response to the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_peasant_revolt" title="Transylvanian peasant revolt">Transylvanian peasant revolt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Foszto2007_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Foszto2007-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this feudal estate parliament, the peasants (whether Hungarian, Saxon, Székely or Romanian in origin) were not represented, and they did not benefit from its acts,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the commoners were not considered to be members of these feudal "nations".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The coalition of the "Three Nations" retained its legal representative monopoly under the prince as before the split of the medieval Hungarian Kingdom occasioned by the Ottoman invasions. According to Dennis P. Hupchick, though there were occasional clashes between the Hungarian plainsmen and the Székely mountaineers, they were united under the patronymic "Magyars" and, with Saxon support, formed a common front against the predominantly Romanian peasantry.<sup id="cite_ref-Hupchick_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hupchick-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic_evolution">Demographic evolution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Demographic evolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There is an ongoing scholarly debate between Hungarian and Romanian historians regarding the medieval population of <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>. While some Romanian historians claim continuous Romanian majority, Hungarian historians claim the continuous settlement of Romanians into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>. Official censuses with information on Transylvania's population have been conducted since the 18th century, but the ethnic composition was the subject of different modern estimations. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Olahus" title="Nicolaus Olahus">Nicolaus Olahus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Primate_(bishop)" title="Primate (bishop)">Primate of Hungary</a> stated in the book <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Hungaria et Athila</i></span></i> in 1536 that in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> "Four nations of different origins live in it: Hungarians, Székelys, Saxons, and Vlachs"<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:142_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:142-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:152_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:152-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based on a work by <a href="/wiki/Antun_Vran%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Antun Vrančić">Antun Vrančić</a> (1504–1573), <i><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">Expeditionis Solymani in Moldaviam et Transsylvaniam libri duo. De situ Transsylvaniae, Moldaviae et Transalpinae liber tertius</i></span></i>, more estimations exist as the original text is translated/interpreted in a different way, especially by Romanian and Hungarian scholars. According to Hungarian interpretations, Vrančić wrote about the inhabitants of Transylvania and about the Romanians: "The country is inhabited by three nations, <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Saxons</a>; I should also add the Romanians who – even though they easily equal any of the others in number – <sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> have no freedom, no aristocracy, no right of their own, besides a small number living in the Haţeg district, where the capital of <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a> is believed to have stood, and who, during the time of <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>, a native of those places, were granted aristocratic status because they had always taken part in the struggle against the Turks. The rest of them are all commoners, serfs of the Hungarians, having no places of their own, spread all over the territory, in the whole country, sparsely inhabited in open regions, mountains and forests, they mostly live out their miserable lives hiding together with their flocks."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Romanian interpretations, it is noted that the proper translation of the first part of the sentence would be: "...I would nevertheless add the <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, who – even though they easily equal the others in number – ..."<sup id="cite_ref-Testimonies_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Testimonies-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Romanian historians Ioan Bolovan and Sorina-Paula Bolovan argue that the Romanians were the majority during the life of Antun Vrančić. Based on their works, in 1690 there was an absolute Romanian majority, and no significant demographic change happened between the Middle Ages and 1750, when the Austrian administration tracked newcomers, which also explained concerns about Transylvanian Romanians leaving for Wallachia and Moldavia, including <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Joseph_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Joseph II">Emperor Joseph II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolovan_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolovan-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi argue that the Hungarians were the most numerous ethnic group before the second half of the 17th century, when they were exceeded by Romanians. They assert the following structure of the population: in 1595, out of a total population of 670,000, 52% were Hungarians, 28% Romanians, 19% Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-Kocsis_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kocsis-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1650, in a letter written to the Sultan, <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavian</a> prince <a href="/wiki/Vasile_Lupu" title="Vasile Lupu">Vasile Lupu</a> affirms that the number of Romanians was one-third of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1660, according to Miklós Molnár, 955,000 people lived in the principality (<a href="/wiki/Partium" title="Partium">Partium</a> included) and the population consisted of 500,000 Hungarians (including 250,000 Székelys), 280,000 Romanians, 90,000 Germans and 85,000 Serbians, Ukrainians and others and had reached its end-of-century level.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the other hand, according to Dennis P. Hupchick, Romanians were the majority population in the region during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_B%C3%A1thory" title="Stephen Báthory">Stephen Báthory</a> (16th century).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1600, according to George W. White, Romanians, who were primarily peasants, constituted more than 60 percent of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This theory is supported by Ion Ardeleanu, who states that the Romanian population represented "the overwhelming majority" in the age of <a href="/wiki/Michael_the_Brave" title="Michael the Brave">Michael the Brave</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Louis Roman, various works from the XVII century claim that Romanians were the most numerous ethnic group in Transylvania during that time, including those of Johannes Tröster, <a href="/wiki/Grigore_Ureche" title="Grigore Ureche">Grigore Ureche</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Miron_Costin" title="Miron Costin">Miron Costin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_Roman_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis_Roman-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The period 1567–1661 had a deep demographic impact on the country. <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> was repeatedly ravaged by war between 1657 and 1661. <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a>, accompanying Ali Pasha's army into Transylvania in 1661, reported vast areas, comparable in size to counties, being reduced to ashes, entire villages being put to the sword, and groups of 3,000–8,000 captives. The Transylvanian populations suffered huge losses, the <a href="/wiki/Partium" title="Partium">Partium</a> and the counties of <a href="/wiki/Szolnok-Doboka_County" title="Szolnok-Doboka County">Belső-Szolnok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doboka_County" title="Doboka County">Doboka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kolozs_County" title="Kolozs County">Kolozs</a>, <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6z%C3%A9p-Szolnok" class="mw-redirect" title="Közép-Szolnok">Közép-Szolnok</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kraszna_County" title="Kraszna County">Kraszna</a> were laid waste. According to the Nagysink diet in 1664: "Over an area of five or six miles around a village, one would not find a single hut left standing, nor a single man alive, for they had been abducted, slain, or felled by the plague... while most of the poorest folk died from starvation".<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to official estimates made by the Austrian administrative authority (<span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Verwaltungsgericht</i></span>) dating from 1712 to 1713, the ethnic distribution of the population in <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> is as follows: 47% <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, 34% <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a>, 19%, <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Saxons</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jancs%C3%B3_Benedek" class="extiw" title="hu:Jancsó Benedek">Benedek Jancsó</a>'s estimation, there were 250,000 Romanians, 150,000 Hungarians and 100,000 Saxons in Transylvania at the beginning of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1720, according to Károly Kocsis and Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, out of a total population of 806,221, 50% were Romanians, 37% Hungarians, 12% Germans.<sup id="cite_ref-Kocsis_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kocsis-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Immigration_and_emigration_of_Romanians">Immigration and emigration of Romanians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Immigration and emigration of Romanians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The change of ethnic composition of the Principality of Transylvania and the influence of migrations is also subject to debate among historians. The Hungarian historiography claims that a large immigration of ethnic Romanians took place into the Principality of Transylvania, while the Romanian historiography asserts that there was more emigration towards Moldavia and Wallachia than vice versa.<sup id="cite_ref-:13_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Transylvania survived as a state, and this peace facilitated its reconstruction and a gradual economic recovery, which themselves attracted new settlers from the surrounding countries into Transylvania. In addition, the population density of Transylvania was lower than it was in royal Hungary. These circumstances favoured immigration: over these decades, people moved in significant numbers to the principality, mainly from Moldavia, but from Wallachia as well.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of two decades of peaceful rule and economic policy of Prince <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Apafi" title="Michael I Apafi">Michael I Apafi</a>, the population in Transylvania increased. The labor shortage that developed as a result of the good economic conditions also favored immigration. The prince's patient and understanding religious policy offered shelter to all groups persecuted because of their religion. All the Transylvanian princes of this era strove to win the Transylvanian Romanian population to the cause of development and progress with the help of religious reform, to make the Romanian ethnic element just as useful for Transylvania as the other three nations were: Hungarian, Székely and Saxon. The efforts of these Hungarian princes were so successful that the Transylvanian Romanians became the creators, founders, and then the transmitters of Romanian culture to their brothers living beyond the Carpathians. Enjoying the full help of the princely power, the Transylvanian Romanians were able to grow numerically, according to Árpád Kosztin.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a> (1611–1682) was an Ottoman explorer who traveled through the territory of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and neighboring lands over a period of forty years, recording his commentary in a travelogue called the <a href="/wiki/Seyahatn%C3%A2me" title="Seyahatnâme">Seyahatnâme</a> "Book of Travel". His trip to Hungary took place between 1660 and 1666. The Transylvanian's state of development in the 17th century was so good that it was an attraction to strangers longing for its territory. <a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a> wrote in his book that the Romanian serfs moved en masse to Transylvania because of the extreme ruthlessness of the rulers of Romanian lands, and the justice, legal order, and low taxes in Transylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>In Wallachia the beys were very tyrannical over them, therefore these rayahs saying: "Let justice be justice", all moved to Transylvania and pay one gold tribute to the king and they have no other duties.</i></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Evliya_%C3%87elebi" title="Evliya Çelebi">Evliya Çelebi</a>: <a href="/wiki/Seyahatn%C3%A2me" title="Seyahatnâme">Seyahatnâme</a><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>With the various Turkish, Tatar, and Cossack raids, and especially those due to the constant harassment and extortion of the Greeks, who were the tenants of the incomes of the two neighboring Romanian voivodeships, the entire population of some villages fled to Transylvania. In a diploma of Prince <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Bethlen" title="Gabriel Bethlen">Gabriel Bethlen</a>: "The Saxon priests belonging to the Kézdi chapter inform us that before that a village called Kövesd was inhabited by all Saxons, but now due to the many wars, it has been so destroyed that there are more Vlachs living in it like a Saxon." In 1648, Prince <a href="/wiki/George_I_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi" title="George I Rákóczi">George I. Rákóczi</a> wrote in a letter: "Our Saxon bishop called us together with his seniors under his bishopric, reporting that since the number of Saxons in Réten had greatly decreased and the Vlachs, vice versa, had multiplied greatly".<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1663, the Wallachian voivode <a href="/wiki/Grigore_I_Ghica" title="Grigore I Ghica">Ghica</a> wrote to <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Apafi" title="Michael I Apafi">Michael I Apafi</a>, Prince of Transylvania regarding the runaway Romanian serfs of the Filipescu boyar.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1668, the population of several Romanian villages migrated to Transylvania and the Romanian voivodes harassed Prince <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Apafi" title="Michael I Apafi">Michael I Apafi</a> with demands that the "runaway villeins" be repatriated, and voivode <a href="/wiki/Grigore_I_Ghica" title="Grigore I Ghica">Ghica</a> was talking about entire Romanian groups.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1668, the voivode of Wallachia wrote to <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Apafi" title="Michael I Apafi">Michael I Apafi</a> regarding a large number of escaped Romanian villages: "From our realm, a couple of villages have escaped into the realm of your greatness, some to Fogaras (Făgăraș) county, some to Brassó (Brașov), some to Szeben (Sibiu), and they did not flee because of their rascality but only for the heaviness of the tax." And in 1676, the Moldavian voivode <a href="/wiki/Antonie_Ruset" title="Antonie Ruset">Rosetti</a> wrote twice to the Transylvanian prince because of his runaway serfs.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romanian peasantry, which flooded into Transylvania in this way, could take the place of the Hungarian, Székely and Saxon population decimated by the vicissitudes of the war, and their remaining real estate and property, without any difficulties.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of heavy taxes and hard services demanded, many serfs of the principalities of <a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Wallachia</a> migrated into <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> where the laws were more favorable. According to Hungarian estimations 350,000–500,000 Romanians migrated to <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a> in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-:9_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:9-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the death of Prince <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Apafi" title="Michael I Apafi">Michael I Apafi</a>, between 1690 and 1703, many people emigrated from Transylvania due to the tax burdens of the government that did not take into account the local circumstances. Furthermore, between 1703 and 1711 the armies of the Habsburg emperors and <a href="/wiki/Francis_II_R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi" title="Francis II Rákóczi">Francis II Rákóczi</a> fought each other during the <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War of Independence</a>. Escapes accompanying the war, famines and epidemics – mainly the plague – also greatly decimated the population. The ordeals of the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a> carried out by military force also contributed to the decline of the population. Many Protestant families and groups – <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A9kelys" title="Székelys">Székelys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Saxons</a> – were forced to flee. </p><p>Many Romanians also migrated from Transylvania towards Moldavia and Wallachia. This phenomenon, also existing in the Middle Ages during the foundation of Moldova and Wallachia,<sup id="cite_ref-:10_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:11_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was amplified after <a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_D%C3%B3zsa" title="György Dózsa">György Dózsa</a>'s rebellion of 1514, the religious persecutions and the worsening standard of living of Romanian Transylvanians.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fiscal policy of the Principality of Moldavia, indulgent towards newcomers, has allowed many of them to move there, creating new settlements, such as those that are named <a href="/wiki/Ungureni_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Ungureni (disambiguation)">Ungureni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_58-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The juridicial discrimination of Romanian Transylvanians increased from the time of the Diet of 1502, and their economic position worsened. From the Diet of 1552, for example, in comparison to Hungarians and Saxons, it was easier for ethnic Romanians to be accused before the law.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such discriminations were also noticed by foreign visitors in Transylvania.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1552, the Hungarian nobles in the area of <a href="/wiki/Deva,_Romania" title="Deva, Romania">Deva</a> complained about a "massive fleeing" towards Wallachia, due to the looting practiced by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Battista_Castaldo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Battista Castaldo (page does not exist)">Castaldo</a>'s army. The Cluj Diet of 1593 constated that "our haughty serfs, gathered in large groups and raised, immediately can go to the Romanian countries, even if they commit any illegality, they go there freely". In 1602 <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Basta" title="Giorgio Basta">Giorgio Basta</a> ordered the dwellers of <a href="/wiki/Bistri%C8%9Ba" title="Bistrița">Bistrița</a> to guard the roads, the passes and the paths towards Moldavia, to prevent the Transylvanian serfs getting the Principality. In 1607 the Transylvanian Diet urged the Prince of Transylvania to demand from the Moldovan Voivode the restitution of the runaway serfs to their original lords. In 1609 the Transylvanian Diet requested that "there should be taken measures to stop their (Transylvanian serfs') crossing towards the Principates".<sup id="cite_ref-:13_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:13-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1635, the delegates of Vasile Lupu solicited the movement of serfs near Cluj to Moldavia. Similarly, in 1662 <a href="/wiki/Michael_I_Apafi" title="Michael I Apafi">Michael I Apafi</a> urged the dwellers of Bistrița to stop the movement of the impoverished people towards Moldavia.<sup id="cite_ref-:11_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:11-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From the 16th century some ethnic Romanians started moving from Transylvania towards Poland, Silesia and Moravia, where they formed the ethnoregion of <a href="/wiki/Moravian_Wallachia" title="Moravian Wallachia">Moravian Wallachia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:10_58-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Árpád Kosztind, the <a href="/wiki/Romanians" title="Romanians">Romanians</a> were not affected by the <a href="/wiki/Counter-Reformation" title="Counter-Reformation">Counter-Reformation</a>, and no Romanians was forced to flee for religious reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On other hand, according to Bolovan Ioan and Ștefan Meteș, the fact that Romanians belonged to the Orthodox Church and not to any <a href="/wiki/Western_Christianity" title="Western Christianity">Western Christian denomination</a> was the cause of their remaining of political, economic and cultural inferiority to Hungarians, Szekelys and Saxons, making them more willing to emigrate towards Moldova and Wallachia.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolovan_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolovan-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_58-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not by chance, a good part of the Romanian elite, but sometimes also simple people, emigrated, passing south and east of the Carpathians to the Romanian states of Moldavia and Wallachia, where they were able to assert themselves unfettered on all levels. It is also true that a small part of the Romanian nobility, as much as survived after the attempts of the Hungarian royalty to Catholicize in the previous centuries, in some places embraced one of the new reformed confessions.<sup id="cite_ref-Bolovan_41-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolovan-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Food shortages, the famine of 1684–1686, caused by an increase in the price of grains, lead some of inhabitants to leave Transylvania, and many of the villages in the <a href="/wiki/Transylvanian_Saxons#Medieval_organization" title="Transylvanian Saxons">Fundus Regius</a> remained abandoned. The Diet of Vásárhely of December 1694 claims that one third of the population of <a href="/wiki/%C8%9Aara_F%C4%83g%C4%83ra%C8%99ului" title="Țara Făgărașului">Făgăraș Country</a> emigrated to Wallachia. On 7 May 1699, the Austrian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor">Leopold I</a> blamed the Transylvanian ruling class for the fleeing of the population towards the <a href="/wiki/Danubian_Principalities" title="Danubian Principalities">Danubian Principalities</a> and other Ottoman-controlled areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_Roman_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis_Roman-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 18th century, the emigration of Romanians towards Moldavia and Wallachia further increased.<sup id="cite_ref-Louis_Roman_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Louis_Roman-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:10_58-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:10-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bolovan_41-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bolovan-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_europe_1683.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The partition of medieval Kingdom of Hungary between the Ottoman and Habsburg empires lasted more than 150 years[61] after the Battle of Mohács in 1526"><img alt="The partition of medieval Kingdom of Hungary between the Ottoman and Habsburg empires lasted more than 150 years[61] after the Battle of Mohács in 1526" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Central_europe_1683.png/120px-Central_europe_1683.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Central_europe_1683.png/180px-Central_europe_1683.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Central_europe_1683.png/240px-Central_europe_1683.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="971" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The partition of medieval Kingdom of Hungary between the Ottoman and Habsburg empires lasted more than 150 years<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moh%C3%A1cs" title="Battle of Mohács">Battle of Mohács</a> in 1526</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1570_borders_of_the_Principality_of_Transylvania.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Principality of Transylvania, the successor of Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (1570). Partium is depicted in the darker colour"><img alt="The Principality of Transylvania, the successor of Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (1570). Partium is depicted in the darker colour" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1570_borders_of_the_Principality_of_Transylvania.svg/120px-1570_borders_of_the_Principality_of_Transylvania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1570_borders_of_the_Principality_of_Transylvania.svg/180px-1570_borders_of_the_Principality_of_Transylvania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/1570_borders_of_the_Principality_of_Transylvania.svg/240px-1570_borders_of_the_Principality_of_Transylvania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="970" data-file-height="970" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The Principality of Transylvania, the successor of Eastern Hungarian Kingdom (1570). <a href="/wiki/Partium" title="Partium">Partium</a> is depicted in the darker colour</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tamásné Szabó, Csilla, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://erdelyimuzeumfolyoirat.adatbank.transindex.ro/pdf/EM-2004-3-4_006.pdf"><i>Az Erdélyi Fejedelemség korának jogi nyelve</i></a> (The jurisdictional language in the age of the Principality of Transylvania)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Szabó T. Attila, <i>Erdélyi Magyar Szótörténeti Tár</i> (<i>Historical dictionary of the Transylvanian Hungarian vocabulary</i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compillatae Constitutiones Regni Transylvaniae (1671)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160307113444/http://reader.digitale-sammlungen.de/en/fs2/object/display/bsb10000565_00005.html">Approbatae Constitutiones Regni Transylvaniae (1677)</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baer2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baer2006_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHelmut_David_Baer2006" class="citation book cs1">Helmut David Baer (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jr-dpNHlb2UC&pg=PA36"><i>The struggle of Hungarian Lutherans under communism</i></a>. Texas A&M University Press. pp. 36–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-480-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-480-9"><bdi>978-1-58544-480-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+struggle+of+Hungarian+Lutherans+under+communism&rft.pages=36-&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-480-9&rft.au=Helmut+David+Baer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djr-dpNHlb2UC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roman2003-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roman2003_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEric_Roman2003" class="citation book cs1">Eric Roman (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvCfTIsTOskC&pg=PA574"><i>Austria-Hungary & the successor states: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. pp. 574–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4537-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-4537-2"><bdi>978-0-8160-4537-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Austria-Hungary+%26+the+successor+states%3A+a+reference+guide+from+the+Renaissance+to+the+present&rft.pages=574-&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-4537-2&rft.au=Eric+Roman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEvCfTIsTOskC%26pg%3DPA574&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RyanMullen1998-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-RyanMullen1998_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ._Atticus_RyanChristopher_A._Mullen1998" class="citation book cs1">J. Atticus Ryan; Christopher A. Mullen (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yiesQNB3SAMC&pg=PA85"><i>Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization: yearbook</i></a>. Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. pp. 85–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1022-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1022-0"><bdi>978-90-411-1022-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unrepresented+Nations+and+Peoples+Organization%3A+yearbook&rft.pages=85-&rft.pub=Martinus+Nijhoff+Publishers&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1022-0&rft.au=J.+Atticus+Ryan&rft.au=Christopher+A.+Mullen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyiesQNB3SAMC%26pg%3DPA85&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boldizsár1987-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boldizsár1987_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIván_Boldizsár1987" class="citation book cs1">Iván Boldizsár (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ACe3AAAAIAAJ"><i>NHQ; the new Hungarian quarterly</i></a>. Lapkiadó Pub. House. p. 41<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=NHQ%3B+the+new+Hungarian+quarterly&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Lapkiad%C3%B3+Pub.+House&rft.date=1987&rft.au=Iv%C3%A1n+Boldizs%C3%A1r&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DACe3AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall_Cavendish2009" class="citation book cs1">Marshall Cavendish (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b5vHRWp8yqEC&pg=PA1476">"Greece and the Eastern Balkans"</a>. <i>World and Its Peoples: Europe</i>. Vol. 11. Marshall Cavendish. p. 1476. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7902-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7614-7902-4"><bdi>978-0-7614-7902-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Greece+and+the+Eastern+Balkans&rft.btitle=World+and+Its+Peoples%3A+Europe&rft.pages=1476&rft.pub=Marshall+Cavendish&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7614-7902-4&rft.au=Marshall+Cavendish&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db5vHRWp8yqEC%26pg%3DPA1476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lendvai2003-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lendvai2003_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Lendvai2003" class="citation book cs1">Paul Lendvai (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UtIr97n3tP0C&pg=PA106"><i>The Hungarians: a thousand years of victory in defeat</i></a>. C. Hurst. pp. 106–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-673-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-673-9"><bdi>978-1-85065-673-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hungarians%3A+a+thousand+years+of+victory+in+defeat&rft.pages=106-&rft.pub=C.+Hurst&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-673-9&rft.au=Paul+Lendvai&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUtIr97n3tP0C%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard C. Frucht, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&pg=PA408"><i>Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture</i>, Volume 1</a>, ABC-CLIO, 2004, p. 408</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacCulloch-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MacCulloch_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MacCulloch_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diarmaid MacCulloch, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rE7uAAAAMAAJ">The Reformation</a>, Viking, 2004, p. 443</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peter-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peter_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Katalin Péter, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cqNEYfZI0kUC&dq=principality+of+transylvania&pg=PA27"><i>Beloved Children: History of Aristocratic Childhood in Hungary in the Early Modern Age</i></a>, Central European University Press, 2001, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hupchick-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hupchick_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hupchick_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hupchick_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis P. Hupchick, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=8rZ6T_ezAqXQ0QWz_4iuCQ&id=ycNApODqgRUC"><i>Conflict and Chaos in Eastern Europe</i></a>, Palgrave Macmillan, 1995, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter F. Sugar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=-7J6T5i4CbG00QWS15HFCQ&id=LOln4TGdDHYC">Southeastern Europe under Ottoman rule, 1354–1804</a>, University of Washington Press, 1993, pp. 150–154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Martyn Rady, <i>Customary Law in Hungary: Courts, Texts, and the Tripartitum</i>, Oxford University Press, 2015, p. 141, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198743910" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198743910">978-0198743910</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&dq=principality+of+transylvania&pg=PA106"><i>Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin</i></a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603323/Transylvania">Transylvania article of Encyclopædia Britannica</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">István Lázár, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.niif.hu/02000/02085/02085.htm#8"><i>Hungary, a Brief History</i></a>, 1989, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-13-4483-5" title="Special:BookSources/963-13-4483-5">963-13-4483-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter F. Sugar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LOln4TGdDHYC&pg=PA332"><i>Southeastern Europe Under Ottoman Rule, 1354–1804</i></a>, p. 332</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bonney-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bonney_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonney_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonney_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonney_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bonney_21-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_BonneyDavid_J._B._Trim2006" class="citation book cs1">Richard Bonney; David J. B. Trim (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jQJuObBQerIC&pg=PA99"><i>Persecution and Pluralism: Calvinists and Religious Minorities in Early Modern Europe 1550–1700</i></a>. Peter Lang. pp. 99–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-570-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-03910-570-0"><bdi>978-3-03910-570-0</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persecution+and+Pluralism%3A+Calvinists+and+Religious+Minorities+in+Early+Modern+Europe+1550%E2%80%931700&rft.pages=99-&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-03910-570-0&rft.au=Richard+Bonney&rft.au=David+J.+B.+Trim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjQJuObBQerIC%26pg%3DPA99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Instytut Historii (Polska Akademia Nauk), Historický ústav (Akademie věd České republiky), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1MpnAAAAMAAJ">Political Culture in Central Europe: Middle Ages and early modern era</a>, Institute of History, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, 2005, p. 338</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">István Keul, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5J09mqMWiogC&pg=PA93">Early Modern Religious Communities in East-Central Europe: Ethnic Diversity, Denominational Plurality, and Corporative Politics in the Principality of Transylvania (1526–1691)</a>, Brill, 2009, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Anthony Endrey, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=a9K0T9OtNsjf8APq7-AI&id=ewYiAAAAMAAJ">The Holy Crown of Hungary</a>, Hungarian Institute, 1978, p. 70</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/22200/22266/22266.pdf">"Soldiers from the age of Gábor Bethlen"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Magyar Elektronikus Könivtár</i>. 31 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Magyar+Elektronikus+K%C3%B6nivt%C3%A1r&rft.atitle=Soldiers+from+the+age+of+G%C3%A1bor+Bethlen&rft.date=2017-12-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F22200%2F22266%2F22266.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/603323/Transylvania">"Transylvania"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-06-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transylvania&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F603323%2FTransylvania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Grand+Principality+of+Transylvania">Transylvania</a>; The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, Columbia University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnikö_Baga2007" class="citation book cs1">Enikö Baga (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=q0cUaf5F3UQC&pg=PA46"><i>Towards a Romanian Silicon Valley?: Local Development in Post-Socialist Europe</i></a>. Campus Verlag. pp. 46–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-593-38126-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-593-38126-8"><bdi>978-3-593-38126-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Towards+a+Romanian+Silicon+Valley%3F%3A+Local+Development+in+Post-Socialist+Europe&rft.pages=46-&rft.pub=Campus+Verlag&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-3-593-38126-8&rft.au=Enik%C3%B6+Baga&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dq0cUaf5F3UQC%26pg%3DPA46&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-article-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-article_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jsri.ro/ojs/index.php/jsri/article/view/670">Religiones and Nationes in Transylvania During the 16th Century: Between Acceptance and Exclusion</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMircea_DogaruMihail_Zahariade1996" class="citation book cs1">Mircea Dogaru; Mihail Zahariade (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sYIsAQAAIAAJ&q=%22unio+trium+nationum%22+%22saxon+patricians%22"><i>History of the Romanians: From the origins to the modern age, Vol. 1 of History of the Romanians</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Amco_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Amco Press (page does not exist)">Amco Press</a>. p. 148. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9739675598" title="Special:BookSources/978-9739675598"><bdi>978-9739675598</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Romanians%3A+From+the+origins+to+the+modern+age%2C+Vol.+1+of+History+of+the+Romanians&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Amco+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-9739675598&rft.au=Mircea+Dogaru&rft.au=Mihail+Zahariade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsYIsAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522unio%2Btrium%2Bnationum%2522%2B%2522saxon%2Bpatricians%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Foszto2007-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Foszto2007_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Foszto2007_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> László Fosztó: <i>Ritual Revitalisation After Socialism: Community, Personhood, and Conversion among Roma in a Transylvanian Village</i>, Halle-Wittenberg, 2007 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8KO1F62FnsC&dq=%22Union+of+the+Three+Nations%22+Transylvania&pg=PA44">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŞtefan_Pascu1990" class="citation book cs1">Ştefan Pascu (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LYXZAAAAMAAJ&q=%22not+represented+and+did+not+benefit+from+their+acts%22"><i>A History of Transylvania</i></a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dorset_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dorset Press (page does not exist)">Dorset Press</a>. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0880295260" title="Special:BookSources/978-0880295260"><bdi>978-0880295260</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Transylvania&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Dorset+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0880295260&rft.au=%C5%9Etefan+Pascu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLYXZAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522not%2Brepresented%2Band%2Bdid%2Bnot%2Bbenefit%2Bfrom%2Btheir%2Bacts%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLucian_Leuștean2014" class="citation book cs1">Lucian Leuștean (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Lu_nCwAAQBAJ&q=peasantry+%22Unio+Trium+Nationum%22&pg=PA132"><i>Orthodox Christianity and Nationalism in Nineteenth-century Southeastern Europe</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0823256068" title="Special:BookSources/978-0823256068"><bdi>978-0823256068</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orthodox+Christianity+and+Nationalism+in+Nineteenth-century+Southeastern+Europe&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0823256068&rft.au=Lucian+Leu%C8%99tean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLu_nCwAAQBAJ%26q%3Dpeasantry%2B%2522Unio%2BTrium%2BNationum%2522%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsukovits2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Csukovits, Enikő (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epa.oszk.hu/00900/00979/00307/pdf/006.pdf"><i>Késő középkori leírások Erdély-képe</i></a> [<i>Image of Transylvania in late medieval descriptions</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Hungarian). <q>In hac sunt quatuor diverso genere nationes: Hungari, Siculi, Saxones, Walachi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C3%A9s%C5%91+k%C3%B6z%C3%A9pkori+le%C3%ADr%C3%A1sok+Erd%C3%A9ly-k%C3%A9pe&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Csukovits&rft.aufirst=Enik%C5%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepa.oszk.hu%2F00900%2F00979%2F00307%2Fpdf%2F006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:142-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:142_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlahus" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Olahus, Nicolaus. <a 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Hungarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ol%C3%A1h+Mikl%C3%B3s%3A+Hung%C3%A1ria&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Szigethy&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.niif.hu%2F06000%2F06072%2Fhtml%2Fgmolah0003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nyárády R. Károly – Erdély népesedéstörténete c. kéziratos munkájábol. Megjelent: A Központi Statisztikai Hivatal Népességtudományi Kutató Intézetenek történeti demográfiai füzetei. 3. sz. Budapest, 1987. 7–55. p., Erdélyi Múzeum. LIX, 1997. 1–2. füz. 1–39. p.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stm.unipi.it/clioh/tabs/libri/9/08-pop_111-124.pdf">Nations and Denominations in Transylvania (13th–16th Century), Universita di Pisa, Dipartimento di Storia</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110718141520/http://www.stm.unipi.it/clioh/tabs/libri/9/08-pop_111-124.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (PDF) . Retrieved on 2012-06-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/bitstream/123456789/48240/1/Pop%2bIoan%2bAurel-Romanii%2bsi%2bnatiunile-2009.pdf">Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2009) - Românii și Națiunile (Nationes) Transilvănene în secolele XVI și XVII: Între excludere și acceptare</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Testimonies-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Testimonies_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPop2010" class="citation book cs1">Pop, Ioan-Aurel (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/bitstream/123456789/48264/1/Pop%2bIoan%2bAurel-Testimonies%2bon%2bthe%2bEthno-Confessional-2010.pdf"><i>Testimonies on the ethno-confessional structure of medieval Transylvania and Hungary (9th-14th centuries)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Transylvanian Review, 2010, vol. 19, supplement No. 1, pp. 9–41<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-12-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Testimonies+on+the+ethno-confessional+structure+of+medieval+Transylvania+and+Hungary+%289th-14th+centuries%29&rft.pub=Transylvanian+Review%2C+2010%2C+vol.+19%2C+supplement+No.+1%2C+pp.+9%E2%80%9341&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Pop&rft.aufirst=Ioan-Aurel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdspace.bcucluj.ro%2Fbitstream%2F123456789%2F48264%2F1%2FPop%252bIoan%252bAurel-Testimonies%252bon%252bthe%252bEthno-Confessional-2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bolovan-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bolovan_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolovan_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolovan_41-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bolovan_41-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/bitstream/123456789/47875/3/Bolovan%2BIoan-Transilvania%2Bpana%2Bla%2Bprimul%2Brazboi%2Bmondial-2009.pdf">Transilvania pana la Primul Razboi Mondial</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kocsis-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kocsis_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kocsis_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&pg=PA102">p. 102 (Table 19) </a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_43-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_43-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosztin2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kosztin, Árpád (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.hu/1806879-Kosztin-arpad-magy-ar-tervesztes-roman-ternyeres-erdelyben.html"><i>Magyar térvesztés, román térnyerés Erdélyben</i></a> [<i>Hungarian loss of space, Romanian win of space in Transylvania</i>] (in Hungarian). Biró Family. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9289-60-4" title="Special:BookSources/963-9289-60-4"><bdi>963-9289-60-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magyar+t%C3%A9rveszt%C3%A9s%2C+rom%C3%A1n+t%C3%A9rnyer%C3%A9s+Erd%C3%A9lyben&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Bir%C3%B3+Family&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=963-9289-60-4&rft.aulast=Kosztin&rft.aufirst=%C3%81rp%C3%A1d&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.hu%2F1806879-Kosztin-arpad-magy-ar-tervesztes-roman-ternyeres-erdelyben.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSándor1890" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Sándor, Szilágyi (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-eod.mtak.hu/1136/12/TorokkorErdelyiFejedelemseg_0262_Erdely_es_az_eszakkeleti_haboru_1_398.pdf"><i>Erdély és az északkeleti háború – Levelek és okiratok (Transylvania and the Northeastern War – Letters and Diplomas)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Latin). Budapest. pp. 255–256.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Erd%C3%A9ly+%C3%A9s+az+%C3%A9szakkeleti+h%C3%A1bor%C3%BA+%E2%80%93+Levelek+%C3%A9s+okiratok+%28Transylvania+and+the+Northeastern+War+%E2%80%93+Letters+and+Diplomas%29&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=255-256&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1ndor&rft.aufirst=Szil%C3%A1gyi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-eod.mtak.hu%2F1136%2F12%2FTorokkorErdelyiFejedelemseg_0262_Erdely_es_az_eszakkeleti_haboru_1_398.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miklós Molnár, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?ei=zP59T6zgJtD68QPH7YjFDg&id=y0g4YEp7ZrsC">A Concise History of Hungary</a>, Cambridge University Press, 2001, p. 113</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis P. Hupchick. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ycNApODqgRUC&q=Conflict+and+Chaos+in+Eastern+Europe++De+Dennis+P.+Hupchick"><i>Conflict and Chaos in Eastern Europe</i></a> p. 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_W._White2000" class="citation book cs1">George W. White (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-7TgkO8utHIC&pg=PA132"><i>Nationalism and Territory: Constructing Group Identity in Southeastern Europe</i></a>. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 132–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9809-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8476-9809-7"><bdi>978-0-8476-9809-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism+and+Territory%3A+Constructing+Group+Identity+in+Southeastern+Europe&rft.pages=132-&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8476-9809-7&rft.au=George+W.+White&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-7TgkO8utHIC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIon_ArdeleanuArhivele_Statului_(Romania)Biblioteca_Centrală_de_Stat_a_Republicii_Socialiste_România1983" class="citation book cs1">Ion Ardeleanu; Arhivele Statului (Romania); Biblioteca Centrală de Stat a Republicii Socialiste România (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67RBAAAAYAAJ"><i>Mihai Viteazul în conștiința europeană: ediție de documente</i></a>. Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mihai+Viteazul+%C3%AEn+con%C8%99tiin%C8%9Ba+european%C4%83%3A+edi%C8%9Bie+de+documente&rft.pub=Editura+Academiei+Republicii+Socialiste+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft.date=1983&rft.au=Ion+Ardeleanu&rft.au=Arhivele+Statului+%28Romania%29&rft.au=Biblioteca+Central%C4%83+de+Stat+a+Republicii+Socialiste+Rom%C3%A2nia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D67RBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Louis_Roman-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_Roman_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_Roman_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Louis_Roman_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Roman1999" class="citation magazine cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Louis Roman (1999). "Românii transilvăneni în secolele XVI–XVII: o abordare demoistorică". <i>Revista Istorică, tomul IX, nr. 3–4</i> (in Romanian). Editura Academiei Române. pp. 188, 192–193, 196.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Istoric%C4%83%2C+tomul+IX%2C+nr.+3%E2%80%934&rft.atitle=Rom%C3%A2nii+transilv%C4%83neni+%C3%AEn+secolele+XVI%E2%80%93XVII%3A+o+abordare+demoistoric%C4%83&rft.pages=188%2C+192-193%2C+196&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Louis+Roman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVárkonyi2001" class="citation book cs1">Várkonyi, Ágnes R. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/230.html">"Demographic Change"</a>. <i>History of Transylvania Volume II. From 1606 to 1830 – VI. The Last Decades of the Independent Principality (1660–1711) – 2. Economic Reorganization and Social Transformation</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-491-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-491-6"><bdi>0-88033-491-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demographic+Change&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania+Volume+II.+From+1606+to+1830+%E2%80%93+VI.+The+Last+Decades+of+the+Independent+Principality+%281660%E2%80%931711%29+%E2%80%93+2.+Economic+Reorganization+and+Social+Transformation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press%2C+%28The+Hungarian+original+by+Institute+of+History+of+the+Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-88033-491-6&rft.aulast=V%C3%A1rkonyi&rft.aufirst=%C3%81gnes+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F230.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_51-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_51-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrócsányi2001" class="citation book cs1">Trócsányi, Zsolt (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/280.html">"Demographic Changes"</a>. <i>History of Transylvania Volume II. From 1606 to 1830 - VII. A New Regime and an Altered Ethnic Pattern (1711–1770) – 2. Society and the Economy After the Peace of Szatmár</i>. New York: Columbia University Press, (The Hungarian original by Institute of History Of The Hungarian Academy of Sciences). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88033-491-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-88033-491-6"><bdi>0-88033-491-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Demographic+Changes&rft.btitle=History+of+Transylvania+Volume+II.+From+1606+to+1830+-+VII.+A+New+Regime+and+an+Altered+Ethnic+Pattern+%281711%E2%80%931770%29+%E2%80%93+2.+Society+and+the+Economy+After+the+Peace+of+Szatm%C3%A1r&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press%2C+%28The+Hungarian+original+by+Institute+of+History+Of+The+Hungarian+Academy+of+Sciences%29&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-88033-491-6&rft.aulast=Tr%C3%B3cs%C3%A1nyi&rft.aufirst=Zsolt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F03400%2F03407%2Fhtml%2F280.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mek.niif.hu/03400/03407/html/280.html">Demographic Changes</a>. Mek.niif.hu. Retrieved on 2012-06-01.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_53-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_53-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlorin_Pintescu2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Florin Pintescu (2004). <i>Românii din Transilvania la sfârşitul secolului XVI şi începutul secolului XVII</i> (in Romanian). Suceava: Editura Universității Suceava. pp. 36, 38, 42–43, 112–113.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rom%C3%A2nii+din+Transilvania+la+sf%C3%A2r%C5%9Fitul+secolului+XVI+%C5%9Fi+%C3%AEnceputul+secolului+XVII&rft.place=Suceava&rft.pages=36%2C+38%2C+42-43%2C+112-113&rft.pub=Editura+Universit%C4%83%C8%9Bii+Suceava&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Florin+Pintescu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosztin2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kosztin, Árpád (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.hu/1806879-Kosztin-arpad-magy-ar-tervesztes-roman-ternyeres-erdelyben.html"><i>Magyar térvesztés, román térnyerés Erdélyben</i></a> [<i>Hungarian loss of space, Romanian win of space in Transylvania</i>] (in Hungarian). Budapest. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9289-60-4" title="Special:BookSources/963-9289-60-4"><bdi>963-9289-60-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magyar+t%C3%A9rveszt%C3%A9s%2C+rom%C3%A1n+t%C3%A9rnyer%C3%A9s+Erd%C3%A9lyben&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=82&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=963-9289-60-4&rft.aulast=Kosztin&rft.aufirst=%C3%81rp%C3%A1d&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.hu%2F1806879-Kosztin-arpad-magy-ar-tervesztes-roman-ternyeres-erdelyben.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÇelebi" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Çelebi, Evliya. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muhaz.org/gunumuz-turkcesiyle-evliya-celebi-seyahatnamesi-v3.html?page=32"><i>Evlia Celebi Turkish world traveler's trips to Hungary</i></a> (in Turkish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Evlia+Celebi+Turkish+world+traveler%27s+trips+to+Hungary&rft.aulast=%C3%87elebi&rft.aufirst=Evliya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuhaz.org%2Fgunumuz-turkcesiyle-evliya-celebi-seyahatnamesi-v3.html%3Fpage%3D32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarácson" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Karácson, Imre. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/15500/15597/15597.pdf"><i>Seyahatnâme</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Hungarian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seyahatn%C3%A2me&rft.aulast=Kar%C3%A1cson&rft.aufirst=Imre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmek.oszk.hu%2F15500%2F15597%2F15597.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_57-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosztin2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Kosztin, Árpád (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://docplayer.hu/1806879-Kosztin-arpad-magy-ar-tervesztes-roman-ternyeres-erdelyben.html"><i>Magyar térvesztés, román térnyerés Erdélyben</i></a> [<i>Hungarian loss of space, Romanian win of space in Transylvania</i>] (in Hungarian). Budapest. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-9289-60-4" title="Special:BookSources/963-9289-60-4"><bdi>963-9289-60-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magyar+t%C3%A9rveszt%C3%A9s%2C+rom%C3%A1n+t%C3%A9rnyer%C3%A9s+Erd%C3%A9lyben&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=83&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=963-9289-60-4&rft.aulast=Kosztin&rft.aufirst=%C3%81rp%C3%A1d&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdocplayer.hu%2F1806879-Kosztin-arpad-magy-ar-tervesztes-roman-ternyeres-erdelyben.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:10_58-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_58-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_58-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_58-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_58-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:10_58-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFȘtefan_Meteș1925" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ștefan Meteș (1925). <i>Emigrări românești din Transilvania în secolele XIII–XX. (Cercetări de demografie istorică)</i> (in Romanian). pp. 35–41, 102, 156.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emigr%C4%83ri+rom%C3%A2ne%C8%99ti+din+Transilvania+%C3%AEn+secolele+XIII%E2%80%93XX.+%28Cercet%C4%83ri+de+demografie+istoric%C4%83%29&rft.pages=35-41%2C+102%2C+156&rft.date=1925&rft.au=%C8%98tefan+Mete%C8%99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:11_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:11_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVlad_Georgescu1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vlad Georgescu (1995). <i>Istoria românilor de la origini pînă în zilele noastre</i> (in Romanian). Bucharest: Editura Humanitas. pp. 34–35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789732805480" title="Special:BookSources/9789732805480"><bdi>9789732805480</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istoria+rom%C3%A2nilor+de+la+origini+p%C3%AEn%C4%83+%C3%AEn+zilele+noastre&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pages=34-35&rft.pub=Editura+Humanitas&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9789732805480&rft.au=Vlad+Georgescu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Prodan1968" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">David Prodan (1968). <i>Iobăgia în Transilvania în secolul al XVI-lea</i> (in Romanian). Vol. 2. Bucharest: Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iob%C4%83gia+%C3%AEn+Transilvania+%C3%AEn+secolul+al+XVI-lea&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pub=Editura+%C8%98tiin%C8%9Bific%C4%83+%C8%99i+Enciclopedic%C4%83&rft.date=1968&rft.au=David+Prodan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?frd/cstdy:@field(DOCID+hu0021)"><i>A Country Study: Hungary</i></a>. Federal Research Division, <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-01-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Country+Study%3A+Hungary&rft.pub=Federal+Research+Division%2C+Library+of+Congress&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flcweb2.loc.gov%2Fcgi-bin%2Fquery%2Fr%3Ffrd%2Fcstdy%3A%40field%28DOCID%2Bhu0021%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APrincipality+of+Transylvania+%281570%E2%80%931711%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304041814/http://dspace.bcucluj.ro/bitstream/123456789/48157/1/Pop%20Ioan%20Aurel-Ethnic%20and%20religious%20mentalities-1995.pdf">Ethnic and Religious Mentalities in Transylvania during the time of Nicolaus Olahus</a> at bcucluj.ro</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/">History of Transylvania, Volume I–III</a></i> (2001–2002<i>)</i></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output 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style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire">Administrative divisions of the Ottoman Empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="c._1365_–_1867_(eyalets)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1365</span> – 1867 (<a href="/wiki/Eyalet" title="Eyalet">eyalets</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Algeria">Algiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Egypt" title="Ottoman Egypt">Egypt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_the_Muhammad_Ali_dynasty" title="History of Egypt under the Muhammad Ali dynasty">Muhammad Ali dynasty</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habesh_Eyalet" title="Habesh Eyalet">Habesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Tunis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Eyalet" title="Adana Eyalet">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidin_Eyalet" title="Aidin Eyalet">Aidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolia_Eyalet" title="Anatolia Eyalet">Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara_Eyalet" title="Ankara Eyalet">Ankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childir_Eyalet" title="Childir Eyalet">Childir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbekir_Eyalet" title="Diyarbekir Eyalet">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulkadir_Eyalet" title="Dulkadir Eyalet">Dulkadir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Eyalet" title="Erzurum Eyalet">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdavendig%C3%A2r_Eyalet" title="Hüdavendigâr Eyalet">Hüdavendigâr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaman_Eyalet" title="Karaman Eyalet">Karaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kars_Eyalet" title="Kars Eyalet">Kars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Eyalet" title="Kastamonu Eyalet">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Eyalet" title="Kurdistan Eyalet">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%BBm_Eyalet" title="Rûm Eyalet">Rum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Eyalet" title="Trebizond Eyalet">Trebizond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyalet of Van">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_Adrianople" title="Eyalet of Adrianople">Adrianople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eyalet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Eyalet of the Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Eyalet" title="Bosnia Eyalet">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budin_Eyalet" title="Budin Eyalet">Budin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E%C4%9Fri_Eyalet" title="Eğri Eyalet">Egir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herzegovina_Eyalet" title="Herzegovina Eyalet">Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanije_Eyalet" title="Kanije Eyalet">Kanije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kefe_Eyalet" title="Kefe Eyalet">Kefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morea_Eyalet" title="Morea Eyalet">Morea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%A1_Eyalet" title="Niš Eyalet">Niš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podolia_Eyalet" title="Podolia Eyalet">Podolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonica_Eyalet" title="Salonica Eyalet">Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silistra_Eyalet" title="Silistra Eyalet">Silistra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teme%C5%9Fvar_Eyalet" title="Temeşvar Eyalet">Temeşvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uyvar_Eyalet" title="Uyvar Eyalet">Uyvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varat_Eyalet" title="Varat Eyalet">Varat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widdin_Eyalet" class="mw-redirect" title="Widdin Eyalet">Widdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ioannina_Eyalet" title="Ioannina Eyalet">Yanina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Eyalet" title="Aleppo Eyalet">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Cyprus" title="Ottoman Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Damascus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Sanjak" title="Jerusalem Sanjak">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidon_Eyalet" title="Sidon Eyalet">Sidon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Emirate" class="mw-redirect" title="Mount Lebanon Emirate">Mount Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripoli_Eyalet" title="Tripoli Eyalet">Tripoli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Eyalet" title="Yemen Eyalet">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lahsa_Eyalet" title="Lahsa Eyalet">Lahsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesopotamia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Eyalet" title="Baghdad Eyalet">Baghdad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk of Iraq</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Eyalet" title="Mosul Eyalet">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_Eyalet" title="Basra Eyalet">Basra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakka_Eyalet" title="Rakka Eyalet">Rakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shahrizor_Eyalet" title="Shahrizor Eyalet">Shahrizor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1867–1922_(vilayets_and_mutasarrıfates)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1867–1922 (<a href="/wiki/Vilayet" title="Vilayet">vilayets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mutasarr%C4%B1f" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutasarrıf">mutasarrıfates</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tripolitania" title="Ottoman Tripolitania">Tripolitania</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Anatolia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adana Vilayet">Adana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aidin_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aidin Vilayet">Aidin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angora_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Angora Vilayet">Angora</a> (Ankara)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilayet_of_the_Archipelago" title="Vilayet of the Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bitlis_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bitlis Vilayet">Bitlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople Vilayet">Constantinople</a> (Istanbul)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diyarbekir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Diyarbekir Vilayet">Diyarbekir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erzurum_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Erzurum Vilayet">Erzurum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCdavendig%C3%A2r_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüdavendigâr Vilayet">Hüdavendigâr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kastamonu_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kastamonu Vilayet">Kastamonu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konya_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Konya Vilayet">Konya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamuret-ul-Aziz_vilayet" title="Mamuret-ul-Aziz vilayet">Mamuret-ul-Aziz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sivas_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sivas Vilayet">Sivas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trebizond_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Trebizond Vilayet">Trebizond</a> (Trabzon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Van Vilayet">Van</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrianople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople Vilayet">Adrianople</a> (Edirne)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosnia Vilayet">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantinople_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantinople Vilayet">Constantinople</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danube_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Danube Vilayet">Danube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janina_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Janina Vilayet">Janina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manastir_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Manastir Vilayet">Manastir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salonica_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Salonica Vilayet">Salonica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scutari_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Scutari Vilayet">Scutari</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Levant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aleppo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleppo Vilayet">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beirut_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Beirut Vilayet">Beirut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Lebanon_Mutasarrifate" title="Mount Lebanon Mutasarrifate">Mount Lebanon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria Vilayet">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutasarrifate_of_Jerusalem" title="Mutasarrifate of Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Vilayet">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Yemen Vilayet">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mesopotamia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Baghdad Vilayet">Baghdad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosul_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosul Vilayet">Mosul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basra_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Basra Vilayet">Basra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vassals_and_autonomies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vassal_and_tributary_states_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Vassal and tributary states of the Ottoman Empire">Vassals</a> and autonomies</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Vassals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_Hetmanate" title="Cossack Hetmanate">Cossack Hetmanate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Ukraine" title="Ottoman Ukraine">Ottoman Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimean Khanate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Kazan" title="Khanate of Kazan">Khanate of Kazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Principality of Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharifate_of_Mecca" title="Sharifate of Mecca">Sharifate of Mecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth</a> (1672–1676)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Syrmia_of_Radoslav_%C4%8Celnik" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Syrmia of Radoslav Čelnik">Duchy of Syrmia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallachia" title="Wallachia">Principality of Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Principalities" class="mw-redirect" title="United Principalities">Principality of Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Bulgaria" title="Principality of Bulgaria">Principality of Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Kingdom of Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septinsular_Republic" title="Septinsular Republic">Septinsular Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khedivate_of_Egypt" title="Khedivate of Egypt">Khedivate of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_emirates" title="Kurdish emirates">Kurdish emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_dynasty_(Iraq)" title="Mamluk dynasty (Iraq)">Mamluk of Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rumelia" title="Eastern Rumelia">Eastern Rumelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Principality of Samos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fiefdoms_of_Poland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fiefdoms_of_Poland" title="Template:Fiefdoms of Poland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fiefdoms_of_Poland" title="Template talk:Fiefdoms of Poland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fiefdoms_of_Poland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fiefdoms of Poland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fiefdoms_of_Poland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fief" title="Fief">Fiefdoms</a> of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval district principalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Poland" title="Lesser Poland">Lesser Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seniorate_Province" title="Seniorate Province">Seniorate Province</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Krak%C3%B3w" title="Duchy of Kraków">Kraków</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sandomierz" title="Duchy of Sandomierz">Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Wi%C5%9Blica" title="Duchy of Wiślica">Wiślica</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Poland" title="Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Greater_Poland" title="Duchy of Greater Poland">Greater Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pozna%C5%84" title="Duchy of Poznań">Poznań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gniezno" title="Duchy of Gniezno">Gniezno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kalisz" title="Duchy of Kalisz">Kalisz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Wielu%C5%84" title="Duchy of Wieluń">Wieluń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Masovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Masovia">Masovia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Masovia" title="Duchy of Masovia">Masovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Czersk" title="Duchy of Czersk">Czersk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_P%C5%82ock" title="Duchy of Płock">Płock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Warsaw_(Middle_Ages)" title="Duchy of Warsaw (Middle Ages)">Warsaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Rawa" title="Duchy of Rawa">Rawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Belz" title="Duchy of Belz">Belz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Wizna" title="Duchy of Wizna">Wizna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kuyavia" title="Kuyavia">Kuyavia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kuyavia" title="Duchy of Kuyavia">Kuyavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brze%C5%9B%C4%87_Kujawski" title="Duchy of Brześć Kujawski">Brześć Kujawski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Inowroc%C5%82aw" title="Duchy of Inowrocław">Inowrocław</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bydgoszcz_and_Wyszogr%C3%B3d" title="Duchy of Bydgoszcz and Wyszogród">Bydgoszcz and Wyszogród</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Gniewkowo" title="Duchy of Gniewkowo">Gniewkowo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Dobrzy%C5%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy of Dobrzyń (page does not exist)">Dobrzyń</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C5%81%C4%99czyca_Land" title="Łęczyca Land">Łęczyca</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sieradz_Land" title="Sieradz Land">Sieradz Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%81%C4%99czyca" title="Duchy of Łęczyca">Łęczyca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Sieradz" title="Duchy of Sieradz">Sieradz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Silesia" title="Silesia">Silesia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lubusz_Land" title="Lubusz Land">Lubusz Land</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Silesia" title="Duchy of Silesia">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Opole" title="Duchy of Opole">Opole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Racib%C3%B3rz" title="Duchy of Racibórz">Racibórz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_G%C5%82og%C3%B3w" title="Duchy of Głogów">Głogów</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lubusz" title="Duchy of Lubusz">Lubusz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Legnica" title="Duchy of Legnica">Legnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Jawor" title="Duchy of Jawor">Jawor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_%C5%BBaga%C5%84" title="Duchy of Żagań">Żagań</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Bytom" title="Duchy of Bytom">Bytom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Lw%C3%B3wek" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Lwówek">Lwówek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Cieszyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Cieszyn">Cieszyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brzeg" title="Duchy of Brzeg">Brzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Siewierz" title="Duchy of Siewierz">Siewierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Ole%C5%9Bnica" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Oleśnica">Oleśnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Duchy of Oświęcim">Oświęcim</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pomerania" title="Pomerania">Pomerania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stargard" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stargard">Pomerania-Stargard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomerania-Stolp" class="mw-redirect" title="Pomerania-Stolp">Pomerania-Słupsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerelia" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Pomerelia">Pomerelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%99bork_and_Byt%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lębork and Bytów">Lębork and Bytów</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other medieval fiefs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Kopanica" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchy of Kopanica">Kopanica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldership_of_Spisz" title="Eldership of Spisz">Spisz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Che%C5%82m&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy of Chełm (page does not exist)">Chełm</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Duchy_of_Volodymyr&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Duchy of Volodymyr (page does not exist)">Volodymyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Podolia" title="Duchy of Podolia">Podolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Moldavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wallachia" class="mw-redirect" title="Principality of Wallachia">Wallachia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feodosia" title="Feodosia">Caffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince-Bishopric_of_Warmia" title="Prince-Bishopric of Warmia">Prince-Bishopric of Warmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Teutonic_Order" title="State of the Teutonic Order">State of the Teutonic Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early modern fiefs of the <br /><a href="/wiki/Crown_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland" title="Crown of the Kingdom of Poland">Crown of the Kingdom of Poland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Masovia" title="Duchy of Masovia">Duchy of Masovia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Prussia" title="Duchy of Prussia">Duchy of Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Siewierz" title="Duchy of Siewierz">Duchy of Siewierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_O%C5%9Bwi%C4%99cim" title="Duchy of Oświęcim">Duchy of Oświęcim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Zator" title="Duchy of Zator">Duchy of Zator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Troppau" title="Duchy of Troppau">Duchy of Troppau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%99bork_and_Byt%C3%B3w" class="mw-redirect" title="Lębork and Bytów">Lębork and Bytów</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="With_the_Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">With the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Lithuania" title="Grand Duchy of Lithuania">Grand Duchy of Lithuania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Duchy of Courland and Semigallia</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655621#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655621#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q655621#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/165349007">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJwHdTggf7cFkRDgyd7j4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81020213">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007552599005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="metadata coord-missing"></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" 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