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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Roman conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Consolidation_and_establishment_of_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consolidation_and_establishment_of_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Consolidation and establishment of administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Consolidation_and_establishment_of_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Flavians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Flavians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Under the Flavians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Flavians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Antonines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Antonines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Under the Antonines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Antonines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_the_Severans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_the_Severans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Under the Severans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_the_Severans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Administration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Loss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Roman_rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Roman_rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>After Roman rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Roman_rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cities_and_auxiliary_forts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cities_and_auxiliary_forts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cities and auxiliary forts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cities_and_auxiliary_forts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Slavery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slavery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Slavery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slavery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pannonia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pannonia" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%93%E1%8A%96%E1%8A%92%E1%8B%AB" title="ፓኖኒያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፓኖኒያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A7_(%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9)" title="بانونيا (مقاطعة رومانية) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بانونيا (مقاطعة رومانية)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonia" title="Panonia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Panonia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonia" title="Panonia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Panonia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoniya" title="Pannoniya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pannoniya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Панонія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Панонія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Панония – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Панония" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonija_(rimska_provincija)" title="Panonija (rimska provincija) – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Panonija (rimska provincija)" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Pannonia" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pann%C3%B2nia" title="Pannònia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pannònia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Паннони – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Паннони" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonie" title="Panonie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Panonie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Pannonia" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonien" title="Pannonien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pannonien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_(Provinz)" title="Pannonia (Provinz) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pannonia (Provinz)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoonia" title="Pannoonia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pannoonia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Παννονία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παννονία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonia" title="Panonia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Panonia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonio" title="Panonio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Panonio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonia" title="Panonia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Panonia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="پانونیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پانونیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonie" title="Pannonie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pannonie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoanje" title="Pannoanje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pannoanje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Phan%C3%B3in" title="An Phanóin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Phanóin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pannonia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%90%EB%85%B8%EB%8B%88%EC%95%84_%EC%86%8D%EC%A3%BC" title="판노니아 속주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="판노니아 속주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="पन्नोनिया – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पन्नोनिया" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonija" title="Panonija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Panonija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonia" title="Panonia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Panonia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonia" title="Panonia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Panonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provincia_Pannonia" title="Provincia Pannonia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Provincia Pannonia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_(provincia_romana)" title="Pannonia (provincia romana) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pannonia (provincia romana)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%94" title="פאנוניה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאנוניה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="პანონია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პანონია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Паннония – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Паннония" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonia" title="Panonia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Panonia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pannonia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonija" title="Panonija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Panonija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonija" title="Panonija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Panonija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonia" title="Panonia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Panonia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_(provincia)" title="Pannonia (provincia) – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pannonia (provincia)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Панонија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Панонија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C3%B4nia" title="Panônia – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Panônia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonia" title="Panonia – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Panonia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoni%C3%AB" title="Pannonië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pannonië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%83%8E%E3%83%8B%E3%82%A2" title="パンノニア – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パンノニア" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Pannonia" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pannonia" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pannonia" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C3%B2nia" title="Panònia – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Panònia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannoniya" title="Pannoniya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Pannoniya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonia" title="Panonia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Panonia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C3%B4nia" title="Panônia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Panônia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonia" title="Panonia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Panonia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Паннония – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Паннония" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Паннония – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Паннония" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Pannonia" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonia" title="Panonia – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Panonia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pannonia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C3%B3nia_(r%C3%ADmska_provincia)" title="Panónia (rímska provincia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Panónia (rímska provincia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonija_(rimska_provinca)" title="Panonija (rimska provinca) – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Panonija (rimska provinca)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Панонија – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Панонија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panonija" title="Panonija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Panonija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia_(provinssi)" title="Pannonia (provinssi) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pannonia (provinssi)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonien" title="Pannonien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pannonien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="พันโนเนีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พันโนเนีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pannonia" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%8F_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Паннонія (провінція) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Паннонія (провінція)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pannonia" title="Pannonia – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pannonia" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="潘诺尼亚 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="潘诺尼亚" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%98%E8%AF%BA%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A" title="潘诺尼亚 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="潘诺尼亚" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q170062#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pannonia" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Pannonia" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page 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19.0200</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia_(Roman_province)&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonia (Roman province)">Pannonia (Roman province)</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Province of the Roman Empire (8/9 - 433 AD)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pannonia (disambiguation)">Pannonia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pannonia" title="Special:EditPage/Pannonia">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Pannonia%22">"Pannonia"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Pannonia%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Pannonia%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Pannonia%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Pannonia%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Pannonia%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 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.ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Provincia Pannonia</span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">8/9 – 433 AD</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Pannonia01b.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pannonia01b.png/220px-Pannonia01b.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pannonia01b.png/330px-Pannonia01b.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Pannonia01b.png/440px-Pannonia01b.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="898" /></a></span><br />Province of Pannonia in the first century AD</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Carnuntum" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Szombathely" title="Szombathely">Savaria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aquincum" title="Aquincum">Aquincum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Poetovio" class="mw-redirect" title="Poetovio">Poetovio</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pannonian" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Pannonian">Pannonian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Classical antiquity</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Established via separation from <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">8/9 </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• The <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> officially cedes Pannonia to the <a href="/wiki/Hunnic_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunnic Empire">Hunnic Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"> 433 AD</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Pannonia</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span></span>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Latin:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="la-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">[panˈnɔnia]</a></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">province</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> bounded on the north and east by the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>, on the west by <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> and upper <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a>, and on the southward by <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a> and upper <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>. It included the modern regions western <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, eastern <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, north-western <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Early_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Iron Age">Early Iron Age</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transdanubia" title="Transdanubia">Transdanubia</a> was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Pannonians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonians">Pannonians</a> or Pannonii,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a collection of <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrian</a> tribes. The <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> invaded in the <a href="/wiki/Late_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Iron Age">Late Iron Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman_culture" title="Gallo-Roman culture">Gallo-Roman</a> historian <a href="/wiki/Pompeius_Trogus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pompeius Trogus">Pompeius Trogus</a> writes that the Celts met with heavy resistance from the locals and were not able to overrun the southern part of Transdanubia. Some tribes advanced as far as <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, with the Scordisci settling in <a href="/wiki/Syrmia" title="Syrmia">Syrmia</a> (279 BC) upon being forced to withdraw.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrogmayer198081_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrogmayer198081-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The arrival of the Celts in Transdanubia disrupted the flow of amber from the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltic Sea region">Baltic Sea region</a>, through the <a href="/wiki/Amber_Road" title="Amber Road">Amber Road</a>, to the Illyrians.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992225_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992225-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They founded many villages. Those that held prominent economic significance developed into <i><a href="/wiki/Oppidum" title="Oppidum">oppida</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrogmayer198081_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETrogmayer198081-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Independent tribes minted their own coins with the faces of their leaders. These were at first modelled on Macedonian and, later, <a href="/wiki/Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman currency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Upon the Scordisci's withdrawal and settlement, they and the <a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Dardania</a>) both became strong powers opposing each other. The Dardani consistently raided <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">Macedon</a> and developed close ties to Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a12_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a12-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V</a>, who was a vehement enemy of the Dardani, allied with the Scordisci and in 179 BC persuaded the <a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a> (at the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Delta" title="Danube Delta">Danube Delta</a>) to break into Italy and subdue them on the way. Despite Philip's <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cynoscephalae" title="Battle of Cynoscephalae">defeat</a> at the hands of the Romans in 197 BC and the <a href="/wiki/Dardanian%E2%80%93Bastarnic_war" title="Dardanian–Bastarnic war">failure</a> of the Bastarnae, in this time the Dardani's power crumbled under the pressure from the Macedonians and Scordisci. Finally, <a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus</a> annihilated them, giving way to hundred years of Scordisci hegemony in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. During this time, the tribe started raiding the new province of <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>, and —<a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a> says— expanded as far as <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_(kingdom)" title="Paeonia (kingdom)">Paeonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illyria" title="Illyria">Illyria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a13-14,_15_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a13-14,_15-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aquileia" title="Aquileia">Aquileia</a>'s foundation in 181 BC was the first step towards the Roman takeover of Pannonia. The town functioned as the starting station of the Amber Road and the starting point of attacks in that direction.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Scordisci, in alliance with the Dalmatae were in armed conflict with the Romans as early as 156 BC and 119 BC. In both wars, the Romans failed to take Siscia (now <a href="/wiki/Sisak" title="Sisak">Sisak</a>, Croatia), which laid in a key position.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After these setbacks, Rome instead turned towards Noricum which had both iron and silver mines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198090_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198090-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> As part of a new Celtic migration wave at the end of the 2nd century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a> left <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a> and established themselves as an important power at the Danube.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198086_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198086-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Posidonius" title="Posidonius">Posidonius</a>'s record of the <a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a> migration (preserved by Strabo), they were first repulsed by the Boii, then by the Scordisci, and then by the <a href="/wiki/Taurisci" title="Taurisci">Taurisci</a> towards the <a href="/wiki/Helvetii" title="Helvetii">Helvetii</a>. This describes the balance of power in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a16_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a16-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 1st century BC, the <a href="/wiki/Dacians" title="Dacians">Dacians</a> emerged as a new dominant power. While their hold on the area between the Danube and the <a href="/wiki/Tisza" title="Tisza">Tisza river</a> was loose, they had considerable influence in the territories beyond.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198087_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198087-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 88 BC, <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Scipio_Asiaticus_(consul_83_BC)" title="Lucius Cornelius Scipio Asiaticus (consul 83 BC)">Scipio Asiaticus</a> (consul 83 BC) defeated the Scordisci so badly that they retreated to the eastern part of Syrmia.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Taking advantage of this situation, the Dacian king <a href="/wiki/Burebista" title="Burebista">Burebista</a> vanquished them sometime between 65 and 50 BC, and subsequently the Boii<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Taurisci too. Thanks to the ebb of these entities, several local tribes regained their independence and influence.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In context of <a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI Eupator</a>'s unfulfilled plan to invade Italy from the north (64 BC), the territory he was to cross is noted to have belonged to the Pannonians.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Immediately after Burebista's death (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 44 BC</span>), <a href="/wiki/Dacia" title="Dacia">Dacia</a>'s kingdom dissolved too,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a21_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> leaving no entity in the region that Rome would make allowances for.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a22_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a22-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burebista%27s_campaigns.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Burebista's campaigns" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Burebista%27s_campaigns.png/220px-Burebista%27s_campaigns.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Burebista%27s_campaigns.png/330px-Burebista%27s_campaigns.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Burebista%27s_campaigns.png/440px-Burebista%27s_campaigns.png 2x" data-file-width="2492" data-file-height="1856" /></a><figcaption>The legend map showing Burebista's dominance over Pannonia</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Roman_conquest">Roman conquest</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Roman conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pannonia_popolazioni_png.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pannonia_popolazioni_png.png/220px-Pannonia_popolazioni_png.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pannonia_popolazioni_png.png/330px-Pannonia_popolazioni_png.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pannonia_popolazioni_png.png/440px-Pannonia_popolazioni_png.png 2x" data-file-width="1435" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>Peoples of Transdanubia and its surroundings prior to the Roman conquest</figcaption></figure> <p>The Pannonians were driven into conflict due to their support of the Dalmatae in their strife against Rome,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198089_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198089-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but weren't long-term and known enemies.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a24_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a24-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tribes north of the <a href="/wiki/Drava" title="Drava">Drava River</a> didn't participate in nor this, nor the subsequent fights.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198090_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198090-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 35 BC, <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a> led a campaign against the <a href="/wiki/Iapydes" class="mw-redirect" title="Iapydes">Iapydes</a> and the Pannonians,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETóth198320_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth198320-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which he captured Siscia in a month-long siege<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198088_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198088-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and occupied a large part of the <a href="/wiki/Sava" title="Sava">Sava River</a> valley. This was in accordance with Caesar's plan of creating a base for an invasion of Dacia, not realized due to his <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Julius_Caesar" title="Assassination of Julius Caesar">assassination</a>. However, Octavian only used the <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoax</a> of the "Dacian threat" as a pretense to gain control over a large amount of land in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Triumvirate" title="Second Triumvirate">Second Triumvirate</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 15 BC, the future-emperor <a href="/wiki/Tiberius" title="Tiberius">Tiberius</a> defeated the Scordisci, forcing them to become allies. This was in response to Pannonian and Scordisci incursions the previous year.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following events were part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a>'s efforts to reach the Danube<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a26_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a26-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and are sometimes known thematically as <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bellum_Pannonicum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bellum Pannonicum (page does not exist)">Bellum Pannonicum</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 14 BC, the Pannonians rose up. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vipsanius_Agrippa" title="Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa">Vipsanius Agrippa</a> was sent to the region after another rebellion in 13 BC. After his death the following year, the campaign was taken over by Tiberius,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who celebrated his <a href="/wiki/Roman_triumph" title="Roman triumph">triumph</a> in 11 BC. The province of <a href="/wiki/Illyricum_(Roman_province)" title="Illyricum (Roman province)">Illyricum</a> was established between the Sava and the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 10 BC, Tiberius returned to quell a new uprising of the Pannonians and Dalmatae.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETóth198321_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth198321-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After winning in 9 BC, he sold the youth of the Breuci and <a href="/wiki/Amantini" title="Amantini">Amantini</a> as slaves in Italy<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and held an <a href="/wiki/Ovation" title="Ovation">ovation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETóth198321_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth198321-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His operations between 12 and 9 BC included constant expeditions into territories north of the Drava and almost certainly brought the whole Transdanubia under Roman control even though there's no direct evidence to that.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Through Tiberius Nero, then my stepson and legate, I brought under Roman authority Pannonian peoples which no Roman army had approached before I became princeps and advanced the boundaries of lIIyricum to the bank of the Danube.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Res_Gestae_Divi_Augusti" title="Res Gestae Divi Augusti">Res Gestae Divi Augusti</a></i>, chapter 30<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992206_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992206-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote><p>Pannonia was invaded by the Dacians in 10 BC. The Romans launched campaigns through the Danube in order to secure it as the imperial border and defend the threatened new land. <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Domitius_Ahenobarbus_(consul_16_BC)" title="Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus (consul 16 BC)">Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus</a>'s (consul 16 BC) operation in 1 AD extended as far as the Elbe. In 10 AD, <a href="/wiki/Gnaeus_Cornelius_Lentulus_Augur" title="Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Augur">Cornelius Lentulus Augur</a> was able to debar not just the Dacians, but also the Sarmatians "from access to the Danube", says <a href="/wiki/Florus" title="Florus">Florus</a>. Locally more important was the offensive of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Vinicius_(consul_19_BC)" title="Marcus Vinicius (consul 19 BC)">Marcus Vinicius</a> against the tribes east of the <a href="/wiki/Danube_Bend" title="Danube Bend">Danube Bend</a>, showing an intent of "monopolizing" the Northern Transdanubian region politically. The last decade of the century saw the <a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a> under their king <a href="/wiki/Maroboduus" title="Maroboduus">Maroboduus</a>—settling north of Pannonia.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Augustus planned a two-sided attack on them, with one army approaching their territory from the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> and another one under Tiberius crossing the Danube at <a href="/wiki/Carnuntum" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before witnessing any result, Tiberius had to rush back in 6 AD and face a new uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The unfolding <i><a href="/wiki/Bellum_Batonianum" title="Bellum Batonianum">Bellum Batonianum</a></i> lasted for three years. The Breuci (under <a href="/wiki/Bato_the_Breucian" title="Bato the Breucian">Bato the Breucian</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Daesitiates" title="Daesitiates">Daesitiates</a> (under <a href="/wiki/Bato_the_Daesitiate" title="Bato the Daesitiate">Bato the Daesitiate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pinnes_(Pannonian_chieftain)" title="Pinnes (Pannonian chieftain)">Pinnes</a>) took the leading role, while the tribes north of the Drava stayed out again. The insurgents attempted to invade Italy and <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Roman_province)" title="Macedonia (Roman province)">Macedonia</a>, but due to their lack of success they united to besiege <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Sremska Mitrovica</a>, Serbia). There, <a href="/wiki/Caecina_Severus" class="mw-redirect" title="Caecina Severus">Caecina Severus</a> defeated the insurgents, who retreated into the <a href="/wiki/Fru%C5%A1ka_gora_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruška gora Mountains">Fruška gora Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He annihilated them the following year when they tried to intercept him on his way to join Tiberius at Siscia.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tiberius competently initiated a <a href="/wiki/Scorched-earth_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Scorched-earth policy">scorched-earth policy</a><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was unsatisfactory for Augustus, who sent more generals, including <a href="/wiki/Germanicus" title="Germanicus">Germanicus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plautius_Silvanus" class="mw-redirect" title="Plautius Silvanus">Plautius Silvanus</a> (consul 2 BC) to the <a href="/wiki/War_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="War theatre">war theatre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a43_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a43-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A capitulation was forced out in 8 AD, and Bato the Breucian delivered Pinnes to the Romans, becoming a vassal king of his tribe. However, the revolt flared up once again as the Daesitiates captured and executed Bato the Breucian, and persuaded his people to continue the resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Silvanus reconquered them and ousted Bato the Daesitiate into the <a href="/wiki/Dinaric_Alps" title="Dinaric Alps">Dinaric Alps</a>, where he laid down arms in 9 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consolidation_and_establishment_of_administration">Consolidation and establishment of administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Consolidation and establishment of administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Julio-Claudian_dynasty" title="Julio-Claudian dynasty">Julio-Claudian dynasty</a></div> <p>Illyricum was divided into <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a> (initially called Illyricum Superius) and Pannonia (initially Illyricum Inferius) in 8 or 9 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Suetonius" title="Suetonius">Suetonius</a>, with the <i>Bellum Batonianum</i>, Tiberius finally defeated all peoples between the Danube and the Adriatic Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198089_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198089-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No Illyrian resistance is known after this, not due to the natives' compliance with the new <i>status quo</i>, but due to their extreme exhaustion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992207-208_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992207-208-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eligible Pannonian youth were conscripted and commanded to other provinces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a44_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a44-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The communities taking part in the uprising were afterward relocated and organized into <i><a href="/wiki/Civitates" class="mw-redirect" title="Civitates">civitates</a></i> under military supervision.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETóth198321_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth198321-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The military occupation of Pannonia may have been carried out in gradual steps.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198090_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198090-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans felt it necessary to resettle certain tribes to the territory of the peoples north of the Drava, which, for them, had no economic, but strategic significance. Augustus formed a kind of alliance where the Romans would act as supervisors, and it was not until his death (14 AD) that <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> would be moved over from South Pannonia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198091_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198091-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second emperor Tiberius (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 17 – 37 AD</span>) founded multiple <i><a href="/wiki/Coloniae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloniae">coloniae</a></i> in the province and developed its road network.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, due to these land's unsuitability for cultivation, it was a hard task to persuade veterans to comply with settling there, and he had to silence a mutiny right when assuming power.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a45-46_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a45-46-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sent his son <a href="/wiki/Drusus_Julius_Caesar" title="Drusus Julius Caesar">Drusus Julius Caesar</a> to create tranquility and depose Maroboduus, who needed Roman support for his war against <a href="/wiki/Arminius" title="Arminius">Arminius</a>. This ultimately caused the rise of <a href="/wiki/Vannius" title="Vannius">Vannius</a> (20 AD), who ruled over an extended realm.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It was <a href="/wiki/Claudius" title="Claudius">Claudius</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 41 – 54 AD</span>) who finished Pannonia's occupation and began to construct of the local <i><a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a></i>. Systematic integration into the Empire accompanied by the establishment of settled Roman life progressed subsequently.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198092_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198092-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 50 AD, Vannius was overthrown by <a href="/wiki/Vangio_and_Sido" title="Vangio and Sido">Vangio and Sido</a>, who enjoyed the emperor's support.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By this date, the nomadic <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatian</a> population of the <a href="/wiki/Iazyges" title="Iazyges">Iazyges</a> had taken possession of the <a href="/wiki/Danube%E2%80%93Tisza_Interfluve" title="Danube–Tisza Interfluve">Danube–Tisza Interfluve</a>, helping the Romans by being a <a href="/wiki/Buffer_state" title="Buffer state">buffer state</a> against the dangerous Dacians.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At first, the primary goal of the Roman administration was the conclusion of the barbarian conflicts outside the province. In <a href="/wiki/Nero" title="Nero">Nero</a>'s time (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 54 – 68 AD</span>) as many as 100,000 barbarians were moved from Pannonia to Moesia by <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Plautius_Silvanus_Aelianus" title="Tiberius Plautius Silvanus Aelianus">Plautius Silvanus Aelianus</a>, and 50,000 may have been settled in Pannonia by <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tampius_Flavianus" title="Lucius Tampius Flavianus">Tampius Flavianus</a>. During his important governorship, money began to circulate in the Barbaricum and the line of the <i>limes</i> was stabilized.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198092_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198092-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Flavians">Under the Flavians</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Under the Flavians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Flavian_dynasty" title="Flavian dynasty">Flavian dynasty</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Four_Emperors" title="Year of the Four Emperors">Year of the Four Emperors</a> (69 AD) passed with peace in Pannonia. Flavianus declared for <a href="/wiki/Vespasian" title="Vespasian">Vespasian</a> and led his legions to Italy against <a href="/wiki/Vitellius" title="Vitellius">Vitellius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vespasian (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 69 – 79 AD</span>) invested greatly in the construction of the <i>limes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198092_59-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198092-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Discarding the Augustan strategy where the legions' role was with maintaining order in their provinces, the <a href="/wiki/Flavian_emperors" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavian emperors">Flavian emperors</a> continually moved them to the border. This way they were prevented from interfering in <a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">domestic policy</a>, while the conquests were already pacified.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a49,_85_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a49,_85-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Systematic circulation of money in the region situated north of the Drava shows that by this time Roman civilization had firmly taken root there.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198092_59-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198092-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Domitian" title="Domitian">Domitian</a>'s (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 81–96</span>) emperorship saw expensive wars with the barbarians, as a result of which the military emphasis shifted to the Danube frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the end of 85 or the beginning of 86, the reemerging Dacians under <a href="/wiki/Decebalus" title="Decebalus">Decebalus</a> raided <a href="/wiki/Moesia" title="Moesia">Moesia</a>, killing its governor and eradicating a legion. After a brief stay, Domitian left <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Fuscus" title="Cornelius Fuscus">Cornelius Fuscus</a> to deal with the situation. After clearing the province of raiders, Fuscus undertook a disastrous campaign and lost his life (86). Finally, in 88, <a href="/wiki/Tettius_Julianus" title="Tettius Julianus">Tettius Julianus</a> defeated Decebalus and the sides agreed to make peace.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a87_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a87-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vangio and Sido were most likely dead by now, the Marcomanni and <a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a> denied vassal duties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a88_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a88-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When the emperor's punitive expedition (partially sent through Dacian territory) was repelled in 89, he—despite the damages suffered—settled for mild terms with Decebalus, instead committing his forces elsewhere. In the same year, he held his triumphs over the Dacians and <a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a>, but not over the disloyal Danubian Germans. When the Romans started supporting the <a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> against them, they made a pact with the Iazyges. This produced another war, almost completely unknown except for another catastrophe and destruction of a legion at the hands of the nomads.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a89_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a89-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 92 or 93, he finished the war, but held only an <a href="/wiki/Ovation" title="Ovation">ovation</a>, indicating he probably had further plans in Pannonia.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Antonines">Under the Antonines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Under the Antonines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nerva%E2%80%93Antonine_dynasty" title="Nerva–Antonine dynasty">Nerva–Antonine dynasty</a></div> <p>We hear of war with the Danubian Germans again under <a href="/wiki/Nerva" title="Nerva">Nerva</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 96–98</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pannonia02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pannonia02.png/172px-Pannonia02.png" decoding="async" width="172" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pannonia02.png/258px-Pannonia02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pannonia02.png/344px-Pannonia02.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="898" /></a><figcaption>The divided Pannonia in the second century AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Between 103 and 107, <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 98–117</span>) executed the division of the province into <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Inferior" title="Pannonia Inferior">Pannonia Inferior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a>. This allowed the Empire to better combat the radically different Germanic and Sarmatian tribes.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Superior had most urbanized areas and a shorter frontier with three legions, Inferior contained one <i><a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipium</a></i> and one legion, virtually being a border zone.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a99_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a99-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his reign, the placement of garrison and the main lines of commerce became permanent.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The creation of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Roman Dacia</a> had a great effect on Pannonia. In <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Dacian_Wars" title="Trajan's Dacian Wars">Trajan's Dacian Wars</a>, the Iazyges allied with the Romans, seeking to retain <a href="/wiki/Oltenia" title="Oltenia">Oltenia</a> where they were expelled by Decebalus. A brief confrontation in 107 was resolved <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>, then-governor of Pannonia Inferior and it may have been agreed that the nomads would instead take possession of the region between the Tisza and the <a href="/wiki/Apuseni_Mountains" title="Apuseni Mountains">Apuseni Mountains</a>, not incorporated into the new province.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a103_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a103-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, taking advantage of Trajan's death and the preoccupation of the Empire with the <a href="/wiki/Trajan%27s_Parthian_campaign" title="Trajan's Parthian campaign">Parthian war</a>, they joined forces with the relative <a href="/wiki/Roxolani" title="Roxolani">Roxolani</a> and attacked again in 117, to which Dacia's governor, <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Julius_Quadratus_Bassus" title="Gaius Julius Quadratus Bassus">Julius Quadratus Bassus</a> fell victim. Hadrian (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 117–138</span>) traveled to the spot and invested <a href="/wiki/Marcius_Turbo" title="Marcius Turbo">Marcius Turbo</a> as governor of both Dacia and Pannonia Inferior to defeat the barbarians. The Roxolani were pacified first. Turbo's authorization was over in 119 as Iazyx peace envoys appeared in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The postal connection between the two provinces through the Danube–Tisza Interfluve—which aggravated relations with the Sarmatians—was completed.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>War with the Quadi broke out again in the last years of Hadrian's reign, which his adopted son and joint governor of the Pannonian provinces, <a href="/wiki/Aelius_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Aelius Caesar">Aelius Caesar</a> successfully handled until he died in 138. Command of Pannonia Superior was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Titus_Haterius_Nepos_(consul)" title="Titus Haterius Nepos (consul)">Haterius Nepos</a>, who ended the war with a Roman victory, becoming the last person to be awarded with <i><a href="/wiki/Ornamenta_triumphalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornamenta triumphalia">ornamenta triumphalia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:REX_QUADIS_DATUS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/REX_QUADIS_DATUS.jpg/136px-REX_QUADIS_DATUS.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/REX_QUADIS_DATUS.jpg/204px-REX_QUADIS_DATUS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/REX_QUADIS_DATUS.jpg/272px-REX_QUADIS_DATUS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="399" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption>The coin of Pius (reverse), with the circumscription REX QUADIS DATUS</figcaption></figure> <p>Under <a href="/wiki/Antoninus_Pius" title="Antoninus Pius">Antoninus Pius</a>'s (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 138–161</span>) quiet reign, some coins were issued propagating not the ending of a new campaign but the reestablishment of <i><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederatus</a></i> relationship by the investiture of a new Quadi king. Discharges and detachments of troops happened.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Findings of hoards of coins likely buried during the rule of <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 161–180</span>) evidence turmoil due to barbarian attacks.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large-scale population movements in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a> related to the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> highly endangered Rome's clients, who wanted the Empire to give its lands to settlement and extend its protection over the tribes. Rome was unwilling to grant these requests.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974b9–10_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974b9–10-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Romans may not have been aware of the dangerous situation at the start of the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_war_of_Lucius_Verus" class="mw-redirect" title="Parthian war of Lucius Verus">Parthian war of Lucius Verus</a> because they sent a whole legion and many <i><a href="/wiki/Vexillatio" title="Vexillatio">vexillationes</a></i> away from Pannonia. It is thanks to the diplomatic efforts made by regional governors that tensions were eased until the dispatched forces could get back. When the threat became fully clear, Marcus even raised new legions.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first attack came in the winter of 166-167, from the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Brigetio" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigetio">Brigetio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arrabona" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrabona">Arrabona</a>. It was quickly repulsed by two auxiliary units. <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> tells of a legation of 11 tribes led by the Marcomanni subsequently petitioning the governor of Pannonia Superior, <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Iallius_Bassus" title="Marcus Iallius Bassus">Iallius Bassus</a> to concede. This may have been the last attempt at making peace, as next, a barbarian coalition formed to fight Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 168, Marcus and <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Verus" title="Lucius Verus">Verus</a> returned to Aquileia and set up their base there. The Marcomanni and Quadi broke through the border and the Alps' crosses, besieging the city and burning the small town of <a href="/wiki/Opitergium" class="mw-redirect" title="Opitergium">Opitergium</a>. The peak of the <a href="/wiki/Antonine_Plague" title="Antonine Plague">Antonine Plague</a> in the peninsula was at this time, causing Verus's death. The next years' heavy fighting resulted in the death of governor of Moesia Superior and Dacia <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Claudius_Fronto" title="Marcus Claudius Fronto">Claudius Fronto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefect" title="Praetorian prefect">praetorian prefect</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Macrinius_Vindex" title="Marcus Macrinius Vindex">Macrinius Vindex</a>. <a href="/wiki/Claudius_Pompeianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Claudius Pompeianus">Claudius Pompeianus</a> and future-emperor <a href="/wiki/Pertinax" title="Pertinax">Pertinax</a> returned part of the spoils taken by the enemy and led the offensive starting from 172. Against severe losses, the Romans forced first the Quadi, then the Marcomanni to surrender (172-173), while the military emphasis shifted to the Iazyges. Despite the winter incursion of the Iazyges was crushed (173-174), the Quadi overthrew their Roman-installed king and started to support the nomads. While the two nations tried to negotiate, Marcus eventually defeated both of them in separate campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second phase of the war started in 177. The attacking barbarians were kept in check, with Marcus and his son, the newly acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Commodus" title="Commodus">Commodus</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 177–192</span>) coming to Pannonia. A decisive campaign by <a href="/wiki/Publius_Tarrutenius_Paternus" title="Publius Tarrutenius Paternus">Tarrutenius Paternus</a> in 179 convinced the Iazyges to make peace. In the same year, the land of the Danubian Germans was occupied by a force Cassius Dio claims to be 40,000 men—the number of soldiers stationed in Pannonia Inferior and Pannonia Superior combined. Control over tribes was taken over by prefects. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Maximianus" title="Marcus Valerius Maximianus">Valerius Maximianus</a>, born in Pannonia, was an important general here.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Any possible plans with the creation of two new provinces—Marcomannia and Sarmatia—were aborted after the death of Marcus in 180. Commodus returned to the old border and client system, to which new residents were seemingly willing to join. As the barbarians pillaged during the war, taking cattle and captives away en masse, the destruction and loss of life in Pannonia was huge.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Commodus vigorously started to strengthen the <i>limes</i> with new fortifications. Minor raids on the province continued to occur, prompting a third campaign over the Danube at about. This campaign was smaller, and its leader, <a href="/wiki/Tigidius_Perennis" class="mw-redirect" title="Tigidius Perennis">Tigidius Perennis</a>, achieved a victory. Another victorious expedition was conducted in 188.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Severans">Under the Severans</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Under the Severans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Severan_dynasty" title="Severan dynasty">Severan dynasty</a></div> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Year_of_the_Five_Emperors" title="Year of the Five Emperors">Year of the Five Emperors</a> (193), no attack was made on Pannonia. According to <a href="/wiki/Herodian" title="Herodian">Herodian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 193–211</span>) calmed the barbarian tribes via negotiations before marching off his troops to Italy and gaining the throne. In the coming years, the arrival of foreign groups led to new conflicts, but these were centered on Dacia and Pannonia only experienced collateral effects.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Severans' rule was supported by the Pannonian military and other provinces of the collective "Illyricum" region, which became politically important.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974b29_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974b29-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 202, a thorough visit to Pannonia by the imperial house was organized. Partly during this tour and throughout Severus' reign, the province benefited from many constructions. The road network was fully repaired, civilian and military buildings were inaugurated, military camps were improved and cities were protected with walls thus increasing their rank.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administration">Administration</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Administration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pannonia Superior was under the consular legate, who had formerly administered the single province, and had three legions under his control. Pannonia Inferior was at first under a praetorian legate with a single legion as the garrison; after <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius" title="Marcus Aurelius">Marcus Aurelius</a>, it was under a consular legate, but still with only one legion. The frontier on the Danube was protected by the establishment of the two colonies <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Mursia" class="mw-redirect" title="Aelia Mursia">Aelia Mursia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Aquincum" class="mw-redirect" title="Aelia Aquincum">Aelia Aquincum</a> by <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a>. </p><p>Under <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> and his successors, a fourfold division of the country was made:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorhy2014124–127_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorhy2014124–127-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia Prima</a> in the northwest, with its capital in Savaria, it included <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia Superior</a> and the major part of Central Pannonia between the Raba and Drava,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Valeria" title="Pannonia Valeria">Pannonia Valeria</a> in the northeast, with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Sopianae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopianae">Sopianae</a>, it comprised the remainder of Central Pannonia between the Raba, Drava and Danube,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Pannonia Savia</a> in the southwest, with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Siscia" class="mw-redirect" title="Siscia">Siscia</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia Secunda</a> in the southeast, with its capital in <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a></li></ul> <p>Diocletian also moved parts of today's <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> out of Pannonia and incorporated them in <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorhy2014126–127_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorhy2014126–127-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 324 AD, <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> enlarged the borders of Roman Pannonia to the east, annexing the plains of what is now eastern Hungary, northern Serbia and western Romania up to the <a href="/wiki/Limes_(Roman_Empire)" title="Limes (Roman Empire)">limes</a> that he created: the <a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Dykes" title="Devil's Dykes">Devil's Dykes</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 4th-5th century, one of the dioceses of the Roman Empire was known as the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Diocese of Pannonia</a>. It had its capital in <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a> and included all four provinces that were formed from historical Pannonia, as well as the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noricum" title="Noricum">Noricum</a> Mediterraneum and Noricum Ripense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitz1993–19951175–1177_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitz1993–19951175–1177-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pannonia01.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pannonia in the 1st century"><img alt="Pannonia in the 1st century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pannonia01.png/120px-Pannonia01.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pannonia01.png/180px-Pannonia01.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Pannonia01.png/240px-Pannonia01.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pannonia in the 1st century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pannonia02.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pannonia in the 2nd century"><img alt="Pannonia in the 2nd century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pannonia02.png/120px-Pannonia02.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pannonia02.png/180px-Pannonia02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pannonia02.png/240px-Pannonia02.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pannonia in the 2nd century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pannonia03_en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pannonia in the 4th century"><img alt="Pannonia in the 4th century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pannonia03_en.png/120px-Pannonia03_en.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pannonia03_en.png/180px-Pannonia03_en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Pannonia03_en.png/240px-Pannonia03_en.png 2x" data-file-width="1001" data-file-height="898" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pannonia in the 4th century</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limes4-en.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Pannonia with Constantine I "limes" in 330 AD"><img alt="Pannonia with Constantine I "limes" in 330 AD" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Limes4-en.png/120px-Limes4-en.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Limes4-en.png/180px-Limes4-en.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Limes4-en.png/240px-Limes4-en.png 2x" data-file-width="2633" data-file-height="2447" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Pannonia with Constantine I "limes" in 330 AD</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Loss">Loss</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 4th century, the Romans (especially under <a href="/wiki/Valentinian_I" title="Valentinian I">Valentinian I</a>) fortified the villas and relocated barbarians to the border regions. In 358 they won a great victory over the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a>, but raids didn't stop. In 401 the <a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a> fled to the province from the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>, and the border guarding peoples fled to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italia</a> from them, but were beaten by <a href="/wiki/Uldin" title="Uldin">Uldin</a> in exchange for the transferring of Eastern Pannonia. In 433 Rome completely handed over the territory to <a href="/wiki/Attila" title="Attila">Attila</a> for the subjugation of the <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> attacking <a href="/wiki/Roman_Gaul" title="Roman Gaul">Gaul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196118_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196118-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_Roman_rule">After Roman rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: After Roman rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerulata.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gerulata.jpg/250px-Gerulata.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gerulata.jpg/375px-Gerulata.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Gerulata.jpg/500px-Gerulata.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1753" data-file-height="1143" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gerulata" title="Gerulata">Gerulata</a>- a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_camp" title="Military camp">military camp</a> located near today's <a href="/wiki/Rusovce" title="Rusovce">Rusovce</a>, Slovakia.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> in the 5th century, some parts of Pannonia were ceded to the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> in 433 by <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Aetius" title="Flavius Aetius">Flavius Aetius</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the collapse of the Hunnic empire in 454, large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> were settled by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Marcian" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor Marcian">Marcian</a> in the province as <a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Roman Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> controlled southern parts of Pannonia in the 6th century, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>. The Byzantine province of <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_(Byzantine_province)" title="Pannonia (Byzantine province)">Pannonia</a> with its capital at Sirmium was temporarily restored, but it included only a small southeastern part of historical Pannonia. </p><p>Afterwards, it was again invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Avars" title="Pannonian Avars">Avars</a> in the 560s, and the <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a>, who first may settled c. 480s but became independent only from the 7th century. In 790s, it was invaded by the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, who used the name "Pannonia" to designate the newly formed frontier province, the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Pannonia" title="March of Pannonia">March of Pannonia</a>. The term Pannonia was also used for Slavic <a href="/wiki/Polity" title="Polity">polity</a> like <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Slavs#Principality" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Slavs">Lower Pannonia</a> that was vassal to the <a href="/wiki/Frankish_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankish Empire">Frankish Empire</a>. </p><p>Though through roman influence, a dialect of Latin now called <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a> developed in the region, the several major political shifts would see it extinct around the 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cities_and_auxiliary_forts">Cities and auxiliary forts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Cities and auxiliary forts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gorsium-T%C3%A1c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gorsium-T%C3%A1c.jpg/300px-Gorsium-T%C3%A1c.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gorsium-T%C3%A1c.jpg/450px-Gorsium-T%C3%A1c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Gorsium-T%C3%A1c.jpg/600px-Gorsium-T%C3%A1c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Aerial photography: Gorsium - Tác - Hungary</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquincum-%C3%93buda-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Aquincum-%C3%93buda-01.jpg/300px-Aquincum-%C3%93buda-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Aquincum-%C3%93buda-01.jpg/450px-Aquincum-%C3%93buda-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Aquincum-%C3%93buda-01.jpg/600px-Aquincum-%C3%93buda-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1039" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>Aquincum, Hungary</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sirmium,_Imperial_Palace.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sirmium%2C_Imperial_Palace.jpg/300px-Sirmium%2C_Imperial_Palace.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sirmium%2C_Imperial_Palace.jpg/450px-Sirmium%2C_Imperial_Palace.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Sirmium%2C_Imperial_Palace.jpg/600px-Sirmium%2C_Imperial_Palace.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of Imperial Palace in Sirmium</figcaption></figure> <p>The native settlements consisted of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Pagus" title="Pagus">pagi</a></i></span> (cantons) containing a number of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Vicus" title="Vicus">vici</a></i></span> (villages), the majority of the large towns being of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman</a> origin. The cities and towns in Pannonia were: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <p><b>Now in Austria:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnuntum" title="Carnuntum">Carnuntum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Petronell" class="mw-redirect" title="Petronell">Petronell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bad_Deutsch-Altenburg" title="Bad Deutsch-Altenburg">Bad Deutsch-Altenburg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vindobona" title="Vindobona">Vindobona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>Now in Bosnia and Herzegovina:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saldae_(Pannonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saldae (Pannonia)">Saldae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brčko (city)">Brčko</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbinum" title="Serbinum">Serbinum</a> or <a href="/wiki/Servitium" class="mw-redirect" title="Servitium">Servitium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gradi%C5%A1ka,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Gradiška, Bosnia and Herzegovina">Gradiška</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castrum_and_Canabea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castrum and Canabea (page does not exist)">Castrum and Canabea</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Doboj_(city)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doboj (city) (page does not exist)">Doboj</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>Now in Croatia:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Novas_(Pannonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Novas (Pannonia)">Ad Novas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zmajevac" title="Zmajevac">Zmajevac</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andautonia" title="Andautonia">Andautonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C5%A0%C4%8Ditarjevo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ščitarjevo">Ščitarjevo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_Viva" class="mw-redirect" title="Aqua Viva">Aqua Viva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Petrijanec" title="Petrijanec">Petrijanec</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquae_Balisae" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquae Balisae">Aquae Balisae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Daruvar" title="Daruvar">Daruvar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certissa" class="mw-redirect" title="Certissa">Certissa</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C4%90akovo" title="Đakovo">Đakovo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cibalae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cibalae">Cibalae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vinkovci" title="Vinkovci">Vinkovci</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornacum" class="mw-redirect" title="Cornacum">Cornacum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sotin" title="Sotin">Sotin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuccium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuccium">Cuccium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ilok" title="Ilok">Ilok</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halikan" title="Halikan">Halicanum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sveti_Martin_na_Muri" title="Sveti Martin na Muri">Sveti Martin na Muri</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iovia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iovia">Iovia</a> or <a href="/wiki/Iovia_Botivo" class="mw-redirect" title="Iovia Botivo">Iovia Botivo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ludbreg" title="Ludbreg">Ludbreg</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsonia">Marsonia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slavonski_Brod" title="Slavonski Brod">Slavonski Brod</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mursa">Mursa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Osijek" title="Osijek">Osijek</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siscia" class="mw-redirect" title="Siscia">Siscia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sisak" title="Sisak">Sisak</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutoburgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Teutoburgium">Teutoburgium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dalj" title="Dalj">Dalj</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>Now in Hungary:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mosonmagyar%C3%B3v%C3%A1r" title="Mosonmagyaróvár">Ad Flexum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mosonmagyar%C3%B3v%C3%A1r" title="Mosonmagyaróvár">Mosonmagyaróvár</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Mures" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Mures">Ad Mures</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%81cs" title="Ács">Ács</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaspuszta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaspuszta (page does not exist)">Ad Statuas</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaspuszta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaspuszta (page does not exist)">Vaspuszta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rdomb" title="Várdomb">Ad Statuas</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rdomb" title="Várdomb">Várdomb</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alisca" title="Alisca">Alisca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Szeksz%C3%A1rd" title="Szekszárd">Szekszárd</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta_Ripa" class="mw-redirect" title="Alta Ripa">Alta Ripa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tolna,_Hungary" title="Tolna, Hungary">Tolna</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquincum" title="Aquincum">Aquincum</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C3%93buda" title="Óbuda">Óbuda</a>, Budapest)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrabona" class="mw-redirect" title="Arrabona">Arrabona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gy%C5%91r" title="Győr">Győr</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigetio" class="mw-redirect" title="Brigetio">Brigetio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sz%C5%91ny" title="Szőny">Szőny</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caesariana_(Pannonia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caesariana (Pannonia) (page does not exist)">Caesariana</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bal%C3%A1ca&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baláca (page does not exist)">Baláca</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Campona&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Campona (page does not exist)">Campona</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nagyt%C3%A9t%C3%A9ny&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nagytétény (page does not exist)">Nagytétény</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cirpi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cirpi (page does not exist)">Cirpi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dunabogd%C3%A1ny" title="Dunabogdány">Dunabogdány</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra-Aquincum" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra-Aquincum">Contra-Aquincum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contra_Constantiam" class="mw-redirect" title="Contra Constantiam">Contra Constantiam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dunakeszi" title="Dunakeszi">Dunakeszi</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsium-Herculia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorsium-Herculia">Gorsium-Herculia</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1c" title="Tác">Tác</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercisa" class="mw-redirect" title="Intercisa">Intercisa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duna%C3%BAjv%C3%A1ros" title="Dunaújváros">Dunaújváros</a>)</li> <li>Iovia (<a href="/wiki/Szakcs" title="Szakcs">Szakcs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lugio&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lugio (page does not exist)">Lugio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dunaszekcs%C5%91" title="Dunaszekcső">Dunaszekcső</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lussonium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lussonium (page does not exist)">Lussonium</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dunak%C3%B6ml%C5%91d&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dunakömlőd (page does not exist)">Dunakömlőd</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matrica" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrica">Matrica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sz%C3%A1zhalombatta" title="Százhalombatta">Százhalombatta</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgentianae" class="mw-redirect" title="Morgentianae">Morgentianae</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCskev%C3%A1r" title="Tüskevár">Tüskevár</a> (?))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mursella" class="mw-redirect" title="Mursella">Mursella</a> (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3richida" title="Mórichida">Mórichida</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrata_(Pannonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quadrata (Pannonia)">Quadrata</a> (<a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9b%C3%A9ny" title="Lébény">Lébény</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zalal%C3%B6v%C5%91" title="Zalalövő">Sala</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zalal%C3%B6v%C5%91" title="Zalalövő">Zalalövő</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Szombathely" title="Szombathely">Savaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Szombathely" title="Szombathely">Szombathely</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarbantia" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarbantia">Scarbantia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sopron" title="Sopron">Sopron</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solva_(Hungary)" title="Solva (Hungary)">Solva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esztergom" title="Esztergom">Esztergom</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopianae" class="mw-redirect" title="Sopianae">Sopianae</a> (<a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9cs" title="Pécs">Pécs</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulcisia_Castra" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulcisia Castra">Ulcisia Castra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Szentendre" title="Szentendre">Szentendre</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valcum&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valcum (page does not exist)">Valcum</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fen%C3%A9kpuszta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fenékpuszta (page does not exist)">Fenékpuszta</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>Now in Serbia:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acumincum" title="Acumincum">Acumincum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stari_Slankamen" title="Stari Slankamen">Stari Slankamen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ad_Herculae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad Herculae">Ad Herculae</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cortanovci" title="Čortanovci">Čortanovci</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bassianae" title="Bassianae">Bassianae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Donji_Petrovci" title="Donji Petrovci">Donji Petrovci</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bano%C5%A1tor" title="Banoštor">Bononia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bano%C5%A1tor" title="Banoštor">Banoštor</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgenae" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgenae">Burgenae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Novi_Banovci" title="Novi Banovci">Novi Banovci</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cusum_(Pannonia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cusum (Pannonia)">Cusum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Petrovaradin" title="Petrovaradin">Petrovaradin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graio" class="mw-redirect" title="Graio">Graio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sremska_Ra%C4%8Da" title="Sremska Rača">Sremska Rača</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onagrinum" class="mw-redirect" title="Onagrinum">Onagrinum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bege%C4%8D" title="Begeč">Begeč</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rittium" class="mw-redirect" title="Rittium">Rittium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Surduk" title="Surduk">Surduk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sremska_Mitrovica" title="Sremska Mitrovica">Sremska Mitrovica</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taurunum" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurunum">Taurunum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zemun" title="Zemun">Zemun</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>Now in Slovakia:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerulata" title="Gerulata">Gerulata</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rusovce" title="Rusovce">Rusovce</a>)</li></ul> <p><b>Now in Slovenia:</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celeia" class="mw-redirect" title="Celeia">Celeia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Celje" title="Celje">Celje</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neviodunum" class="mw-redirect" title="Neviodunum">Neviodunum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Drnovo" title="Drnovo">Drnovo</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poetovio" class="mw-redirect" title="Poetovio">Poetovio</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ptuj" title="Ptuj">Ptuj</a>)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The country was fairly productive, especially after the great forests had been cleared by <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Aurelius_Probus" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcus Aurelius Probus">Probus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a>. Before that time, timber had been one of its most important exports. Its chief agricultural products were <a href="/wiki/Oat" title="Oat">oats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barley" title="Barley">barley</a>, from which the inhabitants brewed a kind of <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> named sabaea. Vines and olive trees were little cultivated. Pannonia was also famous for its breed of hunting dogs. Although no mention is made of its mineral wealth by the ancients, it is probable that it contained <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silver" title="Silver">silver</a> mines. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slavery">Slavery</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Slavery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Slavery held a less important role in Pannonia's economy than in earlier established provinces. Rich civilians had domestic slaves do the housework while soldiers who had been awarded with land had their slaves cultivate it. Slaves worked in workshops primarily in western cities for rich industrialist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196113_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196113-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Aquincum, they were freed in a short time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196114_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196114-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pannonia had sanctuaries for <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jupiter (mythology)">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Juno_(mythology)" title="Juno (mythology)">Juno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a>, official deities of empire, and also for old Celtic deities. In Aquincum there was one for the mother goddess. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_cult" title="Imperial cult">imperial cult</a> was also present. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> and eastern <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman_mysteries" title="Greco-Roman mysteries">mystery cults</a> also appeared, the latter centered around <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isis" title="Isis">Isis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anubis" title="Anubis">Anubis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serapis" title="Serapis">Serapis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196114_96-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196114-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Christianity began to spread inside the province in the 2nd century. Its popularity didn't decrease even during the big persecutions in the late 3rd century. In the 4th century, basilicas and funeral chapels were built. We know of the Church of <a href="/wiki/Quirinus_of_Sescia" title="Quirinus of Sescia">Saint Quirinus</a> in Savaria and numerous early Christian memorials from Aquincum, Sopianae, Fenékpuszta, and Arian Christian ones from Csopak.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196114_96-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196114-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ancient name Pannonia is retained in the modern term <i><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian plain</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Basin" title="Pannonian Basin">Pannonian plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman provinces">Roman provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Diocese of Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Latin" title="Pannonian Latin">Pannonian Latin</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Whose name the <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponym</a> "Pannonia" stems from.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198089_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198089-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hence the name <i>deserta Boiorum</i> ('desert of the Boii') used even by <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> in his <i><a href="/wiki/Natural_History_(Pliny)" title="Natural History (Pliny)">Natural History</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a21_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a21-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Which was motivated by an order of conscription (from governor <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Valerius_Messalla_Messallinus" title="Marcus Valerius Messalla Messallinus">Valerius Messala Messallinus</a>) among the tribesmen, according to <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a42_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a42-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">It was not until the second part of the century that the term "Pannonia" came into common usage.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The <a href="/wiki/Azali_(tribe)" title="Azali (tribe)">Azali</a> were moved northwards at this time.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHaywoodSieg2010" class="citation book cs1">Haywood, Anthony; Sieg, Caroline (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FL-n5nfBm6cC&pg=PA21"><i>Lonely Planet Vienna</i></a>. Lonely Planet. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781741790023" title="Special:BookSources/9781741790023"><bdi>9781741790023</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lonely+Planet+Vienna&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9781741790023&rft.aulast=Haywood&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft.au=Sieg%2C+Caroline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFL-n5nfBm6cC%26pg%3DPA21&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodrich1835" class="citation web cs1">Goodrich, Samuel Griswold (1835). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2UtXAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA111">"The third book of history: containing ancient history in connection with ancient geography"</a>. p. 111.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+third+book+of+history%3A+containing+ancient+history+in+connection+with+ancient+geography&rft.pages=111&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Goodrich&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Griswold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2UtXAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLengyelRadanBarkóczi1980" class="citation book cs1">Lengyel, Alfonz; Radan, George T.; Barkóczi, László (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TvMjAQAAIAAJ&q=%22the+capital+of+pannonia+in%22"><i>The Archaeology of Roman Pannonia</i></a>. University Press of Kentucky. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789630518864" title="Special:BookSources/9789630518864"><bdi>9789630518864</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Roman+Pannonia&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9789630518864&rft.aulast=Lengyel&rft.aufirst=Alfonz&rft.au=Radan%2C+George+T.&rft.au=Bark%C3%B3czi%2C+L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTvMjAQAAIAAJ%26q%3D%2522the%2Bcapital%2Bof%2Bpannonia%2Bin%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaszlovszkySzab¢2003" class="citation book cs1">Laszlovszky, J¢Zsef; Szab¢, Péter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ft2d-zrlLWcC&pg=PA144"><i>People and nature in historical perspective</i></a>. Central European University Press. p. 144. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789639241862" title="Special:BookSources/9789639241862"><bdi>9789639241862</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=People+and+nature+in+historical+perspective&rft.pages=144&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9789639241862&rft.aulast=Laszlovszky&rft.aufirst=J%C2%A2Zsef&rft.au=Szab%C2%A2%2C+P%C3%A9ter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dft2d-zrlLWcC%26pg%3DPA144&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uBDGAAAAMAAJ&q=%22capital+of+pannonia%22">"Historical outlook: a journal for readers, students and teachers of history, Том 9"</a>. American Historical Association, National Board for Historical Service, National Council for the Social Studies, McKinley Publishing Company. 1918. p. 194.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+outlook%3A+a+journal+for+readers%2C+students+and+teachers+of+history%2C+%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC+9&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=American+Historical+Association%2C+National+Board+for+Historical+Service%2C+National+Council+for+the+Social+Studies%2C+McKinley+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1918&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuBDGAAAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522capital%2Bof%2Bpannonia%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPierce1869" class="citation web cs1">Pierce, Edward M., ed. (1869). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2jNmDpPuSCkC&dq=%22capital+of+pannonia%22&pg=PA915">"THE COTTAGE CYCLOPEDIA OF HISTORY AND BIOGRAPHY"</a>. p. 915.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=THE+COTTAGE+CYCLOPEDIA+OF+HISTORY+AND+BIOGRAPHY&rft.pages=915&rft.date=1869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2jNmDpPuSCkC%26dq%3D%2522capital%2Bof%2Bpannonia%2522%26pg%3DPA915&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198089-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198089_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198089_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198089_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETrogmayer198081-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrogmayer198081_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETrogmayer198081_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrogmayer1980">Trogmayer 1980</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992225-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992225_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTrogmayer1980">Trogmayer 1980</a>, p. 81; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, pp. 29–31</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a12-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a12_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a13-14,_15-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a13-14,_15_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 13-14, 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 90; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 86; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, pp. 15, 16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198090-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198090_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198090_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198090_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198086-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198086_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a16-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a16_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198087-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198087_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 88; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 18; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 19</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a21-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a21_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a21_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 87; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, pp. 18, 19; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 87; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a22-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a22_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a24-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a24_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth198320-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETóth198320_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198088-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198088_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 87; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, pp. 22–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 88; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a26-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a26_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDžino2012" class="citation book cs1">Džino, Danijel (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1986169">"Bellum Pannonicum: The Roman armies and indigenous communities in southern Pannonia 16-9 BC"</a>. In Hauser, Martin; Feodorov, Ioana; Sekunda, Nicholas V.; Dumitru, Adrian George (eds.). <i>Actes du Symposium International: Le livre, la Roumanie, l'Europe</i>. Vol. 3 (4th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>: Editura Biblioteca Bucureştilor. p. 461.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bellum+Pannonicum%3A+The+Roman+armies+and+indigenous+communities+in+southern+Pannonia+16-9+BC&rft.btitle=Actes+du+Symposium+International%3A+Le+livre%2C+la+Roumanie%2C+l%27Europe&rft.place=Bucharest&rft.pages=461&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Editura+Biblioteca+Bucure%C5%9Ftilor&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=D%C5%BEino&rft.aufirst=Danijel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1986169&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 88; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 37; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 38; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 20</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETóth198321-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETóth198321_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETóth198321_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETóth198321_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 37-38; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 21; <a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 207</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 91; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, pp. 35, 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992206-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992206_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 88; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, pp. 39–40, 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 88; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 42</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 42; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a42-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a42_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 42.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, pp. 42–43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 43; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a43-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a43_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 89; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 44; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 21</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992207-208-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilkes1992207-208_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilkes1992">Wilkes 1992</a>, p. 207-208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a44-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a44_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198091-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198091_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, pp. 91–92; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, pp. 45–46, 50</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a45-46-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a45-46_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 45-46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 96; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, pp. 46–47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198092-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198092_59-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198092_59-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198092_59-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkóczi198092_59-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 92.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 90; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 96; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 41; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, pp. 47, 48; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a49,_85-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a49,_85_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 49, 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 93; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a87-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a87_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a88-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a88_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a89-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a89_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, pp. 89–90; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 93; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 90; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 23</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 93; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a99-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a99_71-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 94; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 102</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a103-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974a103_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 103.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 94; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 104; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, pp. 24–25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 94; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 95; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, p. 106; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 95; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, pp. 106–107; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 95; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974a">Mócsy 1974a</a>, pp. 107–108</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974b9–10-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974b9–10_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974b">Mócsy 1974b</a>, pp. 9–10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 96; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974b">Mócsy 1974b</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 97; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974b">Mócsy 1974b</a>, pp. 10–12; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 30</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, pp. 97–98; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974b">Mócsy 1974b</a>, pp. 11–16</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 98; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974b">Mócsy 1974b</a>, p. 17</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 99; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974b">Mócsy 1974b</a>, pp. 18–22</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 99; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974b">Mócsy 1974b</a>, p. 25; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, pp. 100–101; <a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974b">Mócsy 1974b</a>, p. 25</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974b29-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMócsy1974b29_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMócsy1974b">Mócsy 1974b</a>, p. 29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarkóczi1980">Barkóczi 1980</a>, p. 102; <a href="#CITEREFTóth1983">Tóth 1983</a>, p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorhy2014124–127-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorhy2014124–127_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorhy2014">Borhy 2014</a>, pp. 124–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBorhy2014126–127-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBorhy2014126–127_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBorhy2014">Borhy 2014</a>, pp. 126–127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFitz1993–19951175–1177-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFitz1993–19951175–1177_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFitz1993–1995">Fitz 1993–1995</a>, pp. 1175–1177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196118-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196118_92-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElekesLedererSzékely1961">Elekes, Lederer & Székely 1961</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2003" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Bonnie C. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=N91mj88PZEAC&q=Theodosius++Huns++433++Pannonia&pg=PA14"><i>Attila, the Hun – Google Knihy</i></a>. Infobase. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-7221-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7910-7221-5"><bdi>0-7910-7221-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-10-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Attila%2C+the+Hun+%E2%80%93+Google+Knihy&rft.pub=Infobase&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7910-7221-5&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Bonnie+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DN91mj88PZEAC%26q%3DTheodosius%2B%2BHuns%2B%2B433%2B%2BPannonia%26pg%3DPA14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGonda" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gonda, Attila. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://real.mtak.hu/37591/">"Fehér Bence: Pannonia latin nyelvtörténete. Budapest 2007"</a>. <i>ANTIK TANULMÁNYOK - STUDIA ANTIQUA</i> (in Hungarian). <b>60</b>: 93–107. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-567X">0003-567X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ANTIK+TANULM%C3%81NYOK+-+STUDIA+ANTIQUA&rft.atitle=Feh%C3%A9r+Bence%3A+Pannonia+latin+nyelvt%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete.+Budapest+2007.&rft.volume=60&rft.pages=93-107&rft.issn=0003-567X&rft.aulast=Gonda&rft.aufirst=Attila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Freal.mtak.hu%2F37591%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196113-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196113_95-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElekesLedererSzékely1961">Elekes, Lederer & Székely 1961</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196114-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196114_96-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196114_96-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEElekesLedererSzékely196114_96-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFElekesLedererSzékely1961">Elekes, Lederer & Székely 1961</a>, p. 14.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorhy2014" class="citation book cs1">Borhy, László (2014). <i>Die Römer in Ungarn</i>. Darmstadt: Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-4820-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8053-4820-1"><bdi>978-3-8053-4820-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+R%C3%B6mer+in+Ungarn&rft.place=Darmstadt&rft.pub=Wissenschaftliche+Buchgesellschaft&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-8053-4820-1&rft.aulast=Borhy&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A1szl%C3%B3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLengyelRadan1980" class="citation book cs1">Lengyel, Alfonz; Radan, George T., eds. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-eod.mtak.hu/12176/1/AkademiaiKiado_002252.pdf"><i>The archaeology of Roman Pannonia</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Lexington,_Kentucky" title="Lexington, Kentucky">Lexington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Kentucky" title="University Press of Kentucky">University Press of Kentucky</a>, Akadémiai Kiadó. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8131-1370-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-8131-1370-9"><bdi>0-8131-1370-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+archaeology+of+Roman+Pannonia&rft.place=Lexington%2C+Budapest&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky%2C+Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8131-1370-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-eod.mtak.hu%2F12176%2F1%2FAkademiaiKiado_002252.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFTrogmayer1980" class="citation">Trogmayer, Ottó. "Pannonia before the Roman conquest". In <a href="#CITEREFLengyelRadan1980">Lengyel & Radan (1980)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFBarkóczi1980" class="citation">Barkóczi, László. "History of Pannonia". In <a href="#CITEREFLengyelRadan1980">Lengyel & Radan (1980)</a>.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMócsy1974a" class="citation book cs1">Mócsy, András (1974a). <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-eod.mtak.hu/11108/1/AkademiaiKiado_001878.pdf"><i>Pannónia a korai császárság idején</i></a> [<i>Pannonia during the Early Empire</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-0293-3" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-0293-3"><bdi>963-05-0293-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pann%C3%B3nia+a+korai+cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1rs%C3%A1g+idej%C3%A9n&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=963-05-0293-3&rft.aulast=M%C3%B3csy&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-eod.mtak.hu%2F11108%2F1%2FAkademiaiKiado_001878.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMócsy1974b" class="citation book cs1">Mócsy, András (1974b). <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1nos_Harmatta" title="János Harmatta">Harmatta, János</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-eod.mtak.hu/11109/1/AkademiaiKiado_001879.pdf"><i>Pannónia a késői császárkorban</i></a> [<i>Pannonia during the Later Empire</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Budapest: Akadémiai Kiadó. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-0293-3" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-0293-3"><bdi>963-05-0293-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pann%C3%B3nia+a+k%C3%A9s%C5%91i+cs%C3%A1sz%C3%A1rkorban&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=963-05-0293-3&rft.aulast=M%C3%B3csy&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A1s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-eod.mtak.hu%2F11109%2F1%2FAkademiaiKiado_001879.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBendaSolymosi1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Benda, Kálmán; Solymosi, László, eds. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-eod.mtak.hu/15809/1/AkademiaiKiado_004001.pdf"><i>Magyarország történeti kronológiája</i></a> [<i>Historical chronology of Hungary</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. 1. A kezdetektől 1526-ig. <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>: <a href="/wiki/Akad%C3%A9miai_Kiad%C3%B3" title="Akadémiai Kiadó">Akadémiai Kiadó</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/963-05-3182-8" title="Special:BookSources/963-05-3182-8"><bdi>963-05-3182-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magyarorsz%C3%A1g+t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9neti+kronol%C3%B3gi%C3%A1ja&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Akad%C3%A9miai+Kiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=963-05-3182-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-eod.mtak.hu%2F15809%2F1%2FAkademiaiKiado_004001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFKovács1983" class="citation">Kovács, Tibor. "őskőkor-vaskor". In <a href="#CITEREFBendaSolymosi1983">Benda & Solymosi (1983)</a>.</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><span id="CITEREFTóth1983" class="citation">Tóth, István. "római kor". In <a href="#CITEREFBendaSolymosi1983">Benda & Solymosi (1983)</a>.</span></li></ul></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilkes1992" class="citation book cs1">Wilkes, John (1992). <i>The Illyrians</i> (1st ed.). <a href="/wiki/Bodmin" title="Bodmin">Bodmin</a>: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-14671-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-14671-7"><bdi>0-631-14671-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illyrians&rft.place=Bodmin&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-631-14671-7&rft.aulast=Wilkes&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElekesLedererSzékely1961" class="citation book cs1">Elekes, Lajos; Lederer, Emma; Székely, György (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://real-eod.mtak.hu/9200/1/magyarorszag_tortenete_001141310.pdf"><i>Magyarország története</i></a> [<i>History of Hungary</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Vol. I. <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>: Tankönyvkiadó.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magyarorsz%C3%A1g+t%C3%B6rt%C3%A9nete&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Tank%C3%B6nyvkiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Elekes&rft.aufirst=Lajos&rft.au=Lederer%2C+Emma&rft.au=Sz%C3%A9kely%2C+Gy%C3%B6rgy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freal-eod.mtak.hu%2F9200%2F1%2Fmagyarorszag_tortenete_001141310.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitz1993–1995" class="citation book cs1">Fitz, Jenő (1993–1995). <i>Die Verwaltung Pannoniens in der Römerzeit (four volumes)</i>. Budapest: Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Verwaltung+Pannoniens+in+der+R%C3%B6merzeit+%28four+volumes%29&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pub=Encyclopedia&rft.date=1993%2F1995&rft.aulast=Fitz&rft.aufirst=Jen%C5%91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetruska1983" class="citation book cs1">Petruska, Magdolna (1983). "A Danuvius partján" [On the shore of the Danuvius]. In Gyulás, Istvánné (ed.). <i>Az antik Róma napjai</i> [<i>The days of ancient Rome</i>]. Tankönyvkiadó.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+Danuvius+partj%C3%A1n&rft.btitle=Az+antik+R%C3%B3ma+napjai&rft.pub=Tank%C3%B6nyvkiad%C3%B3&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Petruska&rft.aufirst=Magdolna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/164529">Parat, Josip. "Izbori i pregledi antičkih literarnih izvora za povijest južne Panonije" [Selections and Surveys of Ancient Literary Sources for the History of Southern Pannonia]. In: <i>Scrinia Slavonica</i> 15, br. 1 (2015): 9-33.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arthist.elte.hu/Tanarok/FitzJeno/2006tavasz.htm">Fitz, Jenő "RÓMAI MŰVÉSZET PANNONIÁBAN" [Roman art in Pannonia] (2006)</a></li> <li>Fitz, Jenő (1993–1995). <i>Die Verwaltung Pannoniens in der Römerzeit.</i> Four volumes. Budapest: Encyclopedia.</li> <li>Kovács, Péter (2014). <i>A history of Pannonia during the Principate.</i> Bonn: Habelt.</li> <li>Kovács, Péter (2016). <i>A history of Pannonia in the late Roman period I (284–363 AD).</i> Bonn: Habelt (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02572786/document">Review</a> by Eric Fournier in the <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Roman_Archaeology" title="Journal of Roman Archaeology">Journal of Roman Archaeology</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pannonia&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pannonia" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pannonia">Pannonia</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Pannonia"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Pannonia">"Pannonia" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 20 (11th ed.). 1911. p. 680.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pannonia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=680&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/place/Pannonia">"Pannonia"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> (online ed.). 29 March 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pannonia&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=online&rft.date=2018-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FPannonia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APannonia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529052032/http://www.geocities.com/alexprobus/Pictures/PanoniaAntiqua.jpg">Pannonia map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080529052031/http://www.geocities.com/alexprobus/Pictures/PannoniaNR.jpg">Pannonia map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civertan.hu/legifoto/legifoto.php?page_level=205">Aerial photography: Gorsium - Tác - Hungary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.civertan.hu/legifoto/legifoto.php?page_level=875">Aerial photography: Aquincum - Budapest - Hungary</a></li></ul> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Pannonia&params=44.9000_N_19.0200_E_source:wikidata"><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">44°54′00″N</span> <span class="longitude">19°01′12″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">44.9000°N 19.0200°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">44.9000; 19.0200</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p> <table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin: 0.3em auto auto; clear:none; min-width:100%; width:100%; font-size:85%; border:1px solid #aaa"> <tbody><tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 0.3em;background:none; color: inherit; width:100%"><style 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title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline_of_the_Roman_Empire" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Timeline of the Roman Empire"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div class="navbar-ct-mini">Timeline of the Roman Empire</div> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center"> <div class="center"> <div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_37j19zmyjhz3fj7dprei637382mgexm"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Decius" coords="889,665,992,686" title="Decius" alt="Decius" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Elagabalus" coords="834,632,920,653" title="Elagabalus" alt="Elagabalus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Macrinus" coords="842,621,912,642" title="Macrinus" alt="Macrinus" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Constitutio_Antoniniana" coords="804,656,907,677" title="Constitutio Antoniniana" alt="Constitutio Antoniniana" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" coords="778,621,858,642" 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.navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Hungary_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hungary_topics" title="Template talk:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hungary topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Hungary_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary" title="History of Hungary">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_prehistory" title="Hungarian prehistory">Hungarian prehistory</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pannonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Hungary" title="Principality of Hungary">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1000%E2%80%931301)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1000–1301)">High Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1301%E2%80%931526)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1301–1526)">Late Medieval Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Hungarian_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Hungarian wars">Ottoman–Hungarian wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526%E2%80%931867)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)">Habsburg Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Transylvania_(1570%E2%80%931711)" title="Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)">Principality of Transylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1k%C3%B3czi%27s_War_of_Independence" title="Rákóczi's War of Independence">Rákóczi's War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1848" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1848">Revolution of 1848</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_I" title="Hungary in World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">First Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Trianon" title="Treaty of Trianon">Treaty of Trianon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1920%E2%80%931946)" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)">Interwar Kingdom of Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Hungarian_Republic" title="Second Hungarian Republic">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">People's Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Revolution of 1956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hungary#Third_Republic_(since_1989)" title="History of Hungary">Third Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Christianity_in_Hungary" title="History of Christianity in Hungary">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#History_of_the_Hungarian_economy" title="Economy of Hungary">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Hungary" title="Military history of Hungary">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Hungary" title="List of wars involving Hungary">List of wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rp%C3%A1d_dynasty" title="Árpád dynasty">Árpád dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Hungary" title="King of Hungary">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_monarchs" title="List of Hungarian monarchs">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Crown_of_Hungary" title="Holy Crown of Hungary">Holy Crown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nobility" title="Hungarian nobility">Nobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Hungary" title="Coat of arms of Hungary">Coat of arms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary" title="Geography of Hungary">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Hungary" title="Administrative divisions of Hungary">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Hungary" title="Counties of Hungary">Counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_of_Hungary" title="List of cities and towns of Hungary">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Hungary" title="Climate of Hungary">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Hungary#Extreme_points" title="Geography of Hungary">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Geology_of_Hungary" title="Category:Geology of Hungary">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrology_of_Hungary" title="Hydrology of Hungary">Hydrology</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Hungary" title="List of islands of Hungary">Islands</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Hungary" title="List of lakes of Hungary">Lakes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Hungary" title="List of rivers of Hungary">Rivers</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mountain_ranges_of_Hungary" title="Category:Mountain ranges of Hungary">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Hungary" title="List of national parks of Hungary">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Hungary" title="List of regions of Hungary">Regions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Hungary" title="Politics of Hungary">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Hungary" title="Government of Hungary">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Hungary" title="Constitution of Hungary">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Hungary" title="Elections in Hungary">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Hungary" title="Foreign relations of Hungary">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Hungary" title="Human rights in Hungary">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_intelligence_agencies" title="Category:Hungarian intelligence agencies">Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Law_of_Hungary" title="Category:Law of Hungary">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Hungary" title="Law enforcement in Hungary">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Defence_Forces" title="Hungarian Defence Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_General_Staff_(Hungary)" title="Chief of General Staff (Hungary)">Chief of General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_nationality_law" title="Hungarian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="National Assembly (Hungary)">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_National_Assembly_(Hungary)" title="List of speakers of the National Assembly (Hungary)">Speaker</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Hungary" title="List of political parties in Hungary">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Hungary" title="President of Hungary">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Hungary" title="List of heads of state of Hungary"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Hungary" title="Prime Minister of Hungary">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Hungary" title="List of prime ministers of Hungary"><span style="font-size:85%;">list</span></a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary" title="Economy of Hungary">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Agriculture" title="Economy of Hungary">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Hungary" title="List of banks in Hungary">Banks</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_National_Bank" title="Hungarian National Bank">Hungarian National Bank</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Hungary" title="List of companies of Hungary">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Hungary" title="Energy in Hungary">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_forint" title="Hungarian forint">Forint </a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Hungary#Industry" title="Economy of Hungary">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Hungary" title="Science and technology in Hungary">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Stock_Exchange" title="Budapest Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Hungary" title="Taxation in Hungary">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Hungary" title="Tourism in Hungary">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Trade_unions_in_Hungary" title="Category:Trade unions in Hungary">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Hungary" title="Transport in Hungary">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Hungary" title="Unemployment in Hungary">Unemployment</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Hungary" title="Category:Society of Hungary">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Hungarian_sentiment" title="Anti-Hungarian sentiment">Anti-Hungarian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Hungary" title="Crime in Hungary">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Hungary" title="Demographics of Hungary">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Hungary" title="Education in Hungary">Education</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_and_colleges_in_Hungary" title="List of universities and colleges in Hungary">Universities and colleges</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_policy_in_Hungary" title="Family policy in Hungary">Family policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Hungary" title="Health in Hungary">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Hungary" title="Healthcare in Hungary">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Hungary" title="Human trafficking in Hungary">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_diaspora" title="Hungarian diaspora">Hungarian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Hungary" title="International rankings of Hungary">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Hungary" title="Languages of Hungary">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Hungary">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Hungary" title="Prostitution in Hungary">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Hungary" title="Public holidays in Hungary">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Hungary" title="Religion in Hungary">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hungary" title="Women in Hungary">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary" title="Culture of Hungary">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Hungary" title="Architecture of Hungary">Architecture</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Hungary" title="List of castles in Hungary">Castles</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="List of palaces in Hungary">Palaces and mansions</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_art" title="Hungarian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Hungary" title="Cinema of Hungary">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_cuisine" title="Hungarian cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_wine" title="Hungarian wine">Wine</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Beer_in_Hungary" title="Beer in Hungary">Beer</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_dishes" title="List of Hungarian dishes">Dishes</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_sausages" title="Hungarian sausages">Sausages</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_Fashion_Week" title="Budapest Fashion Week">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Festivals_in_Hungary" title="Category:Festivals in Hungary">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_folklore" title="Category:Hungarian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungarian_inventions" title="Category:Hungarian inventions">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_literature" title="Hungarian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Hungary">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hungary" title="Music of Hungary">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_names" title="Hungarian names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hungary#Spa_culture" title="Culture of Hungary">Spa culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_at_the_Olympics" title="Hungary at the Olympics">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Hungary" title="National symbols of Hungary">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Hungary" title="Television in Hungary">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Hungary" title="List of theatres in Hungary">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Hungary" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Hungary">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Hungary" title="Outline of Hungary">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Hungary-related_articles" title="Index of Hungary-related articles">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hungary" title="Category:Hungary">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Hungary" title="Portal:Hungary">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170062#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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