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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Palestinian photographer</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Najib Anton Albina</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">2 January 1901<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">23 July 1983<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Fairfax,_Virginia" title="Fairfax, Virginia">Fairfax, Virginia</a>, United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian people">Palestinian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Photographer</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Najib Anton Albina</b> (2 January 1901 – 23 July 1983<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) was the <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinian Arab</a> master photographer of the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Museum">Palestine Archaeological Museum</a> and, in that position, took the first original sets of photographs of the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a>. Through his positions with the <a href="/wiki/American_Colony,_Jerusalem" title="American Colony, Jerusalem">American Colony</a> and Palestine Archaeological Museum, he used photography as a means of recording the history of <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> Palestinian culture as well as the discovery of past cultures in the region. He had a significant impact on the techniques of archeological photographers, especially those who took pictures of the Dead Sea Scrolls, through his contributions to the use of <a href="/wiki/Infrared_photography" title="Infrared photography">infrared photography</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najib_Albina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Najib was born in Jerusalem to Palestinian Catholic parents Anton Albina and Victoria Safieh. He reportedly claimed distant descent from Italian merchants. He was one of three brothers and one sister. His father, Anton, went missing in action in 1918 during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in an unknown front . Najib grew up in <a href="/wiki/Musrara" title="Musrara">Musrara</a> and attended the <a href="/wiki/Ratisbonne_Monastery" title="Ratisbonne Monastery">Ratisbonne School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ps_14_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps_14-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 1930, he married Adele Morcos (1911 – 1965<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), a <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians" title="Palestinian Christians">Christian Palestinian</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jericho" title="Jericho">Jericho</a>. She bore them eight children between 1930 and 1950. The family were forced to leave <a href="/wiki/Musrara" title="Musrara">Musrara</a> in the 1948 <a href="/wiki/Nakba" title="Nakba">Nakba</a> and relocated to <a href="/wiki/Bethlehem" title="Bethlehem">Bethlehem</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ps_14_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ps_14-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career_with_the_American_Colony">Early career with the American Colony</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najib_Albina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career with the American Colony"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Najib_Jamil_and_Larson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Najib_Jamil_and_Larson.jpg/250px-Najib_Jamil_and_Larson.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Najib_Jamil_and_Larson.jpg/375px-Najib_Jamil_and_Larson.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Najib_Jamil_and_Larson.jpg/500px-Najib_Jamil_and_Larson.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2340" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption>From Left to right: Jamil Albina, Najib Albina, and Lewis Larson developing motion picture film in the American Colony, Jerusalem. Circa 1934. Source: Library of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Najib worked as a darkroom technician and photographer for the photographic division of the American Colony directly under <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Larsson" title="Lewis Larsson">Lewis Larsson</a> from the early 1920s through the mid-1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He worked primarily taking and developing film of archaeological sites in the greater Jerusalem area; however, he also worked developing motion pictures. He worked alongside his brother, Jamil Albina, in the photographic division. Many of the photographs taken by Najib, Jamil, and Lewis Larsson are publicly available through the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_at_the_Palestine_Archaeological_Museum">Career at the Palestine Archaeological Museum</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najib_Albina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Career at the Palestine Archaeological Museum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 20 January 1952 until 1967, Najib Albina served as the master photographer of the Palestine Archaeological Museum (PAM).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, Najib photographed most of the museum's collection of fragments and manuscripts using broadband, fluorescence infrared photography<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (a process known as reflected NIR photography<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). Najib assembled over 1750 photographic plates for the museum of the scrolls<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using large <a href="/wiki/Film_format" title="Film format">format film</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the photographs were taken on animal skin, and allowed the text to stand out, making the plates especially useful for assembling fragments.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Being the earliest photographs of the museum's collection, the most complete in the world at the time, they recorded the fragment and scrolls before their further decay in storage and are often considered the best recorded copies of the scrolls.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of this decay was as a direct consequence of the museum storage, in damp cellars,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the environmental conditions with which the museum allowed the fragments and scrolls to be exposed, such as smoking, including by Najib. Some of the PAM's negatives taken by Najib have been destroyed due to poor storage and care.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Najib_Albina_Infrared_Photography_1950s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/Najib_Albina_Infrared_Photography_1950s.png/200px-Najib_Albina_Infrared_Photography_1950s.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ef/Najib_Albina_Infrared_Photography_1950s.png/300px-Najib_Albina_Infrared_Photography_1950s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/ef/Najib_Albina_Infrared_Photography_1950s.png 2x" data-file-width="396" data-file-height="252" /></a><figcaption>Infrared photographic plates of the Dead Seas Scrolls assembled by Najib Albina in the 1950s; source: PAM/IAA</figcaption></figure> <p>Najib took five sets, not all complete, of the Dead Sea Scrolls.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sets spanned the sorting process of the scrolls from unsorted to complete vertical format as assembled by editors at the PAM, with most of the scrolls and fragments being photographed at least three times.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the process, Najib recorded his progress and work with the scrolls in a log book, still held today by the <a href="/wiki/Israel_Antiquities_Authority" title="Israel Antiquities Authority">Israel Antiquities Authority</a>. </p><p>In addition to photographing the fragments and scrolls of the Dead Sea Scrolls collection for the PAM, Najib took other photographs for the museum. This included, but was not limited to, site photographs. Many of the site photographs for the Dead Sea Scrolls were referenced by notations of the film plates that Najib put together for the museum. The Dead Sea Scroll site photographs taken by Najib were made on 13 × 18 cm format film.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other projects were assigned to him on an ad hoc basis by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yusuf_Saad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yusuf Saad (page does not exist)">Yusuf Saad</a>, the museum's curator at the time. Such projects included taking photographs of <a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_Arch_(Jerusalem)" title="Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)">Wilson's Arch</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Beth-zur" title="Beth-zur">Beth-zur</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The museum fell from Jordanian to Israeli control in 1967 as a result of the Six-Day War, and there was significant fighting at the museum site.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike during the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Crisis" title="Suez Crisis">Suez Crisis</a>, the Dead Sea Scrolls collection was not moved to a more secure location, like the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bank" title="Ottoman Bank">Ottoman Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have been because of the damages the collection sustained during that period. Palestinian Arabs attacked the museum and attempted to loot some of the contents, putting Najib at gunpoint to unlock the glass plates behind which the Dead Sea Scrolls were stored. He lied, said he did not have the keys, and noted that he himself was Arab. After being held for three days, he was released. Soon after, the Arabs lost control of the museum to Israeli forces, who used parts of the museum as a lookout tower.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the event Najib left employment of the museum in 1967. Najib was made an offer to return full-time as the master photographer under the new Israeli management of the renamed PAM, now known as the <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockefeller Museum">Rockefeller Museum</a>, as the early grants and availability of funds allowed the museum to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He declined both in protest to the change in <a href="/wiki/Israeli_occupation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Israeli occupation of the West Bank">national management</a> of the museum and because there were <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_displacement_in_East_Jerusalem" title="Palestinian displacement in East Jerusalem">significant restrictions</a> on his family's living conditions in Jerusalem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najib_Albina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Najib had seven children – five girls and two boys: Lillan, Lima, Lorraine, Lucy, Vicky, Issa, and Joseph. After Najib's exile to the United States, just before the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Six-Day_War" title="Six-Day War">Six-Day War</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="In the previous section his presence at the museum in J'lem during the war is described in detail! (March 2022)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> he settled in Los Angeles, California. During this time, individuals pressured him and his family to turn over photographs of the Dead Sea Scrolls. However, as part of the agreement with the Palestine Archaeological Museum, he had already turned over the photographs, <a href="/wiki/Negative_(photography)" title="Negative (photography)">negatives</a>, and photographic equipment, as they were museum property.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After retiring and moving to <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, Najib Albina died there on 23 July 1983.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najib_Albina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Photographers active in Mandate Palestine 1918–1948</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Colony,_Jerusalem#Photography" title="American Colony, Jerusalem">American Colony, Jerusalem#Photography</a>: see for its Photographic Department, later Matson Photographic Service, active c. 1900-1940s</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Israel#Photographers" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenians in Israel">Armenians in Israel § Photographers</a>: see for Armenian photographers in Jerusalem since 1857</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ze%27ev_Aleksandrowicz" title="Ze'ev Aleksandrowicz">Ze'ev (Wilhelm) Aleksandrowicz</a> (1905–1992), Polish-born photographer, active in Mandate Palestine between 1932 and 1935</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27acov_Ben-Dov" title="Ya'acov Ben-Dov">Ya'acov Ben-Dov</a> (1882–1968), Israeli photographer and pioneer of Jewish cinematography in Palestine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoltan_Kluger" title="Zoltan Kluger">Zoltan Kluger</a> (1896–1977), important photographer in pre-state Israel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalil_Raad" title="Khalil Raad">Khalil Raad</a> (1854–1957), known as "Palestine's first Arab photographer"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shmuel_Joseph_Schweig" title="Shmuel Joseph Schweig">Samuel Joseph Schweig</a> (1905–1985), landscape and archaeology photographer in Mandate Palestine and early Israel</li> <li><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Sonnenfeld" class="extiw" title="de:Herbert Sonnenfeld">de:Herbert Sonnenfeld</a> (1906–1972), German Jewish photographer, husband of Leni, photographed in Mandate Palestine in the 1930s<sup id="cite_ref-BeitH_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeitH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leni_Sonnenfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leni Sonnenfeld (page does not exist)">Leni Sonnenfeld</a> (1907–2004), German Jewish photographer, wife of Herbert, photographed Israel in the early years of its existence<sup id="cite_ref-BeitH_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BeitH-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Najib_Albina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Social Security Administration. 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Social Security Administration.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ps_14-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ps_14_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ps_14_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAlbina2014" class="citation web cs1">Albina, Iris (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.palestine-studies.org/en/node/187212">"Souvenir from Gethsemane: Portrait of the Albina Brothers"</a>. <i>Palestine Studies</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.uair.arizona.edu/index.php/radiocarbon/article/download/1643/1647+&hl=en&gl=us&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEESjMAA4VZ3q3pZIEf1zltHWl37bPZjHMp7eb2zdlXquToTCSqKnJD26bLfgBCfcm7vwffVerSCYXrExaZGrWBWtmrc30uxFTIWXSoOoS9ikdfgzIZJQXppwaSd8UJPH5VjmZFiiQ&sig=AHIEtbQyv_vLBKWsRSShnazNtb5-32Ht7w&pli=1">the original</a> on 8 April 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=journals.uair.arizona.edu&rft.atitle=Storage+Conditions+And+Physical+Treatments+Relating+To+The+Dating+Of+Thedead+Sea+Scrolls&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.uair.arizona.edu%2Findex.php%2Fradiocarbon%2Farticle%2Fdownload%2F1643%2F1647%2B%26hl%3Den%26gl%3Dus%26pid%3Dbl%26srcid%3DADGEESjMAA4VZ3q3pZIEf1zltHWl37bPZjHMp7eb2zdlXquToTCSqKnJD26bLfgBCfcm7vwffVerSCYXrExaZGrWBWtmrc30uxFTIWXSoOoS9ikdfgzIZJQXppwaSd8UJPH5VjmZFiiQ%26sig%3DAHIEtbQyv_vLBKWsRSShnazNtb5-32Ht7w%26pli%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANajib+Albina" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Discovery_and_Acquistion,_1947%E2%80%931956,_Lawrence_H._Schiffman,_Reclaiming_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls,_Jewish_Publication_Society,_Philadelphia,_1994">http://cojs.org/cojswiki/Discovery_and_Acquistion,_1947%E2%80%931956,_Lawrence_H._Schiffman,_Reclaiming_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls,_Jewish_Publication_Society,_Philadelphia,_1994</a>. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">VanderKam,James, and Flint, Peter. "The Dead Sea Scrolls After Fifty Years. Volume 1. 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stinespring, William F. "Wilson's Arch Revisited." The Biblical Archaeologist. 1966.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The 1957 Excavation at Beth-Zur." <i>The Annual of the American Schools of Oriental Research</i>. Vol. 38. 1968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burleigh, Nina. "Unholy Business: A True Tale of Faith, Greed, and Forgery in the Holy Land". P. 42. 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">García Martínez, Florentino. "The People of the Dead Sea Scrolls.". P. 27. 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burleigh, Nina. "Unholy Business: A True Tale of Faith, Greed, and Forgery in the Holy Land." P.42. 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tov, Emanuel. et al. "Companion volume to the Dead Sea Scrolls Microfiche Edition." 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BeitH-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BeitH_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BeitH_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beit Hatfutsot Photo Collections, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bh.org.il/databases/visual-documentation/photo-collections/">The Herbert and Leni Sonnenfeld Collection</a>, accessed April 2020</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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Palestine">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palestine" title="History of Palestine">History of Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_Christians#History" title="Palestinian Christians">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_history_in_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim history in Palestine">Muslim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_history_of_the_region_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the history of the region of Palestine">Timeline</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Time_periods_in_the_Palestine_region" title="Time periods in the Palestine region">periods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Geographic definition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Palestine_(region)" title="Demographic history of Palestine (region)">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartography_of_Palestine" title="Cartography of Palestine">Historical maps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travelogues_of_Palestine" title="Travelogues of Palestine">Historical literature</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Modern_Palestine%2C_Illustrated_atlas%2C_and_modern_history_of_the_World%2C_1851.jpg/130px-Modern_Palestine%2C_Illustrated_atlas%2C_and_modern_history_of_the_World%2C_1851.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Modern_Palestine%2C_Illustrated_atlas%2C_and_modern_history_of_the_World%2C_1851.jpg/195px-Modern_Palestine%2C_Illustrated_atlas%2C_and_modern_history_of_the_World%2C_1851.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Modern_Palestine%2C_Illustrated_atlas%2C_and_modern_history_of_the_World%2C_1851.jpg/260px-Modern_Palestine%2C_Illustrated_atlas%2C_and_modern_history_of_the_World%2C_1851.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3750" data-file-height="4700" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sacred_space" title="Sacred space">holy places</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_the_Patriarchs" title="Cave of the Patriarchs">Cave of the Patriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph%27s_Tomb" title="Joseph's Tomb">Joseph's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel%27s_Tomb" title="Rachel's Tomb">Rachel's Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bani_Na%27im#Tomb_of_Lot" title="Bani Na'im">Lot's Tomb</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Holy_Sepulchre" title="Church of the Holy Sepulchre">Church of the Holy Sepulchre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Nativity" title="Church of the Nativity">Church of the Nativity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_the_Annunciation" title="Basilica of the Annunciation">Basilica of the Annunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qibli_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Qibli Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Mosque_of_Gaza" title="Great Mosque of Gaza">Great Mosque of Gaza</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Holy_Cities" title="Four Holy Cities">Four Holy Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regimes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite tribes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="New Kingdom of Egypt">New Kingdom of Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a> / <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Philistia" title="Philistia">Philistia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah#Persian_period" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Persian Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coele-Syria" title="Coele-Syria">Hellenistic Greece</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_dynasty" title="Herodian dynasty">Herodian dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_Tetrarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Herodian Tetrarchy">Tetrarchy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Roman Judea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina Secunda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Caliphates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Jerusalem" title="Kingdom of Jerusalem">Crusaders</a> / <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">The Mamluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Syria" title="Ottoman Syria">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandatory_Palestine" title="Mandatory Palestine">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Modern state of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Gaza_Strip_by_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of the Gaza Strip by Egypt">Egyptian rule of Gaza</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jordanian_annexation_of_the_West_Bank" title="Jordanian annexation of the West Bank">Jordanian rule of West Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_territories" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian territories">Palestinian territories</a> / <a href="/wiki/Palestinian_National_Authority" class="mw-redirect" title="Palestinian National Authority">Palestinian National Authority</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza Strip</a> / <a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">State of Palestine</a> / <a href="/wiki/Israeli-occupied_territories" title="Israeli-occupied territories">Israeli-occupied territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Palestine_(region)" title="Category:Palestine (region)">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Palestine" title="Portal:Palestine">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Dead_Sea_Scrolls" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#F3C301;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Template:Dead Sea Scrolls"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Template talk:Dead Sea Scrolls"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dead Sea Scrolls"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Dead_Sea_Scrolls" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Dead Sea Scrolls">Dead Sea Scrolls</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4Q106" title="4Q106">4Q106</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q107" title="4Q107">4Q107</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q108" title="4Q108">4Q108</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q119" title="4Q119">4Q119</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q120" title="4Q120">4Q120</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q121" title="4Q121">4Q121</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q122" title="4Q122">4Q122</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q126" title="4Q126">4Q126</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q127" title="4Q127">4Q127</a></li> <li>4Q166</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q175" title="4Q175">4Q175</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q240" title="4Q240">4Q240</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q246" title="4Q246">4Q246</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q252" class="mw-redirect" title="4Q252">4Q252</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q448" title="4Q448">4Q448</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q521" title="4Q521">4Q521</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testament_of_Qahat" title="Testament of Qahat">4Q542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q41" title="4Q41">4QDeuteronomy<sup>n</sup> (4Q41)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4QInstruction" title="4QInstruction">4QInstruction (4Q415–418, 4Q418a, 4Q423, 1Q26)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4QMMT" title="4QMMT">4QMMT (4Q394–399)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6Q6" title="6Q6">6Q6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Q1" title="7Q1">7Q1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7Q5" title="7Q5">7Q5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Psalms_Scroll" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Psalms Scroll">11Q5 The Great Psalms Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_Leviticus_Scroll" title="Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll">11QpaleoLev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11Q13" title="11Q13">11Q13 Melchizedek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11Q18_New_Jerusalem" title="11Q18 New Jerusalem">11Q18 New Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barkhi_Nafshi" title="Barkhi Nafshi">Barkhi Nafshi (4Q434–438)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Giants" title="The Book of Giants">The Book of Giants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="The Book of Mysteries">The Book of Mysteries (1Q27 and 4Q299–301)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_Rule" title="Community Rule">Community Rule (1QS, 4QS, 5Q11, 5Q13)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_Scroll" title="Copper Scroll">Copper Scroll (3Q15)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Document" title="Damascus Document">Damascus Document (CD)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesis_Apocryphon" title="Genesis Apocryphon">Genesis Apocryphon (1QapGen ar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesher_on_Genesis" title="Pesher on Genesis">Genesis Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Minor_Prophets_Scroll_from_Nahal_Hever" title="Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever">Greek Minor Prophets Scroll from Nahal Hever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habakkuk_Commentary" title="Habakkuk Commentary">Habakkuk Commentary (1QpHab)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Scroll" title="Isaiah Scroll">Isaiah Scroll (1QIsa<sup>a</sup></a><a href="/wiki/1QIsab" title="1QIsab">,1QIsa<sup>b</sup>)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahum_Commentary" title="Nahum Commentary">Nahum Commentary (4QpNah/4Q169)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jerusalem_Dead_Sea_Scroll" title="New Jerusalem Dead Sea Scroll">New Jerusalem Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Hebrew_Leviticus_Scroll" title="Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus Scroll">Paleo-Hebrew Leviticus scroll (11QpaleoLev)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_Physiognomies" title="Qumran Physiognomies">Physiognomies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Qumran_%22Horoscopes%22_(4Q186)" title="Qumran "Horoscopes" (4Q186)">Horoscopes (4Q186)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Ezekiel" title="Pseudo-Ezekiel">Pseudo-Ezekiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rule_of_the_Blessing" title="The Rule of the Blessing">Rule of the Blessing (1QSb)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rule_of_the_Congregation" title="The Rule of the Congregation">Rule of the Congregation (1QSa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Samuel_Scroll" title="The Samuel Scroll">Samuel Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Seekers_After_Smooth_Things" title="The Seekers After Smooth Things">The Seekers After Smooth Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songs_of_the_Sabbath_Sacrifice" title="Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice">Songs of the Sabbath Sacrifice (4Q400–407)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4Q510%E2%80%93511" title="4Q510–511">Songs of the Sage (4Q510–511)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Scroll" title="Temple Scroll">Temple Scroll (11Q19)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_Hymns" title="Thanksgiving Hymns">Thanksgiving Hymns (1QH)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_War_of_the_Messiah" title="The War of the Messiah">The War of the Messiah/The Pierced Messiah Text (4Q285/11Q14)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sons_of_Light_Against_the_Sons_of_Darkness" title="War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness">War of the Sons of Light Against the Sons of Darkness (1QM)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qumran" title="Qumran">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_Caves" title="Qumran Caves">Qumran Caves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_1" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 1">cave 1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_2" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 2">2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_3" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 3">3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_4" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 4">4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_5" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 5">5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_6" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 6">6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_7" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 7">7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_8" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 8">8</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_9" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 9">9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_10" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 10">10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manuscripts_from_Qumran_Cave_11" title="List of manuscripts from Qumran Cave 11">11</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_cemetery" title="Qumran cemetery">Qumran cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ein_Feshkha" title="Ein Feshkha">Ein Feshkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohlit" title="Kohlit">Kohlit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secacah" title="Secacah">Secacah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Murabba%27at" title="Wadi Murabba'at">Wadi Murabba'at</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essenes" title="Essenes">Essenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadducees" title="Sadducees">Sadducees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating_the_Dead_Sea_Scrolls" title="Carbon dating the Dead Sea Scrolls">Carbon dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yahad_Ostracon" title="Yahad Ostracon">Yahad Ostracon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesher" title="Pesher">Pesher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_messiahs" title="Dual messiahs">Dual messiahs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teacher_of_Righteousness" title="Teacher of Righteousness">Teacher of Righteousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wicked_Priest" title="Wicked Priest">Wicked Priest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Calendrical texts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Abegg" title="Martin Abegg">Martin G. Abegg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Allegro" title="John M. Allegro">John Marco Allegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Baumgarten" title="Joseph M. Baumgarten">Joseph M. Baumgarten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Collins" title="John J. Collins">John J. Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidnie_White_Crawford" title="Sidnie White Crawford">Sidnie White Crawford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Moore_Cross" title="Frank Moore Cross">Frank Moore Cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Dupont-Sommer" title="André Dupont-Sommer">André Dupont-Sommer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eisenman" title="Robert Eisenman">Robert Eisenman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanan_Eshel" title="Hanan Eshel">Hanan Eshel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fitzmyer" title="Joseph Fitzmyer">Joseph Fitzmyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Flint" title="Peter Flint">Peter W. Flint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Noel_Freedman" title="David Noel Freedman">David Noel Freedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Humbert" title="Jean-Baptiste Humbert">Jean-Baptiste Humbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentino_Garc%C3%ADa_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Florentino García Martínez">Florentino García Martínez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Golb" title="Norman Golb">Norman Golb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Lankester_Harding" title="Gerald Lankester Harding">Gerald Lankester Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yizhar_Hirschfeld" title="Yizhar Hirschfeld">Yizhar Hirschfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest-Marie_Laperrousaz" title="Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz">Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Magness" title="Jodi Magness">Jodi Magness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Milik" title="Józef Milik">Józef Milik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisha_Qimron" title="Elisha Qimron">Elisha Qimron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Sanders" title="James A. Sanders">James A. Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Schiffman" title="Lawrence Schiffman">Lawrence Schiffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_Shanks" title="Hershel Shanks">Hershel Shanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_W._Skehan" title="Patrick W. Skehan">Patrick W. Skehan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_H._Steckoll" title="Solomon H. Steckoll">Solomon H. Steckoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hartmut_Stegemann" title="Hartmut Stegemann">Hartmut Stegemann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Strugnell" title="John Strugnell">John Strugnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_Sukenik" title="Eleazar Sukenik">Eleazar Sukenik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carsten_Peter_Thiede" title="Carsten Peter Thiede">Carsten Peter Thiede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Tov" title="Emanuel Tov">Emanuel Tov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Trever" title="John C. Trever">John C. Trever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Ulrich" title="Eugene Ulrich">Eugene Ulrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roland_de_Vaux" title="Roland de Vaux">Roland de Vaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9za_Vermes" title="Géza Vermes">Géza Vermes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_O%27Callaghan_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="José O'Callaghan Martínez">José O'Callaghan Martínez</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#F8D810;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albright_Institute_of_Archaeological_Research" title="Albright Institute of Archaeological Research">AIAR</a>/<a href="/wiki/American_Society_of_Overseas_Research" title="American Society of Overseas Research">ASOR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aramaic_Enoch_Scroll" title="Aramaic Enoch Scroll">Aramaic Enoch Scroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Book" title="Shrine of the Book">Shrine of the Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Center" title="Orion Center">Orion Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_Biblique" title="École Biblique">École Biblique</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Discoveries_in_the_Judaean_Desert" title="Discoveries in the Judaean Desert">Discoveries in the Judaean Desert</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_Samuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mar Samuel">Mar Samuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhammed_edh-Dhib" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammed edh-Dhib">Muhammed edh-Dhib</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Najib Albina</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: Artists <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6959979#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pic.nypl.org/constituents/385004">Photographers' Identities</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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