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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historiography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historiography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Historiography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historiography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ceremonies_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ceremonies_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Ceremonies and festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ceremonies_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Performing arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crafts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crafts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Crafts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crafts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Cuisine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oral_traditions_and_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oral_traditions_and_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Oral traditions and literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oral_traditions_and_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Matrilineage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Matrilineage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>Matrilineage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Matrilineage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customs_and_religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customs_and_religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Customs and religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customs_and_religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Minangkabau_Population_Breakdown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Minangkabau_Population_Breakdown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Minangkabau Population Breakdown</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Minangkabau_Population_Breakdown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overseas_Minangkabau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overseas_Minangkabau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Overseas Minangkabau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overseas_Minangkabau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Minangkabau" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Minangkabau"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable Minangkabau</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Minangkabau-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-General" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#General"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>General</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-General-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Minangkabau people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ureueng_Minangkabau" title="Ureueng Minangkabau – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Ureueng Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%BA%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="المينانغكابو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="المينانغكابو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%BA%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%88_%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%DB%8C" title="مینغکاباو خالقی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مینغکاباو خالقی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Minangkabau" title="Wong Minangkabau – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Wong Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Минангкабау – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Минангкабау" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_(poble)" title="Minangkabau (poble) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Minangkabau (poble)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabauov%C3%A9" title="Minangkabauové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Minangkabauové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau-folket" title="Minangkabau-folket – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Minangkabau-folket" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau" title="Minangkabau – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabaud" title="Minangkabaud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Minangkabaud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau" title="Minangkabau – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88" title="قوم مینانگ‌کابائو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قوم مینانگ‌کابائو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabaus" title="Minangkabaus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Minangkabaus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau-ng%C3%ACn" title="Minangkabau-ngìn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Minangkabau-ngìn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AF%B8%EB%82%AD%EC%B9%B4%EB%B0%94%EC%9A%B0%EC%A1%B1" title="미낭카바우족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="미낭카바우족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մինանգկաբաուներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մինանգկաբաուներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%8A_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="मिनंगकाबाऊ लोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मिनंगकाबाऊ लोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau" title="Minangkabau – Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Minangkabau" title="Orang Minangkabau – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau" title="Minangkabau – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A7%D7%91%D7%90%D7%95" title="מיננגקבאו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מיננגקבאו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wong_Minangk%C3%AAbo" title="Wong Minangkêbo – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Wong Minangkêbo" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3" title="მინანგკაბაუ – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მინანგკაბაუ" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Минангкабау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Минангкабау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau" title="Minangkabau – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Or%C3%A8ng_Minangkabau" title="Orèng Minangkabau – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Orèng Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE_%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%A4" title="മിനാംഗ്കാബാ ജനത – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മിനാംഗ്കാബാ ജനത" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AC%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88" title="المينانجكابو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="المينانجكابو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau" title="Minangkabau – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangso_Minangkabau" title="Bangso Minangkabau – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bangso Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau" title="Minangkabau – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9F%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%82%AB%E3%83%90%E3%82%A6%E4%BA%BA" title="ミナンカバウ人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ミナンカバウ人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau" title="Minangkabau – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabaus" title="Minangkabaus – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Minangkabaus" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%83_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Минангкабау (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Минангкабау (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau" title="Minangkabau – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urang_Minang" title="Urang Minang – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Urang Minang" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabaut" title="Minangkabaut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Minangkabaut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau_(folk)" title="Minangkabau (folk) – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Minangkabau (folk)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="மினாங்கபாவு மக்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மினாங்கபாவு மக்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabaular" title="Minangkabaular – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Minangkabaular" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%83_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Мінангкабау (народ) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мінангкабау (народ)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau" title="Minangkabau – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%8D%97%E4%BD%B3%E4%BF%9D%E4%BA%BA" title="米南佳保人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="米南佳保人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halak_Minangkabau" title="Halak Minangkabau – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Halak Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Toba</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Minangkabo" title="Orang Minangkabo – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Orang Minangkabo" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alak_Minangkabau" title="Alak Minangkabau – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Alak Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau" title="Minangkabau – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minangkabau" title="Minangkabau – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jolma_Minangkabau" title="Jolma Minangkabau – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Jolma Minangkabau" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group in Indonesia</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other purposes, see <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Minangkabau (disambiguation)">Minangkabau (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Minangkabau<br /><span style="font-size:85%;">Minangkabos</span></caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><span title="Minangkabau-language text"><i lang="min">Urang Minang or Urang Awak</i></span><br /> منڠكبو</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Minangkabau_wedding_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Minangkabau_wedding_2.jpg/300px-Minangkabau_wedding_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Minangkabau_wedding_2.jpg/450px-Minangkabau_wedding_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Minangkabau_wedding_2.jpg/600px-Minangkabau_wedding_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1071" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A Minangkabau bride and groom. The bride is wearing a <i><a href="/wiki/Suntiang" title="Suntiang">Suntiang</a></i> crown.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> <b>8 million</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Indonesia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">6,462,713<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_West_Sumatra.svg/22px-Flag_of_West_Sumatra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_West_Sumatra.svg/33px-Flag_of_West_Sumatra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Flag_of_West_Sumatra.svg/43px-Flag_of_West_Sumatra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">4,281,439</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/22px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/33px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Flag_of_Riau.svg/43px-Flag_of_Riau.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">624,145</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/22px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/33px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg/43px-Flag_of_North_Sumatra.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">345,403</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Jakarta_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">305,538</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_West_Java_%28vectorised%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_West_Java_%28vectorised%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_West_Java_%28vectorised%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_West_Java_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_West_Java_%28vectorised%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_West_Java_%28vectorised%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">202,203</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Jambi.svg/22px-Flag_of_Jambi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Jambi.svg/33px-Flag_of_Jambi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Flag_of_Jambi.svg/43px-Flag_of_Jambi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1050" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">168,947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span class="nowrap">       </span> <b><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg/22px-Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg/33px-Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg/43px-Flag_of_Riau_Islands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="358" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></b></th><td class="infobox-data">156,770</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Malaysia"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">1,000,000 <span style="font-size:85%;">(counted as part of the local "<a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malays</a>")</span><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Singapore"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">15,720 <span style="font-size:85%;">(counted as part of the local "<a href="/wiki/Singaporean_Malays" class="mw-redirect" title="Singaporean Malays">Malays</a>")</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Netherlands"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">7,490</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Predominantly</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> • <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a><br /><b>Also</b><br />Other <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> varieties incl. <a href="/wiki/Malaysian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian language">Malaysian</a> • <a href="/wiki/Kerinci_language" title="Kerinci language">Kerinci</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a><sup id="cite_ref-Blackwood2000_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwood2000-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austronesian_peoples" title="Austronesian peoples">Austronesian peoples</a></li></ul></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li><li style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_(ethnic_group)" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay (ethnic group)">Malay</a></li><li style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_people" title="Kerinci people">Kerinci</a></li><li style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Aneuk_Jamee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneuk Jamee people">Aneuk Jamee</a></li><li style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Sakai_people_(Indonesia)" title="Sakai people (Indonesia)">Sakai</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="padding-top:0.5em;text-align:left;"><hr /><sup><small>a</small></sup> According to customary law ( <i><a href="/wiki/Adat" title="Adat">Adat</a></i> ), all Minangkabau people are Muslim</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Minangkabau people</b> (<a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>: <i lang="min">Urang Minang or Urang Awak</i>; <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a> or <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a>: <i>Orang Minangkabau</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-OOAL1856_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OOAL1856-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jawi_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Jawi alphabet">Jawi</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;">منڠكبو</span>‎), also known as <b>Minang</b>, are an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Highlands" title="Minangkabau Highlands">Minangkabau Highlands</a> of <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The Minangkabau's West Sumatera homelands was the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagaruyung Kingdom">Pagaruyung Kingdom</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> believed by early historians to have been the cradle of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_race" title="Malay race">Malay race</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-MalayIdentity2001_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MalayIdentity2001-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the location of the <a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri War</a> (1821 to 1837). </p><p>Minangkabau are the ethnic majority in <a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>. Minangkabau are also a recognised minority in other parts of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_(legend)" title="Minangkabau (legend)">Minangkabau (legend)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Adityawarman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Adityawarman.jpg/170px-Adityawarman.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Adityawarman.jpg/255px-Adityawarman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Adityawarman.jpg/340px-Adityawarman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="771" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>A statue believed to be <a href="/wiki/Adityawarman" title="Adityawarman">Adityawarman</a>, founder of Pagaruyung kingdom, a royal Minangkabau dynasty</figcaption></figure> <p>There are several possible etymologies for the term <b>Minangkabau</b> (<a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>: <i>Minang</i> <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a>: منڠ). While the word "kabau" undisputedly translates to "buffalo", the word "minang" is traditionally known as the <i>pinang</i> fruit (<a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a>) chewed with <i>sirih</i> (<a href="/wiki/Betel" title="Betel">betel</a>) leaves. But there is also a folklore that mention that term <i>Minangkabau</i> came from a popular legend that was derived from a territorial dispute between a people and a prince from a neighbouring region. To avoid the battle, the local people proposed a fight to the death between two <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffaloes</a> (<i>kabau</i>) to settle the dispute. The prince agreed and produced the largest, meanest, most aggressive buffalo. The villagers on other hand produced a hungry baby calf with its small horns ground to be as sharp as knives. Seeing the adult buffalo across the field, the calf ran forward, hoping for milk. The big buffalo saw no threat in the baby buffalo and paid no attention to it, looking around for a worthy opponent. But when the baby thrust his head under the big bull's belly, looking for an udder, the sharpened horns punctured and killed the bull giving the villagers their victory (<i>menang</i>, hence <i>minang kabau</i>: "victors of the buffalo" which eventually became <i>Minangkabau</i>). That legend, however, is known to be a mere tale and that the word "minang" is too far from the word "menang" which means 'win'.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The legend however has its rebuttals as the word 'minang' refers to the consumption of <a href="/wiki/Areca_nut" title="Areca nut">areca nut</a> (<i>pinang</i>), yet there has not been any popular explanation on the word 'minang' that relates the aforementioned action to the word for "water buffalo".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The first mention of the name Minangkabau as <b>Minanga Tamwan</b>, is in the late 7th century <a href="/wiki/Kedukan_Bukit_inscription" title="Kedukan Bukit inscription">Kedukan Bukit inscription</a>, describing <a href="/wiki/Sri_Jayanasa_of_Srivijaya" title="Sri Jayanasa of Srivijaya">Sri Jayanasa</a>'s sacred journey from Minanga Tamwan accompanied with 20,000 soldiers heading to Matajap and conquering several areas in the southern of Sumatra.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Minang.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Minang.svg/220px-Flag_of_Minang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Minang.svg/330px-Flag_of_Minang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Flag_of_Minang.svg/440px-Flag_of_Minang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption>Tricolour (<i><a href="/wiki/Marawa_Minangkabau" title="Marawa Minangkabau">marawa</a></i>) of Minangkabau</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau language</a> is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian language">Austronesian language</a> family, and is closest to the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay language</a>, though when the two languages split from a common ancestor and the precise historical relationship between Malay and Minangkabau culture is not known. Until the 20th century the majority of the Sumatran population lived in the highlands. The highlands are well suited for human habitation, with plentiful fresh water, fertile soil, a cool climate, and valuable commodities. It is probable that <a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">wet rice cultivation</a> evolved in the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Highlands" title="Minangkabau Highlands">Minangkabau Highlands</a> long before it appeared in other parts of Sumatra, and predates significant foreign contact.<sup id="cite_ref-Miksic2004_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Miksic2004-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Adityawarman" title="Adityawarman">Adityawarman</a>, a follower of <a href="/wiki/Tantric_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantric Buddhism">Tantric Buddhism</a> with ties to the <a href="/wiki/Singhasari" title="Singhasari">Singhasari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Majapahit" title="Majapahit">Majapahit</a> kingdoms of Java, is believed to have founded a kingdom in the Minangkabau highlands at <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagaruyung">Pagaruyung</a> and ruled between 1347 and 1375.<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 232">: 232 </span></sup> The establishment of a royal system seems to have involved conflict and violence, eventually leading to a division of villages into one of two systems of tradition, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bodi-Caniago_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bodi-Caniago system (page does not exist)">Bodi-Caniago system</a></i> based on <a href="/wiki/Adat_Perpatih" class="mw-redirect" title="Adat Perpatih">Adat Perpatih</a> and <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Koto-Piliang_system&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Koto-Piliang system (page does not exist)">Koto-Piliang system</a></i> based on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Adat_Temenggung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adat Temenggung (page does not exist)">Adat Temenggung</a>, the latter having overt allegiances to royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobbin1977_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbin1977-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 16th century, the time of the next report after the reign of Adityawarman, royal power had been split into three recognised reigning kings. They were the King of the World (<i>Raja Alam</i>), the King of Adat (<i>Raja Adat</i>), and the King of Religion (<i>Raja Ibadat</i>), and collectively they were known as the Kings of the Three Seats (<i>Rajo Tigo Selo</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Abdullah1966_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdullah1966-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minangkabau kings were charismatic or magical figures, but did not have much authority over the conduct of village affairs.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobbin1977_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbin1977-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portret_van_Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Portret_van_Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol.jpg/170px-Portret_van_Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Portret_van_Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol.jpg/255px-Portret_van_Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Portret_van_Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol.jpg/340px-Portret_van_Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="2500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol" title="Tuanku Imam Bonjol">Tuanku Imam Bonjol</a>, a leader in the <a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri War</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Around the 16th century, the Minangkabau <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_West_Sumatra#History" title="Islam in West Sumatra">started to convert to Islam</a>. The first contact between the Minangkabau and western nations occurred with the 1529 voyage of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Parmentier_(explorer)" title="Jean Parmentier (explorer)">Jean Parmentier</a> to Sumatra. The <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a> first acquired gold at <a href="/wiki/Pariaman" title="Pariaman">Pariaman</a> in 1651, but later moved south to <a href="/wiki/Padang,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang, Indonesia">Padang</a> to avoid interference from the Acehnese occupiers. In 1663 the Dutch agreed to protect and liberate local villages from the Acehnese in return for a trading monopoly, and as a result setup trading posts at <a href="/wiki/Painan" title="Painan">Painan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Padang,_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Padang, Indonesia">Padang</a>. Until early in the 19th century the Dutch remained content with their coastal trade of gold and produce, and made no attempt to visit the Minangkabau highlands. As a result of conflict in Europe, the British occupied Padang from 1781 to 1784 during the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a>, and again from 1795 to 1819 during the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>. </p><p>Late in the 18th century the gold supply which provided the economic base for Minangkabau royalty began to be exhausted. Around the same time other parts of the Minangkabau economy had a period of unparalleled expansion as new opportunities for the export of agricultural commodities arose, particularly with coffee which was in very high demand. A civil war started in 1803 with the <i>Padri</i> fundamentalist Islamic group in conflict with the traditional syncretic groups, elite families and Pagaruyung royals. As a result of a treaty with a number of penghulu and representatives of the Minangkabau royal family, Dutch forces made their first attack on a Padri village in April 1821.<sup id="cite_ref-Dobbin1977_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dobbin1977-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first phase of the war ended in 1825 when the Dutch signed an agreement with the Padri leader <a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Imam_Bonjol" title="Tuanku Imam Bonjol">Tuanku Imam Bonjol</a> to halt hostilities, allowing them to redeploy their forces to fight the <a href="/wiki/Java_War" title="Java War">Java War</a>. When fighting resumed in 1832, the reinforced Dutch troops were able to more effectively attack the Padri. The main centre of resistance was captured in 1837, Tuanku Imam Bonjol was captured and exiled soon after, and by the end of the next year the war was effectively over. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Adathoofden_van_de_Minangkabau_met_gevolg_TMnr_10026889.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Adathoofden_van_de_Minangkabau_met_gevolg_TMnr_10026889.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Adathoofden_van_de_Minangkabau_met_gevolg_TMnr_10026889.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Adathoofden_van_de_Minangkabau_met_gevolg_TMnr_10026889.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Adathoofden_van_de_Minangkabau_met_gevolg_TMnr_10026889.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Adathoofden_van_de_Minangkabau_met_gevolg_TMnr_10026889.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Adathoofden_van_de_Minangkabau_met_gevolg_TMnr_10026889.jpg 2x" data-file-width="686" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Minangkabau chiefs, picture taken between 1910 and 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>With the Minangkabau territories now under the control of the Dutch, transportation systems were improved and economic exploitation was intensified. New forms of education were introduced, allowing some Minangkabau to take advantage of a modern education system. The 20th century marked a rise and cultural and political nationalism, culminating in the demand for Indonesian independence. Later rebellions against the Dutch occupation occurred such as the 1908 Anti-Tax Rebellion and the 1927 Communist uprising. During World War II the Minangkabau territories were occupied by the Japanese, and when the Japanese surrendered in August 1945 Indonesia proclaimed independence. The Dutch attempts to regain control of the area were ultimately unsuccessful and in 1949 the Minangkabau territories became part of Indonesia as the province of Central Sumatra. </p><p>In February 1958, dissatisfaction with the centralist and communist-leaning policies of the <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> administration triggered a revolt which was centred in the Minangkabau region of Sumatra, with rebels proclaiming the <a href="/wiki/Pemerintah_Revolusioner_Republik_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pemerintah Revolusioner Republik Indonesia">Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia</a> (PRRI) in <a href="/wiki/Bukittinggi" title="Bukittinggi">Bukittinggi</a>. The Indonesian military invaded West Sumatra in April 1958 and had recaptured major towns within the next month. A period of guerrilla warfare ensued, but most rebels had surrendered by August 1961. In the years following, West Sumatra was like an occupied territory with Javanese officials occupying most senior civilian, military and police positions.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policies of centralisation continued under the <a href="/wiki/Suharto" title="Suharto">Suharto</a> regime. The national government legislated to apply the Javanese <i>desa</i> village system throughout Indonesia, and in 1983 the traditional Minangkabau <i><a href="/wiki/Nagari_(settlement)" title="Nagari (settlement)">nagari</a></i> village units were split into smaller <i>jorong</i> units, thereby destroying the traditional village social and cultural institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the years following the downfall of the Suharto regime decentralisation policies were implemented, giving more autonomy to provinces, thereby allowing West Sumatra to reinstitute the <i>nagari</i> system.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historiography">Historiography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historiography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pariangan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pariangan.jpg/220px-Pariangan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pariangan.jpg/330px-Pariangan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Pariangan.jpg/440px-Pariangan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1369" data-file-height="1025" /></a><figcaption>The village of Pariangan, located on the slopes of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Marapi" title="Mount Marapi">Mount Marapi</a>, is in folklore said to be the first Minangkabau village.</figcaption></figure> <p>The traditional <a href="/wiki/Historiography" title="Historiography">historiography</a><sup id="cite_ref-OOAL1856_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OOAL1856-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the Minangkabau tells of the development of the Minangkabau World (<i>alam Minangkabau</i>) and its <i>adat</i>. These stories are derived from an oral history which was transmitted between generations before the Minangkabau had a written language. The first Minangkabau are said to have arrived by ship and landed on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Marapi" title="Mount Marapi">Mount Marapi</a> when it was no bigger than the size of an egg, which protruded from a surrounding body of water. After the waters receded the Minangkabau proliferated and dispersed to the slopes and valleys surrounding the volcano, a region called the <i>darek</i>. The <i>darek</i> is composed of three <i>luhak</i> – <a href="/wiki/Tanah_Datar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanah Datar">Tanah Datar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agam_Regency" title="Agam Regency">Agam</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limapuluh_Koto" class="mw-redirect" title="Limapuluh Koto">Limapuluh Koto</a>. The <i>tambo</i> claims the ship was sailed by a descendant of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (<i>Iskandar Zulkarnain</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Summerfield1999Tambo_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summerfield1999Tambo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Minangkabau_huis_met_rijstschuren_TMnr_60004090.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Minangkabau_huis_met_rijstschuren_TMnr_60004090.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Minangkabau_huis_met_rijstschuren_TMnr_60004090.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Minangkabau_huis_met_rijstschuren_TMnr_60004090.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Minangkabau_huis_met_rijstschuren_TMnr_60004090.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Minangkabau_huis_met_rijstschuren_TMnr_60004090.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Een_Minangkabau_huis_met_rijstschuren_TMnr_60004090.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="502" /></a><figcaption>Minangkabau house and rice barns</figcaption></figure> <p>A division in Minangkabau <i>adat</i> into two systems is said to be the result of conflict between two half-brothers Datuak Katumangguangan and Datuak Parpatiah nan Sabatang, who were the leaders who formulated the foundations of Minangkabau <i>adat</i>. The former accepted <a href="/wiki/Adityawarman" title="Adityawarman">Adityawarman</a>, a prince from Majapahit, as a king while the latter considered him a minister, and a civil war ensued. The Bodi Caniago/<a href="/wiki/Adat_perpatih" title="Adat perpatih">Adat perpatih</a> system formulated by Datuak Parpatiah nan Sabatang is based upon egalitarian principles with all <i>panghulu</i> (clan chiefs) being equal while the Koto Piliang /Adat Katumangguangan system is more autocratic with there being a hierarchy of <i>panghulu</i>. Each village (<i>nagari</i>) in the <i>darek</i> was an autonomous "republic", and governed independently of the Minangkabau kings using one of the two <i>adat</i> systems. After the <i>darek</i> was settled, new outside settlements were created and ruled using the Koto Piliang system by <i>rajo</i> who were representatives of the king.<sup id="cite_ref-Summerfield1999Tambo_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Summerfield1999Tambo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_culture" title="Minangkabau culture">Minangkabau culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Traditional_minang_costumes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Traditional_minang_costumes.jpg/170px-Traditional_minang_costumes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Traditional_minang_costumes.jpg/255px-Traditional_minang_costumes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Traditional_minang_costumes.jpg/340px-Traditional_minang_costumes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="375" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Minangkabau women clad in traditional Minang costumes</figcaption></figure> <p>The Minangkabau have large corporate descent groups, but they traditionally reckon descent matrilineally.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A young boy, for instance, has his primary responsibility to his mother's and sisters' <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_clans" title="Minangkabau clans">clans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is considered "customary" and ideal for married sisters to remain in their parental home, with their husbands having a sort of visiting status. Not everyone lives up to this ideal, however.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 1990s, anthropologist Evelyn Blackwood studied a relatively conservative village in Sumatra Barat where only about 22 percent of the households were "matrihouses", consisting of a mother and a married daughter or daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, there is a shared ideal among Minangkabau in which sisters and unmarried lineage members try to live close to one another or even in the same house.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_18-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Landholding is one of the crucial functions of the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_clans" title="Minangkabau clans"><i>suku</i></a> (female lineage unit). Because Minangkabau men, like Acehnese men, often migrate to seek experience, wealth, and commercial success, the women's kin group is responsible for maintaining the continuity of the family and the distribution and cultivation of the land.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_18-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These family groups, however, are typically led by a <i>penghulu</i> (headman), elected by groups of lineage leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_18-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the agrarian base of the Minangkabau economy in decline, the suku—as a landholding unit—has also been declining somewhat in importance, especially in urban areas.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_18-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indeed, the position of penghulu is not always filled after the death of the incumbent, particularly if lineage members are not willing to bear the expense of the ceremony required to install a new penghulu.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_18-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Minangkabau (in short Minang) are also known for their devotion to Islam. A dominant majority of both males and females pray five times a day, fast during the month of Ramadan, and express the desire to make the holy pilgrimage (<a href="/wiki/Hajj" title="Hajj">Hajj</a>) to Mecca at least once in their lifetime. Each Minangkabau neighbourhood has a <i>Musalla</i>, which means "a temporary place of prayer" in Arabic. In the neighbourhood <i>Musalla</i>, men and women pray together, although separated into their respective gender-designated sections. A high percentage of women and girls wear the headscarf.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Poserende_Minangkabause_mannen_TMnr_10005045.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Poserende_Minangkabause_mannen_TMnr_10005045.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Poserende_Minangkabause_mannen_TMnr_10005045.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Poserende_Minangkabause_mannen_TMnr_10005045.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Poserende_Minangkabause_mannen_TMnr_10005045.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Poserende_Minangkabause_mannen_TMnr_10005045.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Poserende_Minangkabause_mannen_TMnr_10005045.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>Minangkabau men in traditional Minangkabau clothes</figcaption></figure> <p>As early as the age of 7, boys traditionally leave their homes and live in a <i><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">surau</a></i> (traditionally: the house of men of a village where the boys learn from older men reading, reciting qur'an, simple math, and other survival skills) to learn religious and cultural (<a href="/wiki/Adat" title="Adat">adat</a>) teachings. At the surau during night time (after the Isyak prayers), these youngsters are taught the traditional Minangkabau art of self-defence, called as Silek, or <a href="/wiki/Silat" title="Silat">Silat</a> in Malay. When they are teenagers, they are encouraged to leave their hometown to learn in schools or through experiences outside of their hometown so that, as adults, they can return home wise and 'useful' to society and are able to contribute their thinking and experience to run the family or <i>nagari</i> (hometown) when they sit as members of the 'council of maternal uncles and maternal granduncles' (ninik-mamak). This tradition has created Minang communities in many Indonesian cities and towns, which nevertheless are still tied closely to their homeland; a state in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a> named <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a> especially is heavily influenced by Minang culture because <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a> was originally Minangkabau's colony.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By acquiring property and education through merantau experience, a young man can attempt to influence his own destiny in positive ways.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_18-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KITLV_37392_-_Demmeni,_Jean_-_Minangkabau_dancers_on_the_West_coast_of_Sumatra_-_1897.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/KITLV_37392_-_Demmeni%2C_Jean_-_Minangkabau_dancers_on_the_West_coast_of_Sumatra_-_1897.tif/lossy-page1-220px-KITLV_37392_-_Demmeni%2C_Jean_-_Minangkabau_dancers_on_the_West_coast_of_Sumatra_-_1897.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/KITLV_37392_-_Demmeni%2C_Jean_-_Minangkabau_dancers_on_the_West_coast_of_Sumatra_-_1897.tif/lossy-page1-330px-KITLV_37392_-_Demmeni%2C_Jean_-_Minangkabau_dancers_on_the_West_coast_of_Sumatra_-_1897.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/KITLV_37392_-_Demmeni%2C_Jean_-_Minangkabau_dancers_on_the_West_coast_of_Sumatra_-_1897.tif/lossy-page1-440px-KITLV_37392_-_Demmeni%2C_Jean_-_Minangkabau_dancers_on_the_West_coast_of_Sumatra_-_1897.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3362" data-file-height="2176" /></a><figcaption>Minangkabau knife <i><a href="/wiki/Karambit" title="Karambit">karambit</a></i> fencing dancers (Tukang Mancak) on the west coast of Sumatra, 1897</figcaption></figure> <p>Increasingly, married couples go off on merantau; in such situations, the woman's role tends to change.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_18-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When married couples reside in urban areas or outside the Minangkabau region and a Minang woman marries a non-Minang man, the woman will rely on the protection provided by the husband more than that of her council of uncles. Because in Minang culture marriage is merely a 'commitment of two people' and not at all a 'union', there is no stigma attached to divorce.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_18-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minangkabau were prominent among the intellectual figures in the Indonesian independence movement.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_18-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not only were they strongly embedded themselves surrounding Islamic traditions – which counteracted the influence of the Protestant Dutch – they also had a sense of cultural pride just as like every other Sumatran especially with their traditional belief of egalitarianism of "Standing as tall, sitting as low" (that no body stand or sit on an increased stage). They also speak a language closely related to the <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> variant <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">spoken in newly formed Indonesia</a>, which was considerably freer of hierarchical connotations than <a href="/wiki/Javanese_language" title="Javanese language">Javanese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_18-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tradition of merantau also meant that the Minangkabau developed a cosmopolitan bourgeoisie that readily adopted and promoted the ideas of an emerging nation-state.<sup id="cite_ref-cs_18-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to their culture that stresses the importance of learning, Minang people are over-represented in the educated professions in Indonesia, with many ministers from Minang.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Adat</i> derives in part from the ancient animist and buddhist belief system of the Minangkabau, which existed before the arrival of Islam to Sumatra. When precisely the religion spread across the island and was adopted by the Minangkabau is unclear, though it probably arrived in West Sumatra around the 16th century. It is <i>adat</i> that guides matrilineal inheritance, and though it seems that such a tradition might conflict with the precepts of Islam, the Minangnese insist that it does not. To accommodate both, the Minangkabau make a distinction between high and low inheritance. "High inheritance" is the property, including the home and land, which passes among women. "Low inheritance" is what a father passes to his children out of his professional earnings. This latter inheritance follows Islamic law, a complex system which dictates, in part, that sons get twice as much as daughters.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ceremonies_and_festivals">Ceremonies and festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Ceremonies and festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minangprocession.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Minangprocession.jpg/170px-Minangprocession.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="256" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Minangprocession.jpg/255px-Minangprocession.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Minangprocession.jpg/340px-Minangprocession.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="1054" /></a><figcaption>Women carrying platters of food to a ceremony</figcaption></figure> <p>Minangkabau ceremonies and festivals include: </p> <ul><li><i>Turun mandi</i> – baby blessing ceremony</li> <li><i>Sunat rasul</i> – circumcision ceremony</li> <li><i>Baralek</i> – wedding ceremony</li> <li><i>Batagak pangulu</i> – clan leader inauguration ceremony. Other clan leaders, all relatives in the same clan and all villagers in the region are invited. The ceremony lasts for seven days or more.</li> <li><i>Turun ka sawah</i> – community work ceremony</li> <li><i>Manyabik</i> – harvesting ceremony</li> <li><i>Hari Rayo</i> – the local observance of <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid al-Fitr</a></li> <li>Adoption ceremony</li> <li>Adat ceremony</li> <li>Funeral ceremony</li> <li>Wild boar hunt ceremony</li> <li><i>Maanta pabukoan</i> – sending food to mother-in-law for <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tabuik_festival.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tabuik_festival.jpg/220px-Tabuik_festival.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tabuik_festival.jpg/330px-Tabuik_festival.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Tabuik_festival.jpg/440px-Tabuik_festival.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="527" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Tabuik" title="Tabuik">Tabuik</a></i> ceremony</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tabuik" title="Tabuik">Tabuik</a></i> – local <a href="/wiki/Mourning_of_Muharram" title="Mourning of Muharram">Mourning of Muharram</a> in the coastal village of <a href="/wiki/Pariaman" title="Pariaman">Pariaman</a></li> <li><i>Tanah Ta Sirah</i>, inaugurate a new <a href="/wiki/Datuk" title="Datuk">datuk</a> when the old one died in the few hours (no need to proceed to the batagak pangulu, but the clan must invite all datuk in the region.</li> <li><i>Mambangkik Batang Tarandam</i>, inaugurate a new datuk when the old one died in the past 10 or 50 years and even more, attendance in the Batagak Pangulu ceremony is mandatory.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Saluang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Saluang.jpg/220px-Saluang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Saluang.jpg/330px-Saluang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Saluang.jpg/440px-Saluang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="637" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saluang" title="Saluang">Saluang</a> performance</figcaption></figure> <p>Traditional Minangkabau music includes <i>saluang jo dendang,</i> which consists of singing to the accompaniment of a <span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Saluang" title="Saluang">saluang</a></i></span> bamboo flute and <span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Talempong" title="Talempong">talempong</a></i></span> gong-chime music. Dances include the <span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Tari_piring" class="mw-redirect" title="Tari piring">tari piring</a></i></span> (plate dance), <i>tari payung</i> (umbrella dance), <i><a href="/wiki/Indang_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indang (dance)">tari indang</a></i> (also known as <span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">endang</i></span> or <span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">badindin</i></span>), and <i><a href="/wiki/Pasambahan" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasambahan">tari pasambahan</a></i>. Demonstrations of the <span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Silat" title="Silat">silat</a></i></span> martial art are performed. <i>Pidato adat</i> are ceremonial orations performed at formal occasions. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Randai" title="Randai">Randai</a></i> is a folk theatre tradition which incorporates music, singing, dance, drama and the <i><a href="/wiki/Silat" title="Silat">silat</a></i> martial art. <i>Randai</i> is usually performed for traditional ceremonies and festivals, and complex stories may span a number of nights.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauka1998_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauka1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is performed as a <a href="/wiki/Theatre_in_the_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre in the round">theatre-in-the-round</a> to achieve an equality and unity between audience members and the performers.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Randai</i> performances are a synthesis of alternating martial arts dances, songs, and acted scenes. Stories are delivered by the acting and singing and are mostly based upon Minangkabau legends and folktales.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauka1998_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauka1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Randai</i> originated early in the 20th century out of fusion of local martial arts, storytelling and other performance traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Men originally played male and female characters in the story but, since the 1960s, women have participated.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauka1998_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauka1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crafts">Crafts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Crafts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bamboofabric.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Bamboofabric.png/170px-Bamboofabric.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c1/Bamboofabric.png 1.5x" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="313" /></a><figcaption>Minangkabau songket, the pattern in the lower third representing <a href="/wiki/Bamboo" title="Bamboo">bamboo</a> sprouts</figcaption></figure> <p>Particular Minangkabau villages specialise in cottage industries producing handicrafts such as woven sugarcane and reed purses, gold and silver jewellery using <a href="/wiki/Filigree" title="Filigree">filigree</a> and <a href="/wiki/Granulation_(jewellery)" title="Granulation (jewellery)">granulation</a> techniques, woven <a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">songket</a> textiles, wood carving, embroidery, pottery, and metallurgy. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Cuisine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Minangkabau cuisine">Minangkabau cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Masakan_Padang1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Masakan_Padang1.JPG/220px-Masakan_Padang1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Masakan_Padang1.JPG/330px-Masakan_Padang1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Masakan_Padang1.JPG/440px-Masakan_Padang1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1440" /></a><figcaption>Padang cuisine</figcaption></figure> <p>The staple ingredients of the Minangkabau diet are rice, fish, coconut, green leafy vegetables and chili. Meat is mainly limited to special occasions, and beef and chicken are most commonly used. Pork is not <i><a href="/wiki/Halal" title="Halal">halal</a></i> and not consumed, while lamb, goat and game are rarely consumed for reasons of taste and availability. Spiciness is a characteristic of Minangkabau food: The most commonly used herbs and spices are chili, turmeric, ginger and galangal. Vegetables are consumed two or three times a day. Fruits are mainly seasonal, although fruits such as banana, papaya and citrus are continually available.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipoeto2001_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipoeto2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Three meals a day are typical with lunch being the most important, except during the fasting month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a> when lunch is not eaten. Meals commonly consist of steamed rice, a hot fried dish and a coconut milk dish, with a little variation from breakfast to dinner.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipoeto2001_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipoeto2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meals are generally eaten from a plate using the fingers of the right hand.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Snacks are more frequently eaten by people in urban areas than in villages. Western food has had little impact upon Minangkabau consumption and preference.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipoeto2001_26-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipoeto2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamb_rendang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lamb_rendang.jpg/220px-Lamb_rendang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lamb_rendang.jpg/330px-Lamb_rendang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lamb_rendang.jpg/440px-Lamb_rendang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1760" data-file-height="1168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rendang" title="Rendang">Rendang</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i><a href="/wiki/Rendang" title="Rendang">Rendang</a></i> is a dish which is considered to be a characteristic of Minangkabau culture; it is cooked 4–5 times a year.<sup id="cite_ref-Lipoeto2001_26-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lipoeto2001-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This particular dish is one of the world's renowned dish, especially after crowned the Best Food in CNN's World's 50 Best Foods in 2011 and 2017 by a CNN poll. Other characteristic dishes include <i><a href="/wiki/Asam_pedas" title="Asam pedas">Asam Padeh</a></i>, <i>Soto Padang</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sate_Padang" class="mw-redirect" title="Sate Padang">Sate Padang</a></i>, <i>Dendeng Balado</i> (beef with chili sauce). </p><p>Food has a central role in the Minangkabau ceremonies which honour religious and life-cycle rites. </p><p>Minangkabau food is popular among Indonesians and restaurants are present throughout Indonesia. <i>Nasi Padang</i> restaurants, named after the capital of West Sumatra, are known for placing a variety of Minangkabau dishes on a customer's table with rice and billing only for what is taken.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Nasi Kapau</i> is another restaurant variant which specialises in dishes using offal and tamarind to add a sourness to the spicy flavour.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rumah_Gadang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rumah_Gadang.jpg/220px-Rumah_Gadang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rumah_Gadang.jpg/330px-Rumah_Gadang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Rumah_Gadang.jpg/440px-Rumah_Gadang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rumah_gadang" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumah gadang">Rumah gadang</a> in the Pandai Sikek village of West Sumatra, with two rice barns (<span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">rangkiang</i></span>) in front</figcaption></figure> <p><span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rumah_gadang" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumah gadang">Rumah gadang</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>: 'big house') or <span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">rumah bagonjong</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a>: 'spired roof house') are the traditional homes of the Minangkabau. The architecture, construction, internal and external decoration, and the functions of the house reflect the culture and values of the Minangkabau. A <span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">rumah gadang</i></span> serves as a residence, a hall for family meetings, and for ceremonial activities. The <i>rumah gadang</i> is owned by the women of the family who live there – ownership is passed from mother to daughter.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The houses have dramatic curved roof structures with multi-tiered, upswept gables. They are also well distinguished by their rooflines which curve upward from the middle and end in points, in imitation of the upward-curving horns of the water buffalo that supposedly eked the people their name (i.e. "<a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_(legend)" title="Minangkabau (legend)">victors of the buffalo</a>"). Shuttered windows are built into walls incised with profuse painted floral carvings. The term <span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">rumah gadang</i></span> usually refers to the larger communal homes, however, smaller single residences share many of its architectural elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oral_traditions_and_literature">Oral traditions and literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Oral traditions and literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Minangkabau culture has a long history of oral traditions. One is the <span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">pidato adat</i></span> (ceremonial orations) which are performed by clan chiefs (<span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">panghulu</i></span>) at formal occasions such as weddings, funerals, adoption ceremonies, and <span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">panghulu</i></span> inaugurations. These ceremonial orations consist of many forms including <span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pantun" title="Pantun">pantun</a></i></span>, aphorisms (<span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">papatah-patitih</i></span>), proverbs (<span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">pameo</i></span>), religious advice (<span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">petuah</i></span>, parables (<span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">tamsia</i></span>), two-line aphorisms (<span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">gurindam</i></span>), and similes (<span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">ibarat</i></span>). </p><p>Minangkabau traditional folktales (<i>kaba</i>) consist of narratives that present the social and personal consequences of either ignoring or observing the ethical teachings and the norms embedded in the <i>adat</i>. The storyteller (<span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">tukang kaba</i></span>) recites the story in poetic or lyrical prose while accompanying himself on a <span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">rebab</a></i></span>. </p><p>A theme in Minangkabau folktales is the central role mothers and motherhood has in Minangkabau society, with the folktales <i>Rancak di Labuah</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Malin_Kundang" title="Malin Kundang">Malin Kundang</a></i> being two examples. <i>Rancak di Labuah</i> is about a mother who acts as teacher and adviser to her two growing children. Initially her son is vain and headstrong and only after her perseverance does he become a good son who listens to his mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahsinar1971_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahsinar1971-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Malin Kundang</i> is about the dangers of treating your mother badly. A sailor from a poor family voyages to seek his fortune, becoming rich and marrying. After refusing to recognise his elderly mother on his return home, being ashamed of his humble origins, he is cursed and dies when a storm ensues and turn him along with his ship to stone. The said stone is in Air Manis beach and is known by locals as <i>batu Malin Kundang</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dahsinar1971_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dahsinar1971-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other popular folktales also relate to the important role of the woman in Minangkabau society. In the <i>Cindua Mato</i> epic the woman is the source of wisdom, while in the <i>Sabai nan Aluih</i> she is a gentle girl who takes action. <i>Cindua Mato</i> (Staring Eye) is about the traditions of Minangkabau royalty. The story involves a mythical Minangkabau queen, Bundo Kanduang, who embodies the behaviours prescribed by <i>adat</i>. Cindua Mato, a servant of the queen, uses magic to defeat hostile outside forces and save the kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Sabai nan Aluih</i> (The genteel Sabai) is about a girl named Sabai who despite being famous for being a gentle girl with perfect wife skills, avenged the murder of her father by a powerful and evil ruler from a neighbouring village. After her father's death, her cowardly elder brother refuses to confront the murderer and so Sabai decided to take matters into her own hands. She seeks out the murderer and shoots him in revenge.<sup id="cite_ref-Pauka1998_23-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pauka1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Matrilineage">Matrilineage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Matrilineage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Minangkabau are the largest <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> society in the world, with property, family name and land passing down from mother to daughter,<sup id="cite_ref-BBC-Minangkabau_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-Minangkabau-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while religious and political affairs are the responsibility of men, although some women also play important roles in these areas.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This custom is called Lareh Bodi-Caniago and is known as <a href="/wiki/Adat_perpatih" title="Adat perpatih">adat perpatih</a> in Malaysia.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Today 4.2 million Minangs live in the homeland of West Sumatra.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As one of the world's most populous (as well as politically and economically influential) matrilineal ethnicities, Minangkabau gender dynamics have been extensively studied by anthropologists.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <i>adat</i> (Minangkabau: <i>Adaik</i>) traditions have allowed Minangkabau women to hold a relatively advantageous position in their society compared to most patriarchal societies,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> because though they do not rule, they are at the center of their society. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sumatra_Ethnic_Groups_Map_en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sumatra_Ethnic_Groups_Map_en.svg/170px-Sumatra_Ethnic_Groups_Map_en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sumatra_Ethnic_Groups_Map_en.svg/255px-Sumatra_Ethnic_Groups_Map_en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sumatra_Ethnic_Groups_Map_en.svg/340px-Sumatra_Ethnic_Groups_Map_en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="541" /></a><figcaption>Location ethnic groups of Sumatra, the Minangkabau is shown in light and dark olive.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Minangkabau language (<i>Baso Minangkabau</i>) is an <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_languages" title="Austronesian languages">Austronesian language</a> belonging to the <a href="/wiki/Malayic_languages" title="Malayic languages">Malayic</a> linguistic subgroup, which in turn belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Malayo-Polynesian_languages" title="Malayo-Polynesian languages">Malayo-Polynesian</a> branch. <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan_Malay_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Negeri Sembilan Malay language">The Negri Sembilan dialect of Malay</a> used by people in <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">the aforementioned state</a> is closely related to it due to the fact many of the population are descendants of Minangkabau immigrants. </p><p>The language has a number of dialects and sub-dialects, but native Minangkabau speakers generally have no difficulty understanding the variety of dialects. The differences between dialects are mainly at the <a href="/wiki/Phonological" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonological">phonological</a> level, though some <a href="/wiki/Lexicon" title="Lexicon">lexical</a> differences also exist. Minangkabau dialects are regional, consisting of one or more villages (<span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">nagari</i></span>), and usually correspond to differences in customs and traditions. Each sub-village (<span title="Minangkabau-language romanization"><i lang="min-Latn">jorong</i></span>) has its own sub-dialect consisting of subtle differences which can be detected by native speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-Anwar1980_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anwar1980-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Padang dialect has become the lingua franca for people of different language regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2000_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2000-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Minangkabau society has a <a href="/wiki/Diglossia" title="Diglossia">diglossia</a> situation, whereby they use their native language for everyday conversations, while the Malay language is used for most formal occasions, in education, and in writing, even to relatives and friends.<sup id="cite_ref-Anwar1980_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Anwar1980-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minangkabau language was originally written using the <a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a>, an adapted Arabic alphabet. Romanization of the language dates from the 19th century, and a standardised official orthography of the language was published in 1976.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell2000_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell2000-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div align="center"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Denominations </th> <th><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> </th> <th abbr="Population" width="90px">Population (as of) </th> <th>Dialects </th></tr> <tr> <th>Minangkabau </th> <td align="center"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639:m#min" title="ISO 639:m">min</a></td> <td align="right">6,500,000 (1981)</td> <td>Agam, Payakumbuh, Tanah Datar, Sijunjung, Batu Sangkar-Pariangan, Singkarak, Pariaman, Orang Mamak, Ulu, Kampar Ocu, Rokan, Pasaman, Rao, Kuantan, Kerinci-Minangkabau, Pesisir, Aneuk Jamee (Jamee), Painan, Penghulu, Mukomuko. </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><span style="font-size:smaller;">Source: Gordon (2005).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Despite widespread use of <a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a> in both Malaysia and Indonesia, they do have their own mother tongue; the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau language</a> shares many similar words with Malay, yet it has a distinctive pronunciation and some grammatical differences rendering it unintelligible to Malay speakers.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Customs_and_religion">Customs and religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Customs and religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_West_Sumatra" title="Islam in West Sumatra">Islam in West Sumatra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Minangkabaumosque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Minangkabaumosque.jpg/220px-Minangkabaumosque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Minangkabaumosque.jpg/330px-Minangkabaumosque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Minangkabaumosque.jpg/440px-Minangkabaumosque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1165" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>A Minangkabau mosque circa 1900</figcaption></figure> <p>Prior to conversion to Islam, <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/Tantric_Buddhism" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantric Buddhism">Tantric Buddhism</a> was popular in the region. Buddhism in central Sumatra is attested by the <a href="/wiki/Padang_Roco_Inscription" title="Padang Roco Inscription">Padang Roco Inscription</a>, which states that an <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> was brought from Java to Dharmasraya, and this act brought great happiness to the people.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Influential Buddhist kingdoms thrived in the area, including the <a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagaruyung Kingdom">Pagaruyung Kingdom</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melayu_Kingdom" title="Melayu Kingdom">Melayu Kingdom</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a> had also been an important component of Minangkabau culture. Even after the penetration of Islam into Minangkabau society in the 16th century, animistic beliefs were not extinguished. In this belief system, people were said to have two souls, a real soul and a soul which can disappear called the <i>semangat</i>. <i>Semangat</i> represents the vitality of life and it is said to be possessed by all living creatures including animals and plants. An illness may be explained as the capture of the <i>semangat</i> by an evil spirit, and a shaman (<i>pawang</i>) may be consulted to conjure invisible forces and bring comfort to the family. Sacrificial offerings can be made to placate the spirits, and certain objects such as amulets are used as protection.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until the rise of the Padri movement late in the 18th century, Islamic practices such as prayers, fasting and attendance at mosques had been weakly observed in the Minangkabau highlands. The Padri were inspired by the <a href="/wiki/Wahhabi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wahhabi">Wahhabi</a> movement in Mecca, and sought to eliminate societal problems such as tobacco and opium smoking, gambling and general anarchy by ensuring the tenets of the quran were strictly observed. All Minangkabau customs allegedly in conflict with the quran were abolished. Although the Padri were eventually defeated by the Dutch, during this period the relationship between <i>adat</i> and religion was reformulated. Previously <i>adat</i> (customs) were said to be based upon appropriateness and propriety, but this was changed so that <i>adat</i> was more strongly based upon Islamic precepts.<sup id="cite_ref-Blackwood2000_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blackwood2000-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Minangkabau strongly profess <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> while at the same time also following their ethnic traditions, or <i><a href="/wiki/Adat" title="Adat">adat</a></i>. The Minangkabau <i>adat</i> was derived from hereditary wisdom before the arrival of Islam. The present relationship between Islam and <i>adat</i> is described in the saying "traditions [<i>adat</i>] are founded upon the [Islamic] law, and the law founded upon the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a>" (<i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adat_nan_kawi%27,_syara%27_nan_lazim&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adat nan kawi', syara' nan lazim (page does not exist)">adat nan kawi', syara' nan lazim</a></i>).<sup id="cite_ref-OOAL1856_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OOAL1856-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the Minangkabau highlands being the heartland of their culture, and with Islam likely entering the region from coast it is said that "custom descended, religion ascended" (<i>adat manurun, syarak mandaki</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Abdullah1966_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abdullah1966-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Minangkabau_Population_Breakdown">Minangkabau Population Breakdown</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Minangkabau Population Breakdown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This table contains Minangkabau population breakdown in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Province </th> <th scope="col">Minangkabau Population </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Sumatra" title="West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></td> <td>4,219,729 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Riau" title="Riau">Riau</a></td> <td>676,948 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a></td> <td>333,241 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a></td> <td>272,018 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Java" title="West Java">West Java</a></td> <td>241,169 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Jambi" title="Jambi">Jambi</a></td> <td>163,760 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></td> <td>162,452 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a></td> <td>95,845 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bengkulu" title="Bengkulu">Bengkulu</a></td> <td>71,472 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lampung" title="Lampung">Lampung</a></td> <td>69,652 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau Islands</a></td> <td>64,603 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Banten" title="Banten">Banten</a></td> <td>33,112 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></b></td> <td><b>6,462,713</b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overseas_Minangkabau">Overseas Minangkabau</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Overseas Minangkabau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Minangkabau" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Minangkabau">Overseas Minangkabau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa (tribe)</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Malaysians#Minangkabau" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Malaysians">Indonesian Malaysians § Minangkabau</a></div> <p>Over half of the Minangkabau people can be considered overseas Minangkabaus. They make up the majority of the population of <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naning" title="Naning">Naning</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Pekanbaru" title="Pekanbaru">Pekanbaru</a> (in Indonesia). They also form a significant minority in the populations of <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medan" title="Medan">Medan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Batam" title="Batam">Batam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Palembang" title="Palembang">Palembang</a> in Indonesia as well as <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Lumpur" title="Kuala Lumpur">Kuala Lumpur</a>, Malacca, <a href="/wiki/Penang" title="Penang">Penang</a>, Singapore and <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Darussalam" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunei Darussalam">Brunei Darussalam</a> in the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malay world</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Minangkabaus have also emigrated as skilled professionals and merchants to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the overseas (<i>rantau</i>), they have a reputation for being shrewd merchants.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Matrilineal" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrilineal">matrilineal</a> culture and economic conditions in West Sumatra have made the Minangkabau people one of the most mobile ethnic group in <a href="/wiki/Maritime_Southeast_Asia" title="Maritime Southeast Asia">Maritime Southeast Asia</a>. </p><p>For most of the Minangkabau people, wandering is an ideal way to reach maturity and success; as a consequence, they exercised great influence in the politics of many kingdom and states in Maritime Southeast Asia. Overseas Minangkabau are also great influence developing Indonesian, Malaysian, and Singaporean culture, mainly language, culinary, music, and martial art.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Minangkabau">Notable Minangkabau</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Notable Minangkabau"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg/170px-Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg/255px-Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg/340px-Mohammad_Hatta_1950.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2455" data-file-height="3582" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a>, Indonesian nationalist and first vice-president of Indonesia</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Minangkabau_people" title="List of Minangkabau people">List of Minangkabau people</a></div> <p>The Minangkabau are famous for their dedication to knowledge, as well as the widespread diaspora of their men throughout southeast Asia, the result being that Minangs have been disproportionately represented in positions of economic and political power throughout the region. The co-founder of the Republic of Indonesia, <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a>, was a Minang, as were the first President of Singapore, <a href="/wiki/Yusof_bin_Ishak" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusof bin Ishak">Yusof bin Ishak</a>, and the first Supreme Head of State or <a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Abdul_Rahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuanku Abdul Rahman">Tuanku Abdul Rahman</a>. </p><p>The Minangkabau are known as a society that places top priority in high education and thus they are widespread across Indonesia and foreign countries in a variety of professions and expertise such as politicians, writers, scholars, teachers, journalists, and <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_businesspeople" title="Minangkabau businesspeople">businesspeople</a>. Outside West Sumatra, they are mostly an urban people, forming part of expanding Indonesia's middle-class.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on a relatively small population, Minangkabau is one of the most successful.<sup id="cite_ref-Kato_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kato-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <i><a href="/wiki/Tempo_(Indonesian_magazine)" title="Tempo (Indonesian magazine)">Tempo</a></i> magazine (2000 New Year special edition), six of the top ten most influential Indonesians of the 20th century were Minang.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three out of the four Indonesian founding fathers are Minangkabau people.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many people of Minangkabau descent have held prominent positions in the Indonesian and Malay nationalist movements.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1920–1960, the political leadership in Indonesian was replete with Minangkabau people, such as <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a> a former Indonesian government prime minister and vice-president, <a href="/wiki/Agus_Salim" title="Agus Salim">Agus Salim</a> a former Indonesian government minister, <a href="/wiki/Tan_Malaka" title="Tan Malaka">Tan Malaka</a> international communist leader and founder of PARI and <a href="/wiki/Murba_Party" title="Murba Party">Murba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutan_Sjahrir" title="Sutan Sjahrir">Sutan Sjahrir</a> a former Indonesian government prime minister and founder of <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Socialist Party of Indonesia">Socialist Party of Indonesia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Natsir" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Natsir">Muhammad Natsir</a> a former Indonesian government prime minister and founder of <a href="/wiki/Masyumi" class="mw-redirect" title="Masyumi">Masyumi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assaat" title="Assaat">Assaat</a> a former Indonesian president, and <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Halim" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Halim">Abdul Halim</a> a former Indonesian government prime minister. During the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democracy_Era_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal Democracy Era in Indonesia">liberal democracy era</a>, Minangkabau politician dominated Indonesian parliament and cabinets. They were diversely affiliated to all of the existing factions, such as Islamist, nationalist, socialist and communist. </p><p>Minangkabau writers and journalists have made significant contributions to modern <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_literature" title="Indonesian literature">Indonesian literature</a>. These include authors <a href="/wiki/Marah_Roesli" title="Marah Roesli">Marah Roesli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Muis" title="Abdul Muis">Abdul Muis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sutan_Takdir_Alisjahbana" title="Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana">Sutan Takdir Alisjahbana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Idrus" title="Idrus">Idrus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamka" title="Hamka">Hamka</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ali_Akbar_Navis" title="Ali Akbar Navis">Ali Akbar Navis</a>; poets <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Yamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Muhammad Yamin">Muhammad Yamin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chairil_Anwar" title="Chairil Anwar">Chairil Anwar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Taufik_Ismail" class="mw-redirect" title="Taufik Ismail">Taufik Ismail</a>; and journalists <a href="/wiki/Djamaluddin_Adinegoro" title="Djamaluddin Adinegoro">Djamaluddin Adinegoro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosihan_Anwar" title="Rosihan Anwar">Rosihan Anwar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ani_Idrus" title="Ani Idrus">Ani Idrus</a>. Many prominent Indonesian novels were written by Minangkabau writers and later influenced the development of modern <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Moreover, there are also significant number of Minangkabau people in the popular entertainment industry, such as movie directors <a href="/wiki/Usmar_Ismail" title="Usmar Ismail">Usmar Ismail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasri_Cheppy" title="Nasri Cheppy">Nasri Cheppy</a>; movie producer <a href="/wiki/Djamaluddin_Malik" title="Djamaluddin Malik">Djamaluddin Malik</a>, screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Arizal_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arizal (Indonesia)">Arizal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asrul_Sani" title="Asrul Sani">Asrul Sani</a>; actor and actress <a href="/wiki/Soekarno_M._Noer" class="mw-redirect" title="Soekarno M. Noer">Soekarno M. Noer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rano_Karno" title="Rano Karno">Rano Karno</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camelia_Malik" title="Camelia Malik">Camelia Malik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Arnaz" title="Eva Arnaz">Eva Arnaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nirina_Zubir" title="Nirina Zubir">Nirina Zubir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titi_Rajo_Bintang" title="Titi Rajo Bintang">Titi Rajo Bintang</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dude_Herlino" class="mw-redirect" title="Dude Herlino">Dude Herlino</a>, as well as singers <a href="/wiki/Fariz_RM" title="Fariz RM">Fariz RM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bunga_Citra_Lestari" title="Bunga Citra Lestari">Bunga Citra Lestari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nazril_Irham" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazril Irham">Nazril Irham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dorce_Gamalama" title="Dorce Gamalama">Dorce Gamalama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afgansyah_Reza" class="mw-redirect" title="Afgansyah Reza">Afgansyah Reza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sherina_Munaf" title="Sherina Munaf">Sherina Munaf</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tulus_(singer)" title="Tulus (singer)">Tulus</a>. </p><p>Nowadays, Minangkabau people have made significant contributions to Indonesia's economic activities. Minangkabau businessmen are also notable in hospitality sector, media industry, healthcare, publisher, automotive, and textile trading. Some of them are industrialists include <a href="/wiki/Hasyim_Ning" title="Hasyim Ning">Hasyim Ning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fahmi_Idris" title="Fahmi Idris">Fahmi Idris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Latief_(Indonesian_businessman)" title="Abdul Latief (Indonesian businessman)">Abdul Latief</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basrizal_Koto" title="Basrizal Koto">Basrizal Koto</a>. </p><p>Historically, Minangs had also settled outside West Sumatra, migrating as far as the south Philippines by the 14th century. <a href="/wiki/Rajah_Baguinda" title="Rajah Baguinda">Raja Bagindo</a> was the leader of the forming polity in <a href="/wiki/Sulu" title="Sulu">Sulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, which later turned into the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sultanate of Sulu</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Minangkabaus migrated to the Malay peninsula in the 14th century and began to take control of the local politics. In 1773, <a href="/wiki/Raja_Melewar" class="mw-redirect" title="Raja Melewar">Raja Melewar</a> was appointed the first <a href="/wiki/Yamtuan_Besar" class="mw-redirect" title="Yamtuan Besar">Yamtuan Besar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">Negeri Sembilan</a>. </p><p>Minangkabaus have filled many political positions in Malaysia and Singapore, namely the first President of Singapore, <a href="/wiki/Yusof_Ishak" title="Yusof Ishak">Yusof Ishak</a>; the first Supreme Head of State (<i><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Yang di-Pertuan Agong</a></i>) of the <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Malaya" title="Federation of Malaya">Federation of Malaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuanku_Abdul_Rahman" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuanku Abdul Rahman">Tuanku Abdul Rahman</a>; and many Malaysian government ministers, such as <a href="/wiki/Aishah_Ghani" title="Aishah Ghani">Aishah Ghani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amirsham_Abdul_Aziz" title="Amirsham Abdul Aziz">Amirsham Abdul Aziz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aziz_Ishak" title="Aziz Ishak">Aziz Ishak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghazali_Shafie" title="Ghazali Shafie">Ghazali Shafie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rais_Yatim" title="Rais Yatim">Rais Yatim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khairy_Jamaluddin" title="Khairy Jamaluddin">Khairy Jamaluddin</a>. They are also known for their significant contributions to Malaysian and Singaporean culture, such as <a href="/wiki/Zubir_Said" title="Zubir Said">Zubir Said</a>, who composed <i><a href="/wiki/Majulah_Singapura" title="Majulah Singapura">Majulah Singapura</a></i> (the national anthem of Singapore); the Singaporean musician, <a href="/wiki/Wandly_Yazid" title="Wandly Yazid">Wandly Yazid</a>; the Malaysian film director, <a href="/wiki/U-Wei_Haji_Saari" title="U-Wei Haji Saari">U-Wei Haji Saari</a>; the linguist, <a href="/wiki/Zainal_Abidin_Ahmad_(writer)" title="Zainal Abidin Ahmad (writer)">Zainal Abidin Ahmad</a>; as well as business and economic activities, such as <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_Taib_bin_Haji_Abdul_Samad" title="Mohamed Taib bin Haji Abdul Samad">Mohamed Taib bin Haji Abdul Samad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mokhzani_Mahathir" title="Mokhzani Mahathir">Mokhzani Mahathir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamarudin_Meranun" title="Kamarudin Meranun">Kamarudin Meranun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunku_Tan_Sri_Abdullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunku Tan Sri Abdullah">Tunku Tan Sri Abdullah</a>. </p><p>Notable people of Minangkabau descent outside of the Malay world include member of the House of Representatives of the Netherlands, <a href="/wiki/Rustam_Effendi" title="Rustam Effendi">Rustam Effendi</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Khatib" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahmad Khatib">Ahmad Khatib</a>, the imam (head) of the <a href="/wiki/Shafi%27i" class="mw-redirect" title="Shafi'i">Shafi'i</a> school of law at <i><a href="/wiki/Masjid_al-Haram" title="Masjid al-Haram">Masjid al-Haram</a></i>; and Khatib's grandson <a href="/wiki/Fouad_Abdulhameed_Alkhateeb" title="Fouad Abdulhameed Alkhateeb">Fouad Abdulhameed Alkhateeb</a> as <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a> ambassador. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indonesia" title="Portal:Indonesia">Indonesia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minangkabau_clans" title="List of Minangkabau clans">List of Minangkabau clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Merchants" class="mw-redirect" title="Minangkabau Merchants">Minangkabau Merchants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Minangkabau" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Minangkabau">Minangkabau diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Malaysians" title="Minangkabau Malaysians">Minangkabau Malaysians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malays_in_Singapore#The_Minangkabaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Malays in Singapore">Minangkabau Singaporeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puti_Bungsu" title="Puti Bungsu">Puti Bungsu</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="General">General</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: General"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDobbin1983" class="citation book cs1">Dobbin, Christine (1983). <i>Islamic Revivalism in a Changing Peasant Economy: Central Sumatra, 1784–1847</i>. Curzon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-0155-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-0155-9"><bdi>0-7007-0155-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islamic+Revivalism+in+a+Changing+Peasant+Economy%3A+Central+Sumatra%2C+1784%E2%80%931847&rft.pub=Curzon+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-7007-0155-9&rft.aulast=Dobbin&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrey1986" class="citation book cs1">Frey, Katherine Stenger (1986). <i>Journey to the land of the earth goddess</i>. Gramedia Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+to+the+land+of+the+earth+goddess&rft.pub=Gramedia+Publishing&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Frey&rft.aufirst=Katherine+Stenger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKahin1999" class="citation book cs1">Kahin, Audrey (1999). <i>Rebellion to Integration: West Sumatra and the Indonesian Polity</i>. Amsterdam University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-5356-395-4" title="Special:BookSources/90-5356-395-4"><bdi>90-5356-395-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rebellion+to+Integration%3A+West+Sumatra+and+the+Indonesian+Polity&rft.pub=Amsterdam+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=90-5356-395-4&rft.aulast=Kahin&rft.aufirst=Audrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanday2004" class="citation book cs1">Sanday, Peggy Reeves (2004). <i>Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy</i>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8906-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8906-7"><bdi>0-8014-8906-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+at+the+Center%3A+Life+in+a+Modern+Matriarchy&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-8014-8906-7&rft.aulast=Sanday&rft.aufirst=Peggy+Reeves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummerfieldSummerfield,_John1999" class="citation book cs1">Summerfield, Anne; Summerfield, John (1999). <i>Walk in Splendor: Ceremonial Dress and the Minangkabau</i>. <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930741-73-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-930741-73-0"><bdi>0-930741-73-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Walk+in+Splendor%3A+Ceremonial+Dress+and+the+Minangkabau&rft.pub=UCLA&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-930741-73-0&rft.aulast=Summerfield&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft.au=Summerfield%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/383458/Minangkabau"><i>Minangkabau people</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505012037/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/383458/Minangkabau">Archived</a> 5 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. 2015 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170712140438/http://demografi.bps.go.id/phpfiletree/bahan/kumpulan_tugas_mobilitas_pak_chotib/Kelompok_1/Referensi/BPS_kewarganegaraan_sukubangsa_agama_bahasa_2010.pdf"><i>Kewarganegaraan, Suku Bangsa, Agama dan Bahasa Sehari-hari Penduduk Indonesia Hasil Sensus Penduduk 2010</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Badan_Pusat_Statistik" class="mw-redirect" title="Badan Pusat Statistik">Badan Pusat Statistik</a>. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789790644175" title="Special:BookSources/9789790644175"><bdi>9789790644175</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://demografi.bps.go.id/phpfiletree/bahan/kumpulan_tugas_mobilitas_pak_chotib/Kelompok_1/Referensi/BPS_kewarganegaraan_sukubangsa_agama_bahasa_2010.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kewarganegaraan%2C+Suku+Bangsa%2C+Agama+dan+Bahasa+Sehari-hari+Penduduk+Indonesia+Hasil+Sensus+Penduduk+2010&rft.pub=Badan+Pusat+Statistik&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9789790644175&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdemografi.bps.go.id%2Fphpfiletree%2Fbahan%2Fkumpulan_tugas_mobilitas_pak_chotib%2FKelompok_1%2FReferensi%2FBPS_kewarganegaraan_sukubangsa_agama_bahasa_2010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14208/MY">"Minangkabau in Malaysia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joshua_Project" title="Joshua Project">Joshua Project</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160122224411/http://joshuaproject.net/people_groups/14208/MY">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Minangkabau+in+Malaysia&rft.pub=Joshua+Project&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjoshuaproject.net%2Fpeople_groups%2F14208%2FMY&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blackwood2000-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwood2000_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Blackwood2000_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackwood2000" class="citation book cs1">Blackwood, Evelyn (2000). <i>Webs of Power: Women, Kin, and Community in a Sumatran Village</i>. Rowman & Littlefield. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8476-9911-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-8476-9911-0"><bdi>0-8476-9911-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Webs+of+Power%3A+Women%2C+Kin%2C+and+Community+in+a+Sumatran+Village&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8476-9911-0&rft.aulast=Blackwood&rft.aufirst=Evelyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OOAL1856-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OOAL1856_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OOAL1856_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OOAL1856_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlam1856" class="citation web cs1">Alam, Sutan Gagar (6 July 1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/view/item/2314591?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=f062dff772fd25cf9cc3&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=0#page/5/mode/1up">"Collective volume with texts in Malay, Minangkabau, Arabic script (1-2) Subtitle No. 61. Oendang oendang adat Lembaga : Tambo Minangkabau; and other texts Or. 12.182"</a>. Sakolah Malayu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210507025023/https://digitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl/view/item/2314591?solr_nav%5Bid%5D=f062dff772fd25cf9cc3&solr_nav%5Bpage%5D=0&solr_nav%5Boffset%5D=0#page/5/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on 7 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Collective+volume+with+texts+in+Malay%2C+Minangkabau%2C+Arabic+script+%281-2%29+Subtitle+No.+61.+Oendang+oendang+adat+Lembaga+%3A+Tambo+Minangkabau%3B+and+other+texts+Or.+12.182&rft.pub=Sakolah+Malayu&rft.date=1856-07-06&rft.aulast=Alam&rft.aufirst=Sutan+Gagar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.universiteitleiden.nl%2Fview%2Fitem%2F2314591%3Fsolr_nav%255Bid%255D%3Df062dff772fd25cf9cc3%26solr_nav%255Bpage%255D%3D0%26solr_nav%255Boffset%255D%3D0%23page%2F5%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiksic2004" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/John_N._Miksic" title="John N. Miksic">Miksic, John</a> (2004), <i>From megaliths to tombstones: the transition from pre-history to early Islamic period in highland West Sumatra</i></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+megaliths+to+tombstones%3A+the+transition+from+pre-history+to+early+Islamic+period+in+highland+West+Sumatra&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Miksic&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MalayIdentity2001-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MalayIdentity2001_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2001" class="citation journal cs1">Reid, Anthony (2001). 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"Look at the Clouds: Migration and West Sumatran 'Popular' Theatre". <i>New Theatre Quarterly</i>. <b>19</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">214–</span>229. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0266464X03000125">10.1017/S0266464X03000125</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191475739">191475739</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Theatre+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Look+at+the+Clouds%3A+Migration+and+West+Sumatran+%27Popular%27+Theatre&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E214-%3C%2Fspan%3E229&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0266464X03000125&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191475739%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Matthew+Isaac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lipoeto2001-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lipoeto2001_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lipoeto2001_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lipoeto2001_26-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lipoeto2001_26-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipoetoAgus,_ZulkarnainOenzil,_FadilMasrul,_Mukhtar2001" class="citation journal cs1">Lipoeto, Nur I; Agus, Zulkarnain; Oenzil, Fadil; Masrul, Mukhtar; Wattanapenpaiboon, Naiyana; Wahlqvist, Mark L (February 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1046%2Fj.1440-6047.2001.00201.x">"Contemporary Minangkabau food culture in West Sumatra, Indonesia"</a>. <i>Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition</i>. <b>10</b> (1). 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(2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091012192013/http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp"><i>Ethnologue: Languages of the World</i></a>. Dallas, Tex.: SIL International. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ethnologue.com/web.asp">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(online version)</span> on 12 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 September</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnologue%3A+Languages+of+the+World&rft.pub=Dallas%2C+Tex.%3A+SIL+International&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Raymond+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Fweb.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://padangkita.com/catatan-kritis-untuk-buku-sejarah-minangkabau-loanwords-dan-kreativitas-berbahasa-urang-awak/">"Catatan Kritis untuk Buku 'Sejarah Minangkabau, Loanwords, dan Kreativitas Berbahasa Urang Awak'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Padangkita.com</i> (in Indonesian). 1 March 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210912172250/https://padangkita.com/catatan-kritis-untuk-buku-sejarah-minangkabau-loanwords-dan-kreativitas-berbahasa-urang-awak/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Padangkita.com&rft.atitle=Catatan+Kritis+untuk+Buku+%27Sejarah+Minangkabau%2C+Loanwords%2C+dan+Kreativitas+Berbahasa+Urang+Awak%27&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpadangkita.com%2Fcatatan-kritis-untuk-buku-sejarah-minangkabau-loanwords-dan-kreativitas-berbahasa-urang-awak%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Muljana, Slamet, 1981, <i>Kuntala, Sriwijaya Dan Suwarnabhumi</i>, Jakarta: Yayasan Idayu, hlm. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dobbin (1983), pages 117–118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbin1972" class="citation journal cs1">Dobbin, Christine (1972). "Tuanku Imam Bondjol, (1772–1864)". <i>Indonesia</i>. <b>13</b> (April): <span class="nowrap">4–</span>35.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indonesia&rft.atitle=Tuanku+Imam+Bondjol%2C+%281772%E2%80%931864%29&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=April&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Dobbin&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mochtar Naim, Zulqaiyyim, Hasanuddin, Gusdi Sastra; Menelusuri Jejak Melayu-Minangkabau, Yayasan Citra Budaya Indonesia, 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.padeknews.com">http://www.padeknews.com</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150602193045/http://www.padeknews.com/">Archived</a> 2 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.padeknews.com/2014/09/24.Warga.Minang.Melbourne.Australia.Dilepas.Naik.Haji.html">Warga Minang Melbourne Australia Dilepas Naik Haji</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924063139/http://www.padeknews.com/2014/09/24.Warga.Minang.Melbourne.Australia.Dilepas.Naik.Haji.html">Archived</a> 24 September 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jeffrey Hadler, Muslims and Matriarchs: Cultural Resilience in Indonesia through Jihad and Colonialism, 2013</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Timothy P. Daniels, Building Cultural Nationalism in Malaysia: Identity, Representation, and Citizenship, 2005</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Nancy Tanner, Disputing and Dispute Settlement Among the Minangkabau of Indonesia, Cornell University Press, 1969</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kato-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Kato_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKato2005" class="citation book cs1">Kato, Tsuyoshi (2005). <i>Adat Minangkabau dan merantau dalam perspektif sejarah</i>. PT <a href="/wiki/Balai_Pustaka" title="Balai Pustaka">Balai Pustaka</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/979-690-360-1" title="Special:BookSources/979-690-360-1"><bdi>979-690-360-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Adat+Minangkabau+dan+merantau+dalam+perspektif+sejarah&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=PT+Balai+Pustaka&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=979-690-360-1&rft.aulast=Kato&rft.aufirst=Tsuyoshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">. Majalah Tempo Edisi Khusus Tahun 2000. December 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Majalah+Tempo+Edisi+Khusus+Tahun+2000&rft.date=1999-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tim Wartawan Tempo, "4 Serangkai Pendiri Republik", Kepustakaan Populer Gramedia, Jakarta (2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">4 of Indonesian founding fathers are Soekarno, Hatta, Sutan Sjahrir, and Tan Malaka</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNasir" class="citation book cs1">Nasir, Zulhasril. <i>Tan Malaka dan Gerakan Kiri Minangkabau</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tan+Malaka+dan+Gerakan+Kiri+Minangkabau&rft.aulast=Nasir&rft.aufirst=Zulhasril&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSwantoro" class="citation book cs1">Swantoro. <i>Dari Buku ke Buku, Sambung Menyambung Menjadi Satu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dari+Buku+ke+Buku%2C+Sambung+Menyambung+Menjadi+Satu&rft.au=Swantoro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asian Studies, Volume 16–18; Philippine Center for Advanced Studies, University of the Philippines System, 1978</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNazif_Basir;_Elly_Kasim1997" class="citation cs2">Nazif Basir; Elly Kasim (1997), <i>Tata Cara Perkawinan Adat Istiadat Minangkabau</i>, Elly Kasim Collections, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/16688147">16688147</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tata+Cara+Perkawinan+Adat+Istiadat+Minangkabau&rft.pub=Elly+Kasim+Collections&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F16688147&rft.au=Nazif+Basir%3B+Elly+Kasim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMinangkabau+people" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Minangkabau_people&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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class="mw-selflink selflink">Minangkabau</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Highlands" title="Minangkabau Highlands">Minangkabau homelands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmasraya" title="Dharmasraya">Dharmasraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagaruyung_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Pagaruyung Kingdom">Pagaruyung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Minangkabau" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Minangkabau">Minangkabau diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Malaysians" title="Minangkabau Malaysians">Minangkabau Malaysians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negeri_Sembilan" title="Negeri Sembilan">The formation of Negeri Sembilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padri_War" title="Padri War">Padri War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Indonesia" title="Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia">The role of Minangkabau in PRRI</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_culture" title="Minangkabau culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Adat" title="Adat">Adat</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_(legend)" title="Minangkabau (legend)">etymology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malin_Kundang" title="Malin Kundang">Malin Kundang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabai_Nan_Aluih" title="Sabai Nan Aluih">Sabai Nan Aluih</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_marriage" title="Minangkabau marriage">Minangkabau marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Minangkabau cuisine">Minangkabau cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makan_bajamba" title="Makan bajamba">Makan bajamba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_music" title="Minangkabau music">Minangkabau music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebab" title="Rebab">Rabab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saluang" title="Saluang">Saluang/Minangkabau Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talempong" title="Talempong">Talempong/Caklempong</a></li></ul></li> <li>Minangkabau dance <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candle_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Candle dance">Lilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piring_dance" title="Piring dance">Piring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indang_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indang (dance)">Indang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasambahan_dance" title="Pasambahan dance">Pasambahan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_businesspeople" title="Minangkabau businesspeople">Minangkabau merchants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randai" title="Randai">Randai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silat" title="Silat">Silek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surau" title="Surau">Surau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabuik" title="Tabuik">Tabuik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket" title="Songket">Songket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songket_Minangkabau" class="mw-redirect" title="Songket Minangkabau">Songket Minangkabau</a></li> <li>Minangkabau architecture <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rumah_gadang" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumah gadang">Rumah gadang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangkiang" title="Rangkiang">Rangkiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balairung" title="Balairung">Balairung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantun" title="Pantun">Pantun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagari_(settlement)" title="Nagari (settlement)">Nagari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dubalang" title="Dubalang">Dubalang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Language</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_language" title="Minangkabau language">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Jamee_language" title="Jamee language">Jamee </a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kampar_language&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kampar language (page does not exist)">Kampar</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kuantan_language_(Indonesia)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kuantan language (Indonesia) (page does not exist)">Kuantan</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Mukomuko_language" title="Mukomuko language">Mukomuko</a></span></li> <li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Pesisir_language" title="Pesisir language">Pesisir</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Religion</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_West_Sumatra" title="Islam in West Sumatra">Islam in West Sumatra</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Minangkabau_clans" title="List of Minangkabau clans">Tribes and clans</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_clans" title="Minangkabau clans">Minangkabau clans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adat_perpatih" title="Adat perpatih">Bodi-Chaniago system</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adat_katumanggungan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adat katumanggungan (page does not exist)">Koto-Piliang system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai_(Indonesia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakai (Indonesia)">Sakai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related<br />organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Culture_Documentation_and_Information_Center" title="Minangkabau Culture Documentation and Information Center">Minangkabau Culture Documentation and Information Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adityawarman_Museum" title="Adityawarman Museum">Adityawarman Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orkes_Gumarang" title="Orkes Gumarang">Orkes Gumarang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Minangkabau" title="Category:Minangkabau">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia204" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Indonesia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia204" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Indonesia" title="Ethnic groups in Indonesia">Ethnic groups in Indonesia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Indonesians" title="Indonesians">Indonesians</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay#Indonesia" title="Proto-Malay">Aboriginal</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Akit_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Akit people (page does not exist)">Akit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batin_people" title="Batin people">Batin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bonai_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bonai people (page does not exist)">Bonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_people" title="Lubu people">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante_people" title="Mante people">Mante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Rimba_people" title="Orang Rimba people">Orang Rimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai_people_(Indonesia)" title="Sakai people (Indonesia)">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petalangan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petalangan people (page does not exist)">Petalangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talang_Mamak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talang Mamak people (page does not exist)">Talang Mamak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alas_people" title="Alas people">Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_people" title="Angkola people">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpak_people" title="Pakpak people">Pakpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simalungun_people" title="Simalungun people">Simalungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_people" title="Toba Batak people">Toba Batak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_people" title="Enggano people">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_people" title="Gayo people">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluet_people" title="Kluet people">Kluet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komering_people" title="Komering people">Komering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_people" title="Lampung people">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahan_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahan Malay people (page does not exist)">Asahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basemah_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basemah people (page does not exist)">Basemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belida_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belida people (page does not exist)">Belida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_Malay_people" title="Deli Malay people">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enim people (page does not exist)">Enim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kikim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kikim people (page does not exist)">Kikim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisam_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisam people (page does not exist)">Kisam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahat Malay people (page does not exist)">Lahat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay people (page does not exist)">Langkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_people" title="Lembak people">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintang people (page does not exist)">Lintang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musi people (page does not exist)">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_people" title="Palembang people">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegagan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegagan people (page does not exist)">Pegagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penesak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penesak people (page does not exist)">Penesak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rambang people (page does not exist)">Rambang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malays" title="Riau Malays">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semendo_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semendo people (page does not exist)">Semendo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay people (page does not exist)">Serdang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakuddei" title="Sakuddei">Sakuddei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneuk_Jamee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneuk Jamee people">Aneuk Jamee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haloban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haloban people (page does not exist)">Haloban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan people (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_people" title="Rejang people">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_people" title="Simeulue people">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil_people" title="Singkil people">Singkil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_people" title="Cirebonese people">Cirebonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_people" title="Banyumasan people">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_people" title="Osing people">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangeanese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kangeanese people">Kangeanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baduy_people" title="Baduy people">Baduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantenese_people" title="Bantenese people">Bantenese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li>Apo Duat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_Kayan_people" title="Apo Kayan people">Apo Kayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_people" title="Bahau people">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebbo%27_people" title="Lebbo' people">Lebbo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Baka%27_people" title="Uma Baka' people">Uma Baka'</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_people" title="Kendayan people">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_Mualang" title="Dayak Mualang">Mualang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_people" title="Ot Danum people">Ot Danum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_people" title="Lawangan people">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_people" title="Ma'anyan people">Ma'anyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_people" title="Ngaju people">Ngaju</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_people" title="Bakumpai people">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meratus_Dayak" title="Meratus Dayak">Meratus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan Bah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_people" title="Krio Dayak people">Krio</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malays" title="Berau Malays">Berau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balantak_people" title="Balantak people">Balantak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banggai_people" title="Banggai people">Banggai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese people">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_people" title="Bungku people">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butonese_people" title="Butonese people">Butonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_people" title="Bonerate people">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontaloan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontaloan people">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalumpang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalumpang people (page does not exist)">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindu_people" title="Lindu people">Lindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarese_people" title="Mandarese people">Mandarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_people" title="Minahasan people">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_people" title="Mongondow people">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_people" title="Muna people">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_people" title="Pamona people">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rampi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rampi people (page does not exist)">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seko_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seko people (page does not exist)">Seko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Taa_Wana" title="Tau Taa Wana">Tau Taa Wana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torajan_people" title="Torajan people">Torajan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_people" title="Mamasa people">Mamasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abun_people" title="Abun people">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_people" title="Amung people">Amungme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat_people" title="Asmat people">Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_people" title="Bauzi people">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damal_people" title="Damal people">Damalme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_people" title="Dani people">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekari people">Ekari (Mee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_people" title="Fayu people">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_people" title="Kanum people">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketengban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketengban people (page does not exist)">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_people" title="Kombai people">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_people" title="Korowai people">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lani_people" title="Lani people">Lani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lepki_people" title="Lepki people">Lepki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_people" title="Marind people">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_people" title="Mek people">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Moi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Moi people (page does not exist)">Moi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_people" title="Moni people">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muyu_people" title="Muyu people">Muyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_people" title="Nduga people">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngalum_people" title="Ngalum people">Ngalum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_people" title="Sawi people">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sempan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sempan people (page does not exist)">Sempan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentani people (page does not exist)">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_people" title="Tehit people">Tehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_people" title="Tobati people">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wambon_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wambon people (page does not exist)">Wambon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waropen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waropen people (page does not exist)">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_people" title="Wolani people">Wolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_people" title="Yaur people">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_people_(Indonesia)" title="Yei people (Indonesia)">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser <br />Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_people" title="Abui people">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoni" title="Atoni">Atoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Aga" title="Bali Aga">Bali Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimanese_people" title="Bimanese people">Bimanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_people" title="Bunak people">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_people" title="Helong people">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_people" title="Kemak people">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_people" title="Lamaholot people">Lamaholot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loloan_Malays" title="Loloan Malays">Loloan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenese_people" title="Rotenese people">Rotenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_people" title="Sasak people">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_people" title="Savu people">Savu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikka_people" title="Sikka people">Sikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba_people" title="Sumba people">Sumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_people" title="Sumbawa people">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_people" title="Tetum people">Tetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moluccans" title="Moluccans">Moluccan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alifuru_people" title="Alifuru people">Alifuru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alune_people" title="Alune people">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_people" title="Manusela people">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_people" title="Nuaulu people">Nuaulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_people" title="Ambelau people">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese_people" title="Ambonese people">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_people" title="Buru people">Buru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_people" title="Kayeli people">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_people" title="Lisela people">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wai_Apu_people" title="Wai Apu people">Wai Apu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wai_Loa_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wai Loa people (page does not exist)">Wai Loa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbarese" title="Tanimbarese">Tanimbarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_people" title="Tobelo people">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_people" title="Togutil people">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_people" title="Wemale people">Wemale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesians" title="Arab Indonesians">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Indonesia" title="Armenians in Indonesia">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Benteng Chinese">Benteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Chinese in the Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Maluku" title="Chinese Maluku">Maluku Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padang Chinese (page does not exist)">Padang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aceh Chinese (page does not exist)">Aceh Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bali Chinese (page does not exist)">Bali Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parit_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parit Chinese (page does not exist)">Parit Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palembang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palembang Chinese (page does not exist)">Palembang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medan_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medan Chinese (page does not exist)">Medan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Indonesia" title="Filipinos in Indonesia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Indonesians" title="German Indonesians">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesians" title="Indian Indonesians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingalese" title="Klingalese">Klingalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Indonesia" title="Japanese migration to Indonesia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Indonesian">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaum_Depok&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kaum Depok (page does not exist)">Kaum Depok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Indonesia" title="Koreans in Indonesia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in Indonesia">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indonesians" title="Portuguese Indonesians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totok" title="Totok">Totok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia342" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia342" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Malaysia">Ethnic groups in Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Malaysians" title="Malaysians">Malaysians</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malay_people" title="List of Malay people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><i>Anak Jati</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johorean_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Johorean Malay people">Johorean Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malays" title="Kedahan Malays">Kedahan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantanese_Malays" title="Kelantanese Malays">Kelantanese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaccan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Malay people">Malaccan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays#Sub-ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Negeri Sembilanese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malays" title="Kedahan Malays">Penangite Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perakian_Malays" title="Perakian Malays">Perakian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedahan Malay people">Perlisan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malays" title="Pahang Malays">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangorian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangorian Malay people">Selangorian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganuan_Malays" title="Terengganuan Malays">Terengganuan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malays" title="Bruneian Malays">Bruneian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawakian Malay people">Sarawakian Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><i>Anak Dagang</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malays" title="Cocos Malays">Cocos Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Malaysians" title="Javanese Malaysians">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Baweanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Malaysians" title="Minangkabau Malaysians">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_people" title="Kerinci people">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocu people (page does not exist)">Ocu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Malays" title="Burmese Malays">Burmese Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Patani Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Siamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed with other races<br />(excluding Chinese and Indian)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Arab Malaysians</a></li> <li>Peranakan Eropah (including <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Malaysian Siamese</a> (Sam-Sam)</li> <li>Peranakan Turki</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asal" title="Orang Asal">Orang Asal</a><br />(Other<br />Indigenous peoples)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Peninsular<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay" title="Proto-Malay">Proto-Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_people" title="Jakun people">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq" title="Orang Kanaq">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar" title="Orang Seletar">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_people" title="Semelai people">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_people" title="Temoq people">Temoq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_people" title="Temuan people">Temuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semang" title="Semang">Semang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_people" title="Batek people">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_people" title="Lanoh people">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_people" title="Jahai people">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensiu">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintaq">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendriq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendriq">Mendriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mintil">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mos language">Mos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senoi" title="Senoi">Senoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semai_people" title="Semai people">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_people" title="Mah Meri people">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_people" title="Cheq Wong people">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_people" title="Temiar people">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_people" title="Jah Hut people">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_people" title="Semaq Beri people">Semaq Beri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Ulu" title="Orang Ulu">Orang Ulu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiput" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiput">Kiput</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_people" title="Penan people">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_people" title="Ukit people">Ukit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_people" title="Melanau people">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriek_people" title="Miriek people">Miriek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan_people" title="Kadazan people">Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwijau" title="Kwijau">Kwijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud" title="Lotud">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangka%27ak" title="Mangka'ak">Mangka'ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragang" title="Maragang">Maragang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minokok" title="Minokok">Minokok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumanau_people" title="Rumanau people">Rumanau</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Illanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Sungai" title="Orang Sungai">Orang Sungai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas" title="Dumpas">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambanuo_people" title="Tambanuo people">Tambanuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rungus_people" title="Rungus people">Rungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Chinese_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Chinese descent">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="Hainan people">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Foochow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Henghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penangite" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangite">Penangite</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mixed_with_Bumiputera21" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed with Bumiputera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Indian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Indian_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Indian descent">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Malaysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati Malaysian">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Penangite Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Malaysians" title="Punjabi Malaysians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Malayali">Malayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sabah" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sabah">Indians in Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sarawak" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sarawak">Indians in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Malaysia" title="Sri Lankans in Malaysia">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Telugu" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Telugu">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Mixed_with_Malay16" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed with Malay</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed without Bumiputera</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians#Malaysia" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Foreign ethnicities<br />/expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Arab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhrami people">Hadhrami</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Malaysia" title="Bangladeshis in Malaysia">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_in_Malaysia" title="Burmese in Malaysia">Burmese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese#Malaysia" title="Overseas Chinese">China/Taiwan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timorese_in_Malaysia" title="Timorese in Malaysia">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Malaysia" title="Filipinos in Malaysia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Malaysians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Malaysians">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Malaysia" title="Iranians in Malaysia">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Malaysia" title="Japanese migration to Malaysia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Jewish</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Malaysia" title="Koreans in Malaysia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_people_in_Malaysia" title="Nepalese people in Malaysia">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Malaysia" title="Pakistanis in Malaysia">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans_in_Malaysia" title="Singaporeans in Malaysia">Singaporeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Malaysia" title="Vietnamese people in Malaysia">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Singaporeans95" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Singaporeans" title="Template:Singaporeans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Singaporeans" title="Template talk:Singaporeans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Singaporeans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Singaporeans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Singaporeans95" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans" title="Singaporeans">Singaporeans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CMIO</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans" title="Malay Singaporeans">Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Singaporeans" title="Indian Singaporeans">Indians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Eurasians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Singaporeans" title="Arab Singaporeans">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Buginese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bugis-Malay" title="Bugis-Malay">Bugis-Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Singapore" title="Sri Lankans in Singapore">Ceylonese/Sri Lankans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Jews</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar" title="Orang Seletar">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign nationalities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Singapore" title="Armenians in Singapore">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationals_in_Singapore" title="Chinese nationals in Singapore">Chinese (PRC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Singapore" title="Filipinos in Singapore">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Singapore" title="Japanese people in Singapore">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Singapore" title="Koreans in Singapore">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_in_Singapore" title="Malaysians in Singapore">Malaysians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Singapore" title="Nepalis in Singapore">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Singapore" title="Pakistanis in Singapore">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thais_in_Singapore" title="Thais in Singapore">Thais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Singapore" title="Vietnamese people in Singapore">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_Singapore" title="Australians in Singapore">Australians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Singapore" title="Immigration to Singapore">Immigration to Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_in_Singapore" title="Race in Singapore">Race in Singapore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130350#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata908" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130350#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata908" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130350#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85085471">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Minangkabauové"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph576876&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536133605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/19304/">Victoria</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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