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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Essence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Self-fulfilling_prophecy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Self-fulfilling_prophecy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Self-fulfilling prophecy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Self-fulfilling_prophecy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Social aspects</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Social_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Social aspects subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Social_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lotteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lotteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Lotteries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lotteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Means_of_resolving_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Means_of_resolving_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Means of resolving issues</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Means_of_resolving_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Numerology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Numerology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Numerology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Numerology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Science</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religion_and_mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religion_and_mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>In religion and mythology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_religion_and_mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In religion and mythology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_religion_and_mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Buddhism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity_and_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity_and_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Christianity and Judaism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity_and_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belief_measurement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belief_measurement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Belief measurement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belief_measurement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Luck</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 53 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-53" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">53 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B8" title="حظ – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حظ" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/U%C4%9Fur" title="Uğur – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Uğur" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B1_(%D9%81%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%81%D9%87)" title="اوغور (فلسفه) – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اوغور (فلسفه)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF" title="ভাগ্য – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভাগ্য" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Шанцаванне – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Шанцаванне" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Късмет – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Късмет" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort_(fortuna)" title="Sort (fortuna) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sort (fortuna)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%82%D0%BD%C4%83%C3%A7%D1%83" title="Ăнăçу – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ăнăçу" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Held" title="Held – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Held" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8D%CF%87%CE%B7" title="Τύχη – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τύχη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suerte" title="Suerte – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Suerte" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bon%C5%9Danco" title="Bonŝanco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bonŝanco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zorte" title="Zorte – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Zorte" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%AA" title="بخت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بخت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chance" title="Chance – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chance" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B4%EC%88%98" title="운수 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="운수" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%BF" title="Բախտ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բախտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuno" title="Fortuno – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Fortuno" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%9C" title="מזל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מזל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A6%E0%B3%83%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F" title="ಅದೃಷ್ಟ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅದೃಷ್ಟ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahati" title="Bahati – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahati" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chans" title="Chans – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chans" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fortuna" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veiksme" title="Veiksme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Veiksme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%97km%C4%97" title="Sėkmė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Sėkmė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szerencse" title="Szerencse – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szerencse" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuah" title="Tuah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tuah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geluk_(kans)" title="Geluk (kans) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Geluk (kans)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%81%8B" title="運 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="運" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaks" title="Flaks – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Flaks" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flaks" title="Flaks – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Flaks" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adon" title="Adon – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Adon" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omad" title="Omad – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Omad" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canche" title="Canche – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Canche" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szcz%C4%99%C5%9Bcie_(zjawisko)" title="Szczęście (zjawisko) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Szczęście (zjawisko)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorte" title="Sorte – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sorte" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noroc" title="Noroc – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Noroc" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sami" title="Sami – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sami" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0" title="Удача – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Удача" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fati" title="Fati – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fati" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Furtuna" title="Furtuna – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Furtuna" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" 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div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Luck_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Luck (disambiguation)">Luck (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Good luck" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Good_luck_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Good luck (disambiguation)">Good luck (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Good fortune" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Good_Fortune_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Good Fortune (disambiguation)">Good Fortune</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Four-leaf_clover.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Four-leaf_clover.jpg/200px-Four-leaf_clover.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Four-leaf_clover.jpg/300px-Four-leaf_clover.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Four-leaf_clover.jpg/400px-Four-leaf_clover.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Four-leaf_clover" title="Four-leaf clover">four-leaf clover</a>, a rare variant of the <a href="/wiki/Shamrock" title="Shamrock">shamrock</a>, is often considered to bestow good luck.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Luck</b> is the phenomenon and belief that defines the experience of improbable events, especially improbably positive or negative ones. The <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(philosophy)" title="Naturalism (philosophy)">naturalistic</a> interpretation is that positive and negative events may happen at any time, both due to random and non-random natural and artificial processes, and that even improbable events can happen by <a href="/wiki/Random_chance" class="mw-redirect" title="Random chance">random chance</a>. In this view, the epithet "lucky" or "unlucky" is a descriptive label that refers to an event's positivity, negativity, or improbability. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a> interpretations of luck consider it to be an attribute of a person or object, or the result of a favorable or unfavorable view of a <a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">deity</a> upon a person. These interpretations often <i>prescribe</i> how luckiness or unluckiness can be obtained, such as by carrying a lucky charm or offering sacrifices or prayers to a deity. Saying someone is "born lucky" may hold different meanings, depending on the interpretation: it could simply mean that they have been born into a good family or circumstance; or that they habitually experience improbably positive events, due to some inherent property, or due to the lifelong favor of a god or goddess in a <a href="/wiki/Monotheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monotheistic">monotheistic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Polytheistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytheistic">polytheistic</a> religion. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstitions</a> are related to luck, though these are often specific to a given <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a> or set of related cultures, and sometimes contradictory. For example, <a href="/wiki/Lucky_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucky symbols">lucky symbols</a> include the number 7 in Christian-influenced cultures and the number 8 in Chinese-influenced cultures. <a href="/wiki/Unlucky_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Unlucky symbols">Unlucky symbols</a> and events include entering and leaving a house by different doors or breaking a mirror<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Greek culture, throwing rocks into a whirlwind in Navajo culture,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">ravens</a> in Western culture. Some of these associations may derive from related facts or desires. For example, in Western culture opening an umbrella indoors might be considered unlucky partly because it could poke someone in the eye, whereas shaking hands with a <a href="/wiki/Chimney_sweep" title="Chimney sweep">chimney sweep</a> might be considered lucky partly because it is a kind but unpleasant thing to do given the dirty nature of their work. In Chinese and Japanese culture, the association of the number 4 as a <a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophone</a> with the word for death may explain why it is considered unlucky. Extremely complicated and sometimes contradictory systems for prescribing auspicious and inauspicious times and arrangements of things have been devised, for example <a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">feng shui</a> in Chinese culture and systems of <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a> in various cultures around the world. </p><p>Many polytheistic religions have specific gods or goddesses that are associated with luck, both good and bad, including <a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felicitas" title="Felicitas">Felicitas</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Roman religion">Ancient Roman religion</a> (the former related to the words "fortunate" and "unfortunate" in English), <a href="/wiki/Dedun" title="Dedun">Dedun</a> in Nubian religion, the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Lucky_Gods" title="Seven Lucky Gods">Seven Lucky Gods</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_mythology" title="Japanese mythology">Japanese mythology</a>, mythical American serviceman <a href="/wiki/John_Frum" title="John Frum">John Frum</a> in Polynesian <a href="/wiki/Cargo_cult" title="Cargo cult">cargo cults</a>, and the inauspicious <a href="/wiki/Alakshmi" title="Alakshmi">Alakshmi</a> in Hinduism. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology_and_definition">Etymology and definition</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology and definition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1926WhyBeUnlucky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/1926WhyBeUnlucky.jpg/225px-1926WhyBeUnlucky.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3a/1926WhyBeUnlucky.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="324" data-file-height="211" /></a><figcaption>1927 advertisement for lucky jewellery. "Why Be Unlucky?".</figcaption></figure> <p>The English noun <i>luck</i> appears comparatively late, during the 1480s, as a loan from <a href="/wiki/Low_German" title="Low German">Low German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> or Frisian <i>luk</i>, a short form of <i>gelucke</i> (<a href="/wiki/Middle_High_German" title="Middle High German">Middle High German</a> <i>gelücke</i>). Compare to old Slavic word <i>lukyj</i> (<i>лукый</i>) - <i>appointed by destiny</i> and old Russian <i>luchaj</i> (<i>лучаи</i>) - <i>destiny, fortune</i>. It likely entered English as a <a href="/wiki/Gambling" title="Gambling">gambling</a> term, and the context of gambling remains detectable in the word's connotations; luck is a way of understanding a personal chance event. Luck has three aspects:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Luck is good or bad.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Luck is the result of chance.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Luck applies to a sentient being.</li></ul> <p>Before the adoption of <i>luck</i> at the end of the Middle Ages, Old English and <a href="/wiki/Middle_English" title="Middle English">Middle English</a> expressed the notion of "good fortune" with the word <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/speed" class="extiw" title="wikt:speed">speed</a></i> (Middle English <i>spede</i>, Old English <i><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/sped#Old_English" class="extiw" title="wikt:sped">spēd</a></i>); <i>speed</i> besides "good fortune" had the wider meaning of "<a href="/wiki/Prosperity" title="Prosperity">prosperity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Profit_(accounting)" title="Profit (accounting)">profit</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/abundance" class="extiw" title="wikt:abundance">abundance</a>"; it is not associated with the notion of probability or chance but rather with that of <a href="/wiki/Fate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fate">fate</a> or divine help; a bestower of success can also be called <i>speed</i>, as in "Christ be our speed" (William Robertson, <i>Phraseologia generalis</i>, 1693). </p><p>The notion of probability was expressed by the Latin loanword <i>chance</i>, adopted in Middle English from the late 13th century, literally describing an outcome as a "falling" (as it were of <a href="/wiki/Dice" title="Dice">dice</a>), via Old French <i>cheance</i> from Late Latin <i>cadentia</i> "falling". <a href="/wiki/Fortuna" title="Fortuna">Fortuna</a>, the Roman goddess of fate or luck, was popular as an allegory in medieval times, and even though it was not strictly reconcilable with Christian theology, it became popular in learned circles of the High Middle Ages to portray her as a servant of God in distributing success or failure in a characteristically "fickle" or unpredictable way, thus introducing the notion of <i>chance</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interpretations">Interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luck is interpreted and understood in many different ways. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lack_of_control">Lack of control</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Lack of control"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Luck refers to that which happens to a person beyond that person's control. This view incorporates <a href="/wiki/Phenomena" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenomena">phenomena</a> that are chance happenings, a person's place of birth for example, but where there is no uncertainty involved, or where the uncertainty is irrelevant. Within this framework, one can differentiate between three different types of luck: </p> <ol><li>Constitutional luck, that is, luck with factors that cannot be changed. Place of birth and genetic constitution are typical examples.</li> <li>Circumstantial luck—with factors that are haphazardly brought on. Accidents and epidemics are typical examples.</li> <li>Ignorance luck, that is, luck with factors one does not know about. Examples can be identified only in <a href="/wiki/Hindsight_bias" title="Hindsight bias">hindsight</a>.</li></ol> <p>Circumstantial luck with accidental happenstance of favorable discoveries and/or inventions is <a href="/wiki/Serendipity" title="Serendipity">serendipity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fallacy">Fallacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Fallacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another view holds that "luck is probability taken personally." A <a href="/wiki/Rationalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Rationalist">rationalist</a> approach to luck includes the application of the rules of <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> and an avoidance of <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">unscientific</a> beliefs. The rationalist thinks that the belief in luck is a result of poor reasoning or <a href="/wiki/Wishful_thinking" title="Wishful thinking">wishful thinking</a>. To a rationalist, a believer in luck who asserts that something has influenced his or her luck commits the "<a href="/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc" title="Post hoc ergo propter hoc">post hoc ergo propter hoc</a>" <a href="/wiki/Logical_fallacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Logical fallacy">logical fallacy</a>: that because two events are connected sequentially, they are connected causally as well. In general, this fallacy is that: </p> <ol><li>A luck-attracting event or action happens;</li> <li>Then a positive outcome happens;</li> <li>Therefore, the event or action influenced the outcome.</li></ol> <p>More contemporary authors writing on the subject believe that the definition of good destiny is: One who enjoys good health; has the physical and mental capabilities of achieving his goals in life; has good appearance, and; has happiness in mind and is not prone to accidents.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the rationalist perspective, probability is only affected by confirmed causal connections. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Gambler%27s_fallacy" title="Gambler's fallacy">gambler's fallacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inverse_gambler%27s_fallacy" title="Inverse gambler's fallacy">inverse gambler's fallacy</a> both explain some reasoning problems in common beliefs in luck. They involve denying the unpredictability of <a href="/wiki/Random" class="mw-redirect" title="Random">random</a> events: "I haven't rolled a seven all week, so I'll definitely roll one tonight". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">Philosopher</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Dennett" title="Daniel Dennett">Daniel Dennett</a> wrote that "luck is <i>mere</i> luck" rather than a property of a person or thing.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Essence">Essence</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Essence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maneki_neko_with_7_Lucky_Gods_by_OiMax_in_Asakusa,_Tokyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Maneki_neko_with_7_Lucky_Gods_by_OiMax_in_Asakusa%2C_Tokyo.jpg/150px-Maneki_neko_with_7_Lucky_Gods_by_OiMax_in_Asakusa%2C_Tokyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Maneki_neko_with_7_Lucky_Gods_by_OiMax_in_Asakusa%2C_Tokyo.jpg/225px-Maneki_neko_with_7_Lucky_Gods_by_OiMax_in_Asakusa%2C_Tokyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Maneki_neko_with_7_Lucky_Gods_by_OiMax_in_Asakusa%2C_Tokyo.jpg/300px-Maneki_neko_with_7_Lucky_Gods_by_OiMax_in_Asakusa%2C_Tokyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2336" data-file-height="3504" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maneki-neko" title="Maneki-neko">Maneki-neko</a> with <a href="/wiki/Seven_lucky_gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Seven lucky gods">Seven Lucky gods</a></figcaption></figure> <p>There is also a series of <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">spiritual</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> beliefs regarding fortune. These beliefs vary widely from one to another, but most agree that luck can be influenced through spiritual means by performing certain <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">rituals</a> or by avoiding certain circumstances. </p><p>Luck can also be a <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">belief</a> in an organization of fortunate and unfortunate events. Luck is a form of <a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">superstition</a> which is interpreted differently by different individuals. <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> coined the term <a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">synchronicity</a>, which he described as "a meaningful coincidence". </p><p><a href="/wiki/Abrahamic_religions" title="Abrahamic religions">Abrahamic religions</a> believe <a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a> controls future events; belief in luck or fate is criticised in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.esv.org/Isaiah+65:11">Isaiah 65:11–12</a>: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> <p>But you who forsake the Lord,<br /> who forget my holy mountain,<br /> who set a table for Fortune<br /> and fill cups of mixed wine for Destiny,<br /> I will destine you to the sword,<br /> and all of you shall bow down to the slaughter </p> </div></blockquote> <p>Belief in the extent of <a href="/wiki/Divine_Providence" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Providence">Divine Providence</a> varies; most acknowledge providence as at least a partial, if not complete influence on luck. <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, in its early development, accommodated many traditional practices which at different times, accepted <a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">omens</a> and practiced forms of ritual <a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">sacrifice</a> in order to divine the will of their supreme being or to influence divine favoritism. The concepts of "<a href="/wiki/Divine_Grace" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Grace">Divine Grace</a>" or "<a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a>" as they are described by believers closely resemble what is referred to as "luck" by others. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> religions, such as the <a href="/wiki/Aztec" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec">Aztecs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Mayans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Inca_civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca civilization">Incas</a>, had particularly strong beliefs regarding the relationship between rituals and the gods, which could in a similar sense to Abrahamic religions be called luck or providence. In these cultures, human sacrifice (both of willing volunteers and captured enemies), as well as self-sacrifice by means of <a href="/wiki/Bloodletting" title="Bloodletting">bloodletting</a>, could possibly be seen as a way to propitiate the gods and earn favor for the city offering the sacrifice. An alternative interpretation<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> would be that the sacrificial blood was considered as a necessary element for the gods to maintain the proper working order of the universe, in the same way that oil would be applied to an automobile to keep it working as designed. </p><p>Many traditional <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Africa">African</a> practices, such as <a href="/wiki/West_African_Vodun" class="mw-redirect" title="West African Vodun">voodoo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(folk_magic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoodoo (folk magic)">hoodoo</a>, have a strong belief in superstition. Some of these religions include a belief that third parties can influence an individual's luck. <a href="/wiki/Shaman" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaman">Shamans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witch" class="mw-redirect" title="Witch">witches</a> are both respected and feared, based on their ability to cause good or bad fortune for those in villages near them. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Self-fulfilling_prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Self-fulfilling prophecy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some evidence supports the idea that belief in luck acts like a <a href="/wiki/Placebo" title="Placebo">placebo</a>, producing <a href="/wiki/Optimism" title="Optimism">positive thinking</a> and improving people's responses to events. </p><p>In personality psychology, people reliably differ from each other depending on four key aspects: beliefs in luck, rejection of luck, being lucky, and being unlucky.<sup id="cite_ref-Maltby_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maltby-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who believe in good luck are more optimistic, more satisfied with their lives, and have better moods.<sup id="cite_ref-Maltby_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Maltby-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> People who believe they are personally unlucky experience more anxiety, and less likely to take advantage of unexpected opportunities.<sup id="cite_ref-popsci_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popsci-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One 2010 study found that golfers who were told they were using a "lucky ball" performed better than those who were not.<sup id="cite_ref-popsci_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popsci-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some people intentionally put themselves in situations that increase the chances of a <a href="/wiki/Serendipity" title="Serendipity">serendipitous</a> encounter, such as socializing with people who work in different fields.<sup id="cite_ref-popsci_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-popsci-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_aspects">Social aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wheel_of_fortune.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wheel_of_fortune.png/180px-Wheel_of_fortune.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wheel_of_fortune.png/270px-Wheel_of_fortune.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Wheel_of_fortune.png/360px-Wheel_of_fortune.png 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="595" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_Fortune_(Tarot_card)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wheel of Fortune (Tarot card)">Wheel of fortune</a> as depicted in Sebastian Brant's book, author <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_D%C3%BCrer" title="Albrecht Dürer">Albrecht Dürer</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Games">Games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Game_of_chance" title="Game of chance">Game of chance</a></div> <p>The philosopher Nicholas Rescher has proposed that the luck of someone's result in a situation of uncertainty is measured by the difference between this party's yield and expectation: λ = Y - E. Thus skill enhances expectation and reduces luck. The extent to which different <a href="/wiki/Game" title="Game">games</a> will <a href="/wiki/Game#Skill,_strategy,_and_chance" title="Game">depend on luck</a>, rather than skill or effort, varies considerably. For example, <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a> does not involve any random factors (beyond the determination of which player moves first), while the outcome of <a href="/wiki/Snakes_and_Ladders" class="mw-redirect" title="Snakes and Ladders">Snakes and Ladders</a> is entirely based on random dice rolls. In <a href="/wiki/Poker" title="Poker">poker</a>, especially games with a communal board, pure luck may decide a winning hand. Luck in games involving chance is defined as the change in a player's equity after a random event such as a die roll or card draw.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luck is positive (good luck) if the player's position is improved and negative (bad luck) if it is worsened. A poker player who is doing well (playing successfully, winning) is said to be "running good".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Almost all sports contain elements of luck. A statistical analysis in the book <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Success_Equation&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Success Equation (page does not exist)">The Success Equation</a></i> attempted to elucidate the differing balance between skill and luck with respect to how teams finished in the <a href="/wiki/Major_professional_sports_leagues_in_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada">major North American sports leagues</a>. This analysis concluded that, on a luck-skill continuum, the <a href="/wiki/National_Basketball_Association" title="National Basketball Association">NBA</a> had the most skill-dependant result while that of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a> was most luck-dependant.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lotteries">Lotteries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Lotteries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lottery" title="Lottery">Lottery</a></div> <p>A defining feature of a lottery is that winners are selected purely by chance. Marketing and other discussions regarding lotteries often mention luck but tend to underplay the actual prospects of winning, which are usually millions to one against.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Means_of_resolving_issues">Means of resolving issues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Means of resolving issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Leaving it to chance" is sometimes a way of resolving issues for example, where there are two possible outcomes, flipping a coin may determine the outcome. This practice has gone on for thousands of years, a common contemporary example is the coin toss at the start of a <a href="/wiki/Sporting_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Sporting event">sporting event</a> which may determine who goes first.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Numerology">Numerology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Numerology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Triskaidekaphobia" title="Triskaidekaphobia">Triskaidekaphobia</a></div> <p>Most cultures consider some numbers to be lucky or unlucky. This is found to be particularly strong in <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Asian cultures</a>, where the obtaining of "lucky" <a href="/wiki/Telephone_number" title="Telephone number">telephone numbers</a>, automobile <a href="/wiki/License_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="License plate">license plate</a> numbers, and <a href="/wiki/Address_(geography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Address (geography)">household addresses</a> (such as those which <a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerology" title="Chinese numerology">contain the digit 6 or 8</a>) are actively sought, sometimes at great <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">monetary</a> expense. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a>, as it relates to luck, is closer to an art than to a science, yet numerologists, astrologists or psychics may disagree. It is interrelated to <a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">astrology</a>, and to some degree to <a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">parapsychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">spirituality</a> and is based on converting virtually anything material into a <a href="/wiki/Pure_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Pure number">pure number</a>, using that number in an attempt to detect something meaningful about reality, and trying to predict or calculate the future based on lucky numbers. Numerology is <a href="/wiki/Folkloric" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkloric">folkloric</a> by nature and started when humans first learned to count. Through human history it was, and still is, practiced by many cultures of the world from traditional <a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">fortune-telling</a> to on-line <a href="/wiki/Psychic_reading" title="Psychic reading">psychic reading</a>. Dudley describes numerology as, "the delusion that numbers have power over events."<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science">Science</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Science"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different thinkers like <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kuhn" title="Thomas Kuhn">Thomas Kuhn</a> have discussed the <a href="/wiki/Role_of_chance_in_scientific_discoveries" title="Role of chance in scientific discoveries">role of chance in scientific discoveries</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wiseman" title="Richard Wiseman">Richard Wiseman</a> did a ten-year scientific study into the nature of luck that has revealed that, to a large extent, people make their own good and bad fortune. His research revealed that "Lucky people generate their own good fortune via four basic principles. They are skilled at creating and noticing chance opportunities, making lucky decisions by listening to their intuition, creating self-fulfilling prophecies via positive expectations, and adopting a resilient attitude that transforms bad luck into good."<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman,_R._2003_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman,_R._2003-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Researchers have suggested that good luck and good mood often co-occur (Duong & Ohtsuka, 2000)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that people who believe themselves to be lucky are often comparatively happy and optimistic whereas people who believe themselves to be unlucky may feel comparatively anxious and depressed (Day & Maltby, 2003; Wiseman, 2003).<sup id="cite_ref-Wiseman,_R._2003_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wiseman,_R._2003-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Luck can also correlate with superstitious behaviors that increase opportunities of good fortune occurring like avoiding walking under ladders or blowing left and right for safe travels before crossing train tracks, which inadvertently increases your chances of seeing an oncoming train.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although previous studies have explored the antecedents and consequences of luck using attribution theory (e. g., Fischoff, 1976; Weiner et al., 1987),<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> personality variables (Darke & Freedman, 1997a;b),<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and more recently a cognitive priming approach (DeMarree et al., 2005; Kramer & Block, 2008) research on the underlying mechanism of how luck influences consumer judgment and behavior has been noticeably absent in the extant literature. Moreover, in much of this previous work, luck is manipulated in a way that is very likely to elicit positive affect as well. Thus, it is difficult to articulate whether the observed effects of luck are due to chronic beliefs about luck, temporary changes in how lucky people feel, or because of changes caused by the positive affect that is experienced. Their research showed that priming participants subliminally with luck-related stimuli made them feel luckier and happier. It was also found that the effects of priming luck using <a href="/wiki/Subliminal_messages" class="mw-redirect" title="Subliminal messages">subliminal messages</a> increased participants' estimates of the likelihood of favorable events, their participation in lotteries, the amount of money they invested in relatively risky financial options and these effects appeared to be mediated by temporary changes in perceptions of luck rather than by affect.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religion_and_mythology">In religion and mythology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: In religion and mythology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Buddhism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a>, the founder of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, taught his followers not to believe in luck. He taught that all things which happen must have a cause, either material or spiritual, and do not occur due to luck, chance or fate. The idea of moral causality, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pali</a>: kamma), is central in Buddhism. In the <a href="/wiki/Sutta_Nipata" title="Sutta Nipata">Sutta Nipata</a>, the Buddha is recorded as having said the following about selling luck: </p> <blockquote><p>Whereas some religious men, while living of food provided by the faithful make their living by such low arts, such wrong means of livelihood as palmistry, divining by signs, interpreting dreams ... bringing good or bad luck ... invoking the goodness of luck ... picking the lucky site for a building, the monk Gautama refrains from such low arts, such wrong means of livelihood. D.I, 9–12<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Belief in luck is prevalent in many predominantly Buddhist countries. In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, Buddhists may wear verses (takrut) or lucky amulets which have been blessed by monks for protection against harm.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity_and_Judaism">Christianity and Judaism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Christianity and Judaism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Proverbs" title="Book of Proverbs">book of Proverbs</a> 16:33 states that "the lot is cast into the lap, but its every decision is from the Lord". <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastes" title="Ecclesiastes">Ecclesiastes</a> 9:11 states (in a passage that describes events with different outcomes - e.g. a race, a battle, the gaining of wealth and favour) that "time and chance happeneth to them all". Whilst the latter passage from Ecclesiastes suggests no things in human affairs are certain, the extract from Proverbs indicates that the outcome of something as apparently random as the rolling of dice or the tossing of a coin remains subject to God's will or sovereignty. In his book <i>God, Chance and Purpose: Can God have it both ways?</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bartholomew argues that chance is part of God's creation but that not even God can accurately predict what chance will do.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>God's <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> involves two aspects. God's active will or sovereignty would involve something God causes to happen such as the leading of wicked King Ahab into battle (2 Chronicles 18:18-19). Ahab's death was not merely the result of a randomly shot arrow, but as 2 Chronicles 18 reveals, God actively directed the events that led Ahab into battle and used that randomly shot arrow to accomplish his intended will for Ahab that day.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>God's passive will involves God allowing, rather than causing, something to happen. Chapter 1 of the book of Job illustrates this in what God allowed Satan to do in the life of Job.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also involved in the evil that God allowed Joseph's brothers to do to Joseph in order to accomplish a greater good, a good not apparent to Joseph until years later (Genesis 50:20).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a> the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad-Gita</a> values "Purushartha" more than mere Luck or Fate. </p><p>The Gita says; "Set thy heart upon selfless performance of thy natural duty (Svakarma, Svadharma), but never on its reward. Work not for a reward; but never cease to do thy work" (Gita, 2.47).<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are five causes of all actions as given in the Samkhya wisdom; says Gita— </p><p>"The physical body (adhisthana), the lower 'I am' (karta), the means of perception (karanam), the varied multiple efforts (vividhasch pruthak cheshta) and the Cosmic Wheel of Action (daivam), these five sources together are responsible for success or failure of any action" ( Gita, 18 . 14–15 ).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Here the word "daivam" does not mean luck, fate, fortune, providence, or destiny. None of these English words are the exact synonym for the Sanskrit word "Daivam" here. "Daivam" is the Cosmic Wheel of Action (Kshara-gati, Apara-Prakriti, Maya) that keeps the perfect account of our past and present actions. </p><p>A man who says "Nothing is impossible for me; I am the only hero of all these achievements; who else is there like me?" He is a man of clouded vision and he does not see the Truth. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islam">Islam</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The definition which is much closer to the concept of luck in Islam is "a force that brings good fortune or adversity" <a href="/wiki/Quran_17:13" class="mw-redirect" title="Quran 17:13">Quran 17:13</a>: "And (for) every man We have fastened to him his <a href="/wiki/Fate" class="mw-redirect" title="Fate">fate</a> (fortune) in his neck, and We will bring forth for him (on the) Day (of) the Resurrection a record which he will find wide open". A very long discussion continues on how this prefixed <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">destiny</a>, fortune or luck defines attitudes and living behavior and so as to how much amends one can make in this predetermined fate by one's own contribution through positive actions in accordance with the teachings of Islam. There is no concept of luck in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> other than actions determined by Allah based on the merit of the choice made by human beings. It is stated in the <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sura" class="mw-redirect" title="Sura">Sura</a>: <a href="/wiki/Adh-Dhariyat" title="Adh-Dhariyat">Adh-Dhariyat</a> (The Winds that Scatter) verse:22) that one's sustenance is pre-determined in heaven when the Lord says: "And in the heaven is your provision and that which ye are promised." One should supplicate to Allah to better one's life rather than hold faith in un-Islamic acts such as using "lucky charms". In the <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic language</a> there is a word which directly means "luck", which is <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حظ</span></span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥaẓẓ</i></span></i>, and a related word for "lucky", <span title="Arabic-language text"><span lang="ar" dir="rtl">محظوظ</span></span> <i><span title="American Library Association – Library of Congress transliteration"><i lang="ar-Latn">maḥẓūẓ</i></span></i>. It is also forbidden to believe in luck or anything else related to luck, as it is classified as <i><a href="/wiki/Shirk_(Islam)" title="Shirk (Islam)">shirk</a></i> (associating partners to Allah or giving any share of any attribution which belongs to Allah and Allah alone).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisian people">Tunisians</a> retain some native beliefs of <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> origin such as the <a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">evil eye</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of practices, such as shutters painted blue are also used to repel evil spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Belief_measurement">Belief measurement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Belief measurement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Horseshoe_lucky_on_door.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Horseshoe_lucky_on_door.jpg/170px-Horseshoe_lucky_on_door.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Horseshoe_lucky_on_door.jpg/255px-Horseshoe_lucky_on_door.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Horseshoe_lucky_on_door.jpg/340px-Horseshoe_lucky_on_door.jpg 2x" data-file-width="973" data-file-height="1207" /></a><figcaption>A horseshoe on a door is regarded a protective <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talisman</a> in some cultures.</figcaption></figure> <p>Darke and Freedman (1997)<sup id="cite_ref-Darke_and_Freedman_(1997)_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darke_and_Freedman_(1997)-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were the first researchers systematically to address directly both the concept and the measurement of belief in luck as a <a href="/wiki/Deterministic" class="mw-redirect" title="Deterministic">deterministic</a> and personal attribute. They define luck belief as the perception that good luck is "a somewhat stable characteristic that consistently favors some people but not others".<sup id="cite_ref-Darke_and_Freedman_(1997)_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darke_and_Freedman_(1997)-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They define disbelief in luck as "a tendency to agree with the rational view of luck as random and unreliable" (p. 490). To capture their unidimensional definition of irrational luck belief, Darke and Freedman developed a 12-item measure.<sup id="cite_ref-Darke_and_Freedman_(1997)_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darke_and_Freedman_(1997)-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unfortunately, they found their measure "does not seem particularly good at distinguishing between people who [say] they [are] typically lucky from those who [say] they [are] typically unlucky".<sup id="cite_ref-Darke_and_Freedman_(1997)_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darke_and_Freedman_(1997)-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also found factor analyses of their measure produced a multi-component solution,<sup id="cite_ref-Darke_and_Freedman_(1997)_40-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darke_and_Freedman_(1997)-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as did Prendergast and Thompson (2008).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>André (2006)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed a model of luck-related perceptions that includes separate positive and negative beliefs. She found the positive and negative components of personal luck beliefs correlate highly, suggesting they are conceptually very close or in fact the same. Maltby et al. (2008)<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposed a six-dimensional model of beliefs around luck, but empirical analyses supported only a four-dimensional model: belief in being personally lucky; belief in being personally unlucky; general belief in luck; and rejection of belief in luck.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BarnstarProud.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/BarnstarProud.jpg/220px-BarnstarProud.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/BarnstarProud.jpg/330px-BarnstarProud.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/BarnstarProud.jpg/440px-BarnstarProud.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1562" data-file-height="1303" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Barnstar" title="Barnstar">barnstar</a>, mounted on a wall, is seen as a lucky symbol in some parts of North America.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thompson and Prendergast (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> clarified the concepts of belief in luck and belief in personal luckiness. They addressed the logical problem that nobody who disbelieves in luck could consider themselves lucky by differentiating between belief in luck as a deterministic phenomenon that affects the future, on one hand, and on the other, belief in personal luckiness as an appraisal of how fortunately or otherwise chance events in the past might have turned out. They developed and validated an internationally applicable scale to measure, respectively, belief in luck and personal luckiness constructs. They found no correlation between the constructs and no evidence of a distinction between positive and negative aspects of each, suggesting they represent two discrete and unidimensional constructs. Belief in luck and personal luckiness were also found to correlate differently with personality and psychological variables, such as the Big Five and affect.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hamingja" title="Hamingja">Hamingja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomness" title="Randomness">Randomness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lucky_symbols" title="List of lucky symbols">List of lucky symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bad_luck_signs" title="List of bad luck signs">List of bad luck signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Max_Gunther" title="Max Gunther">Gunther, Max</a>. <i>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Z-aT0cJqoBQC&q=the+luck+factor+max+gunther">The Luck Factor</a>"</i> Harriman House Ltd 1977. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781906659950" title="Special:BookSources/9781906659950">9781906659950</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_J._Hartman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Robert J. Hartman (page does not exist)">Hartman, Robert</a> (ed.), <i>Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Psychology</i> (London: Routledge, 2019).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Mlodinow" title="Leonard Mlodinow">Mlodinow, Leonard</a>. <i>"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MPuUDtFH0L4C&q=leonard+mlodinow">The Drunkard's Walk: How Randomness Rules Our Lives</a>"</i> <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin Group</a>, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0375424040" title="Special:BookSources/0375424040">0375424040</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mauboussin" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Mauboussin">Mauboussin, Michael</a>. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qb4qSoJ6B40C&q=success+equation">"The Success Equation: Untangling Skill and Luck in Business, Sports, and Investing."</a></i> Harvard Business Review Press, 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781422184233" title="Special:BookSources/9781422184233">9781422184233</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Rosenthal" title="Jeff Rosenthal">Rosenthal, Jeff</a>, <i>Knock on Wood: Luck, Chance, and the Meaning of Everything</i>, <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>, 2018 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1443453072" title="Special:BookSources/1443453072">1443453072</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Rescher" title="Nicholas Rescher">Rescher, Nicholas</a>. "Luck", Farrar Straus Giroux 1995. Reissued University of Pittsburgh Press, 2001</li> <li>Sauder, M. (2020). <a href="//doi.org/10.1177/0735275120941178" class="extiw" title="doi:10.1177/0735275120941178">A Sociology of Luck.</a> <i>Sociological Theory</i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassim_Nicholas_Taleb" title="Nassim Nicholas Taleb">Taleb, Nassim N</a>. <i>"<a href="/wiki/Fooled_by_Randomness:_The_Hidden_Role_of_Chance_in_Life_and_in_the_Markets" class="mw-redirect" title="Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets">Fooled by Randomness: The Hidden Role of Chance in Life and in the Markets</a>"</i> <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a> 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0812975219" title="Special:BookSources/0812975219">0812975219</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mirrorhistory.com/mirror-facts/broken-mirror/">"Breaking a mirror - Meaning of broken mirror"</a>. <i>www.mirrorhistory.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.mirrorhistory.com&rft.atitle=Breaking+a+mirror+-+Meaning+of+broken+mirror&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mirrorhistory.com%2Fmirror-facts%2Fbroken-mirror%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://navajocodetalkers.org/navajo-superstitions/">"Navajo Superstitions"</a>. <i>navajocodetalkers.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=navajocodetalkers.org&rft.atitle=Navajo+Superstitions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnavajocodetalkers.org%2Fnavajo-superstitions%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Rescher, N., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSeYae1nrwcC">Luck: the brilliant randomness of everyday life</a> p. 32. "Luck accordingly involves three things: (1) a beneficiary or maleficiary, (2) a development that is benign (positive) or malign (negative) from the stand point of the interests of the affected individual, and that, moreover, (3) is fortuitous (unexpected, chancy, unforeseeable.)"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/chance_news/recent_news/chance_news_4.15.html">CHANCE News 4.15</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170618074910/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~chance/chance_news/recent_news/chance_news_4.15.html">Archived</a> 2017-06-18 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ...the definition in the Oxford English dictionary: "the fortuitous happening of an event favorable or unfavorable to the interest of a person"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rescher, N., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSeYae1nrwcC">Luck: the brilliant randomness of everyday life</a> p. 28. "Luck is a matter of having something good or bad happen that lies outside the horizon of effective foreseeability."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rescher, N., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSeYae1nrwcC">Luck: the brilliant randomness of everyday life</a> p. 32. "Luck thus always incorporates a normative element of good or bad: someone must be affected positively or negatively by an event before its realization can properly be called lucky."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rescher, N., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tSeYae1nrwcC">Luck: the brilliant randomness of everyday life</a> p. 32. ..."that as a far as the affected person is concerned, the outcome came about "by accident." "</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSumit_Kumar_Sirkar,_Pothi2010" class="citation web cs1">Sumit Kumar Sirkar, Pothi (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pothi.com/pothi/book/sumit-kumar-sirkar-how-be-lucky-and-successful-life">"How to be Lucky and Successful in Life"</a>. Pothi.com. p. 5<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-10-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+be+Lucky+and+Successful+in+Life&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Pothi.com&rft.date=2010&rft.au=Sumit+Kumar+Sirkar%2C+Pothi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpothi.com%2Fpothi%2Fbook%2Fsumit-kumar-sirkar-how-be-lucky-and-successful-life&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6SPBOq1BCf0C&pg=PA92">Elbow Room</a> by Daniel Clement Dennett, p. 92. "We know it would be superstitious to believe that "there actually is such a thing as luck" - something a rabbits' foot might bring - but we nevertheless think there is an unsuperstitious and unmisleading way of characterising events and properties as <i>merely</i> lucky."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurland,_C._A1985" class="citation book cs1">Burland, C. A (1985). <i>The Aztecs: gods and fate in ancient Mexico</i>. London: <a href="/wiki/Orbis_Publishing" title="Orbis Publishing">Orbis Publishing</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Aztecs%3A+gods+and+fate+in+ancient+Mexico&rft.pub=London%3A+Orbis+Publishing&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Burland%2C+C.+A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Maltby-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Maltby_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Maltby_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Maltby, J., Day, L., Gill, P., Colley, A., Wood, A.M. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/alex.wood/Luck.pdf">Beliefs around luck: Confirming the empirical conceptualization of beliefs around luck and the development of the Darke and Freedman beliefs around luck scale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717135656/http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/alex.wood/Luck.pdf">Archived</a> 2011-07-17 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Personality_and_Individual_Differences" title="Personality and Individual Differences">Personality and Individual Differences</a>, 45</i>, 655–660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-popsci-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popsci_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popsci_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-popsci_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.popsci.com/luck-real">"The Science Of Luck"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220718074947/https://www.popsci.com/luck-real/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-07-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-01-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Science+Of+Luck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.popsci.com%2Fluck-real&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZare" class="citation web cs1">Zare, Douglas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bkgm.com/articles/Zare/AMeasureOfLuck.html">"A Measure of Luck"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Measure+of+Luck&rft.aulast=Zare&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bkgm.com%2Farticles%2FZare%2FAMeasureOfLuck.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALuck" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller2009" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Ed (Nov 27, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cardplayer.com/cardplayer-poker-magazines/65765-mike-sexton-22-23/articles/18863-the-pitfalls-of-running-good">"The Pitfalls of Running Good"</a>. <i>CardPlayer.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 April</span> 2014</span>. <q>I've always thought that one of the worst things that can happen to new poker players is for them to run really good right out of the gate. 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The belief in good luck scale. <i>Journal of Research in Personality</i>, 31, 486–511.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prendergast, G.P. & Thompson, E.R.(2008). Sales promotion strategies and belief in luck. <i>Psychology & Marketing</i>, 25 (11), 1043–1062.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Andre, N. (2006). Good fortune, luck, opportunity and their lack: How do agents perceive them?<i> Personality and Individual Differences</i>,40 (7), 1461–1472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Maltby, J., Day, L., Gill, P., Colley, A., & Wood, A. M. (2008). Beliefs around luck: Confirming the empirical conceptualization of beliefs around luck and the development of the Darke and Freedman Beliefs Around Luck scale. <i>Personality and Individual Differences</i>, 45, 655–660.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, E. R., & Prendergast, G. P. (2013). Belief in Luck and Luckiness: Conceptual Clarification and Measure Validation. <i>Personality and Individual Differences</i>, 54(4), 501-506.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luck&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Superstition" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Superstition" title="Template:Superstition"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Superstition" title="Template talk:Superstition"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Superstition" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Superstition"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Superstition" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Superstition" title="Superstition">Superstition</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">Evil eye</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omen" title="Omen">Omen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talismans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myth_and_ritual" title="Myth and ritual">Myth and ritual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_superstitions" title="List of superstitions">List of superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lucky_symbols" title="List of lucky symbols">List of lucky symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bad_luck_signs" title="List of bad luck signs">List of bad luck signs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sailors%27_superstitions" title="Sailors' superstitions">Sailors' superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatrical_superstitions" title="Theatrical superstitions">Theatrical superstitions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Ethiopia" title="Superstition in Ethiopia">Superstition in Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buda_(folklore)" title="Buda (folklore)">Buda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gris-gris_(talisman)" title="Gris-gris (talisman)">Gris-gris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampy" title="Sampy">Sampy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleeping_child" title="Sleeping child">Sleeping child</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ascalapha_odorata" title="Ascalapha odorata">Ascalapha odorata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda_Triangle" title="Bermuda Triangle">Bermuda Triangle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Brujería</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carranca" title="Carranca">Carranca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooties" title="Cooties">Cooties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse_of_Tippecanoe" title="Curse of Tippecanoe">Curse of Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curupira" title="Curupira">Curupira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djucu" title="Djucu">Djucu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune_cookie" title="Fortune cookie">Fortune cookie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundhog_Day" title="Groundhog Day">Groundhog Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%27noGo_tied" title="I'noGo tied">I'noGo tied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oscar_love_curse" title="Oscar love curse">Oscar love curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susto" title="Susto">Susto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veve" title="Veve">Veve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_lighter_myth" title="White lighter myth">White lighter myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_window" title="Witch window">Witch window</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_India" title="Superstition in India">Superstition in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Pakistan" title="Superstition in Pakistan">Superstition in Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_the_Philippines" title="Superstition in the Philippines">Superstition in the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_superstitions" title="Japanese superstitions">Japanese superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Korea" title="Superstition in Korea">Superstition in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhoot_(ghost)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhoot (ghost)"><i>Bhoot</i> (ghost)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chhaupadi" title="Chhaupadi">Chhaupadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Churel" title="Churel">Churel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghosts_in_Bengali_culture" title="Ghosts in Bengali culture">Ghosts in Bengali culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackal%27s_horn" title="Jackal's horn">Jackal's horn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuai_Kuai_culture" title="Kuai Kuai culture">Kuai Kuai culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhurta" title="Muhurta">Muhurta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navaratna" title="Navaratna">Navaratna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazar_(amulet)" title="Nazar (amulet)">Nazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazar_battu" title="Nazar battu">Nazar battu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pichal_Peri" title="Pichal Peri">Pichal Peri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppy_pregnancy_syndrome" title="Puppy pregnancy syndrome">Puppy pregnancy syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akabeko" title="Akabeko">Akabeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanai_Anzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kanai Anzen">Kanai Anzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maneki-neko" title="Maneki-neko">Maneki-neko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okiagari-koboshi" title="Okiagari-koboshi">Okiagari-koboshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofuda" title="Ofuda">Ofuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omamori" title="Omamori">Omamori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_death" title="Fan death">Fan death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_astrology" title="Hindu astrology">Hindu astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agimat" title="Agimat">Agimat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albularyo" title="Albularyo">Albularyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Barang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kulam" class="mw-redirect" title="Kulam">Kulam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lihi" title="Lihi">Lihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagtatawas" title="Pagtatawas">Pagtatawas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasma" title="Pasma">Pasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usog" title="Usog">Usog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuman_Thong" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuman Thong">Kuman Thong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palad_khik" title="Palad khik">Palad khik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takrut" title="Takrut">Takrut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nang_Kwak" title="Nang Kwak">Nang Kwak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_shastra" title="Vastu shastra">Vastu shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_elephant_(animal)" title="White elephant (animal)">White elephant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Chan" title="Jin Chan">Jin Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_numerology" title="Chinese numerology">Numbers in Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yantra_cloth" title="Yantra cloth">Yantra cloth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/August_curse" title="August curse">August curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbary_macaques_in_Gibraltar" title="Barbary macaques in Gibraltar">Barbary macaques in Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayern-luck" title="Bayern-luck">Bayern-luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blarney_Stone" title="Blarney Stone">Blarney Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimaruta" title="Cimaruta">Cimaruta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornicello" title="Cornicello">Cornicello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Goodman%27s_Croft" title="The Goodman's Croft">The Goodman's Croft</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Himmelsbrief" title="Himmelsbrief">Himmelsbrief</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_magical_staves" title="Icelandic magical staves">Icelandic magical staves</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/In_bocca_al_lupo" title="In bocca al lupo">In bocca al lupo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klabautermann" title="Klabautermann">Klabautermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mooncalf" title="Mooncalf">Mooncalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Need-fire" title="Need-fire">Need-fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_painted_pebbles" title="Scottish painted pebbles">Painted pebbles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_of_sympathy" title="Powder of sympathy">Powder of sympathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit_rabbit_rabbit" title="Rabbit rabbit rabbit">Rabbit rabbit rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravens_of_the_Tower_of_London" title="Ravens of the Tower of London">Ravens of the Tower of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_traditions_and_superstitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian traditions and superstitions">Russian traditions and superstitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstition in Britain">Superstition in Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Serbia" title="Superstition in Serbia">Superstition in Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spilling_water_for_luck" title="Spilling water for luck">Spilling water for luck</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Scottish_Play" title="The Scottish Play">The Scottish Play</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll_cross" title="Troll cross">Troll cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tycho_Brahe_days" title="Tycho Brahe days">Tycho Brahe days</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_post" title="Witch post">Witch post</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolfssegen" title="Wolfssegen">Wolfssegen</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1" title="1">1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ace_of_spades" title="Ace of spades">Ace of spades</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/3" title="3">3</a> (<a href="/wiki/Three_on_a_match" title="Three on a match">Three on a match</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4" title="4">4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Four-leaf_clover" title="Four-leaf clover">Four-leaf clover</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tetraphobia" title="Tetraphobia">tetraphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/7" title="7">7</a> (<a href="/wiki/Seventh_son_of_a_seventh_son" title="Seventh son of a seventh son">Seventh son of a seventh son</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/11:11_(numerology)" title="11:11 (numerology)">11:11</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_(number)#Luck" title="13 (number)">13</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friday_the_13th" title="Friday the 13th">Friday the 13th</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Thirteen_Club" title="The Thirteen Club">The Thirteen Club</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_floor" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth floor">thirteenth floor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Triskaidekaphobia" title="Triskaidekaphobia">triskaidekaphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/17_(number)#In_other_fields" title="17 (number)">17</a> (<a href="/wiki/Heptadecaphobia" title="Heptadecaphobia">Heptadecaphobia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/27_(number)" title="27 (number)">27</a> (<a href="/wiki/27_Club" title="27 Club">27 Club</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/39_(number)" title="39 (number)">39</a> (<a href="/wiki/Curse_of_39" title="Curse of 39">Curse of 39</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/666_(number)" title="666 (number)">666</a> (<a href="/wiki/Number_of_the_beast" title="Number of the beast">Number of the Beast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_wedding_dates" title="Auspicious wedding dates">Auspicious wedding dates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseball_superstition" title="Baseball superstition">Baseball superstition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beginner%27s_luck" title="Beginner's luck">Beginner's luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_cat" title="Black cat">Black cat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bread_and_butter_(superstition)" title="Bread and butter (superstition)">Bread and butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_a_leg" title="Break a leg">Break a leg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullroarer" title="Bullroarer">Bullroarer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_letter" title="Chain letter">Chain letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cramp-ring" title="Cramp-ring">Cramp-ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davy_Jones%27_Locker" class="mw-redirect" title="Davy Jones' Locker">Davy Jones' Locker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_man%27s_hand" title="Dead man's hand">Dead man's hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End-of-the-day_betting_effect" title="End-of-the-day betting effect">End-of-the-day betting effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_frogs" title="Fear of frogs">Fear of frogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fear_of_ghosts" title="Fear of ghosts">Fear of ghosts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fertility_rite" title="Fertility rite">Fertility rite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First-foot" title="First-foot">First-foot</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flying_Dutchman" title="Flying Dutchman">Flying Dutchman</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_eleven_forty-four" title="Four eleven forty-four">Four eleven forty-four</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambler%27s_conceit" title="Gambler's conceit">Gambler's conceit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lucky_symbols" title="List of lucky symbols">Good luck charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_sacrifice" title="Human sacrifice">Human sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Hex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knocking_on_wood" title="Knocking on wood">Knocking on wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_contagion" title="Law of contagion">Law of contagion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literomancy" title="Literomancy">Literomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lock_of_hair" title="Lock of hair">Lock of hair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_impression" title="Maternal impression">Maternal impression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miasma_theory" title="Miasma theory">Miasma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_(cricket)" title="Nelson (cricket)">Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerophobia" title="Numerophobia">Numerophobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numismatic_charm" title="Numismatic charm">Numismatic charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penny" title="Penny">Penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbit%27s_foot" title="Rabbit's foot">Rabbit's foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainmaking_(ritual)" title="Rainmaking (ritual)">Rainmaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_sponsor" title="Ship sponsor">Ship sponsor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoes_on_a_table" title="Shoes on a table">Shoes on a table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sign_of_the_horns" title="Sign of the horns">Sign of the horns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Something_old" title="Something old">Something old</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spilling_salt" title="Spilling salt">Spilling salt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_rubbing" title="Statue rubbing">Statue rubbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threshold_(door)" class="mw-redirect" title="Threshold (door)">Threshold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toi_toi_toi" title="Toi toi toi">Toi toi toi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wishing_well" title="Wishing well">Wishing well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witching_hour" title="Witching hour">Witching hour</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apophenia" title="Apophenia">Apophenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_and_science" title="Astrology and science">Astrology and science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coincidence" title="Coincidence">Coincidence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debunker" title="Debunker">Debunker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortune-telling" title="Fortune-telling">Fortune-telling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_thinking" title="Magical thinking">Magical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerology" title="Numerology">Numerology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsessive%E2%80%93compulsive_disorder" title="Obsessive–compulsive disorder">Obsessive–compulsive disorder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perceptions_of_religious_imagery_in_natural_phenomena" title="Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena">Perceptions of religious imagery in natural phenomena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post_hoc_ergo_propter_hoc" title="Post hoc ergo propter hoc">Post hoc ergo propter hoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questionable_cause" title="Questionable cause">Questionable cause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstition_in_Judaism" title="Superstition in Judaism">Superstition in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superstitions_in_Muslim_societies" class="mw-redirect" title="Superstitions in Muslim societies">Superstitions in Muslim societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">Traditional medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">Urban legend</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970348#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1970348#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="chance"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11978089t">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="chance"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11978089t">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="suerte"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX551574">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548255005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" 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