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mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Parabalani</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabol%C3%A1ni" title="Paraboláni – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paraboláni" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolani" title="Parabolani – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Parabolani" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%82" title="Παραβαλανείς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παραβαλανείς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolano" title="Parabolano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Parabolano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="پارابولانی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پارابولانی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabalani" title="Parabalani – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Parabalani" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabalani" title="Parabalani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Parabalani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolani" title="Parabolani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Parabolani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99" title="פרבלני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרבלני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolani" title="Parabolani – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Parabolani" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolani" title="Parabolani – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Parabolani" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parabolanos" title="Parabolanos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Parabolanos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Парабаланы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парабаланы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc"><span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B5%E1%BF%96%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:παραβαλανεῖς">παραβαλανεῖς</a></span></span></span>) or <b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/parabolani" class="extiw" title="wikt:parabolani">Parabolani</a></b> (from <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παραβολᾶνοι</span></span> or <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παράβολοι</span></span>)<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were the members of a brotherhood, who in <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a> voluntarily undertook the care of the sick and the <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial</a> of the dead, knowing that they themselves could die. </p><p>Generally drawn from the lower strata of society, they also functioned as attendants to local bishops and were sometimes used by them as <a href="/wiki/Bodyguard" title="Bodyguard">bodyguards</a> and in violent clashes with their opponents. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parabalani&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The parabalani had neither orders nor vows, but were enumerated among the clergy and enjoyed clerical privileges and immunities. In addition to performing works of mercy they constituted a bodyguard for the bishop. Their presence at public gatherings or in the theaters was forbidden by law. At times they took a very active part in ecclesiastical controversies, as at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Ephesus" title="Second Council of Ephesus">Second Council of Ephesus</a>. They received their name from the fact that they were hospital attendants, although the alternative name parabolani also became current, because they risked their lives (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">παραβάλλεσθαι τὴν ζωήν</span></span>) in exposing themselves to contagious diseases. </p><p>It has been alleged, though without sufficient proof, that the brotherhood was first organized during the great plague in <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> in the episcopate of <a href="/wiki/Pope_Dionysius_of_Alexandria" title="Pope Dionysius of Alexandria">Pope Dionysius of Alexandria</a> (second half of the 3rd century). Though they took vows before the bishop and officially remained under his control, the <i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></i> placed them instead under the command of the <i>praefectus augustalis</i>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Roman_Egypt" title="List of governors of Roman Egypt">imperial governor of Roman Egypt</a>. </p><p><br /> Because their actions resulted in many other riots, successive Imperial laws limited their numbers:<sup id="cite_ref-ODB_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODB-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thus a law issued in 416 restricted the enrollment in Alexandria to 500, a number increased two years later to 600.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a>, the number was further restricted from 1100 to 950.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Fortescue, the <i>parabolani</i>, who he says, "were not nice people", seem to have disappeared by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s time.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_film">In film</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parabalani&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: In film"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 2009 film <i><a href="/wiki/Agora_(film)" title="Agora (film)">Agora</a></i>, focusing on the life of Hypatia, the <i>parabolani</i> start out as Christian volunteers who distribute <a href="/wiki/Alms" title="Alms">bread to the poor</a>, but gradually turn into fanatical <a href="/wiki/Death_squad" title="Death squad">death squads</a> who murder pagans, <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a>, and fellow Christians who oppose <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist">fundamentalist</a> Patriarch <a href="/wiki/Cyril_of_Alexandria" title="Cyril of Alexandria">Cyril of Alexandria</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parabalani&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991), <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>, Oxford University Press, p. 1582, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-504652-6"><bdi>978-0-19-504652-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.pages=1582&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-19-504652-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParabalani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Theodosianus" title="Codex Theodosianus">Codex Theodosianus</a></i>, XVI.2.42; XVI.2.43</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Justinianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Justinianus">Codex Justinianus</a></i>, I.2.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Adrian Fortescue (2007), <i>The Greek Fathers: Their Lives and Writings</i>, <a href="/wiki/Ignatius_Press" title="Ignatius Press">Ignatius Press</a>. Pages 165.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parabalani&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Parabolani" class="extiw" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Parabolani">Parabolani</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Parabolani&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AParabalani" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parabalani&oldid=1254042225">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Parabalani&oldid=1254042225</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_clergy_by_type" title="Category:Christian clergy by type">Christian clergy by type</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Roman_Alexandria" title="Category:Roman Alexandria">Roman Alexandria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hypatia" title="Category:Hypatia">Hypatia</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating a citation from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_incorporating_text_from_the_1913_Catholic_Encyclopedia_with_Wikisource_reference" title="Category:Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference">Articles incorporating text from the 1913 Catholic Encyclopedia with Wikisource reference</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 29 October 2024, at 04:18<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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