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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ألكسندر كازدان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ألكسندر كازدان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Каждан Александр Петрович – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Каждан Александр Петрович" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Аляксандр Пятровіч Каждан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Аляксандр Пятровіч Каждан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Kajdan" title="Aleksandr Kajdan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Aleksandr Kajdan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Alexander Kazhdan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BE%CE%AC%CE%BD%CF%84%CF%81_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Αλεξάντρ Καζντάν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αλεξάντρ Καζντάν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Alexander Kazhdan" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%DA%98%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الکساندر کژدان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="الکساندر کژدان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Alexander Kazhdan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AC%D5%A5%D6%84%D5%BD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%AA%D5%A4%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Ալեքսանդր Կաժդան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ալեքսանդր Կաժդան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Alexander Kazhdan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandr_Petrovi%C4%8D_Ka%C5%BEdan" title="Aleksandr Petrovič Každan – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aleksandr Petrovič Každan" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9F%E1%83%93%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ალექსანდრე კაჟდანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ალექსანდრე კაჟდანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aleksandras_Ka%C5%BEdanas" title="Aleksandras Každanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Aleksandras Každanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="الكسندر كازدان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الكسندر كازدان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Alexander Kazhdan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Alexander Kazhdan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kajdan" title="Alexander Kajdan – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Alexander Kajdan" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD,_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Каждан, Александр Петрович – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каждан, Александр Петрович" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandr_Petrovi%C4%8D_Ka%C5%BEdan" title="Alexandr Petrovič Každan – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Alexandr Petrovič Každan" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Александар Каждан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Александар Каждан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Kazhdan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Alexander Kazhdan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80_%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Каждан Олександр Петрович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каждан Олександр Петрович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Petrovich_Kazhdan" title="Alexander Petrovich Kazhdan – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Alexander Petrovich Kazhdan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%97%A5%E4%B8%B9" title="亚历山大·卡日丹 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="亚历山大·卡日丹" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q942541#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet and American historian (1922–1997)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Petrovich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Kazhdan</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Alexander Kazhdan</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexander_Kazhdan_at_1992_Byzantine_Studies_Symposium,_Dumbarton_Oaks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ea/Alexander_Kazhdan_at_1992_Byzantine_Studies_Symposium%2C_Dumbarton_Oaks.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="218" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="154" data-file-height="218" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Kazhdan in 1992</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Александр Петрович Каждан</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1922-09-03</span>)</span>3 September 1922<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">29 May 1997<span style="display:none">(1997-05-29)</span> (aged 74)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/David_Kazhdan" title="David Kazhdan">David Kazhdan</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic background</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pedagogical_Institute_of_Ufa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedagogical Institute of Ufa">Pedagogical Institute of Ufa</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Moscow_State_University" title="Moscow State University">Moscow State University</a> (<a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://na5ballov-pro.translate.goog/lib/vsem/315-kazhdan-ap-agrarnye-otnosheniya-v-vizantii-xiii-xiv-vv.html?_x_tr_sl=ru&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=sc"><i>Agrarnye otnosheniya v Vizantii XIII-XIV vv.</i></a> (1952)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Influences</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Kosminsky" title="Eugene Kosminsky">Eugene Kosminsky</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Academic work</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discipline</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Academy of Sciences">Soviet Academy of Sciences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princeton_University" title="Princeton University">Princeton University</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Alexander Petrovich Kazhdan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Алекса́ндр Петро́вич Кажда́н</span>; 3 September 1922 – 29 May 1997) was a Soviet and American <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine empire">Byzantinist</a>. Among his publications was the three-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i>, a comprehensive encyclopedic work containing over than 5,000 entries. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kazhdan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Born in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Kazhdan was educated at the <a href="/wiki/Pedagogical_Institute_of_Ufa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedagogical Institute of Ufa">Pedagogical Institute of Ufa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Moscow" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Moscow">University of Moscow</a>, where he studied with the historian of <a href="/wiki/Medieval_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval England">medieval England</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Kosminsky" title="Eugene Kosminsky">Eugene Kosminsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Obit_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A post-war <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> initiative to revive Russian-language <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_studies" title="Byzantine studies">Byzantine studies</a> led Kazhdan to write a dissertation on the agrarian history of the late Byzantine empire (published in 1952 as <i>Agrarnye otnosheniya v Vizantii XIII-XIV vv.</i>) Despite a growing reputation in his field, anti-Semitic prejudice in the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>-era Soviet academy forced Kazhdan to accept a series of positions as a provincial teacher (in <a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a>, 1947–49, and <a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a>, 1949–52).<sup id="cite_ref-Obit_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the death of Stalin in 1953, however, Kazhdan's situation improved, and he was hired by a college in <a href="/wiki/Velikie_Luki" class="mw-redirect" title="Velikie Luki">Velikie Luki</a>. In 1956 he finally secured a position in the Institute for History of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Academy of Sciences">Soviet Academy of Sciences</a>, where he remained until leaving the Soviet Union in 1978. In the USA Kazdan brought up a lot of Byzantologists, among them M. V. Bibikov, <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Ivanov_(Russian_historian)" title="Sergey Ivanov (Russian historian)">S. A. Ivanov</a> and I. S. Chichurov. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Academic_career">Academic career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kazhdan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Academic career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kazhdan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Soviet Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kazhdan was a prolific scholar throughout his career in the Soviet Union, publishing well over 500 books, articles, and reviews, and his publications contributed to the growing international prestige of Soviet Byzantine studies.<sup id="cite_ref-DumOaks_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DumOaks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His 1954 article, "Vizantiyskie goroda v VII-XI vv.," published in the journal <i><a href="/wiki/Sovetskaya_arkheologiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sovetskaya arkheologiya">Sovetskaya arkheologiya</a></i>, argued on the basis of archaeological and numismatic evidence that the seventh century constituted a major rupture in the urban society of <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>. This thesis was widely accepted in the second half of the twentieth century<sup id="cite_ref-DumOaks_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DumOaks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and led to intensive research on discontinuity in Byzantine history and the subsequent rejection of the earlier conception of the medieval Byzantine empire as a frozen relic of <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a>. Other major studies dating from this first half of Kazhdan's career include <i>Derevnya i gorod v Vizantii IX-X vv.</i> (1960), a study of the relationship between city and countryside in the ninth and tenth centuries; <i>Vizantiyskaya kul'tura (X-XII vv.)</i> (1968), a study of Middle Byzantine culture; and <i>Sotsial'ny sostav gospodstvujushchego klassa Vizantii XI-XII vv.</i> (1974), an influential <a href="/wiki/Prosopography" title="Prosopography">prosopographical</a> and statistical study of the structure of the Byzantine ruling class in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Kazhdan also contributed heavily to the field of <a href="/wiki/Armenian_studies" title="Armenian studies">Armenian studies</a>, notably writing about the <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> who formed the elite ruling classes that governed the Byzantine Empire during the Middle Byzantine Era in his <i>Armiane v sostave gospodstvuyushchego klassa Vizantiyskoy imperii v XI-XII vv.</i> (1975).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kazhdan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1975, Kazhdan's son, the mathematician <a href="/wiki/David_Kazhdan" title="David Kazhdan">David Kazhdan</a>, immigrated to the United States, where he accepted a position at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>. This produced an immediate change in Kazhdan's situation in the Soviet Union;<sup id="cite_ref-Obit_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Obit-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> his wife, Musja, was fired from her position at a Moscow publishing house and censorship of his work by his superiors in the Soviet academic establishment increased. In October 1978 Alexander and Musja left the Soviet Union, having received a visa for immigration to Israel, coming to the United States three years afterward. In February 1979 they arrived at <a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks" title="Dumbarton Oaks">Dumbarton Oaks</a>, a center for Byzantine studies in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, where Kazhdan held the position of senior research associate until his death.<sup id="cite_ref-DumOaks_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DumOaks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kazhdan's first major publications in English were collaborative: <i>People and Power in Byzantium</i> (1982), a broad ranging study of Byzantine society, was written with <a href="/wiki/Giles_Constable" title="Giles Constable">Giles Constable</a>; <i>Studies in Byzantine literature</i> (1984) with Simon Franklin; and <i>Change in Byzantine Culture in the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries</i> (1985) with Ann Wharton Epstein. His greatest English-language project was likewise a massive collaborative effort: the three-volume <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_Dictionary_of_Byzantium" title="Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium">Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</a></i> (1991), edited by Kazhdan, was the first reference work of the sort ever to be published, and remains an indispensable point of departure for all areas of Byzantine studies. He wrote approximately 20%, or about 1,000, of the entries in the <i>Dictionary</i>, which are signed with his initials <i>A.K.</i><sup id="cite_ref-DumOaks_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DumOaks-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Kazhdan became more comfortable with English, his pace of publication once again matched that of his Russian years. His later scholarship is above all marked with a growing concern with <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_literature" title="Byzantine literature">Byzantine literature</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a>. </p><p>Kazhdan died in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, in 1997. His death cut short his work on a monumental <i>History of Byzantine Literature</i>; however, the first volume of this work, covering the period from 650 to 850, was published in 1999. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_works">Selected works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kazhdan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Selected works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="no" class="citation book cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>; <a href="/wiki/Simon_Franklin" title="Simon Franklin">Franklin, Simon</a> (1984). <i>Studies on Byzantine Literature of the Eleventh and Twelfth Centuries</i>. Past and Present Publications. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511735424">10.1017/CBO9780511735424</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-511-73542-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-511-73542-4"><bdi>978-0-511-73542-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Studies+on+Byzantine+Literature+of+the+Eleventh+and+Twelfth+Centuries&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.series=Past+and+Present+Publications&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511735424&rft.isbn=978-0-511-73542-4&rft.aulast=Kazhdan&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.au=Franklin%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kazhdan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazhdan1991" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kazhdan, Alexander</a>, ed. (1991). <i>The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Dictionary+of+Byzantium&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kazhdan" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9qwtAEACAAJ">Volume=1</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xwgAtAEACAAJ">Volume=2</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OTxhtAEACAAJ">Volume=3</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kazhdan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Obit-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Obit_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obit_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Obit_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bryer, Anthony. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-alexander-kazhdan-1254232.html">Obituary: Alexander Kazhdan</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. 5 June 1997. Retrieved August 28, 2010.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DumOaks-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DumOaks_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DumOaks_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DumOaks_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DumOaks_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Angeliki_Laiou" title="Angeliki Laiou">Laiou, Angeliki E.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Alice-Mary_Talbot" title="Alice-Mary Talbot">Alice-Mary Talbot</a> (1997). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1291758?seq=1&Search=yes&term=Kazhdan%2C&term=Petrovich&term=1922-1997&term=Alexander&list=hide&searchUri=%2Faction%2FdoAdvancedSearch%3Fq0%3DAlexander%2BPetrovich%2BKazhdan%252C%2B1922-1997%26f0%3Dall%26c1%3DAND%26q1%3D%26f1%3Dall%26wc%3Don%26Search%3DSearch%26sd%3D%26ed%3D%26la%3D%26jo%3D&item=1&ttl=3&returnArticleService=showFullText&resultsServiceName=null">Alexander Petrovich Kazhdan, 1922-1997</a>." <i><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Papers" title="Dumbarton Oaks Papers">Dumbarton Oaks Papers</a></i>, Vol. 51, (1997), pp. xii-xvii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Russian)</span> <i>Аpмянe в составе господствующего класса Визaнтийcкoй импepии в XI-XII вв</i>. Yerevan: <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Academy of Sciences">Armenian Academy of Sciences</a>, 1975.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Alexander_Kazhdan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCutler1992" class="citation journal cs1">Cutler, Anthony (1992). "Some talk of Alexander". <i>Dumbarton Oaks Papers</i>. <b>46</b>: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>4. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0070-7546">0070-7546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=Some+talk+of+Alexander&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0070-7546&rft.aulast=Cutler&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kazhdan" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFranklin1992" class="citation journal cs1">Franklin, Simon (1992). "Bibliography of works by Alexander Kazhdan". <i>Dumbarton Oaks Papers</i>. <b>46</b>: <span class="nowrap">5–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0070-7546">0070-7546</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dumbarton+Oaks+Papers&rft.atitle=Bibliography+of+works+by+Alexander+Kazhdan&rft.volume=46&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.date=1992&rft.issn=0070-7546&rft.aulast=Franklin&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAlexander+Kazhdan" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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