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lang="it" dir="ltr"><p>Il <i><b>Tannenbergbund</b></i> (in italiano <i>Unione</i> (o <i>Associazione</i>) <i>di <a href="/wiki/Battaglia_di_Tannenberg_(1914)" title="Battaglia di Tannenberg (1914)">Tannenberg</a></i>, TB) era una società politica <a href="/wiki/Nazionalismo" title="Nazionalismo">nazionalista</a> <a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">tedesca</a> fondata nel settembre 1925 su iniziativa di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konstantin_Hierl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konstantin Hierl (la pagina non esiste)">Konstantin Hierl</a> sotto il patrocinio dell'ex generale dell'<a href="/wiki/Deutsches_Heer_(1871-1919)" title="Deutsches Heer (1871-1919)">esercito tedesco</a> <a href="/wiki/Erich_Ludendorff" title="Erich Ludendorff">Erich Ludendorff</a>. Parte del <a href="/wiki/Movimento_v%C3%B6lkisch" title="Movimento völkisch">movimento Völkisch</a>, aveva lo scopo di contrastare l'associazione dei veterani <i><a href="/wiki/Stahlhelm,_Bund_der_Frontsoldaten" title="Stahlhelm, Bund der Frontsoldaten">Der Stahlhelm</a></i> e la riorganizzata <i><a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a></i> (SA) del <a href="/wiki/Partito_Nazionalsocialista_Tedesco_dei_Lavoratori" title="Partito Nazionalsocialista Tedesco dei Lavoratori">Partito Nazionalsocialista</a>. Il TB non riuscì a raggiungere l'obiettivo di un movimento collettivo di estrema destra e sprofondò nell'insignificanza molto prima di essere ufficialmente bandito dalle autorità <a href="/wiki/Germania_nazista" title="Germania nazista">naziste</a> nel settembre 1933. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fondazione">Fondazione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannenbergbund&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Fondazione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannenbergbund&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Fondazione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Erich_Ludendorff_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Erich_Ludendorff_1918.jpg/220px-Erich_Ludendorff_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="309" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Erich_Ludendorff_1918.jpg/330px-Erich_Ludendorff_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a2/Erich_Ludendorff_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="342" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Ludendorff nel 1918</figcaption></figure> <p>Durante il primo della <a href="/wiki/Repubblica_di_Weimar" title="Repubblica di Weimar">Germania di Weimar</a>, Ludendorff si era unito all'associazione sciovinista <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aufbau_Vereinigung&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aufbau Vereinigung (la pagina non esiste)">Aufbau Vereinigung</a> e aveva incontrato <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> tramite l'agenzia di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Erwin_von_Scheubner-Richter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter (la pagina non esiste)">Max Erwin von Scheubner-Richter</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Partecipò al fallito <a href="/wiki/Putsch_di_Monaco" title="Putsch di Monaco">putsch di Monaco</a> di Hitler del 9 novembre 1923, dopo il quale i loro rapporti si deteriorarono sempre di più. Sebbene Ludendorff apparentemente disprezzasse Hitler, sostenne comunque il <a href="/wiki/Partito_Nazionalsocialista_per_la_Libert%C3%A0" title="Partito Nazionalsocialista per la Libertà">Partito Nazionalsocialista per la Libertà</a> e si candidò per il <a href="/wiki/Partito_Nazionalsocialista_Tedesco_dei_Lavoratori" title="Partito Nazionalsocialista Tedesco dei Lavoratori">partito nazista</a> alle <a href="/wiki/Elezioni_presidenziali_in_Germania_del_1925" title="Elezioni presidenziali in Germania del 1925">elezioni presidenziali del 1925</a> contro il suo ex commilitone dell'<a href="/wiki/Oberste_Heeresleitung" title="Oberste Heeresleitung">Oberste Heeresleitung</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_von_Hindenburg" title="Paul von Hindenburg">Paul von Hindenburg</a>. </p><p>Hitler temeva la possibilità che Ludendorff potesse essere un potenziale rivale per la leadership e si rallegrò del risultato elettorale irrisorio del generale, dicendo a <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Esser" title="Hermann Esser">Hermann Esser</a> «ora finalmente lo abbiamo finito»<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Con la sua credibilità gravemente danneggiata dal risultato elettorale, Ludendorff si allontanò dal partito nazista e si unì alla moglie <a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Ludendorff" title="Mathilde Ludendorff">Mathilde von Kemnitz</a> nella fondazione del Tannenbergbund, con l'organizzazione che prese il nome dalla <a href="/wiki/Battaglia_di_Tannenberg_(1914)" title="Battaglia di Tannenberg (1914)">battaglia di Tannenberg del 1914</a>, uno dei più grandi trionfi militari di Ludendorff<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sviluppo">Sviluppo</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannenbergbund&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Sviluppo" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannenbergbund&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Sviluppo"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il <i>Tannenbergbund</i> si sviluppò presto come un circolo di ex ufficiali che avevano prestato servizio sotto Ludendorff nella <a href="/wiki/Prima_guerra_mondiale" title="Prima guerra mondiale">prima guerra mondiale</a><sup id="cite_ref-Snyder,_op_cit_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder,_op_cit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. In termini di <a href="/wiki/Ideologia" title="Ideologia">ideologia</a>, il <i>Bund</i> si concentrò principalmente su coloro a cui si opponeva, attaccando <a href="/wiki/Massoneria" title="Massoneria">massoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Storia_degli_ebrei_in_Germania" title="Storia degli ebrei in Germania">ebrei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Comunismo" title="Comunismo">comunisti</a> e <a href="/wiki/Compagnia_di_Ges%C3%B9" title="Compagnia di Gesù">gesuiti</a> e accusandoli di cospirazione<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Queste persone venivano definite collettivamente come "<i>die überstaatlichen Mächte</i>" o "potenze al di sopra dello Stato"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il <i>Bund</i> divenne un prolifico produttore di letteratura cospirazionista, sebbene fosse apertamente respinto dal crescente movimento nazista, per il quale persino per esso alcune delle idee più ardite del <i>Bund</i> erano troppo fantasiosamente cospiratorie<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Al centro delle loro idee c'era anche una visione <a href="/wiki/Occulto" title="Occulto">occultista</a> ispirata dalla <a href="/wiki/Societ%C3%A0_Thule" title="Società Thule">Società Thule</a>, alla quale Ludendorff era stato introdotto dalla moglie. In quanto tale, il Bund presentava la storia come una lotta tra l'eroe nordico e la triplice alleanza tra l'ebreo, <a href="/wiki/Chiesa_cattolica" title="Chiesa cattolica">il cattolico</a> e il massone<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Di conseguenza, ci si aspettava che i membri del Bund abbandonassero <a href="/wiki/Cristianesimo" title="Cristianesimo">il cristianesimo</a> e si rivolgessero agli antichi dei nordici<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declino_e_soppressione">Declino e soppressione</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannenbergbund&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Declino e soppressione" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannenbergbund&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Declino e soppressione"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Il <i>Tannenbergbund</i> godette inizialmente del sostegno dei movimenti politici rurali dello <a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a>, anche se non rappresentò mai una seria sfida per i nazisti<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tra gli alti ufficiali sopravvissuti dell'<a href="/wiki/Impero_tedesco" title="Impero tedesco">Impero tedesco</a>, la politica di Ludendorff era vista con un misto di scetticismo e incredulità. <a href="/wiki/Feldmaresciallo" title="Feldmaresciallo">Il feldmaresciallo</a> <a href="/wiki/August_von_Mackensen" title="August von Mackensen">August von Mackensen</a>, che aveva comandato un corpo d'armata a Tannenberg, scrisse che "der Mann ist krank" ("quell'uomo è malato")<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. non aveva alcun rapporto con la <i>Tannenbergbund</i>, dal momento che lui e Ludendorff si erano allontanati fin dalle elezioni del 1925, culminando nel fatto che i due non si erano stretti la mano e che Hindenburg aveva snobbato il discorso di Ludendorff in occasione dell'inaugurazione di un monumento commemorativo della battaglia di Tannenberg nel 1927<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Data la sua composizione di ufficiali più giovani fedeli a Ludendorff, il <i>Tannenbergbund</i> non riuscì a conquistare il sostegno delle masse e in breve tempo perse un certo numero di membri a favore del Partito nazista<sup id="cite_ref-Snyder,_op_cit_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Snyder,_op_cit-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Il <i>Tannenbergbund</i> fu bandito non appena Hitler salì al potere<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, anche se il gruppo continuò a esistere fino alla morte di Ludendorff nel 1937, prima di essere definitivamente soppresso dal governo nazista<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannenbergbund&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannenbergbund&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation libro" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Michael Kellogg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=efRMPgAACAAJ&q=kellogg+russia+aufbau"><span style="font-style:italic;">The Russian Roots of Nazism: White Émigrés and the Making of National Socialism, 1917-1945</span></a>, Cambridge University Press, 31 luglio 2008, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780521070058" title="Speciale:RicercaISBN/9780521070058">9780521070058</a>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">I. Kershaw</a>, <i>Hitler 1889-1936 Hubris</i>, London: Penguin, 1999, pp. 268-9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">L.L. Snyder, <i>Encyclopedia of the Third Reich</i>, Ware: Wordsworth, 1998, p. 341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Snyder,_op_cit-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b>^</b> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Snyder,_op_cit_4-0">a</a></i></sup> <sup><i><a href="#cite_ref-Snyder,_op_cit_4-1">b</a></i></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, op cit</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, op cit, p. 269</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Snyder, op cit, p. 342</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Kershaw, op cit</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Dietrich_Bracher&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Dietrich Bracher (la pagina non esiste)">K.D. Bracher</a>, <i>The German Dictatorship</i>, Harmondsowrth: Penguin, 1971, p. 170</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">J Wolschke-Bulmahn, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.doaks.org/Nature/natur010.pdf">The Nationalization of Nature and the Naturalization of the German Nation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012091356/http://www.doaks.org/Nature/natur010.pdf">Archiviato</a> il 12 ottobre 2007 in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Heberle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Heberle (la pagina non esiste)">Rudolf Heberle</a>, 'The Political Movements Among the Rural People in Schleswig-Holstein, 1918 to 1932, I', <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Journal_of_Politics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Journal of Politics (la pagina non esiste)">The Journal of Politics</a></i>, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Feb., 1943), pp. 3-26</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Theo Schwarzmüller, <i>Zwischen Kaiser und "Führer". Generalfeldmarschall August von Mackensen. Eine politische Biographie.</i> Munich: Deutsche Taschenbuch Verlag, 1995, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wheeler-Bennett&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Wheeler-Bennett (la pagina non esiste)">John Wheeler-Bennett</a>, <i>The Wooden Titan: Hindenburg</i>, London: Archon books, 1963, pp. 315-316</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Poliakov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leon Poliakov">L. Poliakov</a>, <i>The History of Anti-Semitism</i>, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2003, p. 159</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Bracher, op cit</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannenbergbund&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tannenbergbund&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; 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