CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Polycarbonate - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js skin-theme-clientpref-day mf-expand-sections-clientpref-0 mf-font-size-clientpref-small mw-mf-amc-clientpref-0";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"98ee2b22-c9ba-4a19-8767-ca9af1ef09c5","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Polycarbonate","wgTitle":"Polycarbonate","wgCurRevisionId":1277144823,"wgRevisionId":1277144823,"wgArticleId":536313, "wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Polycarbonate","wgRelevantArticleId":536313,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFMode":"stable","wgMFAmc":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachActive":false,"wgMFAmcOutreachUserEligible":false,"wgMFLazyLoadImages":true,"wgMFEditNoticesFeatureConflict":false,"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgMFIsSupportedEditRequest":true,"wgMFScriptPath":"", "wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":40000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgSectionTranslationMissingLanguages":[{"lang":"ace","autonym":"Acèh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ady","autonym":"адыгабзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"alt","autonym":"алтай тил","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"am","autonym":"አማርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ami","autonym":"Pangcah","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"an","autonym":"aragonés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ang","autonym":"Ænglisc","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ann","autonym":"Obolo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"anp","autonym":"अंगिका","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ary","autonym":"الدارجة","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"arz","autonym":"مصرى","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"as","autonym":"অসমীয়া","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ast","autonym":"asturianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"av","autonym":"авар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"avk","autonym":"Kotava","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"awa","autonym":"अवधी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ay","autonym":"Aymar aru","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"az","autonym":"azərbaycanca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"azb","autonym":"تۆرکجه","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ba","autonym":"башҡортса","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ban","autonym":"Basa Bali","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bar","autonym":"Boarisch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bbc","autonym":"Batak Toba","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bcl","autonym":"Bikol Central","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bdr","autonym":"Bajau Sama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"be","autonym":"беларуская","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bew","autonym":"Betawi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bho","autonym":"भोजपुरी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bi","autonym":"Bislama","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bjn","autonym":"Banjar","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"blk","autonym":"ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bm","autonym":"bamanankan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bn","autonym":"বাংলা","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bo","autonym":"བོད་ཡིག","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bpy","autonym": "বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"br","autonym":"brezhoneg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"btm","autonym":"Batak Mandailing","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"bug","autonym":"Basa Ugi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cdo","autonym":"閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ce","autonym":"нохчийн","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ceb","autonym":"Cebuano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ch","autonym":"Chamoru","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"chr","autonym":"ᏣᎳᎩ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ckb","autonym":"کوردی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"co","autonym":"corsu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cr","autonym":"Nēhiyawēwin / ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐍᐏᐣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"crh","autonym":"qırımtatarca","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cu","autonym":"словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"cy","autonym":"Cymraeg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dag","autonym":"dagbanli","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dga","autonym":"Dagaare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"din","autonym":"Thuɔŋjäŋ","dir": "ltr"},{"lang":"diq","autonym":"Zazaki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dsb","autonym":"dolnoserbski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dtp","autonym":"Kadazandusun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"dv","autonym":"ދިވެހިބަސް","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"dz","autonym":"ཇོང་ཁ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ee","autonym":"eʋegbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eml","autonym":"emiliàn e rumagnòl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"eo","autonym":"Esperanto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fat","autonym":"mfantse","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ff","autonym":"Fulfulde","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fj","autonym":"Na Vosa Vakaviti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fo","autonym":"føroyskt","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fon","autonym":"fɔ̀ngbè","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"frp","autonym":"arpetan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fur","autonym":"furlan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"fy","autonym":"Frysk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gag","autonym":"Gagauz","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gan","autonym":"贛語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gcr","autonym":"kriyòl gwiyannen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"glk","autonym":"گیلکی","dir": "rtl"},{"lang":"gn","autonym":"Avañe'ẽ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gom","autonym":"गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gor","autonym":"Bahasa Hulontalo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gpe","autonym":"Ghanaian Pidgin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gu","autonym":"ગુજરાતી","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guc","autonym":"wayuunaiki","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gur","autonym":"farefare","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"guw","autonym":"gungbe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"gv","autonym":"Gaelg","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ha","autonym":"Hausa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hak","autonym":"客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"haw","autonym":"Hawaiʻi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hi","autonym":"हिन्दी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hif","autonym":"Fiji Hindi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hr","autonym":"hrvatski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hsb","autonym":"hornjoserbsce","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ht","autonym":"Kreyòl ayisyen","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hy","autonym":"հայերեն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"hyw", "autonym":"Արեւմտահայերէն","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ia","autonym":"interlingua","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iba","autonym":"Jaku Iban","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ie","autonym":"Interlingue","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ig","autonym":"Igbo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"igl","autonym":"Igala","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ilo","autonym":"Ilokano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"io","autonym":"Ido","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"iu","autonym":"ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jam","autonym":"Patois","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"jv","autonym":"Jawa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ka","autonym":"ქართული","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kaa","autonym":"Qaraqalpaqsha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kab","autonym":"Taqbaylit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbd","autonym":"адыгэбзэ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kbp","autonym":"Kabɩyɛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kcg","autonym":"Tyap","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kg","autonym":"Kongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kge","autonym":"Kumoring","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ki","autonym":"Gĩkũyũ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kk" ,"autonym":"қазақша","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kl","autonym":"kalaallisut","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"km","autonym":"ភាសាខ្មែរ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kn","autonym":"ಕನ್ನಡ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"knc","autonym":"Yerwa Kanuri","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"koi","autonym":"перем коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"krc","autonym":"къарачай-малкъар","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ks","autonym":"कॉशुर / کٲشُر","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ku","autonym":"kurdî","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kus","autonym":"Kʋsaal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kv","autonym":"коми","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"kw","autonym":"kernowek","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ky","autonym":"кыргызча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lad","autonym":"Ladino","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lb","autonym":"Lëtzebuergesch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lez","autonym":"лезги","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lg","autonym":"Luganda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"li","autonym":"Limburgs","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lij","autonym":"Ligure","dir":"ltr"},{"lang": "lld","autonym":"Ladin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lmo","autonym":"lombard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ln","autonym":"lingála","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lo","autonym":"ລາວ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ltg","autonym":"latgaļu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"lv","autonym":"latviešu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mad","autonym":"Madhurâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mai","autonym":"मैथिली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"map-bms","autonym":"Basa Banyumasan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mdf","autonym":"мокшень","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mg","autonym":"Malagasy","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mhr","autonym":"олык марий","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mi","autonym":"Māori","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"min","autonym":"Minangkabau","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mk","autonym":"македонски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mn","autonym":"монгол","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mni","autonym":"ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mnw","autonym":"ဘာသာမန်","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mos","autonym":"moore","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mr","autonym": "मराठी","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mrj","autonym":"кырык мары","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mt","autonym":"Malti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mwl","autonym":"Mirandés","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"my","autonym":"မြန်မာဘာသာ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"myv","autonym":"эрзянь","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"mzn","autonym":"مازِرونی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nah","autonym":"Nāhuatl","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nan","autonym":"閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nap","autonym":"Napulitano","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nb","autonym":"norsk bokmål","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds","autonym":"Plattdüütsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nds-nl","autonym":"Nedersaksies","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ne","autonym":"नेपाली","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"new","autonym":"नेपाल भाषा","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nia","autonym":"Li Niha","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nqo","autonym":"ߒߞߏ","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"nr","autonym":"isiNdebele seSewula","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"nso","autonym": "Sesotho sa Leboa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ny","autonym":"Chi-Chewa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"oc","autonym":"occitan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"om","autonym":"Oromoo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"or","autonym":"ଓଡ଼ିଆ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"os","autonym":"ирон","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pa","autonym":"ਪੰਜਾਬੀ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pag","autonym":"Pangasinan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pam","autonym":"Kapampangan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pap","autonym":"Papiamentu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcd","autonym":"Picard","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pcm","autonym":"Naijá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pdc","autonym":"Deitsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pms","autonym":"Piemontèis","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"pnb","autonym":"پنجابی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"ps","autonym":"پښتو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"pwn","autonym":"pinayuanan","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"qu","autonym":"Runa Simi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rm","autonym":"rumantsch","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rn","autonym":"ikirundi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rsk","autonym":"руски", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rue","autonym":"русиньскый","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rup","autonym":"armãneashti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"rw","autonym":"Ikinyarwanda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sa","autonym":"संस्कृतम्","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sah","autonym":"саха тыла","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sat","autonym":"ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sc","autonym":"sardu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"scn","autonym":"sicilianu","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sco","autonym":"Scots","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sd","autonym":"سنڌي","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"se","autonym":"davvisámegiella","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sg","autonym":"Sängö","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sgs","autonym":"žemaitėška","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sh","autonym":"srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shi","autonym":"Taclḥit","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"shn","autonym":"တႆး","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"si","autonym":"සිංහල","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sk","autonym":"slovenčina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"skr", "autonym":"سرائیکی","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"sl","autonym":"slovenščina","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sm","autonym":"Gagana Samoa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"smn","autonym":"anarâškielâ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sn","autonym":"chiShona","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"so","autonym":"Soomaaliga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sq","autonym":"shqip","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sr","autonym":"српски / srpski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"srn","autonym":"Sranantongo","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ss","autonym":"SiSwati","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"st","autonym":"Sesotho","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"stq","autonym":"Seeltersk","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"sw","autonym":"Kiswahili","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"syl","autonym":"ꠍꠤꠟꠐꠤ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"szl","autonym":"ślůnski","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ta","autonym":"தமிழ்","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tay","autonym":"Tayal","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tcy","autonym":"ತುಳು","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tdd","autonym":"ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"te","autonym": "తెలుగు","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tet","autonym":"tetun","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tg","autonym":"тоҷикӣ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"th","autonym":"ไทย","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ti","autonym":"ትግርኛ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tig","autonym":"ትግሬ","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tk","autonym":"Türkmençe","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tl","autonym":"Tagalog","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tly","autonym":"tolışi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tn","autonym":"Setswana","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"to","autonym":"lea faka-Tonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tpi","autonym":"Tok Pisin","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"trv","autonym":"Seediq","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ts","autonym":"Xitsonga","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tt","autonym":"татарча / tatarça","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tum","autonym":"chiTumbuka","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tw","autonym":"Twi","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ty","autonym":"reo tahiti","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"tyv","autonym":"тыва дыл","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"udm","autonym":"удмурт","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ur","autonym": "اردو","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"uz","autonym":"oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"ve","autonym":"Tshivenda","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vec","autonym":"vèneto","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vep","autonym":"vepsän kel’","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vls","autonym":"West-Vlams","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vo","autonym":"Volapük","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"vro","autonym":"võro","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wa","autonym":"walon","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"war","autonym":"Winaray","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wo","autonym":"Wolof","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"wuu","autonym":"吴语","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xal","autonym":"хальмг","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xh","autonym":"isiXhosa","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"xmf","autonym":"მარგალური","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yi","autonym":"ייִדיש","dir":"rtl"},{"lang":"yo","autonym":"Yorùbá","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"yue","autonym":"粵語","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"za","autonym":"Vahcuengh","dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zgh","autonym":"ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ", "dir":"ltr"},{"lang":"zu","autonym":"isiZulu","dir":"ltr"}],"wgSectionTranslationTargetLanguages":["ace","ady","alt","am","ami","an","ang","ann","anp","ar","ary","arz","as","ast","av","avk","awa","ay","az","azb","ba","ban","bar","bbc","bcl","bdr","be","bew","bg","bho","bi","bjn","blk","bm","bn","bo","bpy","br","bs","btm","bug","ca","cdo","ce","ceb","ch","chr","ckb","co","cr","crh","cs","cu","cy","da","dag","de","dga","din","diq","dsb","dtp","dv","dz","ee","el","eml","eo","es","et","eu","fa","fat","ff","fi","fj","fo","fon","fr","frp","frr","fur","fy","gag","gan","gcr","gl","glk","gn","gom","gor","gpe","gu","guc","gur","guw","gv","ha","hak","haw","he","hi","hif","hr","hsb","ht","hu","hy","hyw","ia","iba","ie","ig","igl","ilo","io","is","it","iu","ja","jam","jv","ka","kaa","kab","kbd","kbp","kcg","kg","kge","ki","kk","kl","km","kn","knc","ko","koi","krc","ks","ku","kus","kv","kw","ky","lad","lb","lez","lg","li","lij","lld","lmo","ln","lo","lt","ltg","lv","mad","mai","map-bms","mdf","mg", "mhr","mi","min","mk","ml","mn","mni","mnw","mos","mr","mrj","ms","mt","mwl","my","myv","mzn","nah","nan","nap","nb","nds","nds-nl","ne","new","nia","nl","nn","nqo","nr","nso","ny","oc","om","or","os","pa","pag","pam","pap","pcd","pcm","pdc","pl","pms","pnb","ps","pt","pwn","qu","rm","rn","ro","rsk","rue","rup","rw","sa","sah","sat","sc","scn","sco","sd","se","sg","sgs","sh","shi","shn","si","sk","skr","sl","sm","smn","sn","so","sq","sr","srn","ss","st","stq","su","sv","sw","syl","szl","ta","tay","tcy","tdd","te","tet","tg","th","ti","tig","tk","tl","tly","tn","to","tpi","tr","trv","ts","tt","tum","tw","ty","tyv","udm","ur","uz","ve","vec","vep","vi","vls","vo","vro","wa","war","wo","wuu","xal","xh","xmf","yi","yo","yue","za","zgh","zh","zu"],"isLanguageSearcherCXEntrypointEnabled":true,"mintEntrypointLanguages":["ace","ast","azb","bcl","bjn","bh","crh","ff","fon","ig","is","ki","ks","lmo","min","sat","ss","tn","vec"],"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q62246","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":[ "brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false,"wgMinervaPermissions":{"watchable":true,"watch":false},"wgMinervaFeatures":{"beta":false,"donate":true,"mobileOptionsLink":true,"categories":false,"pageIssues":true,"talkAtTop":true,"historyInPageActions":false,"overflowSubmenu":false,"tabsOnSpecials":true,"personalMenu":false,"mainMenuExpanded":false,"echo":true,"nightMode":true},"wgMinervaDownloadNamespaces":[0]};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.math.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.styles":"ready","skins.minerva.content.styles.images":"ready","mediawiki.hlist":"ready","skins.minerva.codex.styles":"ready", "skins.minerva.icons":"ready","skins.minerva.amc.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","mobile.init.styles":"ready","ext.relatedArticles.styles":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","skins.minerva.scripts","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","ext.popups","mobile.init","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.relatedArticles.readMore.bootstrap","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.entrypoints.mffrequentlanguages","ext.cx.entrypoints.languagesearcher.init","mw.externalguidance.init","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.math.styles%7Cext.relatedArticles.styles%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cmediawiki.hlist%7Cmobile.init.styles%7Cskins.minerva.amc.styles%7Cskins.minerva.codex.styles%7Cskins.minerva.content.styles.images%7Cskins.minerva.icons%2Cstyles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=minerva"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=minerva"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.18"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#eaecf0"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lexan.svg/1200px-Lexan.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="652"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lexan.svg/800px-Lexan.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="435"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lexan.svg/640px-Lexan.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="348"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0, user-scalable=yes, minimum-scale=0.25, maximum-scale=5.0"> <meta property="og:title" content="Polycarbonate - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="manifest" href="/w/api.php?action=webapp-manifest"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonate"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Polycarbonate rootpage-Polycarbonate stable issues-group-B skin-minerva action-view skin--responsive mw-mf-amc-disabled mw-mf"><div id="mw-mf-viewport"> <div id="mw-mf-page-center"> <a class="mw-mf-page-center__mask" href="#"></a> <header class="header-container header-chrome"> <div class="minerva-header"> <nav class="navigation-drawer toggle-list view-border-box"> <input type="checkbox" id="main-menu-input" class="toggle-list__checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="mw-mf-main-menu-button"> <label role="button" for="main-menu-input" id="mw-mf-main-menu-button" aria-hidden="true" data-event-name="ui.mainmenu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet toggle-list__toggle"> </label> <div id="mw-mf-page-left" class="menu view-border-box"> <ul id="p-navigation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--home" href="/wiki/Main_Page" data-mw="interface"> Home </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--random" href="/wiki/Special:Random" data-mw="interface"> Random </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--nearby" href="/wiki/Special:Nearby" data-event-name="menu.nearby" data-mw="interface"> Nearby </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-personal" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor mw-list-item menu__item--login" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Polycarbonate" data-event-name="menu.login" data-mw="interface"> Log in </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="pt-preferences" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item skin-minerva-list-item-jsonly"> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--settings" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:MobileOptions&returnto=Polycarbonate" data-event-name="menu.settings" data-mw="interface"> Settings </a> </li> </ul> <ul id="p-donation" class="toggle-list__list"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--donate" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en&wmf_key=minerva" data-event-name="menu.donate" data-mw="interface"> Donate </a> </li> </ul> <ul class="hlist"> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--about" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" data-mw="interface"> About Wikipedia </a> </li> <li class="toggle-list-item "> <a class="toggle-list-item__anchor menu__item--disclaimers" href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer" data-mw="interface"> Disclaimers </a> </li> </ul> </div> <label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"/> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> </div> <button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> Search </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="User navigation"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Polycarbonate</h1> <div class="tagline"></div> </div> <ul id="p-associated-pages" class="minerva__tab-container"> <li class="minerva__tab selected mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Polycarbonate" rel="" data-event-name="tabs.main">Article</a> </li> <li class="minerva__tab mw-list-item"> <a class="minerva__tab-text" href="/wiki/Talk:Polycarbonate" rel="discussion" data-event-name="tabs.talk">Talk</a> </li> </ul> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" href="#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet language-selector"> Language </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-watch" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-watch" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Polycarbonate" data-event-name="menu.watch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet menu__item--page-actions-watch"> Watch </a> </li> <li id="page-actions-edit" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"> <a role="button" id="ca-edit" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit" data-event-name="menu.edit" data-mw="interface" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> Edit </a> </li> </ul> </nav>  <div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about thermoplastic polymer materials. For carbonate-chain functional-groups, see <a href="/wiki/Polycarbonate_(functional_group)" title="Polycarbonate (functional group)">polycarbonate (functional group)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Polycarbonates (PC) are a group of <a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic" title="Thermoplastic">thermoplastic</a> polymers containing <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_ester" title="Carbonate ester">carbonate groups</a> in their chemical structures. Polycarbonates used in engineering are strong, <a href="/wiki/Toughness" title="Toughness">tough</a> materials, and some grades are optically transparent. They are easily worked, <a href="/wiki/Injection_molding" class="mw-redirect" title="Injection molding">molded</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">thermoformed</a>. Because of these properties, polycarbonates find many applications. Polycarbonates do not have a unique <a href="/wiki/Resin_identification_code" title="Resin identification code">resin identification code (RIC)</a> and are identified as "Other", 7 on the RIC list. Products made from polycarbonate can contain the precursor monomer <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a> (BPA). <table class="infobox" style="width:25em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background:#ccc">Polycarbonate</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Lexan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lexan.svg/300px-Lexan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lexan.svg/450px-Lexan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Lexan.svg/600px-Lexan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="810"></a><div class="infobox-caption">Repeating chemical structure unit of Polycarbonate made from <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a> <hr> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:VisibleLightSpectrum2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/VisibleLightSpectrum2.svg/300px-VisibleLightSpectrum2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/VisibleLightSpectrum2.svg/450px-VisibleLightSpectrum2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/VisibleLightSpectrum2.svg/600px-VisibleLightSpectrum2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="244"></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Transmittance" title="Transmittance">Transmission spectrum</a> of polycarbonate</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Physical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">Density</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>(ρ)</th><td class="infobox-data">1.20–1.22 g/cm3</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Abbe_number" title="Abbe number">Abbe number</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(V)</th><td class="infobox-data">34.0</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Refractive_index" title="Refractive index">Refractive index</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(n)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_indices_of_refraction" class="mw-redirect" title="List of indices of refraction">1.584–1.586</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Flammability" class="mw-redirect" title="Flammability">Flammability</a></th><td class="infobox-data">HB-V2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Limiting_oxygen_index" title="Limiting oxygen index">Limiting oxygen index</a></th><td class="infobox-data">25–29%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_ion_absorption" title="Hydroxyl ion absorption">Water absorption</a>—<a href="/wiki/Chemical_equilibrium" title="Chemical equilibrium">Equilibrium</a> (<a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.16–0.35%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_ion_absorption" title="Hydroxyl ion absorption">Water absorption</a>—over 24 hours</th><td class="infobox-data">0.1%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet" title="Ultraviolet">Ultraviolet</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(1–380 nm) <a href="/wiki/Photodegradation" title="Photodegradation">resistance</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Fair</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Mechanical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Young%27s_modulus" title="Young's modulus">Young's modulus</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(E)</th><td class="infobox-data">2.0–2.4 <a href="/wiki/Giga" class="mw-redirect" title="Giga">G</a><a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">Pa</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_tensile_strength" title="Ultimate tensile strength">Tensile strength</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(σt)</th><td class="infobox-data">55–75 <a href="/wiki/Mega-" title="Mega-">M</a>Pa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Strain_(materials_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Strain (materials science)">Elongation</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(ε) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">at <a href="/wiki/Structural_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Structural failure">break</a></th><td class="infobox-data">80–150%</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Compressive_strength" title="Compressive strength">Compressive strength</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(σc)</th><td class="infobox-data">>80 MPa</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Poisson%27s_ratio" title="Poisson's ratio">Poisson's ratio</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(ν)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.37</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hardness" title="Hardness">Hardness</a>—<a href="/wiki/Rockwell_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="Rockwell scale">Rockwell</a></th><td class="infobox-data">M70</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Izod_impact_strength_test" title="Izod impact strength test">Izod impact strength</a></th><td class="infobox-data">600–850 <a href="/wiki/Joule" title="Joule">J</a>/m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Charpy_impact_test" title="Charpy impact test">Notch test</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20–35 <a href="/wiki/Kilo-" title="Kilo-">k</a>J/m2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Abrasive resistance <a href="/wiki/ASTM_International" title="ASTM International">ASTM</a> D1044</th><td class="infobox-data">10–15 <a href="/wiki/Milli" class="mw-redirect" title="Milli">m</a><a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">g</a>/1000 <a href="/wiki/Rotation" title="Rotation">cycles</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_friction" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of friction">Coefficient of friction</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(μ)</th><td class="infobox-data">0.31</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Speed_of_sound" title="Speed of sound">Speed of sound</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2270 m/s</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Thermal properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Glass_transition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass transition temperature">Glass transition temperature</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(Tg)</th><td class="infobox-data">147 °C (297 °F)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Heat_deflection_temperature" title="Heat deflection temperature">Heat deflection temperature</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>0.45 MPa: 140 °C (284 °F)</li><li>1.8 MPa: 128–138 °C (262–280 °F)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Vicat_softening_point" title="Vicat softening point">Vicat softening point</a> at 50 <a href="/wiki/Newton_(unit)" title="Newton (unit)">N</a></th><td class="infobox-data">145–150 °C (293–302 °F)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Upper working temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">115–130 °C (239–266 °F)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Lower working temperature</th><td class="infobox-data">−40 °C (−40 °F)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_conductivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Thermal conductivity">Thermal conductivity</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(k) at 23 °C</th><td class="infobox-data">0.19–0.22 <a href="/wiki/Watt" title="Watt">W</a>/(m·K)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thermal_diffusivity" title="Thermal diffusivity">Thermal diffusivity</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(a) at 25 °C</th><td class="infobox-data">0.144 mm²/s<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Coefficient_of_thermal_expansion#Linear_thermal_expansion_coefficient" class="mw-redirect" title="Coefficient of thermal expansion">Linear thermal expansion coefficient</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(α)</th><td class="infobox-data">65–70 × 10−6/<a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Specific_heat_capacity" title="Specific heat capacity">Specific heat capacity</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(c)</th><td class="infobox-data">1.2–1.3 kJ/(<a href="/wiki/Kilogram" title="Kilogram">kg</a>·K)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Electrical properties</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dielectric_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dielectric constant">Dielectric constant</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(εr) at 1 M<a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2.9</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Permittivity" title="Permittivity">Permittivity</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(ε)</th><td class="infobox-data">2.568 × 10−11 <a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">F</a>/m</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)">Relative permeability</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(μr) at 1 MHz</th><td class="infobox-data">0.866(2)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Permeability_(electromagnetism)" title="Permeability (electromagnetism)">Permeability</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(μ) at 1 MHz</th><td class="infobox-data">1.089(2) <a href="/wiki/Micro-" title="Micro-">μ</a>N/<a href="/wiki/Ampere" title="Ampere">A</a>2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dissipation_factor" title="Dissipation factor">Dissipation factor</a> at 1 <a href="/wiki/Megahertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Megahertz">MHz</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0.01</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface <a href="/wiki/Resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivity">resistivity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1015 <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">Ω</a>/sq</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Volume <a href="/wiki/Resistivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Resistivity">resistivity</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(ρ)</th><td class="infobox-data">1012–1014 <a href="/wiki/Ohm" title="Ohm">Ω</a>·m</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Chemical resistance</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">Acids</a>—<a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">concentrated</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Poor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Acid" title="Acid">Acids</a>—<a href="/wiki/Concentration" title="Concentration">dilute</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Good</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohols</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Good</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alkali" title="Alkali">Alkalis</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Good-Poor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Aromatic_hydrocarbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aromatic hydrocarbon">Aromatic hydrocarbons</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Poor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Grease_(lubricant)" title="Grease (lubricant)">Greases</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">oils</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Good-fair</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Haloalkane" title="Haloalkane">Halogenated hydrocarbons</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Good-poor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogens</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Poor</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ketone" title="Ketone">Ketones</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Poor</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd"><a href="/wiki/Permeation" title="Permeation">Gas permeation</a> at 20 °C</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">Nitrogen</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10–25 cm3·mm/(m2·day·<a href="/wiki/Bar_(unit)" title="Bar (unit)">Bar</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">Oxygen</a></th><td class="infobox-data">70–130 cm3·mm/(m2·day·Bar)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">Carbon dioxide</a></th><td class="infobox-data">400–800 cm3·mm/(m2·day·Bar)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Water_vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapour">Water vapour</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1–2 g·mm/(m2·day) @ 85%–0% <a href="/wiki/Relative_humidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Relative humidity">RH</a> <a href="/wiki/Gradient" title="Gradient">gradient</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:#ddd">Economics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Price</th><td class="infobox-data">2.6–2.8 €/kg<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Structure">1 Structure</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Production">2 Production</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Phosgene_route">2.1 Phosgene route</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Transesterification_route">2.2 Transesterification route</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Properties_and_processing">3 Properties and processing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Applications">4 Applications</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Electronic_components">4.1 Electronic components</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Construction_materials">4.2 Construction materials</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#3D_printing">4.3 3D printing</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Data_storage">4.4 Data storage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Automotive,_aircraft,_and_security_components">4.5 Automotive, aircraft, and security components</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Niche_applications">4.6 Niche applications</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Medical_applications">4.6.1 Medical applications</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Mobile_phones">4.7 Mobile phones</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#History">5 History</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Potential_hazards_in_food_contact_applications">6 Potential hazards in food contact applications</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Environmental_impact">7 Environmental impact</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Disposal">7.1 Disposal</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-19"><a href="#Photo-oxidation_of_polycarbonate">7.2 Photo-oxidation of polycarbonate</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Photo-aging_reaction">7.3 Photo-aging reaction</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Thermal_degradation">7.4 Thermal degradation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Effect_of_fungi">7.5 Effect of fungi</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#See_also">8 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#References">9 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#External_links">10 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DINWOM10.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DINWOM10.png/220px-DINWOM10.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="893"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DINWOM10.png/220px-DINWOM10.png" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DINWOM10.png/330px-DINWOM10.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/DINWOM10.png/440px-DINWOM10.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Structure of dicarbonate (PhOC(O)OC6H4 )2CMe2 derived from bis(phenol-A) and two equivalents of phenol.<a href="#cite_note-Perez-5">[5]</a> This molecule reflects a subunit of a typical polycarbonate derived from bis(phenol-A).</figcaption></figure> Carbonate esters have planar OC(OC)2 cores, which confer rigidity. The unique O=C bond is short (1.173 Å in the depicted example), while the C-O bonds are more ether-like (the bond distances of 1.326 Å for the example depicted). Polycarbonates received their name because they are <a href="/wiki/Polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymers">polymers</a> containing <a href="/wiki/Carbonate_ester" title="Carbonate ester">carbonate groups</a> (−O−(C=O)−O−). A balance of useful features, including temperature resistance, impact resistance and optical properties, positions polycarbonates between <a href="/wiki/Commodity_plastics" title="Commodity plastics">commodity plastics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Engineering_plastic" title="Engineering plastic">engineering plastics</a>. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosgene_route">Phosgene route</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Phosgene route" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The main polycarbonate material is produced by the reaction of <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a> (BPA) and <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a> COCl 2. The overall reaction can be written as follows: <a href="/wiki/File:Polycarbonatsynthese.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Polycarbonatsynthese.svg/450px-Polycarbonatsynthese.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="64" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1364" data-file-height="195"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 450px;height: 64px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Polycarbonatsynthese.svg/450px-Polycarbonatsynthese.svg.png" data-width="450" data-height="64" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Polycarbonatsynthese.svg/675px-Polycarbonatsynthese.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Polycarbonatsynthese.svg/900px-Polycarbonatsynthese.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> The first step of the synthesis involves treatment of bisphenol A with <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">sodium hydroxide</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Deprotonates" class="mw-redirect" title="Deprotonates">deprotonates</a> the <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyl_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroxyl group">hydroxyl groups</a> of the bisphenol A.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-6">[6]</a> <dl><dd>(HOC6H4)2CMe2 + 2 NaOH → Na2(OC6H4)2CMe2 + 2 H2O</dd></dl> The di<a href="/wiki/Phenoxide" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenoxide">phenoxide</a> (Na2(OC6H4)2CMe2) reacts with phosgene to give a <a href="/wiki/Chloroformate" title="Chloroformate">chloroformate</a>, which subsequently is attacked by another phenoxide. The net reaction from the diphenoxide is: <dl><dd>Na2(OC6H4)2CMe2 + COCl2 → 1/n [OC(OC6H4)2CMe2]n + 2 NaCl</dd></dl> In this way, approximately one billion kilograms of polycarbonate is produced annually. Many other <a href="/wiki/Diol" title="Diol">diols</a> have been tested in place of bisphenol A, e.g. 1,1-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)cyclohexane and <a href="/wiki/Dihydroxybenzophenone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroxybenzophenone">dihydroxybenzophenone</a>. The cyclohexane is used as a comonomer to suppress crystallisation tendency of the BPA-derived product. <a href="/wiki/Tetrabromobisphenol_A" title="Tetrabromobisphenol A">Tetrabromobisphenol A</a> is used to enhance fire resistance. <a href="/wiki/Tetramethylcyclobutanediol" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetramethylcyclobutanediol">Tetramethylcyclobutanediol</a> has been developed as a replacement for BPA.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transesterification_route">Transesterification route</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Transesterification route" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> An alternative route to polycarbonates entails <a href="/wiki/Transesterification" title="Transesterification">transesterification</a> from BPA and <a href="/wiki/Diphenyl_carbonate" title="Diphenyl carbonate">diphenyl carbonate</a>: <dl><dd>(HOC6H4)2CMe2 + (C6H5O)2CO → 1/n [OC(OC6H4)2CMe2]n + 2 C6H5OH<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-6">[6]</a></dd></dl> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Properties_and_processing">Properties and processing</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Properties and processing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Polycarbonate is a durable material. Although it has high impact-resistance, it has low scratch-resistance. Therefore, a hard coating is applied to polycarbonate <a href="/wiki/Eyewear" title="Eyewear">eyewear</a> <a href="/wiki/Corrective_lens" title="Corrective lens">lenses</a> and polycarbonate exterior automotive components. The characteristics of polycarbonate compare to those of <a href="/wiki/Polymethyl_methacrylate" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymethyl methacrylate">polymethyl methacrylate</a> (PMMA, acrylic), but polycarbonate is stronger and will hold up longer to extreme temperature. Thermally processed material is usually totally amorphous,<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> and as a result is highly <a href="/wiki/Transparency_(optics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transparency (optics)">transparent</a> to <a href="/wiki/Visible_light" class="mw-redirect" title="Visible light">visible light</a>, with better light transmission than many kinds of glass. Polycarbonate has a <a href="/wiki/Glass_transition_temperature" class="mw-redirect" title="Glass transition temperature">glass transition temperature</a> of about 147 °C (297 °F),<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> so it softens gradually above this point and flows above about 155 °C (311 °F).<a href="#cite_note-city-9">[9]</a> Tools must be held at high temperatures, generally above 80 °C (176 °F) to make strain-free and stress-free products. Low <a href="/wiki/Molecular_mass" title="Molecular mass">molecular mass</a> grades are easier to mold than higher grades, but their strength is lower as a result. The toughest grades have the highest molecular mass, but are more difficult to process. Unlike most thermoplastics, polycarbonate can undergo large plastic deformations without cracking or breaking. As a result, it can be processed and formed at room temperature using <a href="/wiki/Sheet_metal" title="Sheet metal">sheet metal</a> techniques, such as bending on a <a href="/wiki/Brake_(sheet_metal_bending)" title="Brake (sheet metal bending)">brake</a>. Even for sharp angle bends with a tight radius, heating may not be necessary. This makes it valuable in prototyping applications where transparent or electrically non-conductive parts are needed, which cannot be made from sheet metal. <a href="/wiki/Poly(methyl_methacrylate)" title="Poly(methyl methacrylate)">PMMA/Acrylic</a>, which is similar in appearance to polycarbonate, is brittle and cannot be bent at room temperature. Main transformation techniques for polycarbonate resins: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">extrusion</a> into tubes, rods and other profiles including multiwall</li> <li>extrusion with cylinders (<a href="/wiki/Calender" title="Calender">calenders</a>) into sheets (0.5–20 mm (0.020–0.787 in)) and films (below 1 mm (0.039 in)), which can be used directly or manufactured into other shapes using <a href="/wiki/Thermoforming" title="Thermoforming">thermoforming</a> or secondary <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">fabrication</a> techniques, such as bending, drilling, or routing. Due to its chemical properties it is not conducive to laser-cutting.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_molding" class="mw-redirect" title="Injection molding">injection molding</a> into ready articles</li></ul> Polycarbonate may become <a href="/wiki/Brittleness" title="Brittleness">brittle</a> when exposed to ionizing radiation above 25 <a href="/wiki/Gray_(unit)" title="Gray (unit)">kGy</a> (kJ/kg).<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polycarbonate_water_bottle.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Polycarbonate_water_bottle.JPG/220px-Polycarbonate_water_bottle.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1224" data-file-height="1632"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 293px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Polycarbonate_water_bottle.JPG/220px-Polycarbonate_water_bottle.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="293" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Polycarbonate_water_bottle.JPG/330px-Polycarbonate_water_bottle.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Polycarbonate_water_bottle.JPG/440px-Polycarbonate_water_bottle.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A bottle made from polycarbonate</figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electronic_components">Electronic components</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Electronic components" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Polycarbonate is mainly used for electronic applications that capitalize on its collective safety features. A good electrical insulator with heat-resistant and flame-retardant properties, it is used in products associated with power systems and telecommunications hardware. It can serve as a <a href="/wiki/Dielectric" title="Dielectric">dielectric</a> in high-stability <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-6">[6]</a> Commercial manufacture of polycarbonate capacitors mostly stopped after sole manufacturer <a href="/wiki/Bayer_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Bayer AG">Bayer AG</a> stopped making capacitor-grade polycarbonate film at the end of 2000.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Construction_materials">Construction materials</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Construction materials" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polycarbonate_Greenhouse-00.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polycarbonate_Greenhouse-00.jpg/220px-Polycarbonate_Greenhouse-00.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polycarbonate_Greenhouse-00.jpg/220px-Polycarbonate_Greenhouse-00.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polycarbonate_Greenhouse-00.jpg/330px-Polycarbonate_Greenhouse-00.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Polycarbonate_Greenhouse-00.jpg/440px-Polycarbonate_Greenhouse-00.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Polycarbonate sheeting in a greenhouse</figcaption></figure> The second largest consumer of polycarbonates is the construction industry, e.g. for domelights, flat or curved glazing, roofing sheets and <a href="/wiki/Sound_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound wall">sound walls</a>. Polycarbonates are used to create materials used in buildings that must be durable but light. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3D_printing">3D printing</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 3D printing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Polycarbonates are used extensively in 3D FDM printing, producing durable strong plastic products with a high melting point. Polycarbonate is relatively difficult for casual hobbyists to print compared to thermoplastics such as <a href="/wiki/Polylactic_acid" title="Polylactic acid">Polylactic acid</a> (PLA) or <a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene</a> (ABS) because of the high melting point, difficulty with print bed adhesion, tendency to warp during printing, and tendency to absorb moisture in humid environments. Despite these issues, 3D printing using polycarbonates is common in the professional community. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_storage">Data storage</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Data storage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A major polycarbonate market is the production of <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a>, <a href="/wiki/DVD" title="DVD">DVDs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Blu-ray" title="Blu-ray">Blu-ray</a> discs.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> These discs are produced by injection-molding polycarbonate into a mold cavity that has on one side a metal stamper containing a negative image of the disc data, while the other mold side is a mirrored surface. Typical products of sheet/film production include applications in advertisement (signs, displays, poster protection).<a href="#cite_note-Ullmann-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Automotive,_aircraft,_and_security_components">Automotive, aircraft, and security components</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Automotive, aircraft, and security components" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the automotive industry, injection-molded polycarbonate can produce very smooth surfaces that make it well-suited for <a href="/wiki/Sputter_deposition" title="Sputter deposition">sputter deposition</a> or <a href="/wiki/Evaporation_(deposition)" title="Evaporation (deposition)">evaporation deposition</a> of aluminium without the need for a base-coat. Decorative bezels and optical reflectors are commonly made of polycarbonate. Its low weight and high impact resistance have made polycarbonate the dominant material for automotive headlamp lenses. However, automotive headlamps require outer surface coatings because of its low scratch resistance and susceptibility to ultraviolet degradation (yellowing). The use of polycarbonate in automotive applications is limited to low stress applications. Stress from fasteners, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_welding" title="Plastic welding">plastic welding</a> and molding render polycarbonate susceptible to <a href="/wiki/Stress_corrosion_cracking" title="Stress corrosion cracking">stress corrosion cracking</a> when it comes in contact with certain accelerants such as salt water and <a href="/wiki/Plastisol" title="Plastisol">plastisol</a>. It can be laminated to make <a href="/wiki/Bullet-proof_glass" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullet-proof glass">bullet-proof "glass"</a>, although "bullet-resistant" is more accurate for the thinner windows, such as are used in bullet-resistant windows in automobiles. The thicker barriers of transparent plastic used in teller's windows and barriers in banks are also polycarbonate. So-called "theft-proof" large plastic packaging for smaller items, which cannot be opened by hand, is typically made from polycarbonate. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:F-22_Raptor_and_pilot_at_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar_25_Jun_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/F-22_Raptor_and_pilot_at_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar_25_Jun_2010.jpg/220px-F-22_Raptor_and_pilot_at_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar_25_Jun_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2544" data-file-height="1696"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/F-22_Raptor_and_pilot_at_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar_25_Jun_2010.jpg/220px-F-22_Raptor_and_pilot_at_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar_25_Jun_2010.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/F-22_Raptor_and_pilot_at_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar_25_Jun_2010.jpg/330px-F-22_Raptor_and_pilot_at_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar_25_Jun_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/F-22_Raptor_and_pilot_at_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar_25_Jun_2010.jpg/440px-F-22_Raptor_and_pilot_at_Marine_Corps_Air_Station_Miramar_25_Jun_2010.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lockheed Martin F-22 cockpit canopy</figcaption></figure> The cockpit canopy of the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-22_Raptor" title="Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor">Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor</a> jet fighter is fabricated from high optical quality polycarbonate. It is the largest item of its type.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Niche_applications">Niche applications</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Niche applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Polycarbonate, being a versatile material with attractive processing and physical properties, has attracted myriad smaller applications. The use of injection molded drinking bottles, glasses and food containers is common, but the use of BPA in the manufacture of polycarbonate has stirred concerns (see <a href="#Potential_hazards_in_food_contact_applications">Potential hazards in food contact applications</a>), leading to development and use of "BPA-free" plastics in various formulations. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laboratory_protection_goggles-blue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Laboratory_protection_goggles-blue.jpg/220px-Laboratory_protection_goggles-blue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3520" data-file-height="2492"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Laboratory_protection_goggles-blue.jpg/220px-Laboratory_protection_goggles-blue.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Laboratory_protection_goggles-blue.jpg/330px-Laboratory_protection_goggles-blue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Laboratory_protection_goggles-blue.jpg/440px-Laboratory_protection_goggles-blue.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Laboratory safety goggles</figcaption></figure> Polycarbonate is commonly used in eye protection, as well as in other projectile-resistant viewing and lighting applications that would normally indicate the use of <a href="/wiki/Glass" title="Glass">glass</a>, but require much higher impact-resistance. Polycarbonate lenses also protect the eye from <a href="/wiki/Eyeglass#Polycarbonate" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyeglass">UV</a> light. Many kinds of lenses are manufactured from polycarbonate, including automotive headlamp lenses, lighting lenses, <a href="/wiki/Sunglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunglass">sunglass</a>/<a href="/wiki/Eyeglass" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyeglass">eyeglass</a> <a href="/wiki/Corrective_lens" title="Corrective lens">lenses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camera_lenses" class="mw-redirect" title="Camera lenses">camera lenses</a>, swimming goggles and SCUBA masks, and safety glasses/goggles/visors including visors in sporting helmets/masks and police <a href="/wiki/Riot_gear" class="mw-redirect" title="Riot gear">riot gear</a> (helmet visors, riot shields, etc.). Windscreens in small motorized vehicles are commonly made of polycarbonate, such as for motorcycles, ATVs, golf carts, and small airplanes and helicopters. The light weight of polycarbonate as opposed to glass has led to development of electronic display screens that replace glass with polycarbonate, for use in mobile and portable devices. Such displays include newer <a href="/wiki/E-ink" class="mw-redirect" title="E-ink">e-ink</a> and some LCD screens, though CRT, plasma screen and other LCD technologies generally still require glass for its higher melting temperature and its ability to be etched in finer detail. As more and more governments are restricting the use of glass in pubs and clubs due to the increased incidence of <a href="/wiki/Glassing" title="Glassing">glassings</a>, polycarbonate glasses are becoming popular for serving alcohol because of their strength, durability, and glass-like feel.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lamy_2000_fountain_pen,_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg/220px-Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg/220px-Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg/330px-Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg/440px-Lamy_2000_fountain_pen%2C_EF_semi_hooded_nib.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lamy#2000" title="Lamy">Lamy 2000</a> piston filler made of polycarbonate and stainless steel, launched in 1966 and still in production</figcaption></figure> Other miscellaneous items include durable, lightweight luggage, <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_player" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio player">MP3/digital audio player cases</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocarina" title="Ocarina">ocarinas</a>, computer cases, <a href="/wiki/Riot_shields" class="mw-redirect" title="Riot shields">riot shields</a>, instrument panels, tealight candle containers and food blender jars. Many toys and hobby items are made from polycarbonate parts, like fins, gyro mounts, and flybar locks in <a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_helicopter" title="Radio-controlled helicopter">radio-controlled helicopters</a>,<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and transparent <a href="/wiki/LEGO" class="mw-redirect" title="LEGO">LEGO</a> (<a href="/wiki/Acrylonitrile_butadiene_styrene#Applications" title="Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene">ABS</a> is used for opaque pieces).<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> Standard polycarbonate resins are not suitable for long term exposure to UV radiation. To overcome this, the primary resin can have UV stabilisers added. These grades are sold as UV stabilized polycarbonate to injection moulding and extrusion companies. Other applications, including polycarbonate sheets, may have the anti-UV layer added as a special coating or a <a href="/wiki/Plastics_extrusion#Coextrusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics extrusion">coextrusion</a> for <a href="/wiki/Enhanced_weathering" title="Enhanced weathering">enhanced weathering</a> resistance. Polycarbonate is also used as a printing substrate for <a href="/wiki/Nameplate" title="Nameplate">nameplate</a> and other forms of industrial grade under printed products. The polycarbonate provides a barrier to wear, the elements, and fading. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Medical_applications">Medical applications</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Medical applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Many polycarbonate grades are used in medical applications and comply with both ISO 10993-1 and USP Class VI standards (occasionally referred to as PC-ISO). Class VI is the most stringent of the six USP ratings. These grades can be sterilized using steam at 120 °C, <a href="/wiki/Gamma_radiation" class="mw-redirect" title="Gamma radiation">gamma radiation</a>, or by the <a href="/wiki/Ethylene_oxide" title="Ethylene oxide">ethylene oxide</a> (EtO) method.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Trinseo strictly limits all its plastics with regard to medical applications.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Aliphatic polycarbonates have been developed with improved biocompatibility and degradability for nanomedicine applications.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_phones">Mobile phones</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mobile phones" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Some smartphone manufacturers use polycarbonate. Nokia used polycarbonate in their phones starting with the <a href="/wiki/Nokia_N9" title="Nokia N9">N9</a>'s unibody case in 2011. This practice continued with various phones in the <a href="/wiki/Lumia_series" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumia series">Lumia series</a>. Samsung started using polycarbonate with <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy_S_III" title="Samsung Galaxy S III">Galaxy S III</a>'s hyperglaze-branded removable battery cover in 2012. This practice continues with various phones in the <a href="/wiki/Samsung_Galaxy" title="Samsung Galaxy">Galaxy</a> series. Apple started using polycarbonate with the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_5C" class="mw-redirect" title="IPhone 5C">iPhone 5C</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Unibody" class="mw-redirect" title="Unibody">unibody</a> case in 2013. Benefits over glass and metal back covers include durability against shattering (advantage over glass), bending and scratching (advantage over metal), shock absorption, low manufacturing costs, and no interference with radio signals and <a href="/wiki/Wireless_charging" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless charging">wireless charging</a> (advantage over metal).<a href="#cite_note-aa-materials-24">[24]</a> Polycarbonate back covers are available in glossy or matte <a href="/wiki/Surface_texture" class="mw-redirect" title="Surface texture">surface textures</a>.<a href="#cite_note-aa-materials-24">[24]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Polycarbonates were first discovered in 1898 by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Einhorn" title="Alfred Einhorn">Alfred Einhorn</a>, a German scientist working at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Munich" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Munich">University of Munich</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> However, after 30 years' laboratory research, this class of materials was abandoned without commercialization. Research resumed in 1953, when <a href="/wiki/Hermann_Josef_Schnell" title="Hermann Josef Schnell">Hermann Schnell</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bayer" title="Bayer">Bayer</a> in Uerdingen, Germany patented the first linear polycarbonate. The brand name "Makrolon" was registered in 1955.<a href="#cite_note-KotlerPfoertsch2010-26">[26]</a> Also in 1953, and one week after the invention at Bayer, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fox_(chemist)" title="Daniel Fox (chemist)">Daniel Fox</a> at <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> (GE) in Pittsfield, Massachusetts, independently synthesized a <a href="/wiki/Branching_(polymer_chemistry)" title="Branching (polymer chemistry)">branched</a> polycarbonate. Both companies filed for U.S. patents in 1955, and agreed that the company lacking priority would be granted a license to the technology.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Patent priority was resolved in Bayer's favor, and Bayer began commercial production under the trade name Makrolon in 1958. GE began production under the name Lexan in 1960, creating the <a href="/wiki/GE_Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="GE Plastics">GE Plastics</a> division in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> After 1970, the original brownish polycarbonate tint was improved to "glass-clear".<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bottom_of_18.9_Liter_(5_Gallon)_jug_made_by_GREIF,_plastic_type_PC_(polycarbonate).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bottom_of_18.9_Liter_%285_Gallon%29_jug_made_by_GREIF%2C_plastic_type_PC_%28polycarbonate%29.jpg/220px-Bottom_of_18.9_Liter_%285_Gallon%29_jug_made_by_GREIF%2C_plastic_type_PC_%28polycarbonate%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2839" data-file-height="2587"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 200px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bottom_of_18.9_Liter_%285_Gallon%29_jug_made_by_GREIF%2C_plastic_type_PC_%28polycarbonate%29.jpg/220px-Bottom_of_18.9_Liter_%285_Gallon%29_jug_made_by_GREIF%2C_plastic_type_PC_%28polycarbonate%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="200" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bottom_of_18.9_Liter_%285_Gallon%29_jug_made_by_GREIF%2C_plastic_type_PC_%28polycarbonate%29.jpg/330px-Bottom_of_18.9_Liter_%285_Gallon%29_jug_made_by_GREIF%2C_plastic_type_PC_%28polycarbonate%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Bottom_of_18.9_Liter_%285_Gallon%29_jug_made_by_GREIF%2C_plastic_type_PC_%28polycarbonate%29.jpg/440px-Bottom_of_18.9_Liter_%285_Gallon%29_jug_made_by_GREIF%2C_plastic_type_PC_%28polycarbonate%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Polycarbonate <a href="/wiki/Recycling_codes" title="Recycling codes">recycling code</a> PC on the bottom of a 5 gallon water jug made by <a href="/wiki/Greif,_Inc." title="Greif, Inc.">Greif, Inc.</a></figcaption></figure> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Potential_hazards_in_food_contact_applications">Potential hazards in food contact applications</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Potential hazards in food contact applications" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">Bisphenol A</a> and <a href="/wiki/Endocrine_disruptor" title="Endocrine disruptor">Endocrine disruptor</a></div>The use of polycarbonate containers for the purpose of food storage is controversial. The basis of this controversy is their hydrolysis (degradation by water, often referred to as leaching) occurring at high temperature, releases <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a>: <dl><dd>1/n [OC(OC6H4)2CMe2]n + H2O → (HOC6H4)2CMe2 + CO2</dd></dl> More than 100 studies have explored the bioactivity of bisphenol A derived from polycarbonates. Bisphenol A appeared to be released from polycarbonate animal cages into water at room temperature and it may have been responsible for enlargement of the reproductive organs of female mice.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> However, the animal cages used in the research were fabricated from industrial grade polycarbonate, rather than FDA food grade polycarbonate. An analysis of the literature on bisphenol A leachate low-dose effects by vom Saal and Hughes published in August 2005 seems to have found a suggestive correlation between the source of funding and the conclusion drawn. Industry-funded studies tend to find no significant effects whereas government-funded studies tend to find significant effects.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hypochlorite" title="Sodium hypochlorite">Sodium hypochlorite</a> bleach and other alkali cleaners catalyze the release of the bisphenol A from polycarbonate containers.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Polycarbonate is incompatible with ammonia and acetone. <a href="/wiki/Alcohol_(chemistry)" title="Alcohol (chemistry)">Alcohol</a> is a recommended <a href="/wiki/Organic_solvent" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic solvent">organic solvent</a> for cleaning grease and oils from polycarbonate. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Environmental_impact">Environmental impact</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Environmental impact" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disposal">Disposal</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Disposal" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Studies have shown that at temperatures above 70 °C, and high humidity, polycarbonate will hydrolyze to <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a> (BPA). After about 30 days at 85 °C/96% RH, surface crystals are formed which for 70% consisted of BPA.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> BPA is a compound that is currently on the list of potential environmental hazardous chemicals. It is on the watch list of many countries, such as United States and Germany.<a href="#cite_note-:12-35">[35]</a> <dl><dd>-(-OC6H4)2C(CH3)2CO-)-n + H2O → (CH3)2C(C6H4OH)2 + CO2</dd></dl> The leaching of BPA from polycarbonate can also occur at environmental temperature and normal pH (in landfills).The amount of leaching increases as the polycarbonate parts get older. A study found that the decomposition of BPA in landfills (under anaerobic conditions) will not occur.<a href="#cite_note-:12-35">[35]</a> It will therefore be persistent in landfills. Eventually, it will find its way into water bodies and contribute to aquatic pollution.<a href="#cite_note-:12-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photo-oxidation_of_polycarbonate">Photo-oxidation of polycarbonate</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Photo-oxidation of polycarbonate" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the presence of UV light, oxidation of this polymer yields compounds such as ketones, phenols, o-phenoxybenzoic acid, benzyl alcohol and other unsaturated compounds. This has been suggested through kinetic and spectral studies. The yellow color formed after long exposure to sun can also be related to further oxidation of phenolic end group<a href="#cite_note-:2-37">[37]</a> <dl><dd>(OC6H4)2C(CH3)2CO)n + O2 , R* → (OC6H4)2C(CH3CH2)CO)n</dd></dl> This product can be further oxidized to form smaller unsaturated compounds. This can proceed via two different pathways, the products formed depends on which mechanism takes place.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Pathway A <dl><dd>(OC6H4)2C(CH3CH2)CO + O2, H* <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.806ex;height: 1.843ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" data-alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  HO(OC6H4)OCO + CH3COCH2(OC6H4)OCO</dd></dl> Pathway B <dl><dd>(OC6H4)2C(CH3CH2)CO)n + O2, H* <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.806ex;height: 1.843ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" data-alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  OCO(OC6H4)CH2OH + OCO(OC6H4)COCH3</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photo-aging_reaction">Photo-aging reaction</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Photo-aging reaction" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Photo-aging is another degradation route for polycarbonates. Polycarbonate molecules (such as the aromatic ring) absorb UV radiation. This absorbed energy causes cleavage of covalent bonds which initiates the photo-aging process. The reaction can be propagated via side chain oxidation, ring oxidation or <a href="/wiki/Fries_rearrangement#Photo-Fries_rearrangement" title="Fries rearrangement">photo-Fries rearrangement</a>. Products formed include <a href="/wiki/Phenyl_salicylate" title="Phenyl salicylate">phenyl salicylate</a>, dihydroxybenzophenone groups, and hydroxydiphenyl ether groups.<a href="#cite_note-:2-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <dl><dd>(C16H14O3)n <math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">⟶</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }</annotation> </semantics> </math><noscript><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.806ex; height:1.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 3.806ex;height: 1.843ex;vertical-align: -0.338ex;" data-mw-src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/4ffb6a294b21bebe64570c4088d77a884dec95ab" data-alt="{\displaystyle \longrightarrow }" data-class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert">  C16H17O3 + C13H10O3</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Thermal_degradation">Thermal degradation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Thermal degradation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Waste polycarbonate will degrade at high temperatures to form solid, liquid and gaseous pollutants. A study showed that the products were about 40–50 wt.% liquid, 14–16 wt.% gases, while 34–43 wt.% remained as solid residue. Liquid products contained mainly phenol derivatives (~75 wt.%) and bisphenol (~10 wt.%) also present.<a href="#cite_note-:3-39">[39]</a> Polycarbonate, however, can be safely used as a carbon source in the steel-making industry.<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> Phenol derivatives are environmental pollutants, classified as volatile organic compounds (VOC). Studies show they are likely to facilitate ground level ozone formation and increase photo-chemical smog.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> In aquatic bodies, they can potentially accumulate in organisms. They are persistent in landfills, do not readily evaporate and would remain in the atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Effect_of_fungi">Effect of fungi</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Effect of fungi" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 2001 a species of fungus in <a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geotrichum_candidum" title="Geotrichum candidum">Geotrichum candidum</a>, was found to consume the polycarbonate found in <a href="/wiki/Compact_disc" title="Compact disc">compact discs</a> (CD).<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> This has prospects for <a href="/wiki/Bioremediation" title="Bioremediation">bioremediation</a>. However, this effect has not been reproduced. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/CR-39" title="CR-39">CR-39</a>, allyl diglycol carbonate (ADC) used for eyeglasses</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_accessories" title="Mobile phone accessories">Mobile phone accessories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_electronics" title="Organic electronics">Organic electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermoplastic_polyurethane" title="Thermoplastic polyurethane">Thermoplastic polyurethane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vapor_polishing" title="Vapor polishing">Vapor polishing</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316235516/http://sfs.sabic.eu/wp-content/uploads/resource_pdf/1345453948-48623687-Technical-Manual-Coated-Uncoated-Sheet.pdf">"Lexan sheet technical manual"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/SABIC" title="SABIC">SABIC</a>. 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sfs.sabic.eu/wp-content/uploads/resource_pdf/1345453948-48623687-Technical-Manual-Coated-Uncoated-Sheet.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2015-03-16. Retrieved 2015-07-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lexan+sheet+technical+manual&rft.pub=SABIC&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsfs.sabic.eu%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fresource_pdf%2F1345453948-48623687-Technical-Manual-Coated-Uncoated-Sheet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParvin,_M.Williams,_J._G.1975" class="citation journal cs1">Parvin, M. & Williams, J. G. (1975). "The effect of temperature on the fracture of polycarbonate". Journal of Materials Science. 10 (11): 1883. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975JMatS..10.1883P">1975JMatS..10.1883P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2FBF00754478">10.1007/BF00754478</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:135645940">135645940</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Materials+Science&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+temperature+on+the+fracture+of+polycarbonate&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=1883&rft.date=1975&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A135645940%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2FBF00754478&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1975JMatS..10.1883P&rft.au=Parvin%2C+M.&rft.au=Williams%2C+J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlumm,_J.Lindemann,_A.2003" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Blumm, J.; Lindemann, A. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eyoungindustry.com/uploadfile/file/20151027/20151027211034_96662.pdf">"Characterization of the thermophysical properties of molten polymers and liquids using the flash technique"</a> (PDF). High Temperatures – High Pressures. 35/36 (6): 627. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1068%2Fhtjr144">10.1068/htjr144</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=High+Temperatures+%E2%80%93+High+Pressures&rft.atitle=Characterization+of+the+thermophysical+properties+of+molten+polymers+and+liquids+using+the+flash+technique&rft.volume=35%2F36&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=627&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1068%2Fhtjr144&rft.au=Blumm%2C+J.&rft.au=Lindemann%2C+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyoungindustry.com%2Fuploadfile%2Ffile%2F20151027%2F20151027211034_96662.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> CES Edupack 2010, Polycarbonate (PC) specs sheet </li> <li id="cite_note-Perez-5"><a href="#cite_ref-Perez_5-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerezScaringe1987" class="citation journal cs1">Perez, Serge; Scaringe, Raymond P. (1987). "Crystalline features of 4,4'-isopropylidenediphenylbis(phenyl carbonate) and conformational analysis of the polycarbonate of 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane". Macromolecules. 20 (1): 68–77. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987MaMol..20...68P">1987MaMol..20...68P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fma00167a014">10.1021/ma00167a014</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macromolecules&rft.atitle=Crystalline+features+of+4%2C4%27-isopropylidenediphenylbis%28phenyl+carbonate%29+and+conformational+analysis+of+the+polycarbonate+of+2%2C2-bis%284-hydroxyphenyl%29propane&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E68-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fma00167a014&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987MaMol..20...68P&rft.aulast=Perez&rft.aufirst=Serge&rft.au=Scaringe%2C+Raymond+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ullmann-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ullmann_6-4">e</a> Volker Serini "Polycarbonates" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Wiley-VCH, Weinheim, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14356007.a21_207">10.1002/14356007.a21_207</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjurnerM??nsonRigdahl1978" class="citation journal cs1">Djurner, K.; M??nson, J-A.; Rigdahl, M. (1978). "Crystallization of polycarbonate during injection molding at high pressures". Journal of Polymer Science: Polymer Letters Edition. 16 (8): 419–424. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1978JPoSL..16..419D">1978JPoSL..16..419D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fpol.1978.130160806">10.1002/pol.1978.130160806</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-6384">0360-6384</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Polymer+Science%3A+Polymer+Letters+Edition&rft.atitle=Crystallization+of+polycarbonate+during+injection+molding+at+high+pressures&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E419-%3C%2Fspan%3E424&rft.date=1978&rft.issn=0360-6384&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fpol.1978.130160806&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1978JPoSL..16..419D&rft.aulast=Djurner&rft.aufirst=K.&rft.au=M%3F%3Fnson%2C+J-A.&rft.au=Rigdahl%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100210070124/http://www.bayermaterialsciencenafta.com/faq_pcs/index.html">Answers to Common Questions about Bayer Polycarbonate Resins</a>. bayermaterialsciencenafta.com </li> <li id="cite_note-city-9"><a href="#cite_ref-city_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181016161442/http://www.cityplastics.com.au/materials-polycarbonate">"Polycarbonate"</a>. city plastics. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cityplastics.com.au/materials-polycarbonate/">the original</a> on 2018-10-16. Retrieved 2013-12-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polycarbonate&rft.pub=city+plastics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cityplastics.com.au%2Fmaterials-polycarbonate%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_W._Plester1973" class="citation book cs1">David W. Plester (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512042131/http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/27/26567.pdf">"The Effects of Radiation Sterilization on Plastics"</a> (PDF). Sterilization Technology. p. 149. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18798850">18798850</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infohouse.p2ric.org/ref/27/26567.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2015-05-12. <q>Polycarbonate can satisfactorily be given a single-dose sterilization exposure (22) but tends to become brittle much above 2.5 Mrad.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+Radiation+Sterilization+on+Plastics&rft.btitle=Sterilization+Technology&rft.pages=149&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18798850%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=David+W.+Plester&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfohouse.p2ric.org%2Fref%2F27%2F26567.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230309161434/http://my.execpc.com/~endlr/film.html">"Film"</a>. execpc.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://my.execpc.com/~endlr/film.html">the original</a> on 2023-03-09. Retrieved 2012-07-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=execpc.com&rft.atitle=Film&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmy.execpc.com%2F~endlr%2Ffilm.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wima.cn/EN/polycarbonate.htm">"WIMA"</a>. wima.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170612225417/http://www.wima.com/EN/polycarbonate.htm">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wima.com&rft.atitle=WIMA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwima.cn%2FEN%2Fpolycarbonate.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-46735093#:~:text=Sales%20of%20CDs%20plummeted%20by%2023%%20last%20year,,2008;%20and%20a%20drop%20of%209.6%20million%20year-on-year.">"Is this the end of owning music?"</a>. BBC News. 3 January 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Is+this+the+end+of+owning+music%3F&rft.date=2019-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fentertainment-arts-46735093%23%3A~%3Atext%3DSales%2520of%2520CDs%2520plummeted%2520by%252023%25%2520last%2520year%2C%2C2008%3B%2520and%2520a%2520drop%2520of%25209.6%2520million%2520year-on-year.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pacaf.af.mil/news/story.asp?id=123136810">Egress technicians keep raptor pilots covered</a>. Pacaf.af.mil. Retrieved on 2011-02-26. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmsley2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Emsley" title="John Emsley">Emsley, John</a> (9 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qGsoDwAAQBAJ">A Healthy, Wealthy, Sustainable World</a>. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 119. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78262-589-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78262-589-6"><bdi>978-1-78262-589-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 1 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Healthy%2C+Wealthy%2C+Sustainable+World&rft.pages=119&rft.pub=Royal+Society+of+Chemistry&rft.date=2015-11-09&rft.isbn=978-1-78262-589-6&rft.aulast=Emsley&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqGsoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130428193825/http://www.olgr.nsw.gov.au/alcohol_restrictions_for_violent_venues.asp">Alcohol restrictions for violent venues</a>. State of New South Wales (Office of Liquor, Gaming & Racing) </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130531123154/http://www.olgr.qld.gov.au/industry/liquor_compliance/glass_bans/index.shtml">Ban on regular glass in licensed premises</a>. The State of Queensland (Department of Justice and Attorney-General) </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100401062436/http://clearly.wavelandps.com/products.pdf">"RDLohr's Clearly Superior Products"</a> (PDF). wavelandps.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://clearly.wavelandps.com/products.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wavelandps.com&rft.atitle=RDLohr%27s+Clearly+Superior+Products&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclearly.wavelandps.com%2Fproducts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLinda_Jablanski2015" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-unfit">Linda Jablanski (2015-03-31). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170305114209/http://info.craftechind.com/blog/which-plastic-material-is-used-in-lego-sets">"Which Plastic Material is Used in Lego Sets?"</a>. Archived from the original on 2017-03-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Which+Plastic+Material+is+Used+in+Lego+Sets%3F&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft.au=Linda+Jablanski&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfo.craftechind.com%2Fblog%2Fwhich-plastic-material-is-used-in-lego-sets&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1998" class="citation web cs1">Powell, Douglas G. (September 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990223191619/http://www.devicelink.com/mpb/archive/98/09/003.html">"Medical Applications of Polycarbonate"</a>. Medical Plastics and Biomaterials Magazine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://devicelink.com/mpb/archive/98/09/003.html">the original</a> on 23 February 1999.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medical+Plastics+and+Biomaterials+Magazine&rft.atitle=Medical+Applications+of+Polycarbonate&rft.date=1998-09&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Douglas+G.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdevicelink.com%2Fmpb%2Farchive%2F98%2F09%2F003.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100209013827/http://plastics.dow.com/plastics/medical/">"Dow Plastics Medical Application Policy"</a>. Plastics.dow.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plastics.dow.com/plastics/medical/">the original</a> on February 9, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Plastics.dow.com&rft.atitle=Dow+Plastics+Medical+Application+Policy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fplastics.dow.com%2Fplastics%2Fmedical%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130410054745/http://www.omnexus.com/tc/polycarbonate/index.aspx?id=biocompatibility">"Makrolon Polycarbonate Biocompatibility Grades"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.omnexus.com/tc/polycarbonate/index.aspx?id=biocompatibility">the original</a> on 2013-04-10. Retrieved 2007-04-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Makrolon+Polycarbonate+Biocompatibility+Grades&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.omnexus.com%2Ftc%2Fpolycarbonate%2Findex.aspx%3Fid%3Dbiocompatibility&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChanKeSardonEngler2014" class="citation journal cs1">Chan, Julian M. W.; Ke, Xiyu; Sardon, Haritz; Engler, Amanda C.; Yang, Yi Yan; Hedrick, James L. (2014). "Chemically Modifiable N-Heterocycle-Functionalized Polycarbonates as a Platform for Diverse Smart Biomimetic Nanomaterials". Chemical Science. 5 (8): 3294–3300. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1039%2FC4SC00789A">10.1039/C4SC00789A</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Science&rft.atitle=Chemically+Modifiable+N-Heterocycle-Functionalized+Polycarbonates+as+a+Platform+for+Diverse+Smart+Biomimetic+Nanomaterials&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3294-%3C%2Fspan%3E3300&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1039%2FC4SC00789A&rft.aulast=Chan&rft.aufirst=Julian+M.+W.&rft.au=Ke%2C+Xiyu&rft.au=Sardon%2C+Haritz&rft.au=Engler%2C+Amanda+C.&rft.au=Yang%2C+Yi+Yan&rft.au=Hedrick%2C+James+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-aa-materials-24">^ <a href="#cite_ref-aa-materials_24-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-aa-materials_24-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.androidauthority.com/build-materials-metal-vs-glass-vs-plastic-617553/">"Build materials: metal vs glass vs plastic"</a>. Android Authority. 19 July 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Android+Authority&rft.atitle=Build+materials%3A+metal+vs+glass+vs+plastic&rft.date=2018-07-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.androidauthority.com%2Fbuild-materials-metal-vs-glass-vs-plastic-617553%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ides.com/pm/9_Polycarbonate.asp">"Polycarbonate (PC)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UL_(safety_organization)" title="UL (safety organization)">UL</a> Prospector. Retrieved 5 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polycarbonate+%28PC%29&rft.pub=UL+Prospector&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ides.com%2Fpm%2F9_Polycarbonate.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KotlerPfoertsch2010-26"><a href="#cite_ref-KotlerPfoertsch2010_26-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_KotlerWaldemar_Pfoertsch2010" class="citation book cs1">Philip Kotler; Waldemar Pfoertsch (17 May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UYNBbCvK69UC&pg=PA200">Ingredient Branding: Making the Invisible Visible</a>. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 205–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-642-04214-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-642-04214-0"><bdi>978-3-642-04214-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ingredient+Branding%3A+Making+the+Invisible+Visible&rft.pages=205-&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2010-05-17&rft.isbn=978-3-642-04214-0&rft.au=Philip+Kotler&rft.au=Waldemar+Pfoertsch&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUYNBbCvK69UC%26pg%3DPA200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140505145205/http://www.chemicallyspeaking.com/archive/2010/11/16/polycarbonate-is-polyfunctional.aspx">"Polycarbonate is Polyfunctional"</a>. Chemical Institute of Canada. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemicallyspeaking.com/archive/2010/11/16/polycarbonate-is-polyfunctional.aspx">the original</a> on 5 May 2014. Retrieved 5 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Polycarbonate+is+Polyfunctional&rft.pub=Chemical+Institute+of+Canada&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemicallyspeaking.com%2Farchive%2F2010%2F11%2F16%2Fpolycarbonate-is-polyfunctional.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerome_T._Coe2010" class="citation book cs1">Jerome T. Coe (27 August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bgdvYy80AHUC&pg=PA71">"Lexan Polycarbonate: 1953–1968"</a>. Unlikely Victory: How General Electric Succeeded in the Chemical Industry. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 71–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-93547-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-93547-7"><bdi>978-0-470-93547-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lexan+Polycarbonate%3A+1953%E2%80%931968&rft.btitle=Unlikely+Victory%3A+How+General+Electric+Succeeded+in+the+Chemical+Industry&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E71-%3C%2Fspan%3E77&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2010-08-27&rft.isbn=978-0-470-93547-7&rft.au=Jerome+T.+Coe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbgdvYy80AHUC%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/22/business/22plastics.html">"General Electric to Sell Plastics Division"</a>. NY Times. 2007-05-22. Retrieved 2020-07-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Electric+to+Sell+Plastics+Division&rft.pub=NY+Times&rft.date=2007-05-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F22%2Fbusiness%2F22plastics.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHowdeshellPeterman_PHJudy_BMTaylor_JA2003" class="citation journal cs1">Howdeshell, KL; Peterman PH; Judy BM; Taylor JA; Orazio CE; Ruhlen RL; Vom Saal FS; Welshons WV (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241572">"Bisphenol A is released from used polycarbonate animal cages into water at room temperature"</a>. Environmental Health Perspectives. 111 (9): 1180–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003EnvHP.111.1180H">2003EnvHP.111.1180H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.5993">10.1289/ehp.5993</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1241572">1241572</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12842771">12842771</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Health+Perspectives&rft.atitle=Bisphenol+A+is+released+from+used+polycarbonate+animal+cages+into+water+at+room+temperature&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1180-%3C%2Fspan%3E7&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241572%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12842771&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.5993&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003EnvHP.111.1180H&rft.aulast=Howdeshell&rft.aufirst=KL&rft.au=Peterman+PH&rft.au=Judy+BM&rft.au=Taylor+JA&rft.au=Orazio+CE&rft.au=Ruhlen+RL&rft.au=Vom+Saal+FS&rft.au=Welshons+WV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1241572&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvom_SaalHughes2005" class="citation journal cs1">vom Saal FS, Hughes C (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280330">"An extensive new literature concerning low-dose effects of bisphenol A shows the need for a new risk assessment"</a>. Environ. Health Perspect. 113 (8): 926–33. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2005EnvHP.113..926V">2005EnvHP.113..926V</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1289%2Fehp.7713">10.1289/ehp.7713</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1280330">1280330</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16079060">16079060</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environ.+Health+Perspect.&rft.atitle=An+extensive+new+literature+concerning+low-dose+effects+of+bisphenol+A+shows+the+need+for+a+new+risk+assessment&rft.volume=113&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E926-%3C%2Fspan%3E33&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1280330%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16079060&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1289%2Fehp.7713&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2005EnvHP.113..926V&rft.aulast=vom+Saal&rft.aufirst=FS&rft.au=Hughes%2C+C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1280330&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuntKara_E._KoehlerMartha_SusiarjoCraig_A._Hodges2003" class="citation journal cs1">Hunt, PA; Kara E. Koehler; Martha Susiarjo; Craig A. Hodges; Arlene Ilagan; Robert C. Voigt; Sally Thomas; Brian F. Thomas; Terry J. Hassold (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2803%2900189-1">"Bisphenol A Exposure Causes Meiotic Aneuploidy in the Female Mouse"</a>. Current Biology. 13 (7): 546–553. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003CBio...13..546H">2003CBio...13..546H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2803%2900189-1">10.1016/S0960-9822(03)00189-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12676084">12676084</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10168552">10168552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Bisphenol+A+Exposure+Causes+Meiotic+Aneuploidy+in+the+Female+Mouse&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E546-%3C%2Fspan%3E553&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0960-9822%2803%2900189-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10168552%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12676084&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2003CBio...13..546H&rft.aulast=Hunt&rft.aufirst=PA&rft.au=Kara+E.+Koehler&rft.au=Martha+Susiarjo&rft.au=Craig+A.+Hodges&rft.au=Arlene+Ilagan&rft.au=Robert+C.+Voigt&rft.au=Sally+Thomas&rft.au=Brian+F.+Thomas&rft.au=Terry+J.+Hassold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252FS0960-9822%252803%252900189-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoehlerRobert_C._VoigtSally_ThomasBruce_Lamb2003" class="citation journal cs1">Koehler, KE; Robert C. Voigt; Sally Thomas; Bruce Lamb; Cheryl Urban; Terry Hassold; Patricia A. Hunt (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arquivo.pt/wayback/20090706101746/http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Plasticizers/BPA-Lab-Animal-CagesApr03.htm">"When disaster strikes: rethinking caging materials"</a>. Lab Animal. 32 (4): 24–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Flaban0403-24">10.1038/laban0403-24</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19753748">19753748</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:37343342">37343342</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mindfully.org/Plastic/Plasticizers/BPA-Lab-Animal-CagesApr03.htm">the original</a> on 2009-07-06. Retrieved 2008-05-06.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lab+Animal&rft.atitle=When+disaster+strikes%3A+rethinking+caging+materials&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.date=2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A37343342%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19753748&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Flaban0403-24&rft.aulast=Koehler&rft.aufirst=KE&rft.au=Robert+C.+Voigt&rft.au=Sally+Thomas&rft.au=Bruce+Lamb&rft.au=Cheryl+Urban&rft.au=Terry+Hassold&rft.au=Patricia+A.+Hunt&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mindfully.org%2FPlastic%2FPlasticizers%2FBPA-Lab-Animal-CagesApr03.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBairFalconeHellmanJohnson1981" class="citation journal cs1">Bair, H. E.; Falcone, D. R.; Hellman, M. Y.; Johnson, G. E.; Kelleher, P. G. (1981-06-01). "Hydrolysis of polycarbonate to yield BPA". Journal of Applied Polymer Science. 26 (6): 1777. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fapp.1981.070260603">10.1002/app.1981.070260603</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Polymer+Science&rft.atitle=Hydrolysis+of+polycarbonate+to+yield+BPA&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1777&rft.date=1981-06-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fapp.1981.070260603&rft.aulast=Bair&rft.aufirst=H.+E.&rft.au=Falcone%2C+D.+R.&rft.au=Hellman%2C+M.+Y.&rft.au=Johnson%2C+G.+E.&rft.au=Kelleher%2C+P.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_35-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_35-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorinArpHale2015" class="citation journal cs1">Morin, Nicolas; Arp, Hans Peter H.; Hale, Sarah E. (July 2015). "Bisphenol A in Solid Waste Materials, Leachate Water, and Air Particles from Norwegian Waste-Handling Facilities: Presence and Partitioning Behavior". Environmental Science & Technology. 49 (13): 7675–7683. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015EnST...49.7675M">2015EnST...49.7675M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Facs.est.5b01307">10.1021/acs.est.5b01307</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26055751">26055751</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Bisphenol+A+in+Solid+Waste+Materials%2C+Leachate+Water%2C+and+Air+Particles+from+Norwegian+Waste-Handling+Facilities%3A+Presence+and+Partitioning+Behavior&rft.volume=49&rft.issue=13&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7675-%3C%2Fspan%3E7683&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26055751&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Facs.est.5b01307&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015EnST...49.7675M&rft.aulast=Morin&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rft.au=Arp%2C+Hans+Peter+H.&rft.au=Hale%2C+Sarah+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChinMillerZengCawley2004" class="citation journal cs1">Chin, Yu-Ping; Miller, Penney L.; Zeng, Lingke; Cawley, Kaelin; Weavers, Linda K. (November 2004). "Photosensitized Degradation of Bisphenol A by Dissolved Organic Matter †". Environmental Science & Technology. 38 (22): 5888–5894. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004EnST...38.5888C">2004EnST...38.5888C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fes0496569">10.1021/es0496569</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15573586">15573586</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Environmental+Science+%26+Technology&rft.atitle=Photosensitized+Degradation+of+Bisphenol+A+by+Dissolved+Organic+Matter+%E2%80%A0&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5888-%3C%2Fspan%3E5894&rft.date=2004-11&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15573586&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fes0496569&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004EnST...38.5888C&rft.aulast=Chin&rft.aufirst=Yu-Ping&rft.au=Miller%2C+Penney+L.&rft.au=Zeng%2C+Lingke&rft.au=Cawley%2C+Kaelin&rft.au=Weavers%2C+Linda+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-37">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_37-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChow2007" class="citation thesis cs1">Chow, Jimmy T. (2007-08-06). Environmental assessment for bisphenol-a and polycarbonate (Master thesis). Kansas State University. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2097%2F368">2097/368</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Environmental+assessment+for+bisphenol-a+and+polycarbonate&rft.degree=Master&rft.inst=Kansas+State+University&rft.date=2007-08-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2097%2F368&rft.aulast=Chow&rft.aufirst=Jimmy+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroccioPuglisiMontaudo2002" class="citation journal cs1">Carroccio, Sabrina; Puglisi, Concetto; Montaudo, Giorgio (2002). "Mechanisms of Thermal Oxidation of Poly(bisphenol A carbonate)". Macromolecules. 35 (11): 4297–4305. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002MaMol..35.4297C">2002MaMol..35.4297C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fma012077t">10.1021/ma012077t</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Macromolecules&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+Thermal+Oxidation+of+Poly%28bisphenol+A+carbonate%29&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E4297-%3C%2Fspan%3E4305&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fma012077t&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002MaMol..35.4297C&rft.aulast=Carroccio&rft.aufirst=Sabrina&rft.au=Puglisi%2C+Concetto&rft.au=Montaudo%2C+Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_39-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinBussièreThériasLambert2012" class="citation journal cs1">Collin, S.; Bussière, P. -O.; Thérias, S.; Lambert, J. -M.; Perdereau, J.; Gardette, J. -L. (2012-11-01). "Physicochemical and mechanical impacts of photo-ageing on bisphenol a polycarbonate". Polymer Degradation and Stability. 97 (11): 2284–2293. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.polymdegradstab.2012.07.036">10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.07.036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polymer+Degradation+and+Stability&rft.atitle=Physicochemical+and+mechanical+impacts+of+photo-ageing+on+bisphenol+a+polycarbonate&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2284-%3C%2Fspan%3E2293&rft.date=2012-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.polymdegradstab.2012.07.036&rft.aulast=Collin&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Bussi%C3%A8re%2C+P.+-O.&rft.au=Th%C3%A9rias%2C+S.&rft.au=Lambert%2C+J.+-M.&rft.au=Perdereau%2C+J.&rft.au=Gardette%2C+J.+-L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTjandraatmadja,_G._F.Burn,_L._S.Jollands,_M._J.1999" class="citation web cs1">Tjandraatmadja, G. F.; Burn, L. S.; Jollands, M. J. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irbnet.de/daten/iconda/CIB1832.pdf">"The effects of ultraviolet radiation on polycarbonate glazing"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+effects+of+ultraviolet+radiation+on+polycarbonate+glazing&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Tjandraatmadja%2C+G.+F.&rft.au=Burn%2C+L.+S.&rft.au=Jollands%2C+M.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irbnet.de%2Fdaten%2Ficonda%2FCIB1832.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAssadiSahajwalla2014" class="citation journal cs1">Assadi, M. Hussein N.; Sahajwalla, V. (2014). "Recycling End-of-Life Polycarbonate in Steelmaking: Ab Initio Study of Carbon Dissolution in Molten Iron". Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. 53 (10): 3861–3864. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/2204.08706">2204.08706</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fie4031105">10.1021/ie4031105</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:101308914">101308914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ind.+Eng.+Chem.+Res.&rft.atitle=Recycling+End-of-Life+Polycarbonate+in+Steelmaking%3A+Ab+Initio+Study+of+Carbon+Dissolution+in+Molten+Iron&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3861-%3C%2Fspan%3E3864&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F2204.08706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A101308914%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fie4031105&rft.aulast=Assadi&rft.aufirst=M.+Hussein+N.&rft.au=Sahajwalla%2C+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171229231820/http://pollution.unibuc.ro/?substance=47">"Pollution Database"</a>. pollution.unibuc.ro. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pollution.unibuc.ro/?substance=47">the original</a> on 2017-12-29. Retrieved 2016-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pollution.unibuc.ro&rft.atitle=Pollution+Database&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpollution.unibuc.ro%2F%3Fsubstance%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170109183955/http://apps.sepa.org.uk/spripa/Pages/SubstanceInformation.aspx?pid=81">"Pollutant Fact Sheet"</a>. apps.sepa.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apps.sepa.org.uk/spripa/Pages/SubstanceInformation.aspx?pid=81">the original</a> on 2017-01-09. Retrieved 2016-11-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=apps.sepa.org.uk&rft.atitle=Pollutant+Fact+Sheet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapps.sepa.org.uk%2Fspripa%2FPages%2FSubstanceInformation.aspx%3Fpid%3D81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBosch,_Xavier2001" class="citation journal cs1">Bosch, Xavier (2001-06-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nature.com/news/1998/010628/full/news010628-11.html">"Fungus eats CD"</a>. Nature News. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnews010628-11">10.1038/news010628-11</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+News&rft.atitle=Fungus+eats+CD&rft.date=2001-06-27&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnews010628-11&rft.au=Bosch%2C+Xavier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nature.com%2Fnews%2F1998%2F010628%2Ffull%2Fnews010628-11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APolycarbonate" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-mw-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Polycarbonate" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Polycarbonate">Polycarbonate</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&oldid=1277144823">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&oldid=1277144823</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 February 2025, at 23:05 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%84%D9%8A_%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="بولي كربونات – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بولي كربونات" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Поликарбонат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Поликарбонат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarbonat" title="Polikarbonat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Polikarbonat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policarbonat" title="Policarbonat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Policarbonat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykarbon%C3%A1t" title="Polykarbonát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Polykarbonát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykarbonat" title="Polykarbonat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Polykarbonat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Polycarbonate" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pol%C3%BCkarbonaadid" title="Polükarbonaadid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Polükarbonaadid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C" title="Πολυανθρακικό – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολυανθρακικό" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policarbonato" title="Policarbonato – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Policarbonato" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarbonato" title="Polikarbonato – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Polikarbonato" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA" title="پلی‌کربنات – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلی‌کربنات" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Polycarbonate" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policarbonato" title="Policarbonato – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Policarbonato" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%B4%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B4%EB%B3%B4%EB%84%A4%EC%9D%B4%ED%8A%B8" title="폴리카보네이트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폴리카보네이트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarbonat" title="Polikarbonat – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Polikarbonat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%B3l%C3%BDkarb%C3%B3nat" title="Pólýkarbónat – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pólýkarbónat" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policarbonato" title="Policarbonato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Policarbonato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%98" title="פוליקרבונט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פוליקרבונט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarbonatas" title="Polikarbonatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Polikarbonatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarbon%C3%A1t" title="Polikarbonát – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Polikarbonát" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B3%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="പോളികാർബണേറ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പോളികാർബണേറ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarbonat" title="Polikarbonat – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Polikarbonat" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonaat" title="Polycarbonaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Polycarbonaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%9C%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88" title="ポリカーボネート – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポリカーボネート" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonaat" title="Polycarbonaat – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Polycarbonaat" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykarbonat" title="Polykarbonat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Polykarbonat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykarbonat" title="Polykarbonat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Polykarbonat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poliw%C4%99glany" title="Poliwęglany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Poliwęglany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policarbonato" title="Policarbonato – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Policarbonato" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Policarbonat" title="Policarbonat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Policarbonat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Поликарбонаты – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Поликарбонаты" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycarbonate" title="Polycarbonate – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Polycarbonate" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarbonat" title="Polikarbonat – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Polikarbonat" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykarbonaatti" title="Polykarbonaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Polykarbonaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polykarbonat" title="Polykarbonat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Polykarbonat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polikarbonat" title="Polikarbonat – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Polikarbonat" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Полікарбонат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Полікарбонат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycacbonat" title="Polycacbonat – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Polycacbonat" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E7%A2%B3%E9%85%B8%E9%85%AF" title="聚碳酸酯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="聚碳酸酯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 February 2025, at 23:05 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-terms-use"><a href="https://foundation.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a></li> <li id="footer-places-desktop-toggle"><a id="mw-mf-display-toggle" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Polycarbonate&mobileaction=toggle_view_desktop" data-event-name="switch_to_desktop">Desktop</a></li> </ul> </div> </footer> </div> </div> <div class="mw-notification-area" data-mw="interface"></div>  <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-958d75f5c-r2vdj","wgBackendResponseTime":281,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.713","walltime":"0.884","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4602,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":180021,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4182,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":15,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":4,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":183653,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 691.791 1 -total"," 41.24% 285.271 1 Template:Reflist"," 17.81% 123.196 4 Template:Navbox"," 16.71% 115.610 16 Template:Cite_web"," 15.30% 105.870 1 Template:Infobox_material"," 14.87% 102.875 1 Template:Infobox"," 12.84% 88.815 16 Template:Cite_journal"," 11.23% 77.695 1 Template:Plastics"," 10.04% 69.460 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.51% 51.924 1 Template:Commons_category"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.419","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":9014637,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6857fc944c-grc8t","timestamp":"20250305213430","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Polycarbonate","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Polycarbonate","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q62246","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q62246","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2004-03-19T01:39:45Z","dateModified":"2025-02-22T23:05:22Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/6\/62\/Lexan.svg","headline":"family of polymers"}</script><script>(window.NORLQ=window.NORLQ||[]).push(function(){var ns,i,p,img;ns=document.getElementsByTagName('noscript');for(i=0;i<ns.length;i++){p=ns[i].nextSibling;if(p&&p.className&&p.className.indexOf('lazy-image-placeholder')>-1){img=document.createElement('img');img.setAttribute('src',p.getAttribute('data-mw-src'));img.setAttribute('width',p.getAttribute('data-width'));img.setAttribute('height',p.getAttribute('data-height'));img.setAttribute('alt',p.getAttribute('data-alt'));p.parentNode.replaceChild(img,p);}}});</script> </body> </html>