CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Vanir - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"11b0a200-0e98-46cf-bfa6-eb5e02b87f2b","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Vanir","wgTitle":"Vanir","wgCurRevisionId":1255101733,"wgRevisionId":1255101733,"wgArticleId":69569,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Harv and Sfn no-target errors","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from November 2024","CS1 French-language sources (fr)","Commons category link from Wikidata","Articles containing Latin-language text","Vanir","Types of deities"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Vanir","wgRelevantArticleId":69569,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q184826","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/John_Bauer-Freja.jpg/1200px-John_Bauer-Freja.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="619"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/John_Bauer-Freja.jpg/800px-John_Bauer-Freja.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="413"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/John_Bauer-Freja.jpg/640px-John_Bauer-Freja.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="330"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Vanir - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Vanir rootpage-Vanir skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vanir" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vanir" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Vanir" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Vanir" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attestations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attestations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Attestations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Attestations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Attestations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Attestations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poetic_Edda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poetic_Edda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span><i>Poetic Edda</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poetic_Edda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prose_Edda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prose_Edda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span><i>Prose Edda</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prose_Edda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heimskringla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heimskringla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span><i>Heimskringla</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Heimskringla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeological_record" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeological_record"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Archaeological record</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeological_record-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Scholarly reception</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Scholarly_reception-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Scholarly reception subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Historicists_and_structuralists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historicists_and_structuralists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Historicists and structuralists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historicists_and_structuralists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Membership,_elves,_ship_symbolism,_"field_of_the_dead",_and_vanitates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Membership,_elves,_ship_symbolism,_"field_of_the_dead",_and_vanitates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Membership, elves, ship symbolism, "field of the dead", and <i>vanitates</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Membership,_elves,_ship_symbolism,_"field_of_the_dead",_and_vanitates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rudolf_Simek's_"Vanir_Obituary"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rudolf_Simek's_"Vanir_Obituary""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Rudolf Simek's "Vanir Obituary"</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rudolf_Simek's_"Vanir_Obituary"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Modern influence</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vanir</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wane" title="Wane – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Wane" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanen" title="Wanen – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Wanen" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="فانير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فانير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ваны – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ваны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ваны – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ваны" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_(%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Вани (скандинавска митология) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вани (скандинавска митология)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Vanir" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanis" title="Vanis – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vanis" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanov%C3%A9" title="Vanové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vanové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaner" title="Vaner – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vaner" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanen" title="Wanen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wanen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaanid" title="Vaanid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vaanid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%AF%CF%81" title="Βανίρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βανίρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vanir" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanioj" title="Vanioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vanioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Vanir" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="ونیر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ونیر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanes" title="Vanes – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vanes" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Vanir" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98_(%EB%85%B8%EB%A5%B4%EB%93%9C_%EC%8B%A0%ED%99%94)" title="반 (노르드 신화) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반 (노르드 신화)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Վաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vani" title="Vani – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vani" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vanir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Vanir" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vani_(mitologia)" title="Vani (mitologia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vani (mitologia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A8" title="ואניר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ואניר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C4%81ni" title="Vāni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vāni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanai" title="Vanai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Vanai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Vanir" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanen" title="Wanen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Wanen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A1%E3%83%B3%E7%A5%9E%E6%97%8F" title="ヴァン神族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴァン神族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaner" title="Vaner – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vaner" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaner" title="Vaner – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vaner" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanlar" title="Vanlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vanlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wanowie" title="Wanowie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wanowie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vanir" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vanir" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Ваны – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Ваны" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vanir" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanovia" title="Vanovia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vanovia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vani" title="Vani – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vanir" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaanit" title="Vaanit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Vaanit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vaner" title="Vaner – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vaner" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vanir" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Вани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vanir" title="Vanir – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vanir" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%8E%E7%BA%B3%E7%A5%9E%E6%97%8F" title="华纳神族 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="华纳神族" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184826#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vanir" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Vanir" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vanir"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Vanir"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Vanir" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Vanir" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&oldid=1255101733" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Vanir&id=1255101733&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVanir"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FVanir"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Vanir&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vanir" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q184826" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Subgroup of Norse deities</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Bauer-Freja.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/John_Bauer-Freja.jpg/333px-John_Bauer-Freja.jpg" decoding="async" width="333" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/John_Bauer-Freja.jpg/500px-John_Bauer-Freja.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/John_Bauer-Freja.jpg/666px-John_Bauer-Freja.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4158" data-file-height="2146" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> by <a href="/wiki/John_Bauer_(illustrator)" title="John Bauer (illustrator)">John Bauer</a> (1882–1918)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>, the <b>Vanir</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪər/: 'ear' in 'near'">ɪər</span></span>/</a></span></span>;<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a>:, singular <b>Vanr</b>) are a group of gods associated with fertility, wisdom, and the ability to see the future. The Vanir are one of two groups of gods (the other being the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a>) and are the namesake of the location <a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a> (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> "Home of the Vanir"). After the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a>, the Vanir became a subgroup of the Æsir. Subsequently, members of the Vanir are sometimes also referred to as members of the Æsir. </p><p>The Vanir are attested in the <i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i>, compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources; the <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a></i>, both written in the 13th century by <a href="/wiki/Snorri_Sturluson" title="Snorri Sturluson">Snorri Sturluson</a>; and in the poetry of <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skalds</a>. The Vanir are only attested in these <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> sources. </p><p>All sources describe the god <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a>, and his children <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> as members of the Vanir. A <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">euhemerized</a> prose account in <i>Heimskringla</i> adds that <a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">Njörðr's sister</a>—whose name is not provided—and <a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a> were Vanir. In addition, <i>Heimskringla</i> reports a tale involving king <a href="/wiki/Sveig%C3%B0ir" title="Sveigðir">Sveigðir</a>'s visit to Vanaheimr, where he meets a woman by the name of Vana and the two produce a child named <a href="/wiki/Vanlandi" title="Vanlandi">Vanlandi</a> (whose name means "Man from the Land of the Vanir"). </p><p>While not attested as Vanir, the gods <a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a> have been theorized as potential members of the group. In the <i>Prose Edda</i>, a name listed for <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">boars</a> is "Van-child". Scholars have theorized that the Vanir may be connected to <a href="/wiki/Gullgubber" title="Gullgubber">small pieces of gold foil</a> found in Scandinavia at some building sites from the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> and occasionally in graves. They have speculated whether the Vanir originally represented <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">pre-Indo-European deities</a> or <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-European religion">Indo-European fertility gods</a>, and have theorized a form of the gods as venerated by the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">pagan Anglo-Saxons</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Numerous theories have been proposed for the etymology of <i>Vanir</i>. Scholar <a href="/wiki/R._I._Page" title="R. I. Page">R. I. Page</a> says that, while there is no shortage of etymologies for the word, it is tempting to link the word with Old Norse <i>vinr</i> ('friend') and Latin <i><a href="/wiki/Venus_(mythology)" title="Venus (mythology)">Venus</a></i> ('goddess of physical love').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage199027_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage199027-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Vanir</i> is sometimes anglicized to <i>Wanes</i> (singular <i>Wane</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Attestations">Attestations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Attestations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poetic_Edda"><i>Poetic Edda</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Poetic Edda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Freyr_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Freyr_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/220px-Freyr_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Freyr_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/330px-Freyr_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Freyr_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg/440px-Freyr_by_Johannes_Gehrts.jpg 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="719" /></a><figcaption>The sun shining behind them, the god <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> stands with his boar <a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a> (1901), by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Gehrts" title="Johannes Gehrts">Johannes Gehrts</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <i>Poetic Edda</i>, the Vanir, as a group, are specifically referenced in the poems <i><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lusp%C3%A1" title="Völuspá">Völuspá</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nism%C3%A1l" title="Vafþrúðnismál">Vafþrúðnismál</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l" title="Skírnismál">Skírnismál</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymskvi%C3%B0a" title="Þrymskviða">Þrymskviða</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADssm%C3%A1l" title="Alvíssmál">Alvíssmál</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfum%C3%A1l" title="Sigrdrífumál">Sigrdrífumál</a></i>. In <i>Völuspá</i>, a stanza describes the events of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a>, noting that during the war the Vanir broke the walls of the stronghold of the Æsir, and that the Vanir were "indomitable, trampling the plain".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington19997_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington19997-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nism%C3%A1l" title="Vafþrúðnismál">Vafþrúðnismál</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Odin" title="List of names of Odin">Gagnráðr</a> (the god <a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a> in disguise) engages in a game of wits with the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötunn</a> <a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Vafþrúðnir">Vafþrúðnir</a>. Gagnráðr asks Vafþrúðnir where the Van god <a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a> came from, for though he rules over many <a href="/wiki/Heathen_hofs" class="mw-redirect" title="Heathen hofs">hofs</a> and <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">hörgrs</a>, Njörðr was not raised among the Æsir. Vafþrúðnir responds that Njörðr was created in <a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a> ("home of the Vanir") by "wise powers" and details that during the Æsir–Vanir War, Njörðr was exchanged as a hostage. In addition, when the world ends (<a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a>), Njörðr "will return to the wise Vanir".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199946_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199946-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADssm%C3%A1l" title="Alvíssmál">Alvíssmál</a></i> consists of question and answer exchanges between the dwarf <a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADss" title="Alvíss">Alvíss</a> and the god <a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a>. In the poem, Alvíss supplies terms that various groups, including the Vanir, use to refer to various subjects. Alvíss attributes nine terms to the Vanir; one for Earth ("The Ways"), Heaven ("The Weaver of Winds"), clouds ("Kites of the Wind"), calm ("The Hush of the Winds"), the sea ("The Wave"), fire ("Wildfire"), wood ("The Wand"), seed ("growth"), and ale ("The Foaming").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellows1923186–187,_189–193_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellows1923186–187,_189–193-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The poem <i><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymskvi%C3%B0a" title="Þrymskviða">Þrymskviða</a></i> states that the god <a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdallr</a> possesses foreknowledge, "as the Vanir also can".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199999_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199999-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfum%C3%A1l" title="Sigrdrífumál">Sigrdrífumál</a></i> records that the Vanir are in possession of a "sacred <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a>". In the poem, the <a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">valkyrie</a> <a href="/wiki/Sigrdr%C3%ADfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Sigrdrífa">Sigrdrífa</a> provides mystical lore about <a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">runes</a> to the hero <a href="/wiki/Sigurd" title="Sigurd">Sigurd</a>. Sigrdrífa notes that runes were once carved on to various creatures, deities, and other figures, and then shaved off and mixed with a "sacred <a href="/wiki/Mead" title="Mead">mead</a>". This mead is possessed by the Æsir, the <a href="/wiki/Elves" class="mw-redirect" title="Elves">elves</a>, mankind, and the Vanir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington1999169_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington1999169-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l" title="Skírnismál">Skírnismál</a></i>, the beautiful <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötunn</a> <a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a> first encounters the god <a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a>'s messenger <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a>, and asks him if he is of the elves, of the Æsir, or of the "wise Vanir". Skírnir responds that he is not of any of the three groups.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199964_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199964-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in the poem, Skírnir is successful in his threats against Gerðr (to have Gerðr accept Freyr's affections), and Gerðr offers Skírnir a crystal cup full of mead, noting that she never thought that she would love one of the Vanir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199967_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199967-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prose_Edda"><i>Prose Edda</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prose Edda"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hyndla_og_Freia_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hyndla_og_Freia_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/220px-Hyndla_og_Freia_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hyndla_og_Freia_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/330px-Hyndla_og_Freia_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Hyndla_og_Freia_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/440px-Hyndla_og_Freia_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1034" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Flanked by her boar <a href="/wiki/Hildisvini" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvini">Hildisvini</a>, the Vanr goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a> (right) (1895), by <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich" title="Lorenz Frølich">Lorenz Frølich</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Vanir are mentioned in the <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i> books <i><a href="/wiki/Gylfaginning" title="Gylfaginning">Gylfaginning</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l" title="Skáldskaparmál">Skáldskaparmál</a></i>. In chapter 23 of <i>Gylfaginning</i>, the enthroned figure of <a href="/wiki/High,_Just-As-High,_and_Third" class="mw-redirect" title="High, Just-As-High, and Third">High</a> relates that Njörðr was raised in <a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a>. High says that during the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a>, the Vanir sent Njörðr as a hostage to the Æsir, and the Æsir sent to the Vanir the god <a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a>. The sending of Njörðr as a hostage resulted in a peace agreement between the Æsir and the Vanir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199523_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199523-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chapter 35 provides information regarding the goddess <a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a>, including that one of her names is "<a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dis</a> of the Vanir". In the same chapter, High tells that the goddess <a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Gná">Gná</a> rides the horse <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B3fvarpnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Hófvarpnir">Hófvarpnir</a>, and that this horse has the ability to ride through the air and atop the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByock200543_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByock200543-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High continues that "once some Vanir saw her path as she rode through the air" and that an unnamed one of these Vanir says, in verse (for which no source is provided): </p> <blockquote> <dl><dd>"What flies there?</dd> <dd>What fares there?</dd> <dd>or moves through the air?"<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByock200544_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByock200544-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </blockquote> <p>Gná responds: </p> <blockquote> <dl><dd>"I fly not</dd> <dd>though I fare</dd> <dd>and move through the air</dd> <dd>on <a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Hofvarpnir</a></dd> <dd>the one whom <a href="/wiki/Hamskerpir_and_Gar%C3%B0rofa" title="Hamskerpir and Garðrofa">Hamskerpir</a> got</dd> <dd>with <a href="/wiki/Hamskerpir_and_Gar%C3%B0rofa" title="Hamskerpir and Garðrofa">Gardrofa</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByock200544_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEByock200544-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> </blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wildschwein_Sus_scrofa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wildschwein_Sus_scrofa.jpg/220px-Wildschwein_Sus_scrofa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wildschwein_Sus_scrofa.jpg/330px-Wildschwein_Sus_scrofa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Wildschwein_Sus_scrofa.jpg/440px-Wildschwein_Sus_scrofa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a> in Northern Europe. In the <i>Prose Edda</i>, "Van-child" is listed as a name for boars. Both Freyja and Freyr are attested as accompanied by boars.</figcaption></figure> <p>In chapter 57 of <i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A1ldskaparm%C3%A1l" title="Skáldskaparmál">Skáldskaparmál</a></i>, the god <a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a> explains the origin of poetry. Bragi says the origin of poetry lies in the Æsir-Vanir War. During the peace conference held to end the war both the Æsir and the Vanir formed a truce by spitting into a vat. When they left, the gods decided that it shouldn't be poured out, but rather kept as a symbol of their peace, and so from the contents they made a man; Kvasir. Kvasir is later murdered by <a href="/wiki/Norse_dwarves" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse dwarves">dwarves</a>, and from his blood the <a href="/wiki/Mead_of_Poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Mead of Poetry">Mead of Poetry</a> is made.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199561–62_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199561–62-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In chapter 6, poetic names for Njörðr are provided, including "descendant of Vanir or a Van". As reference, a poem by the 11th century <a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">skald</a> <a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B3r%C3%B0r_Sj%C3%A1reksson" title="Þórðr Sjáreksson">Þórðr Sjáreksson</a> is provided where Njörðr is described as a Vanr. In chapter 7, poetic <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Freyr" title="List of names of Freyr">names for Freyr</a> are listed, including names that reference his association with the Vanir; "Vanir god", "descendant of Vanir", and "a Van".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199557_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199557-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Freyja is also repeatedly cited as a Vanr. In chapter 20, some of Freyja's names are listed and include "Van-deity" and "Van-lady", and chapter 37 provides skaldic verse referring to Freyja as "Van-bride".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199586-89_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199586-89-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In chapter 75, names for <a href="/wiki/Pig" title="Pig">pigs</a> are provided, including "Van-child", a <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_of_Freyr" title="List of names of Freyr">name shared with Freyr</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes1995164_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes1995164-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek1993_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Heimskringla"><i>Heimskringla</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Heimskringla"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/220px-%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/330px-%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg/440px-%C3%86sir-Vanir_war_by_Fr%C3%B8lich.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1126" data-file-height="737" /></a><figcaption>Odin throws his spear at the Vanir host, illustration (1895) by <a href="/wiki/Lorenz_Fr%C3%B8lich" title="Lorenz Frølich">Lorenz Frølich</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Heimskringla" title="Heimskringla">Heimskringla</a></i> book <i><a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a></i> (chapter 4) provides an <a href="/wiki/Euhemerism" title="Euhemerism">euhemerized</a> account of the <a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a>. As a peace agreement, the two sides agreed to trade hostages. The Vanir sent Njörðr and Freyr to the Æsir, and in turn the Æsir sent <a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a> and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a> to the Vanir. </p><p>Upon receiving <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a>, the Vanir sent the "cleverest amongst them", <a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a>. In Vanaheimr, the Vanir made Hœnir a chieftain. However, whenever Hœnir appeared at assemblies or meetings where the Vanir asked him his opinion on difficult issues, his response was "let others decide". The Vanir suspected that they had been cheated by the Æsir in the hostage exchange, and so grabbed hold of Mímir, cut off Mímir's head, and sent it to the Æsir.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollander20078_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollander20078-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The same chapter describes that while Njörðr lived among the Vanir, his wife (unnamed) was his sister, and the couple had two children: Freyr and Freyja. However, "among the Æsir it was forbidden to marry so near a kin". By Odin's appointment, Njörðr and his son Freyr became <a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">priests</a> over <a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">offerings of sacrifice</a>, and they were recognized as gods among the Æsir. Freyja was priestess at the sacrifices, and "it was she who first taught the Æsir magic as was practiced among the Vanir".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollander20078_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollander20078-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In chapter 15, the king <a href="/wiki/Sveig%C3%B0ir" title="Sveigðir">Sveigðir</a> is recorded as having married a woman named Vana in "Vanaland", located in <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>. The two produced a child, who they named <a href="/wiki/Vanlandi" title="Vanlandi">Vanlandi</a> (Old Norse "Man from the Land of the Vanir".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell200570_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell200570-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollander200715_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollander200715-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeological_record">Archaeological record</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Archaeological record"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Goldgubb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/Goldgubb.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="170" data-file-height="216" /></a><figcaption>A leafy bough between them, two figures embrace on a small piece of gold foil dating from the Migration Period to the early Viking Age.</figcaption></figure> <p>Small pieces of gold foil decorated with pictures of figures dating from the <a href="/wiki/Migration_Period" title="Migration Period">Migration Period</a> into the early <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a> (known as <i><a href="/wiki/Gullgubber" title="Gullgubber">gullgubber</a></i>) have been discovered in various locations in <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, in one case almost 2,500. The foil pieces have been found largely at sites of buildings, only rarely in graves. </p><p>The figures are sometimes single, occasionally an animal, sometimes a man and a woman with a leafy bough between them, facing or embracing one another. The human figures are almost always clothed and are sometimes depicted with their knees bent. Scholar <a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Hilda Ellis Davidson</a> says that it has been suggested that the figures are partaking in a dance, and that they may have been connected with weddings and linked to the Vanir, representing the notion of a divine marriage, such as in the <i>Poetic Edda</i> poem <i><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnism%C3%A1l" title="Skírnismál">Skírnismál</a></i>; the coming together of the Vanir god Freyr and his love, Gerðr.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1988121_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1988121-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scholarly_reception">Scholarly reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scholarly reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Historicists_and_structuralists">Historicists and structuralists</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Historicists and structuralists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much of the discussion among scholars on the topic of the Vanir has historically been on the question of whether the Vanir are the reflection of a purported historic meeting between different peoples in the ancient past (<i>historicists</i>) or an extension of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_mythology" title="Proto-Indo-European mythology">Proto-Indo-European mythology</a> where such a narrative may have existed for complex social reasons (<i>structuralists</i>) among the early Indo-European peoples, and thereafter spread to their descendants. Notable proponents of the historicist position include <a href="/wiki/Karl_Helm" title="Karl Helm">Karl Helm</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Alfred_Philippson" title="Ernst Alfred Philippson">Ernst Alfred Philippson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lotte_Motz" title="Lotte Motz">Lotte Motz</a>, and Lotte Headegger, whereas notable proponents of the structuralist view include <a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Georges Dumézil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_de_Vries_(philologist)" title="Jan de Vries (philologist)">Jan de Vries</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Turville-Petre" title="Gabriel Turville-Petre">Gabriel Turville-Petre</a>. The structuralist view has generally gained the most support among academics, although with caveats, including among <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jens_Peter_Schj%C3%B8dt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jens Peter Schjødt (page does not exist)">Jens Peter Schjødt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Clunies_Ross" title="Margaret Clunies Ross">Margaret Clunies Ross</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_DuBois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas DuBois (page does not exist)">Thomas DuBois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchjødt201420_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt201420-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the Vanr goddess Freyja, the Vanir as a group are not attested outside Scandinavia. Traditionally, following <i>Völuspá</i> and the <i>Prose Edda</i>, scholarship on the Vanir has focused on the Æsir–Vanir War, its possible basis in a war between peoples, and whether the Vanir originated as the deities of a distinct people. Some scholars have doubted that they were known outside Scandinavia; however, there is evidence that the god Freyr is the same god as the Germanic deity <a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Ing</a> (reconstructed as <a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Germanic">Proto-Germanic</a> <i>*Ingwaz</i>), and that, if so, he is attested as having been known among the <a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrundy199865_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrundy199865-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Membership,_elves,_ship_symbolism,_"field_of_the_dead",_and_vanitates"><span id="Membership.2C_elves.2C_ship_symbolism.2C_.22field_of_the_dead.22.2C_and_vanitates"></span>Membership, elves, ship symbolism, "field of the dead", and <i>vanitates</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Membership, elves, ship symbolism, "field of the dead", and vanitates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hilda Ellis Davidson theorizes that all of the wives of the gods may have originally been members of the Vanir, noting that many of them appear to have originally been children of <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötnar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1988121_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1988121-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Davidson additionally notes that "it is the Vanir and Odin who seem to receive the most hostile treatment in Christian stories about mythological personages".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1969132_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1969132-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Joseph S. Hopkins and Haukur Þorgeirsson, building on suggestions by archaeologist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ole_Crumlin-Pedersen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ole Crumlin-Pedersen (page does not exist)">Ole Crumlin-Pedersen</a> and others, link the Vanir to <a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burial</a> customs among the <a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_peoples" title="North Germanic peoples">North Germanic peoples</a>, proposing an early Germanic model of a ship in a "field of the dead" that may be represented both by Freyja's afterlife field <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a> and by the Old English <a href="/wiki/Neorxnawang" title="Neorxnawang">Neorxnawang</a> (the mysterious first element of which may be linked to the name of Freyja's father, Njörðr).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkinsHaukur2011_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkinsHaukur2011-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_North_(academic)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard North (academic) (page does not exist)">Richard North</a> theorizes that glossing Latin <i>vanitates</i> ("vanities", "idols") for "gods" in <a href="/wiki/Old_English" title="Old English">Old English</a> sources implies the existence of <i>*uuani</i> (a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstructed</a> cognate to Old Norse <i>Vanir</i>) in <a href="/wiki/Deira" title="Deira">Deiran</a> dialect and hence that the gods that <a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a> and the northern Angles worshiped in pre-Christian <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a> were likely to have been the *<i>uuani</i>. He comments that they likely "shared not only the name but also the orgiastic character of the [Old Icelandic] <i>Vanir</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth1998177–178_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth1998177–178-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Alaric_Hall" title="Alaric Hall">Alaric Hall</a> has equated the Vanir with the <a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">elves</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rudolf_Simek's_"Vanir_Obituary""><span id="Rudolf_Simek.27s_.22Vanir_Obituary.22"></span>Rudolf Simek's "Vanir Obituary"</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rudolf Simek's "Vanir Obituary""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a 2010 piece building on an earlier proposal by <a href="/wiki/Lotte_Motz" title="Lotte Motz">Lotte Motz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Rudolf Simek</a> argues that <i>vanir</i> was originally nothing more than a general term for deities like <i>æsir</i>, and that its employment as a name for a distinct group of deities was an invention of Snorri, whom he identifies as the author of the <i>Prose Edda</i>. According to Simek, the Vanir are therefore "a figment of imagination from the 13th to 20th centuries". Simek states that he "believe[s] that these are not mistakes that we are dealing with here, but a deliberate invention on the part of Snorri".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek201018_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek201018-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Simek's argument receive some level of support from Frog and Jonathan Roper (2011), who analyze the small corpus of poetic usages of <i>Vanir</i>. The authors suggest that this implies that <i>vanir</i> was a "suspended archaism" used as a metrical alternative to <i>Æsir</i> but with the caveat that "These observations should not, however, be considered to present a solution to the riddle of <i>vanir</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrogRoper201130,_35–36_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrogRoper201130,_35–36-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a collection of papers in honor of Simek, Frog (2021) states support for Simek's proposal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021167–169_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021167–169-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, Simek's proposal has been rejected by several scholars, including Clive Tolley,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolley2011_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolley2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Leszek P. Słupecki,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESłupecki201113_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESłupecki201113-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jens Peter Schjødt,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchjødt201622_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt201622-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Terry Gunnell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnell2018113–114_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2018113–114-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tolley argues that the term must have originated in historical usage, and that "it is something of a misrepresentation of the evidence to suggest that Snorri is the main source for the <i>vanir</i>". Tolley continues: </p> <dl><dd>"the evidence affords opportunity to interpret the <i>vanir</i> as a class of beings with a cohesive functionality, as I have attempted to show. In turn, since this functionality can be shown to mirror concerns with a widespread occurrence within comparative religious studies, there is good reason for maintaining the importance of the <i>vanir</i> as a discrete group of divine beings. I would even venture to suggest that—far from being minor characters in the Norse pantheon, as Simek and others believe—the <i>vanir</i> are likely to have been involved in the most intimate and central aspects of human existence, as my analysis of their functions shows.</dd> <dd>It may well be for this very reason that Christian missionaries such as St. Óláfr were intent upon their eradication, leaving us so little information. If, as <i>Vǫluspá</i> intimates, the <i>vanir</i> were particularly the "sweet scent", the darlings, of women, there may have been even greater incentive for the new muscular and masculine Christianity to ensure their demise, as a cult fostered by the guardians of the home would be a serious threat to the spread of the new religion."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolley201120–22_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETolley201120–22-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Słupecki argues that the Vanir remained distinct from the Æsir – except for Freyja and Freyr, whom he follows the <i>Prose Edda</i> in seeing as having been born after Njörðr became a hostage among the Æsir, and thus regards as Æsir – and therefore that <a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a> "[has] no importance for their world".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESłupecki201111_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESłupecki201111-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to Jens Peter Schjødt, </p> <dl><dd>"even if the term Vanir were not in existence in pagan times, it does not change substantially the fact that in pre-Christian Scandinavian mythology we deal with two groups of gods who sometimes overlap, whereas at other times they are clearly distinguished, just as to be expected in an anthropomorphic mythology. It would be wrong to look for coherence in any mythology. As I have considered in more detail elsewhere, what we can realistically hope to reconstruct is not a coherent mythological or theological system, as this seems to be more of an ideal dream among scholars who are strongly influenced by an older sort of theology, but rather a set of variants that may be part of a deep structure, although with internal contradictions among the various myth-complexes and various 'loose ends'. In the real world, among real people, such coherence is, as a general rule, absent."</dd></dl> <p>Schjødt, in response to Simek's piece, says: </p> <dl><dd>"the conclusion, in relation to Simek's article would be, then, that even if he should be right about the Vanir, we would still be better off if we had a designation for the gods we have traditionally seen as belonging to the Vanir group. And perhaps <i>Vanir</i>, then, in spite of all the uncertainties that accrue to it, would still be the most convenient term."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchjødt201631–32_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt201631–32-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <p>Terry Gunnell proposes that the Vanir's </p> <dl><dd>"recurring patterns in the narratives nonetheless imply that in the oral traditions of Norway and Iceland, people seem to have viewed the religious activities connected with the 'Vanir' (with their center in Sweden) as having been different in nature to those encountered elsewhere. They also seem to have been envisioned closer connections between the Vanir and the landscape than existed between the Æsir and the natural environment."</dd></dl> <p>Gunnell concludes that </p> <dl><dd>"this evidence lends weight to the argument that, in spite of recent arguments to the contrary, the religion associated with the Vanir and Æsir gods had a different nature and origin."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnell2018113–114_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2018113–114-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_influence">Modern influence</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern influence"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Vanir are featured in the poem "<i>Om vanerne</i>" by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Gottlob_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger</a> (1819).<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some <a href="/wiki/Germanic_Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Neopaganism">Germanic Neopagans</a> refer to their beliefs as <i>Vanatrú</i> (meaning "those who honor the Vanir").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200067_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200067-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Common_Germanic_deities" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Germanic deities">Common Germanic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">List of Germanic deities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titan_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Titan (mythology)">Titan (mythology)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This occurs, for example, in the Henry Adams Bellows translation of the <i>Poetic Edda</i>, cf. <a href="#CITEREFBellows1923">Bellows 1923</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For additional discussion on this topic, see <a href="#CITEREFDumézil1959">Dumézil 1959</a>, <a href="#CITEREFDumézil1973">Dumézil 1973</a>, and <a href="#CITEREFTolley2011">Tolley 2011</a>, p. 22.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Vanir" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Vanir">"Vanir"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vanir&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DVanir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPage199027-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPage199027_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPage1990">Page 1990</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington19997-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington19997_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarrington1999">Larrington 1999</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199946-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199946_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarrington1999">Larrington 1999</a>, p. 46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBellows1923186–187,_189–193-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBellows1923186–187,_189–193_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBellows1923">Bellows 1923</a>, pp. 186–187, 189–193.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199999-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199999_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarrington1999">Larrington 1999</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington1999169-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington1999169_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarrington1999">Larrington 1999</a>, p. 169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199964-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199964_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarrington1999">Larrington 1999</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELarrington199967-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELarrington199967_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLarrington1999">Larrington 1999</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199523-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199523_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaulkes1995">Faulkes 1995</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByock200543-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByock200543_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByock2005">Byock 2005</a>, p. 43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEByock200544-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByock200544_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEByock200544_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFByock2005">Byock 2005</a>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199561–62-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199561–62_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaulkes1995">Faulkes 1995</a>, pp. 61–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199557-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199557_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaulkes1995">Faulkes 1995</a>, p. 57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199586-89-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes199586-89_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaulkes1995">Faulkes 1995</a>, p. 86-89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaulkes1995164-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaulkes1995164_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFaulkes1995">Faulkes 1995</a>, p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek1993-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek1993_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek1993">Simek 1993</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollander20078-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollander20078_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollander20078_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollander2007">Hollander 2007</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell200570-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcKinnell200570_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcKinnell2005">McKinnell 2005</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHollander200715-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHollander200715_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHollander2007">Hollander 2007</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1988121-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1988121_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1988121_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1988">Davidson 1988</a>, p. 121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt201420-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchjødt201420_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchjødt2014">Schjødt 2014</a>, p. 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrundy199865-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrundy199865_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGrundy1998">Grundy 1998</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson1969132-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson1969132_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1969">Davidson 1969</a>, p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopkinsHaukur2011-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHopkinsHaukur2011_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHopkinsHaukur2011">Hopkins & Haukur 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTENorth1998177–178-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTENorth1998177–178_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFNorth1998">North 1998</a>, pp. 177–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHall2007">Hall 2007</a>, pp. 26, 35–36; cited in <a href="#CITEREFTolley2011">Tolley 2011</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESimek201018-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESimek201018_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSimek2010">Simek 2010</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrogRoper201130,_35–36-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrogRoper201130,_35–36_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrogRoper2011">Frog & Roper 2011</a>, pp. 30, 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFrog2021167–169-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFrog2021167–169_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFrog2021">Frog 2021</a>, pp. 167–169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolley2011-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolley2011_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolley2011">Tolley 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESłupecki201113-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESłupecki201113_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSłupecki2011">Słupecki 2011</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt201622-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchjødt201622_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchjødt2016">Schjødt 2016</a>, p. 22.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchjødt2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2018113–114-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnell2018113–114_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGunnell2018113–114_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGunnell2018">Gunnell 2018</a>, pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETolley201120–22-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETolley201120–22_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFTolley2011">Tolley 2011</a>, pp. 20–22.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESłupecki201111-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESłupecki201111_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSłupecki2011">Słupecki 2011</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchjødt201631–32-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchjødt201631–32_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSchjødt2016">Schjødt 2016</a>, pp. 31–32.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSchjødt2016 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOehlenschläger1819" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Adam_Gottlob_Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Gottlob Oehlenschläger">Oehlenschläger, A.G.</a> (1819). "Om vanerne". <i>Nordens Guder</i>;</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Om+vanerne&rft.btitle=Nordens+Guder&rft.date=1819&rft.aulast=Oehlenschl%C3%A4ger&rft.aufirst=A.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span> cited by <a href="#CITEREFSimek2007">Simek 2007</a>, p. 352.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey200067-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey200067_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey2000">Harvey 2000</a>, p. 67.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellows1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams_Bellows_(businessman)" title="Henry Adams Bellows (businessman)">Bellows, Henry Adams (Trans.)</a> (1923). <i>The Poetic Edda</i>. New York: The American-Scandinavian Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetic+Edda&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=The+American-Scandinavian+Foundation&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Bellows&rft.aufirst=Henry+Adams+%28Trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFByock2005" class="citation book cs1">Byock, Jesse (Trans.) (2005). <i>The Prose Edda</i>. <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Classics" title="Penguin Classics">Penguin Classics</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-044755-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-044755-5"><bdi>0-14-044755-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prose+Edda&rft.pub=Penguin+Classics&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-14-044755-5&rft.aulast=Byock&rft.aufirst=Jesse+%28Trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1969" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Ellis_Davidson" title="Hilda Ellis Davidson">Davidson, H. R. Ellis</a> (1969). <i>Scandinavian Mythology</i>. <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hamlyn" title="Paul Hamlyn">Paul Hamlyn</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Scandinavian+Mythology&rft.pub=Paul+Hamlyn&rft.date=1969&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=H.+R.+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1988" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Hilda Roderick Ellis (1988). <i>Myths and Symbols in Pagan Europe: Early Scandinavian and Celtic Religions</i>. <a href="/wiki/Manchester_University_Press" title="Manchester University Press">Manchester University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7190-2579-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7190-2579-6"><bdi>0-7190-2579-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myths+and+Symbols+in+Pagan+Europe%3A+Early+Scandinavian+and+Celtic+Religions&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7190-2579-6&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Hilda+Roderick+Ellis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumézil1959" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Georges_Dum%C3%A9zil" title="Georges Dumézil">Dumézil, Georges</a> (1959). "Dieux Ases et dieux Vanes". <i>Les Dieux des germains: essai sur la formation de la religion scandinave</i>. Mythes et religions (in French). Vol. 39 (rev. ed.). Paris: <a href="/wiki/Presses_universitaires_de_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Presses universitaires de France">Presses universitaires de France</a>. pp. 3–39. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1719020">1719020</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Dieux+Ases+et+dieux+Vanes&rft.btitle=Les+Dieux+des+germains%3A+essai+sur+la+formation+de+la+religion+scandinave&rft.place=Paris&rft.series=Mythes+et+religions&rft.pages=3-39&rft.edition=rev.&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.date=1959&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1719020&rft.aulast=Dum%C3%A9zil&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumézil1973" class="citation book cs1">Dumézil, Georges (1973). "The gods: Aesir and Vanir". In <a href="/wiki/Einar_Haugen" title="Einar Haugen">Einar Haugen</a> (ed.). <i>Gods of the Ancient Northmen</i>. Publications of the UCLA Center for the Study of Comparative Folklore and Mythology. Vol. 3. Translated by <a href="/wiki/John_Lindow" title="John Lindow">John Lindow</a>. Berkeley: <a href="/wiki/University_of_California_Press" title="University of California Press">University of California Press</a>. pp. 3–25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520020443" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520020443"><bdi>978-0520020443</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+gods%3A+Aesir+and+Vanir&rft.btitle=Gods+of+the+Ancient+Northmen&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.series=Publications+of+the+UCLA+Center+for+the+Study+of+Comparative+Folklore+and+Mythology&rft.pages=3-25&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=978-0520020443&rft.aulast=Dum%C3%A9zil&rft.aufirst=Georges&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaulkes1995" class="citation book cs1">Faulkes, Anthony (Trans.) (1995). <i>Edda</i>. <a href="/wiki/Everyman%27s_Library" title="Everyman's Library">Everyman</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-87616-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-87616-3"><bdi>0-460-87616-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Edda&rft.pub=Everyman&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-460-87616-3&rft.aulast=Faulkes&rft.aufirst=Anthony+%28Trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrogRoper2011" class="citation journal cs1">Frog & Roper, Jonathan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.helsinki.fi/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rmn_02_2011.pdf">"Versus <i>versus</i> the 'Vanir': Response to Simek's "Vanir Obituary"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>RMN Newsletter</i> (2). The University of Helsinki: 29–37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220323200736/https://www2.helsinki.fi/sites/default/files/atoms/files/rmn_02_2011.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 March 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RMN+Newsletter&rft.atitle=Versus+versus+the+%27Vanir%27%3A+Response+to+Simek%27s+%22Vanir+Obituary%22&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=29-37&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Frog&rft.au=Roper%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.helsinki.fi%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fatoms%2Ffiles%2Frmn_02_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span> ISSN-L: 1799–4497.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrog2021" class="citation book cs1">Frog (2021). "The Æsir: An Obituary". In Sabine Heidi Walther; Regina Jucknies; Judith Meurer-Bongardt; Jens Eike Schnall (eds.). <i>In Res, artes et religio: Essays in Honour of Rudolf Simek</i>. Leeds: Kismet Press. pp. 141–175.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+%C3%86sir%3A+An+Obituary&rft.btitle=In+Res%2C+artes+et+religio%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Rudolf+Simek&rft.place=Leeds&rft.pages=141-175&rft.pub=Kismet+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Frog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrundy1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stephan_Grundy" title="Stephan Grundy">Grundy, Stephan</a> (1998). "Freyja and Frigg". In Billington, Sandra & Green, Miranda (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IoW9yhkrFJoC&q=The+Concept+of+the+Goddess"><i>The Concept of the Goddess</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-19789-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-19789-9"><bdi>0-415-19789-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Freyja+and+Frigg&rft.btitle=The+Concept+of+the+Goddess&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-415-19789-9&rft.aulast=Grundy&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIoW9yhkrFJoC%26q%3DThe%2BConcept%2Bof%2Bthe%2BGoddess&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunnell2018" class="citation journal cs1">Gunnell, Terry (2018). Pernille Hermann; Stephen A. Mitchell; Jens Peter Schjødt; Amber J. Rose (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/36066115">"Blótgyðjur, Goðar, Mimi, Incest, and Wagons: Oral Memories of the Vanir"</a>. <i>Old Norse Mythology—Comparative Perspectives. Ed. Pernille Hermann, Stephen A. Mitchell, and Jens Peter Schjødt, with Amber J. Rose</i>. Old Norse Mythology – Comparative Perspectives. Harvard University: 113–137.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Old+Norse+Mythology%E2%80%94Comparative+Perspectives.+Ed.+Pernille+Hermann%2C+Stephen+A.+Mitchell%2C+and+Jens+Peter+Schj%C3%B8dt%2C+with+Amber+J.+Rose.&rft.atitle=Bl%C3%B3tgy%C3%B0jur%2C+Go%C3%B0ar%2C+Mimi%2C+Incest%2C+and+Wagons%3A+Oral+Memories+of+the+Vanir&rft.pages=113-137&rft.date=2018&rft.aulast=Gunnell&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F36066115&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHall2007" class="citation book cs1">Hall, Alaric (2007). <i>Elves in Anglo-Saxon England: Matters of Belief, Health, Gender and Identity</i>. Anglo-Saxon Studies. Vol. 8. Woodbridge, Suffolk / Rochester, New York: <a href="/wiki/Boydell_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Boydell Press">Boydell Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1843832942" title="Special:BookSources/978-1843832942"><bdi>978-1843832942</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Elves+in+Anglo-Saxon+England%3A+Matters+of+Belief%2C+Health%2C+Gender+and+Identity&rft.place=Woodbridge%2C+Suffolk+%2F+Rochester%2C+New+York&rft.series=Anglo-Saxon+Studies&rft.pub=Boydell+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1843832942&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Alaric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey2000" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Graham (2000). <i>Contemporary Paganism: Listening People, Speaking Earth</i>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">NYU Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8147-3620-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8147-3620-3"><bdi>0-8147-3620-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Paganism%3A+Listening+People%2C+Speaking+Earth&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8147-3620-3&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopkinsHaukur2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hopkins, Joseph S. & Haukur, Þorgeirsson (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/folkloristiikka/English/RMN/RMNNewsletter_3_Dec_2011.pdf">"The Ship in the Field"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>RMN Newsletter</i> (3). The University of Helsinki: 14–18. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074538/http://www.helsinki.fi/folkloristiikka/English/RMN/RMNNewsletter_3_Dec_2011.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RMN+Newsletter&rft.atitle=The+Ship+in+the+Field&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=14-18&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Hopkins&rft.aufirst=Joseph+S.&rft.au=Haukur%2C+%C3%9Eorgeirsson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Ffolkloristiikka%2FEnglish%2FRMN%2FRMNNewsletter_3_Dec_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span> ISSN-L: 1799–4497.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollander2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lee_M._Hollander" title="Lee M. Hollander">Hollander, Lee Milton (Trans.)</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qHpwje7-wNkC&q=Heimskringla:+History+of+the+Kings+of+Norway"><i>Heimskringla: History of the Kings of Norway</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73061-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-73061-8"><bdi>978-0-292-73061-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230423123022/https://books.google.com/books?id=qHpwje7-wNkC&q=Heimskringla:+History+of+the+Kings+of+Norway">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heimskringla%3A+History+of+the+Kings+of+Norway&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-292-73061-8&rft.aulast=Hollander&rft.aufirst=Lee+Milton+%28Trans.%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqHpwje7-wNkC%26q%3DHeimskringla%3A%2BHistory%2Bof%2Bthe%2BKings%2Bof%2BNorway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLarrington1999" class="citation book cs1">Larrington, Carolyne (Trans.) (1999). <i>The Poetic Edda</i>. Oxford World's Classics. Oxford. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-283946-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-283946-2"><bdi>0-19-283946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Poetic+Edda&rft.series=Oxford+World%27s+Classics&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-19-283946-2&rft.aulast=Larrington&rft.aufirst=Carolyne+%28Trans.%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKinnell2005" class="citation book cs1">McKinnell, John (2005). <i>Meeting the Other in Norse Myth and Legend</i>. <a href="/wiki/Boydell_%26_Brewer" title="Boydell & Brewer">DS Brewer</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84384-042-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84384-042-1"><bdi>1-84384-042-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meeting+the+Other+in+Norse+Myth+and+Legend&rft.pub=DS+Brewer&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-84384-042-1&rft.aulast=McKinnell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorth1998" class="citation book cs1">North, Richard (1998). <i>Heathen Gods in Old English Literature</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-55183-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-55183-8"><bdi>0-521-55183-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Heathen+Gods+in+Old+English+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-521-55183-8&rft.aulast=North&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPage1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._I._Page" title="R. I. Page">Page, R. I.</a> (1990). <i>Norse Myths</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-75546-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-75546-5"><bdi>0-292-75546-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Norse+Myths&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-292-75546-5&rft.aulast=Page&rft.aufirst=R.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchjødt2014" class="citation book cs1">Schjødt, Jens Peter (2014). "New Perspectives on the Vanir Gods in Pre-Christian Scandinavian Mythology and Religion". In Timothy R. Tangherlini (ed.). <i>Nordic Mythologies: Interpretations, Intersections, and Institutions</i><span></span><i>. pp. 19–34.</i></cite><i><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+Perspectives+on+the+Vanir+Gods+in+Pre-Christian+Scandinavian+Mythology+and+Religion&rft.btitle=Nordic+Mythologies%3A+Interpretations%2C+Intersections%2C+and+Institutions&rft.pages=19-34&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Schj%C3%B8dt&rft.aufirst=Jens+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></i></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimek1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Simek" title="Rudolf Simek">Simek, Rudolf</a> (1993). <i>Dictionary of Northern Mythology</i>. Cambridge [England]: D.S. Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780859915137" title="Special:BookSources/9780859915137"><bdi>9780859915137</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Northern+Mythology&rft.place=Cambridge+%5BEngland%5D&rft.pub=D.S.+Brewer&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780859915137&rft.aulast=Simek&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimek2007" class="citation book cs1">Simek, Rudolf (2007). <i>Dictionary of Northern Mythology</i>. Translated by Angela Hall. D.S. Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-513-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85991-513-7"><bdi>978-0-85991-513-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Northern+Mythology&rft.pub=D.S.+Brewer&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85991-513-7&rft.aulast=Simek&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimek2010" class="citation journal cs1">Simek, Rudolf (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/folkloristiikka/English/RMN/RMN%20Newsletter%20DECEMBER%202010.pdf">"The Vanir: An Obituary"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/RMN_Newsletter" title="RMN Newsletter">RMN Newsletter</a></i> (1). The University of Helsinki: 10–19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150815020010/http://www.helsinki.fi/folkloristiikka/English/RMN/RMN%20Newsletter%20DECEMBER%202010.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 15 August 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RMN+Newsletter&rft.atitle=The+Vanir%3A+An+Obituary&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-19&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Simek&rft.aufirst=Rudolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Ffolkloristiikka%2FEnglish%2FRMN%2FRMN%2520Newsletter%2520DECEMBER%25202010.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span> ISSN-L: 1799–4497.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSłupecki2011" class="citation journal cs1">Słupecki, Leszek P. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/folkloristiikka/English/RMN/RMNNewsletter_3_Dec_2011.pdf">"The Vanir and <i>ragnarǫk</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>RMN Newsletter</i> (3). The University of Helsinki: 11–13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074538/http://www.helsinki.fi/folkloristiikka/English/RMN/RMNNewsletter_3_Dec_2011.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RMN+Newsletter&rft.atitle=The+Vanir+and+ragnar%C7%ABk&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=11-13&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=S%C5%82upecki&rft.aufirst=Leszek+P.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Ffolkloristiikka%2FEnglish%2FRMN%2FRMNNewsletter_3_Dec_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span> ISSN-L: 1799–4497.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTolley2011" class="citation journal cs1">Tolley, Clive (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.helsinki.fi/folkloristiikka/English/RMN/RMNNewsletter_2_May_2011.pdf">"In Defence of the Vanir"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>RMN Newsletter</i> (2). The University of Helsinki: 20–37. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924042757/http://www.helsinki.fi/folkloristiikka/English/RMN/RMNNewsletter_2_May_2011.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 September 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=RMN+Newsletter&rft.atitle=In+Defence+of+the+Vanir&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=20-37&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Tolley&rft.aufirst=Clive&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.helsinki.fi%2Ffolkloristiikka%2FEnglish%2FRMN%2FRMNNewsletter_2_May_2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVanir" class="Z3988"></span> ISSN-L: 1799–4497.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Vanir&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vanir" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Vanir">Vanir</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Template talk:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Norse_paganism_footer" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Norse paganism footer"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Old_Norse_religion_and_mythology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Old Norse religion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">mythology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d6dbbe;"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_items_and_places_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of people, items and places in Norse mythology">Mythological Norse people, items and places</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Germanic_deities" title="List of Germanic deities">Deities</a>, <br /> <a href="/wiki/Dwarf_(folklore)" title="Dwarf (folklore)">dwarfs</a>, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunn" title="Jötunn">jötnar</a>,<br />and other figures</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Æsir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alm%C3%A1ttki_%C3%A1ss" title="Almáttki áss">Almáttki áss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baldr" title="Baldr">Baldr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bragi" title="Bragi">Bragi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dellingr" title="Dellingr">Dellingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forseti" title="Forseti">Forseti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heimdall" title="Heimdall">Heimdall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%B3%C3%B0r" title="Hermóðr">Hermóðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Höðr">Höðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%93nir" title="Hœnir">Hœnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dtreksj%C3%B3%C3%B0" title="Ítreksjóð">Ítreksjóð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%B3%C3%B0urr" title="Lóðurr">Lóðurr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loki" title="Loki">Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ni" title="Máni">Máni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meili" title="Meili">Meili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmir" title="Mímir">Mímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0i_and_Magni" title="Móði and Magni">Móði and Magni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93%C3%B0r" title="Óðr">Óðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thor" title="Thor">Thor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%BDr" title="Týr">Týr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ullr" title="Ullr">Ullr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li" title="Váli">Váli (son of Odin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0arr" title="Víðarr">Víðarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vili_and_V%C3%A9" title="Vili and Vé">Vili and Vé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir" title="Æsir">Ásynjur</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Bil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eir" title="Eir">Eir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frigg" title="Frigg">Frigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulla" title="Fulla">Fulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gefjon" title="Gefjon">Gefjon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ger%C3%B0r" title="Gerðr">Gerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Gná</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hl%C3%ADn" title="Hlín">Hlín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0unn" title="Iðunn">Iðunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilmr" title="Ilmr">Ilmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Irpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lofn" title="Lofn">Lofn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanna_(Norse_deity)" title="Nanna (Norse deity)">Nanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6run" title="Njörun">Njörun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A1n" title="Rán">Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rindr" title="Rindr">Rindr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A1ga_and_S%C3%B6kkvabekkr" title="Sága and Sökkvabekkr">Sága</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sif" title="Sif">Sif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigyn" title="Sigyn">Sigyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sj%C3%B6fn" title="Sjöfn">Sjöfn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ska%C3%B0i" title="Skaði">Skaði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snotra" title="Snotra">Snotra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3l_(Germanic_mythology)" title="Sól (Germanic mythology)">Sól</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syn_(goddess)" title="Syn (goddess)">Syn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorger%C3%B0r_H%C3%B6lgabr%C3%BA%C3%B0r_and_Irpa" title="Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr and Irpa">Þorgerðr Hölgabrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0r" title="Þrúðr">Þrúðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1r" title="Vár">Vár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r" title="Vör">Vör</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Vanir</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freyja" title="Freyja">Freyja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freyr" title="Freyr">Freyr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ingunar-Freyr" title="Ingunar-Freyr">Ingunar-Freyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yngvi" title="Yngvi">Yngvi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gersemi" title="Gersemi">Gersemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullveig" title="Gullveig">Gullveig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnoss" title="Hnoss">Hnoss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kvasir" title="Kvasir">Kvasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Njörðr">Njörðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister-wife_of_Nj%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Sister-wife of Njörðr">Sister-wife of Njörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_j%C3%B6tnar_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of jötnar in Norse mythology">Jötnar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86gir" title="Ægir">Ægir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alvaldi" title="Alvaldi">Alvaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrbo%C3%B0a" title="Angrboða">Angrboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurbo%C3%B0a" title="Aurboða">Aurboða</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baugi" title="Baugi">Baugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beli_(j%C3%B6tunn)" title="Beli (jötunn)">Beli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bergelmir" title="Bergelmir">Bergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bestla" title="Bestla">Bestla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%B6l%C3%BEorn" title="Bölþorn">Bölþorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BDleistr" title="Býleistr">Býleistr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egg%C3%BE%C3%A9r" title="Eggþér">Eggþér</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1rbauti" title="Fárbauti">Fárbauti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6lvar" title="Fjölvar">Fjölvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fornj%C3%B3t" title="Fornjót">Fornjót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gangr" title="Gangr">Gangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geirr%C3%B6%C3%B0r" title="Geirröðr">Geirröðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillingr" title="Gillingr">Gillingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%A1lp_and_Greip" title="Gjálp and Greip">Gjálp and Greip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Gríðr">Gríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnl%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Gunnlöð">Gunnlöð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymir_(father_of_Ger%C3%B0r)" title="Gymir (father of Gerðr)">Gymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Har%C3%B0greipr" title="Harðgreipr">Harðgreipr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helblindi" title="Helblindi">Helblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helreginn" title="Helreginn">Helreginn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hljod" title="Hljod">Hljod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%A6svelgr" title="Hræsvelgr">Hræsvelgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmger%C3%B0r" title="Hrímgerðr">Hrímgerðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmgr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímgrímnir">Hrímgrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Hrímnir">Hrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hro%C3%B0r" title="Hroðr">Hroðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrungnir" title="Hrungnir">Hrungnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrymr" title="Hrymr">Hrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymir" title="Hymir">Hymir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyrrokkin" title="Hyrrokkin">Hyrrokkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0i" title="Iði">Iði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dm" title="Ím">Ím</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnsaxa" title="Járnsaxa">Járnsaxa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laufey_(mythology)" title="Laufey (mythology)">Laufey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leikn" title="Leikn">Leikn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logi_(mythology)" title="Logi (mythology)">Logi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6g%C3%BErasir" title="Mögþrasir">Mögþrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi" title="Narfi">Narfi (father of Nott)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6kkm%C3%ADmir" title="Sökkmímir">Sökkmímir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surtr" title="Surtr">Surtr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suttungr" title="Suttungr">Suttungr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ejazi" title="Þjazi">Þjazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9E%C3%B6kk" title="Þökk">Þökk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%ADvaldi" title="Þrívaldi">Þrívaldi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0gelmir" title="Þrúðgelmir">Þrúðgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymr" title="Þrymr">Þrymr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0a-Loki" title="Útgarða-Loki">Útgarða-Loki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaf%C3%BEr%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Vafþrúðnir">Vafþrúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0blindi" title="Víðblindi">Víðblindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosud" title="Vosud">Vosud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6rnir" title="Vörnir">Vörnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ymir" title="Ymir">Ymir</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_dwarfs_in_Norse_mythology" title="List of dwarfs in Norse mythology">Dwarfs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alv%C3%ADss" title="Alvíss">Alvíss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andvari" title="Andvari">Andvari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austri,_Vestri,_Nor%C3%B0ri_and_Su%C3%B0ri" title="Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri">Austri, Vestri, Norðri and Suðri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billingr" title="Billingr">Billingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A1inn_(Norse_dwarf)" title="Dáinn (Norse dwarf)">Dáinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durinn" title="Durinn">Durinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BArnir" title="Dúrnir">Dúrnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvalinn" title="Dvalinn">Dvalinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1fnir" title="Fáfnir">Fáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_and_Galar" title="Fjalar and Galar">Fjalar and Galar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandalf_(mythology)" title="Gandalf (mythology)">Gandalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hrei%C3%B0marr" title="Hreiðmarr">Hreiðmarr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litr" title="Litr">Litr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3tsognir" title="Mótsognir">Mótsognir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%93tr" title="Ótr">Ótr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regin" title="Regin">Regin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Ivaldi" title="Sons of Ivaldi">Sons of Ivaldi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brokkr" title="Brokkr">Brokkr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eitri" title="Eitri">Eitri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Germanic heroic legend">Heroes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="Lists of figures in Germanic heroic legend">List of figures in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_A" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, A"> A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_B%E2%80%93C" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, B–C"> B–C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_D%E2%80%93E" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, D–E"> D–E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_F%E2%80%93G" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, F–G"> F–G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_H%E2%80%93He" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, H–He"> H–He</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_Hi%E2%80%93Hy" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, Hi–Hy"> Hi–Hy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_I%E2%80%93O" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, I–O"> I–O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_P%E2%80%93S" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, P–S"> P–S</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_figures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend,_T%E2%80%93Y" title="List of figures in Germanic heroic legend, T–Y"> T–Y</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people,_clan,_and_place_names_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend">people, clan, and place names in Germanic heroic legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_animals_and_plants_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named animals and plants in Germanic heroic legend">named animals and plants </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_named_weapons,_armour_and_treasures_in_Germanic_heroic_legend" title="List of named weapons, armour and treasures in Germanic heroic legend">named weapons, armour and treasures</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ask_and_Embla" title="Ask and Embla">Ask and Embla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0r_(mythology)" title="Auðr (mythology)">Auðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Au%C3%B0umbla" title="Auðumbla">Auðumbla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurvandill" title="Aurvandill">Aurvandill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beyla" title="Beyla">Beyla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borr" title="Borr">Borr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BAri" title="Búri">Búri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byggvir" title="Byggvir">Byggvir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADs" title="Dís">Dísir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landd%C3%ADsir" title="Landdísir">Landdísir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_dragon" title="Germanic dragon">Dragons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Draugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Draugs">Draugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Einherjar" title="Einherjar">Einherjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldir" title="Eldir">Eldir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elf" title="Elf">Elves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Dark elves (Dökkálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6kk%C3%A1lfar_and_Lj%C3%B3s%C3%A1lfar" title="Dökkálfar and Ljósálfar">Light elves (Ljósálfar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svart%C3%A1lfar" title="Svartálfar">Black elves (Svartálfar)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimafeng" title="Fimafeng">Fimafeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjalar_(rooster)" title="Fjalar (rooster)">Fjalar (rooster)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenrir" title="Fenrir">Fenrir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fj%C3%B6rgyn_and_Fj%C3%B6rgynn" title="Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn">Fjörgyn and Fjörgynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fylgja" title="Fylgja">Fylgja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garmr" title="Garmr">Garmr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullinbursti" title="Gullinbursti">Gullinbursti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hati_Hr%C3%B3%C3%B0vitnisson" title="Hati Hróðvitnisson">Hati Hróðvitnisson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(mythological_being)" title="Hel (mythological being)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hildisv%C3%ADni" class="mw-redirect" title="Hildisvíni">Hildisvíni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hj%C3%BAki_and_Bil" title="Hjúki and Bil">Hjúki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_of_the_%C3%86sir" title="Horses of the Æsir">Horses of the Æsir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81rvakr_and_Alsvi%C3%B0r" title="Árvakr and Alsviðr">Árvakr and Alsviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3%C3%B0ugh%C3%B3fi" title="Blóðughófi">Blóðughófi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falh%C3%B3fnir" title="Falhófnir">Falhófnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%ADsl" class="mw-redirect" title="Gísl">Gísl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0r" title="Glaðr">Glaðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6r" title="Glær">Glær</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenr" title="Glenr">Glenr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grani" title="Grani">Grani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gullfaxi" title="Gullfaxi">Gullfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulltoppr" title="Gulltoppr">Gulltoppr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyllir" title="Gyllir">Gyllir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamskerpir_and_Gar%C3%B0rofa" title="Hamskerpir and Garðrofa">Hamskerpir and Garðrofa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn%C3%A1_and_H%C3%B3fvarpnir" title="Gná and Hófvarpnir">Hófvarpnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinfaxi_and_Hr%C3%ADmfaxi" title="Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi">Skinfaxi and Hrímfaxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sleipnir" title="Sleipnir">Sleipnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sva%C3%B0ilfari" title="Svaðilfari">Svaðilfari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6r%C3%B0" title="Jörð">Jörð</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6rmungandr" title="Jörmungandr">Jörmungandr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADf_and_L%C3%ADfthrasir" class="mw-redirect" title="Líf and Lífthrasir">Líf and Lífthrasir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loddf%C3%A1fnir" title="Loddfáfnir">Loddfáfnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3%C3%B0gu%C3%B0r" title="Móðguðr">Móðguðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Daughters_of_%C3%86gir_and_R%C3%A1n" title="Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán">Nine Daughters of Ægir and Rán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Mothers_of_Heimdallr" title="Nine Mothers of Heimdallr">Nine Mothers of Heimdallr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narfi_(son_of_Loki)" title="Narfi (son of Loki)">Narfi (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%AD%C3%B0h%C3%B6ggr" title="Níðhöggr">Níðhöggr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norns" title="Norns">Norns</a></li> <li>Personifications <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dagr" title="Dagr">Dagr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elli" title="Elli">Elli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3tt" title="Nótt">Nótt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumarr_and_Vetr" title="Sumarr and Vetr">Sumarr and Vetr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A6hr%C3%ADmnir" title="Sæhrímnir">Sæhrímnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%ADrnir" title="Skírnir">Skírnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%B6ll" title="Sköll">Sköll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shield-maiden" title="Shield-maiden">Shield-maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanngrisnir_and_Tanngnj%C3%B3str" title="Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr">Tanngrisnir and Tanngnjóstr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Troll" title="Troll">Troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ej%C3%A1lfi_and_R%C3%B6skva" title="Þjálfi and Röskva">Þjálfi and Röskva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A6ttir" class="mw-redirect" title="Vættir">Vættir</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Landv%C3%A6ttir" title="Landvættir">Landvættir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1li_(son_of_Loki)" title="Váli (son of Loki)">Váli (son of Loki)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valkyrie" title="Valkyrie">Valkyries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland_the_Smith" title="Wayland the Smith">Völundr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6r%C3%B0r" title="Vörðr">Vörðr</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Locations_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Locations in Norse mythology">Locations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Underworld</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hel_(location)" title="Hel (location)">Hel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lj%C3%BA%C3%B0nir" title="Éljúðnir">Éljúðnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gjallarbr%C3%BA" title="Gjallarbrú">Gjallarbrú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1str%C3%B6nd" title="Náströnd">Náströnd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niflhel" title="Niflhel">Niflhel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%B0afj%C3%B6ll" title="Niðafjöll">Niðafjöll</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Rivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89liv%C3%A1gar" title="Élivágar">Élivágar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gj%C3%B6ll" title="Gjöll">Gjöll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dfingr" title="Ífingr">Ífingr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerlaugar" title="Kerlaugar">Kerlaugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6rmt_and_%C3%96rmt" title="Körmt and Örmt">Körmt and Örmt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slidr_River" title="Slidr River">Slidr River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadgelmir" title="Vadgelmir">Vadgelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vimur_River" title="Vimur River">Vimur River</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asgard" title="Asgard">Asgard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amsvartnir" title="Amsvartnir">Amsvartnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andlang" title="Andlang">Andlang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barri" title="Barri">Barri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifr%C3%B6st" title="Bifröst">Bifröst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bilskirnir" title="Bilskirnir">Bilskirnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%A1vellir" title="Brávellir">Brávellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brimir" title="Brimir">Brimir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fensalir" title="Fensalir">Fensalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3lkvangr" title="Fólkvangr">Fólkvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Signhildsberg" title="Signhildsberg">Fornsigtuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyrisvellir" title="Fyrisvellir">Fyrisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1lgvi%C3%B0r" title="Gálgviðr">Gálgviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandvik" title="Gandvik">Gandvik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gastropnir" title="Gastropnir">Gastropnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giml%C3%A9" title="Gimlé">Gimlé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginnungagap" title="Ginnungagap">Ginnungagap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gla%C3%B0sheimr" title="Glaðsheimr">Glaðsheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gl%C3%A6sisvellir" title="Glæsisvellir">Glæsisvellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glitnir" class="mw-redirect" title="Glitnir">Glitnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnipahellir" title="Gnipahellir">Gnipahellir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grove_of_fetters" class="mw-redirect" title="Grove of fetters">Grove of fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hei%C3%B0r" title="Heiðr">Heiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Himinbj%C3%B6rg" title="Himinbjörg">Himinbjörg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindarfjall" title="Hindarfjall">Hindarfjall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hlidskjalf" title="Hlidskjalf">Hlidskjalf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hnitbjorg" title="Hnitbjorg">Hnitbjorg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoddm%C3%ADmis_holt" title="Hoddmímis holt">Hoddmímis holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I%C3%B0av%C3%B6llr" title="Iðavöllr">Iðavöllr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A1rnvi%C3%B0r" title="Járnviðr">Járnviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B6tunheimr" title="Jötunheimr">Jötunheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmamei%C3%B0r" title="Mímameiðr">Mímameiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrkvi%C3%B0r" title="Myrkviðr">Myrkviðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munarv%C3%A1gr" title="Munarvágr">Munarvágr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%B3at%C3%BAn_(mythology)" title="Nóatún (mythology)">Nóatún</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okolnir" title="Okolnir">Okolnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sessr%C3%BAmnir" title="Sessrúmnir">Sessrúmnir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sindri_(mythology)" title="Sindri (mythology)">Sindri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singasteinn" title="Singasteinn">Singasteinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0heimr" title="Þrúðheimr">Þrúðheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Er%C3%BA%C3%B0vangr" title="Þrúðvangr">Þrúðvangr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Erymheimr" title="Þrymheimr">Þrymheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Atgar%C3%B0ar" title="Útgarðar">Útgarðar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valaskj%C3%A1lf" title="Valaskjálf">Valaskjálf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanaheimr" title="Vanaheimr">Vanaheimr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%AD%C3%B0bl%C3%A1inn" title="Víðbláinn">Víðbláinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADgr%C3%AD%C3%B0r" title="Vígríðr">Vígríðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ving%C3%B3lf" title="Vingólf">Vingólf</a></li> <li>Wells <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hvergelmir" title="Hvergelmir">Hvergelmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADmisbrunnr" title="Mímisbrunnr">Mímisbrunnr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ur%C3%B0arbrunnr" title="Urðarbrunnr">Urðarbrunnr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Ddalir" title="Ýdalir">Ýdalir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yggdrasil" title="Yggdrasil">Yggdrasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Events_in_Norse_mythology" title="Category:Events in Norse mythology">Events</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%86sir%E2%80%93Vanir_War" title="Æsir–Vanir War">Æsir–Vanir War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fimbulwinter" title="Fimbulwinter">Fimbulvetr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%B3%C3%B0i%27s_Peace" title="Fróði's Peace">Fróði's Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hja%C3%B0ningav%C3%ADg" title="Hjaðningavíg">Hjaðningavíg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragnar%C3%B6k" title="Ragnarök">Ragnarök</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Sources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Gesta_Danorum" title="Gesta Danorum">Gesta Danorum</a></i></span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edda" title="Edda">Edda</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poetic_Edda" title="Poetic Edda">Poetic Edda</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Edda" title="Prose Edda">Prose Edda</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saga" title="Saga">Sagas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3msv%C3%ADkinga_saga" title="Jómsvíkinga saga">Jómsvíkinga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legendary_saga" title="Legendary saga">Legendary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrfing_Cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrfing Cycle">Tyrfing Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lsung_Cycle" title="Völsung Cycle">Völsung Cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_orthography" title="Old Norse orthography">Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology_in_popular_culture" title="Norse mythology in popular culture">Later influence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Religious practice</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthropomorphic_wooden_cult_figurines_of_Central_and_Northern_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe">Anthropomorphic wooden cult figurines of Central and Northern Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bl%C3%B3t" title="Blót">Blót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_hof" title="Heathen hof">Hof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heitstrenging" title="Heitstrenging">Heitstrenging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horses_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Horses in Germanic paganism">Horses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B6rgr" title="Hörgr">Hörgr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_rituals" title="Norse rituals">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96ndvegiss%C3%BAlur" title="Öndvegissúlur">Öndvegissúlur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginnaglar" title="Reginnaglar">Reginnaglar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_trees_and_groves_in_Germanic_paganism_and_mythology" title="Sacred trees and groves in Germanic paganism and mythology">Sacred trees and groves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonarg%C3%B6ltr" title="Sonargöltr">Sonargöltr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_at_Uppsala" title="Temple at Uppsala">Temple at Uppsala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Vé">Vé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_and_islands_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Wetlands and islands in Germanic paganism">Wetlands and islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Festivals and holy periods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%81lfabl%C3%B3t" title="Álfablót">Álfablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%ADsabl%C3%B3t" title="Dísablót">Dísablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%9Eorrabl%C3%B3t" title="Þorrablót">Þorrablót</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vetrn%C3%A6tr" class="mw-redirect" title="Vetrnætr">Vetrnætr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yule" title="Yule">Yule</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Death_in_Norse_paganism" title="Death in Norse paganism">Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ergi" title="Ergi">Ergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lag" title="Félag">Félag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdr" title="Galdr">Galdr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothi" title="Gothi">Goði</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamingja" title="Hamingja">Hamingja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heiti" title="Heiti">Heiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenning" title="Kenning">Kenning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mead_hall" title="Mead hall">Mead hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C4%AB%C3%BE" title="Nīþ">Nīþ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_cosmology" title="Norse cosmology">Norse cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Norse_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Numbers in Norse mythology">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_philosophy" title="Old Norse philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_cultures" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic cultures">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" class="mw-redirect" title="Runes">Runes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skald" title="Skald">Skald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%B6lva" class="mw-redirect" title="Völva">Völva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d6dbbe;;width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Germanic paganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathenry_(new_religious_movement)" title="Heathenry (new religious movement)">Heathenry (new religious movement)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184826#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184826#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184826#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/72287649">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjFFVfTDvYvh67XVYQwWcP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/122914902">Germany</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/122914902">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanir&oldid=1255101733">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanir&oldid=1255101733</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vanir" title="Category:Vanir">Vanir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Types_of_deities" title="Category:Types of deities">Types of deities</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_no-target_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn no-target errors">Harv and Sfn no-target errors</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2024">Use dmy dates from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:CS1 French-language sources (fr)">CS1 French-language sources (fr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link from Wikidata">Commons category link from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 3 November 2024, at 04:09<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vanir&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-t7j4r","wgBackendResponseTime":146,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.850","walltime":"1.023","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4761,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":128856,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":5215,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":2,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":98131,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 865.334 1 -total"," 23.41% 202.603 4 Template:Navbox"," 22.99% 198.906 1 Template:Norse_mythology"," 19.30% 167.037 40 Template:Sfn"," 17.87% 154.658 20 Template:Cite_book"," 12.14% 105.092 1 Template:Lang"," 10.21% 88.337 1 Template:Short_description"," 9.10% 78.756 1 Template:Refn"," 7.35% 63.614 1 Template:Commons_category"," 7.07% 61.208 1 Template:Sister_project"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.552","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19337429,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBellows1923\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFByock2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavidson1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumézil1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDumézil1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFaulkes1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrog2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrogRoper2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrundy1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGunnell2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarvey2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHollander2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopkinsHaukur2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarrington1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcKinnell2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNorth1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOehlenschläger1819\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPage1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchjødt2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimek1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimek2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSimek2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSłupecki2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTolley2011\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 20,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 6,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 2,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 7,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 1,\n [\"Norse mythology\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"OED\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Refn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 40,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-9vxhs","timestamp":"20241125133924","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Vanir","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vanir","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184826","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q184826","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-08-09T01:04:18Z","dateModified":"2024-11-03T04:09:37Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d0\/John_Bauer-Freja.jpg","headline":"group of norse gods associated with fertility, wisdom and the ability to see the future"}</script> </body> </html>