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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Participants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Participants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Themes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Joint_Declaration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Joint_Declaration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Joint Declaration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Joint_Declaration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Assessment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%A3%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%86%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B%D1%8F" title="Вялікая Усходнеазіяцкая канферэнцыя – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вялікая Усходнеазіяцкая канферэнцыя" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fostasiatische_Konferenz" title="Großostasiatische Konferenz – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Großostasiatische Konferenz" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conferencia_de_la_Gran_Asia_Oriental" title="Conferencia de la Gran Asia Oriental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Conferencia de la Gran Asia Oriental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferenco_de_la_Granda_Orientazio" title="Konferenco de la Granda Orientazio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Konferenco de la Granda Orientazio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3_%D8%A2%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D8%B1%D9%82%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%B2%D8%B1%DA%AF" title="کنفرانس آسیای شرقی بزرگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کنفرانس آسیای شرقی بزرگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conf%C3%A9rence_de_la_grande_Asie_orientale" title="Conférence de la grande Asie orientale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Conférence de la grande Asie orientale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%EB%8F%99%EC%95%84%ED%9A%8C%EC%9D%98" title="대동아회의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대동아회의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konferensi_Asia_Timur_Raya" title="Konferensi Asia Timur Raya – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konferensi Asia Timur Raya" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conferenza_della_Grande_Asia_orientale" title="Conferenza della Grande Asia orientale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Conferenza della Grande Asia orientale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%93%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%96%D7%A8%D7%97_%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%AA%D7%99" title="ועידת מזרח אסיה רבתי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ועידת מזרח אסיה רבתי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%9C%E4%BC%9A%E8%AD%B0" title="大東亜会議 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="大東亜会議" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Confer%C3%AAncia_do_Grande_Leste_Asi%C3%A1tico" title="Conferência do Grande Leste Asiático – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Conferência do Grande Leste Asiático" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Великая Восточноазиатская конференция – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Великая Восточноазиатская конференция" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/1942_Tokyo_Conference" title="1942 Tokyo Conference">1942 Tokyo Conference</a>.</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_East_Asia_Conference_Map.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Greater_East_Asia_Conference_Map.PNG/360px-Greater_East_Asia_Conference_Map.PNG" decoding="async" width="360" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Greater_East_Asia_Conference_Map.PNG/540px-Greater_East_Asia_Conference_Map.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Greater_East_Asia_Conference_Map.PNG/720px-Greater_East_Asia_Conference_Map.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Member states of the Greater East Asia Conference<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#6B0000; color:white;"> </span>: Japan and colonies<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#FE2020; color:black;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#BC8F8F; color:black;"> </span><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#DEA5A4; color:black;"> </span>: Other territories occupied by Japan<br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959" /><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#F9CCCA; color:black;"> </span>: Territories disputed and claimed by Japan</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG/250px-Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG/375px-Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG/500px-Greater_East_Asia_Conference.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1387" data-file-height="858" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Participants of the Greater East Asia Conference from left to right: <a href="/wiki/Ba_Maw" title="Ba Maw">Ba Maw</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jinghui" title="Zhang Jinghui">Zhang Jinghui</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hideki_T%C5%8Dj%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Hideki Tōjō">Hideki Tōjō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wan_Waithayakon" title="Wan Waithayakon">Wan Waithayakon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1943_Tokyo_conference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1943_Tokyo_conference.jpg/250px-1943_Tokyo_conference.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1943_Tokyo_conference.jpg/375px-1943_Tokyo_conference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/1943_Tokyo_conference.jpg/500px-1943_Tokyo_conference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1486" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Leaders and delegations from the Greater East Asia Conference (photo taken in front of the Imperial House)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Subhas_Chandra_1943_Tokyo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Subhas_Chandra_1943_Tokyo.jpg/250px-Subhas_Chandra_1943_Tokyo.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Subhas_Chandra_1943_Tokyo.jpg/375px-Subhas_Chandra_1943_Tokyo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Subhas_Chandra_1943_Tokyo.jpg/500px-Subhas_Chandra_1943_Tokyo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="528" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a> giving a speech</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tokyo_conference_1943_tribune.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tokyo_conference_1943_tribune.jpg/250px-Tokyo_conference_1943_tribune.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tokyo_conference_1943_tribune.jpg/375px-Tokyo_conference_1943_tribune.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Tokyo_conference_1943_tribune.jpg/500px-Tokyo_conference_1943_tribune.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="908" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">View of the Parliament of the facade of the building and the podium decorated with flags of the participating countries of the conference, from the crowd</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Greater East Asia Conference</b><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">大東亞會議</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">Dai Tōa Kaigi</i></span><span style="margin-left:.09em">)</span></span> was an international summit held in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> from 5 to 6 November 1943, in which the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> hosted leading politicians of various component parts of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a>. The event was also referred to as the <b>Tokyo Conference</b>. </p><p>The conference addressed few issues of substance, but was intended from the start as a <a href="/wiki/Propaganda" title="Propaganda">propaganda</a> show piece, to convince members of Japan's commitments to the <a href="/wiki/Pan-Asianism" title="Pan-Asianism">Pan-Asianism</a> ideal, with an emphasis on their role as the "liberator" of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> from <a href="/wiki/Western_imperialism_in_Asia" title="Western imperialism in Asia">Western imperialism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_East_Asia_Conference&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a> of 1904–05, people in the Asian nations ruled by the "white powers" such as <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Vietnam</a>, etc. and those that had "unequal treaties" forced upon them like <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">China</a> had always looked to Japan as a role model, the first Asian nation that had modernised and defeated a European nation, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a>, in modern times.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the 1920s-30s, Japanese newspapers had always given extensive coverage to the racist laws meant to exclude Asian immigrants such as the <a href="/wiki/White_Australia_policy" title="White Australia policy">"White Australia" policy</a>; the anti-Asian immigrant laws by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> in 1882, 1917, and 1924; and the "White Canada" policy together with reports about how Asians suffered from prejudice in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, and European colonies in Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most Japanese at the time seemed to have sincerely believed that Japan was a uniquely virtuous nation ruled over by an <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">emperor</a> who was a living god, and thus the font of all goodness in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_326_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_326-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the emperor was worshiped as a living god who was morally "pure" and "just", the self-perception in Japan was that the Japanese state could never do anything wrong as under the leadership of the divine Emperor, everything the Japanese state did was "just".<sup id="cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_326_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_326-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For this reason, Japanese people were predisposed to view any war as "just" and "moral" as the divine Emperor could never wage an "unjust" war.<sup id="cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_326_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_326-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within this context, many Japanese believed it was the "mission" of Japan to end the domination of "white" nations in Asia, and free the other Asians suffering under the rule of the "white powers".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A pamphlet titled <i>Read this Alone-and the War Can Be Won</i> issued to all Japanese troops and sailors in December 1941 read: "These white people may expect, from the moment they issue from their mothers' wombs, to be allotted a score or so of natives as their personal slaves. Is this really God's will?".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Japanese propaganda stressed the theme of the mistreatment of Asians by whites to motivate their troops and sailors.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in 1931, Japan had always sought to justify its imperialism under the grounds of Pan-Asianism. The <a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">war with China</a>, which began in 1937, was portrayed as an effort to unite the Chinese and Japanese peoples together in Pan-Asian friendship, to bring the "imperial way" to China, which justified "compassionate killing" as the Japanese sought to kill the "few trouble-makers" in China who were alleged to be causing all the problems in Sino-Japanese relations.<sup id="cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_326_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_326-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As such, Japanese propaganda had proclaimed that the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Army</a>, guided by the "emperor's benevolence" had come to China to engage in "compassionate killing" for the good of the Chinese people.<sup id="cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_326_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_326-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1941, when Japan declared war on the United States and several European nations which possessed colonies in Asia, the Japanese portrayed themselves as engaging in a war of liberation on behalf of all the peoples of Asia. In particular, there was a marked <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> to Japanese propaganda with the Japanese government issuing cartoons depicting the Western powers as "white devils" or "white demons", complete with claws, fangs, horns, and tails.<sup id="cite_ref-Dower,_John_pages_244-246_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dower,_John_pages_244-246-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese government depicted the war as a <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_conflict" title="Ethnic conflict">race war</a> between the benevolent Asians led by Japan, the most powerful Asian country against the Americans and Europeans, who were portrayed as sub-human "white devils".<sup id="cite_ref-Dower,_John_pages_244-246_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dower,_John_pages_244-246-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At times, Japanese leaders spoke like they believed their own propaganda about whites being in a process of racial degeneration and were actually turning into the drooling, snarling demonical creatures depicted in their cartoons.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, Japanese <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Y%C5%8Dsuke_Matsuoka" title="Yōsuke Matsuoka">Yōsuke Matsuoka</a> had stated in a 1940 press conference that "the mission of the <a href="/wiki/Yamato_people" title="Yamato people">Yamato race</a> is to prevent the human race from becoming devilish, to rescue it from destruction and lead it to the light of the world".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least some people within the Asian colonies of the European powers had welcomed the Japanese as liberators from the Europeans. In the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, the nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Sukarno" title="Sukarno">Sukarno</a> in 1942 had created the formula of the "Three A's": Japan the Light of Asia, Japan the Protector of Asia, and Japan the Leader of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But for all their talk about creating a Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere where all the Asian peoples would live together as brothers and sisters, in reality as shown by a July 1943 planning document titled <i><a href="/wiki/An_Investigation_of_Global_Policy_with_the_Yamato_Race_as_Nucleus" title="An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus">An Investigation of Global Policy with the Yamato Race as Nucleus</a></i>, the Japanese saw themselves as the racially superior "Great Yamato race", which was naturally destined to forever dominate the other racially inferior Asian peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prior to the Greater East Asia Conference, Japan had made vague promises of independence to various anti-colonial pro-independence organisations in the territories it had overrun, but aside from a number of obvious <a href="/wiki/Puppet_state" title="Puppet state">puppet states</a> set up in China, these promises had not been fulfilled. Now, with the tide of the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a> turning against Japan, bureaucrats in the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a> and supporters of the Pan-Asian philosophy within the government and military pushed forward a program to grant rapid "independence" to various parts of Asia in an effort to increase local resistance to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a> and trigger the latter's return and to boost local support for the Japanese war effort. The Japanese military leadership agreed in principle, understanding the propaganda value of such a move, but the level of "independence" the military had in mind for the various territories was even less than that enjoyed by <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a>. Several components of the Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere were not represented. In early 1943, the Japanese established the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Ministry of Greater East Asia</a> to conduct relations with the supposedly independent states of the "Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere".<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_498_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_498-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American historian <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Weinberg" title="Gerhard Weinberg">Gerhard Weinberg</a> writes about the establishment of the Greater East Asia Ministry: "This step itself showed that the periodic announcements from Tokyo that the peoples of Asia were to be liberated and allowed to determine their own fate were a sham and were so intended. If any of the territories nominally declared to be independent were in fact to be so, they could obviously be dealt with by the Foreign Ministry, which existed precisely for the purpose of handling relations with independent states".<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_498_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_498-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a> had long been annexed as external territories of the Empire of Japan, and there were no plans to extend any form of political <a href="/wiki/Autonomy" title="Autonomy">autonomy</a> or even nominal independence. Vietnamese and Cambodian delegates were not invited for fear of offending the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy French</a> regime, which maintained a legal claim to <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> and to which Japan was still formally allied. The issue of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> was complex. Large portions were under <a href="/wiki/Military_occupation" title="Military occupation">occupation</a> by the Imperial Japanese Army or <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a>, and the organisers of the Greater East Asia Conference were dismayed by the unilateral decision of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> to annex these territories to the Japanese Empire on May 31, 1943, rather than to grant nominal independence. This action considerably undermined efforts to portray Japan as the "liberator" of the Asian peoples. Indonesian independence leaders Sukarno and <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Hatta" title="Mohammad Hatta">Mohammad Hatta</a> were invited to Tokyo shortly after the close of the conference for informal meetings, but were not allowed to participate in the conference itself.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_pp._19-24_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_pp._19-24-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the end, seven countries (including Japan) participated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Participants">Participants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_East_Asia_Conference&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Participants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There were six "independent" participants and one observer that attended the Greater East Asia Conference.<sup id="cite_ref-tension_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tension-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were: </p> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Tojo" title="Hideki Tojo">Hideki Tōjō</a>, Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/45px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jinghui" title="Zhang Jinghui">Zhang Jinghui</a>, Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Empire of Manchuria</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ba_Maw" title="Ba Maw">Ba Maw</a>, Head of State and Prime Minister of the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/23px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/35px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/45px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Subhas_Chandra_Bose" title="Subhas Chandra Bose">Subhas Chandra Bose</a>, Head of State of the <a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Provisional Government of Free India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Jose_P._Laurel" title="Jose P. Laurel">Jose P. Laurel</a>, President of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Republic of the Philippines</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wan_Waithayakon" title="Wan Waithayakon">Wan Waithayakon</a>, envoy from the <a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II#Military_alliance_with_Japan_(1941–1945)" title="Thailand in World War II">Kingdom of Thailand</a></li></ul> <p>Strictly speaking, Subhas Chandra Bose was present only as an "observer", since <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India was a British colony</a>. Furthermore, Thailand sent Prince Wan Waithayakon in place of <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Thailand" title="Prime Minister of Thailand">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Plaek_Phibunsongkhram" title="Plaek Phibunsongkhram">Plaek Phibunsongkhram</a> to emphasise that Thailand was not a country under Japanese domination. He was also worried that he might be ousted should he leave <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tōjō greeted them with a speech praising the "spiritual essence" of Asia, as opposed to the "materialistic civilisation" of the West.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their meeting was characterised by praise of solidarity and condemnation of Western imperialism, but without practical plans for either economic development or integration.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Korea had been annexed by Japan in 1910, there was no official Korean delegation to the conference, but a number of leading Korean intellectuals such as historian <a href="/wiki/Choe_Nam-seon" title="Choe Nam-seon">Choe Nam-seon</a>, novelist <a href="/wiki/Yi_Gwangsu" title="Yi Gwangsu">Yi Gwangsu</a>, and children's writer Ma Haesong attended the conference as part of the Japanese delegation to deliver speeches praising Japan and to express their thanks to the Japanese for colonising Korea.<sup id="cite_ref-Kyung_Moon_Hwang_page_191_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyung_Moon_Hwang_page_191-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of these speeches was to reassure other Asian peoples about their future in a Japanese-dominated Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere. The fact that Choe and Yi had once been Korean independence activists who had been bitterly opposed to Japanese rule made their presence at the conference a propaganda coup for the Japanese government, as it seemed to show that Japanese imperialism was so beneficial to the peoples subjected to Japan that even those who once been opposed to the Japanese had now seen the errors of their ways.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Korean delegates also spoke passionately against the "Western devils", describing them as the "most deadly enemies of Asian civilisation that had ever existed", and praising Japan for its role in standing up to them.<sup id="cite_ref-Kyung_Moon_Hwang_page_191_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyung_Moon_Hwang_page_191-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes">Themes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_East_Asia_Conference&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Themes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The major theme of the conference was for the need for all the Asian peoples to rally behind Japan and offer an inspiring example of Pan-Asian idealism against the evil "white devils".<sup id="cite_ref-Dower,_John_page_6_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dower,_John_page_6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> American historian <a href="/wiki/John_W._Dower" title="John W. Dower">John W. Dower</a> writes that the various delegates "...placed the war in the East-versus-the West, Oriental-versus-the Occidental, and ultimately a blood-versus-blood context."<sup id="cite_ref-Dower,_John_page_6_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dower,_John_page_6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ba Maw of Burma stated: "My Asian blood has always called out to other Asians... This is not the time to think with other minds, this is the time to think with our blood, and this thinking has brought me from Burma to Japan."<sup id="cite_ref-Dower,_John_page_6_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dower,_John_page_6-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ba Maw later remembered: "We were Asians rediscovering Asia".<sup id="cite_ref-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_250_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_250-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hideki Tōjō of Japan stated in his speech: "It is an incontrovertible fact that the nations of Greater East Asia are bound in every respect by ties of an inseparable relationship".<sup id="cite_ref-Horner,_David_page_71_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horner,_David_page_71-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jose Laurel of the Philippines in his speech claimed that no-one in the world could "stop or delay the acquisition of one billion Asians of the free and untrammelled right and opportunity to shape their own destiny".<sup id="cite_ref-Horner,_David_page_71_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horner,_David_page_71-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subhas Chandra Bose of India declared: "If our Allies were to go down, there will be no hope for India to be free for at least 100 years".<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_498_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_498-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A major irony of the conference was that despite all of the vehement talk condemning the "Anglo-Saxons", <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> was the language of the conference as it was the only common language of the various delegates from all over Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_498_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_498-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bose recalled that the atmosphere at the conference was like a "family gathering" as everybody was Asian, and he felt like they belonged together.<sup id="cite_ref-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_249_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_249-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Indians supported Japan, and throughout the conference Indian university students studying in Japan mobbed Bose like an idol.<sup id="cite_ref-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_249_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_249-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Filipino ambassador, representing the Laurel government stated "the time has come for the Filipinos to disregard Anglo-Saxon civilisation and its enervating influence... and to recapture their charm and original virtues as an Oriental people."<sup id="cite_ref-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_249_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_249-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Japan had about two million soldiers fighting in China, making it by far the largest theatre of operations for Japan, by 1943 the Tōjō cabinet had decided to make peace with China to focus on fighting the Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_473_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_473-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The idea of peace with China had first been raised in early 1943, but Tōjō had encountered fierce resistance with the Japanese elite to giving up any of the Japanese "rights and interests" in China, which were the only conceivable basis for making peace with China.<sup id="cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_326_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_326-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To square this circle about how to make peace with China without surrendering any of the Japanese "rights and interests" in China, it was believed in Tokyo that a major demonstration of Pan-Asianism would lead the Chinese to make peace with Japan, and join the Japanese against their common enemies, the "white devils".<sup id="cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_473_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_473-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, a major theme of the conference was by being allied to the United States and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a> was not a proper Asian as no Asian would ally himself with the "white devils" against other Asians. Weinberg noted that in regards to Japanese propaganda in China, "the Japanese had in effect written off any prospects for propaganda in China by their atrocious conduct in the country", but in the rest of Asia the slogan "Asia for Asians" had much "resonance" as many people in Southeast Asia had no love for the various Western powers who ruled over them.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ba Maw maintained later on the Pan-Asian spirit of the 1943 conference lived after the war, becoming the basis of the 1955 <a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Bandung Conference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_250_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_250-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Indian historian <a href="/wiki/Pankaj_Mishra" title="Pankaj Mishra">Pankaj Mishra</a> praised the Greater East Asia Conference as the part of the coming together process of the Asian peoples against the whites as "...the Japanese had revealed how deep the roots of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Western_sentiment" title="Anti-Western sentiment">anti-Westernism</a> went and how quickly Asians could seize power from their European tormentors".<sup id="cite_ref-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_250_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_250-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mishra argued that the behaviour of the "white powers" towards their Asian colonies, which according to him had been led by marked amount of racism, meant that it was natural for Asians to look to Japan as a liberator from their colonial rulers.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Joint_Declaration">Joint Declaration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_East_Asia_Conference&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Joint Declaration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Joint Declaration of the Greater East Asia Conference was published as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>It is the basic principle for the establishment of world peace that the nations of the world have each its proper place, and enjoy prosperity in common through mutual aid and assistance. </p><p>The United States of America and the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a> have in seeking their own prosperity oppressed other nations and peoples. Especially in East Asia, they indulged in insatiable aggression and exploitation, and sought to satisfy their inordinate ambition of enslaving the entire region, and finally they came to menace seriously the stability of East Asia. Herein lies the cause of the recent war. The countries of Greater East Asia, with a view to contributing to the cause of world peace, undertake to cooperate toward prosecuting the War of Greater East Asia to a successful conclusion, liberating their region from the yoke of British-American domination, and ensuring their self-existence and self-defence, and in constructing a Greater East Asia in accordance with the following principles: </p> <ul><li>The countries of Greater East Asia through mutual cooperation will ensure the stability of their region and construct an order of common prosperity and well-being based upon justice.</li> <li>The countries of Greater East Asia will ensure the fraternity of nations in their region, by respecting one another's sovereignty and independence and practicing mutual assistance and amity.</li> <li>The countries of Greater East Asia by respecting one another's traditions and developing the creative faculties of each race, will enhance the culture and civilisation of Greater East Asia.</li> <li>The countries of Greater East Asia will endeavour to accelerate their economic development through close cooperation upon a basis of reciprocity and to promote thereby the general prosperity of their region.</li> <li>The countries of Greater East Asia will cultivate friendly relations with all the countries of the world, and work for the abolition of racial discrimination, the promotion of cultural intercourse and the opening of resources throughout the world, and contribute thereby to the progress of mankind.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment">Assessment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_East_Asia_Conference&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Assessment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The conference and the formal declaration adhered to on November 6 was little more than a propaganda gesture designed to rally regional support for the next stage of the war, outlining the ideals of which it was fought.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_pp._19-24_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_pp._19-24-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the conference marked a turning point in Japanese foreign policy and relations with other Asian nations. The <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">defeat of Japanese forces on Guadalcanal</a> and an increasing awareness of the limitations to Japanese military strength led the Japanese civilian leadership to realise that a framework based on cooperation, rather than one of colonial domination, would enable a greater mobilisation of manpower and resources against the resurgent Allied forces. It was also the start of efforts to create a framework that would allow for some form of diplomatic compromise should the military solution fail altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-Smith_pp._19-24_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Smith_pp._19-24-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However these moves came too late to save the empire, which surrendered to the Allies less than two years after the conference. </p><p>Embarrassed by the fact in October 1943, the United Kingdom and the United States had signed treaties giving up their extraterritorial concessions and rights in China, on 9 January 1944 Japan signed a treaty with the regime of <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> giving up its extraterritorial rights in China.<sup id="cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_473_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_473-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Hirohito</a> thought this treaty was so significant that he had his younger brother <a href="/wiki/Takahito,_Prince_Mikasa" title="Takahito, Prince Mikasa">Prince Mikasa</a> sign the treaty in <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a> on his behalf.<sup id="cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_474_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_474-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese public opinion was unimpressed with this attempt to put Sino-Japanese relations on a new footing, not the least because the treaty did not change the relationship between Wang and his Japanese masters.<sup id="cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_474_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_474-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hirohito did not accept the idea of national self-determination, and never called for any changes to Japanese policies in Korea and Taiwan, where the Japanese state had a policy of imposing the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese language</a> and culture on the Koreans and Taiwanese, which somewhat undercut the Pan-Asian rhetoric .<sup id="cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_474_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_474-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The emperor viewed Asia through the notion of "place", meaning that all of the Asian peoples were different races that had a proper "place" within a Japanese-dominated "co-prosperity sphere" in Asia, with the Japanese as the leading race.<sup id="cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_474_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_474-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The change to a more co-operative relationship between Japan and the other Asian peoples in 1943-45 were largely cosmetic and were made in response to a losing war as the Allied forces inflicted defeat after defeat on the Japanese on land, sea, and in the air.<sup id="cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_474_29-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_474-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dower writes that Japan's Pan-Asian claims were just a "myth", and that the Japanese were as every bit as racist and exploitive towards other Asians as the "white powers" that they were fighting against, and even more brutal as the Japanese treated their supposed Asian brothers and sisters with an appalling ruthlessness.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1944–45, the Burmese welcomed Allied forces reentering Japanese-occupied Burma as liberators from the Japanese. Moreover, the reality of Japanese rule belied the idealistic statements made at the Greater East Asia Conference. Whenever they went, Japanese soldiers and sailors had a routine habit of publicly slapping the faces of other Asians as a way of showing who were the "Great Yamato race" and who were not.<sup id="cite_ref-Dower,_John_page_46_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dower,_John_page_46-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, 670,000 Koreans and 41,862 Chinese were taken to work as slave labour under the most degrading conditions in Japan; the majority did not survive the experience.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> About 60,000 people from Burma, China, Thailand, Malaya, and the Dutch East Indies together with some 15,000 British, Australian, American, Indian, and Dutch <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a> died while building the <a href="/wiki/Burma_Railway" title="Burma Railway">"Burma Death Railway"</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese treatment of slaves was based upon an old Japanese proverb for the proper treatment of slaves: <i>ikasazu korasazu</i> (do not let them live, do not let them die).<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In China between 1937 and 1945, the Japanese were responsible for the deaths of between 8 and 9 million Chinese.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_East_Asia_Conference&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bandung_Conference" title="Bandung Conference">Afro–Asian Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Railroad" title="Greater East Asia Railroad">Greater East Asia Railroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_East_Asian_leaders_in_the_Japanese_sphere_of_influence_(1931%E2%80%931945)" title="List of East Asian leaders in the Japanese sphere of influence (1931–1945)">List of East Asian leaders in the Japanese sphere of influence (1931–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Ministry of Greater East Asia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_East_Asia_Conference&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGordon2003" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Andrew (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FiEMgP36lScC&dq=%22Greater+East+Asia+Conference%22&pg=PA211"><i>The Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa Times to the Present</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511060-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511060-9"><bdi>0-19-511060-9</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-04-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Modern+History+of+Japan%3A+From+Tokugawa+Times+to+the+Present&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-511060-9&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFiEMgP36lScC%26dq%3D%2522Greater%2BEast%2BAsia%2BConference%2522%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+East+Asia+Conference" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged March 2024">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, Gerard <i>Race War!: White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire</i>, New York: NYU Press, 2005 page 187.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, Gerard <i>Race War!: White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire</i>, New York: NYU Press, 2005 page 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_326-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_326_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_326_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_326_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_326_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_326_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_326_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bix, Herbert <i>Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</i>, New York: HarperCollins, 2001 page 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horne, Gerard <i>Race War!: White Supremacy and the Japanese Attack on the British Empire</i>, New York: NYU Press, 2005 page 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mishra, Pankaj <i>From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia</i>, London: Penguin, 2012 pages 247-248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mishra, Pankaj <i>From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia</i>, London: Penguin, 2012 page 247.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dower,_John_pages_244-246-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dower,_John_pages_244-246_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dower,_John_pages_244-246_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dower, John <i>War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War</i>, New York: Pantheon 1993 pages 244-246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dower, John <i>War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War</i>, New York: Pantheon 1993 page 244</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dower, John <i>War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War</i>, New York: Pantheon 1993 pages 244-245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dower, John <i>War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War</i>, New York: Pantheon 1993 page 6</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dower, John <i>War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War</i>, New York: Pantheon 1993 page 263-264</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_498-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_498_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_498_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_498_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Weinberg,_Gerhard_page_498_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg, Gerhard <i>A World In Arms</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 page 498.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Smith_pp._19-24-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_pp._19-24_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_pp._19-24_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Smith_pp._19-24_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, Changing Visions of East Asia, pp. 19-24</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tension-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tension_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGotoPaul_H._Kratoska2003" class="citation book cs1">Goto, Ken'ichi; Paul H. Kratoska (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iTmUB82c7i0C&dq=%22Greater+East+Asia+Conference%22&pg=PA57"><i>Tensions of empire</i></a>. National University of Singapore Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">57–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9971-69-281-3" title="Special:BookSources/9971-69-281-3"><bdi>9971-69-281-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tensions+of+empire&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.pub=National+University+of+Singapore+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9971-69-281-3&rft.aulast=Goto&rft.aufirst=Ken%27ichi&rft.au=Paul+H.+Kratoska&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiTmUB82c7i0C%26dq%3D%2522Greater%2BEast%2BAsia%2BConference%2522%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+East+Asia+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJudith_A.1991" class="citation book cs1">Judith A., Stowie (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YTgJ8aRwZkAC&dq=%22Greater+East+Asia+Conference%22&pg=PA251"><i>Siam Becomes Thailand: A Story of Intrigue</i></a>. C. Hurst & Co. p. 251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85065-083-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85065-083-7"><bdi>1-85065-083-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Siam+Becomes+Thailand%3A+A+Story+of+Intrigue&rft.pages=251&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-85065-083-7&rft.aulast=Judith+A.&rft.aufirst=Stowie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYTgJ8aRwZkAC%26dq%3D%2522Greater%2BEast%2BAsia%2BConference%2522%26pg%3DPA251&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+East+Asia+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">W. G. Beasley, <i>The Rise of Modern Japan</i>, p 204 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-04077-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-04077-6">0-312-04077-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gordon_(historian)" title="Andrew Gordon (historian)">Andrew Gordon</a>, <i>A Modern History of Japan: From Tokugawa to the Present</i>, p211, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511060-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511060-9">0-19-511060-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/49704795">49704795</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kyung_Moon_Hwang_page_191-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kyung_Moon_Hwang_page_191_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kyung_Moon_Hwang_page_191_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kyung Moon Hwang <i>A History of Korea</i>, London: Palgrave, 2010 page 191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kyung Moon Hwang <i>A History of Korea</i>, London: Palgrave, 2010 pages 190-191</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dower,_John_page_6-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dower,_John_page_6_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dower,_John_page_6_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dower,_John_page_6_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dower, John <i>War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War</i>, New York: Pantheon 1993 page 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_250-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_250_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_250_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_250_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mishra, Pankaj <i>From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia</i>, London: Penguin, 2012 page 250.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Horner,_David_page_71-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horner,_David_page_71_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horner,_David_page_71_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Horner, David <i>The Second World War Part 1 The Pacific</i>, London: Osprey, 2002 page 71</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_249-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_249_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_249_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mishra,_Pankaj_page_249_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mishra, Pankaj <i>From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia</i>, London: Penguin, 2012 page 249.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_473-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_473_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_473_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_473_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bix, Herbert <i>Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</i>, New York: HarperCollins, 2001 page 473.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weinberg, Gerhard <i>A World In Arms A Global History of World War Two</i>, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005 page 582.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mishra, Pankaj <i>From the Ruins of Empire: The Revolt Against the West and the Remaking of Asia</i>, London: Penguin, 2012 pages 250-251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ww2db.com/battle_spec.php?battle_id=70%20WW2DB:%20Greater%20East%20Asia%20Conference">WW2DB: Greater East Asia Conference</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bix,_Herbert_page_474-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_474_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_474_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_474_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_474_29-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bix,_Herbert_page_474_29-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bix, Herbert <i>Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan</i>, New York: HarperCollins, 2001 page 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dower, John <i>War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War</i>, New York: Pantheon 1993 page 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dower,_John_page_46-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dower,_John_page_46_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dower, John <i>War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War</i>, New York: Pantheon 1993 page 46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dower, John <i>War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War</i>, New York: Pantheon 1993 page 47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dower, John <i>War Without Mercy: Race & Power in the Pacific War</i>, New York: Pantheon 1993 pages 47-48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, Williamson & Milet, Alan <i>A War To Be Won</i>, Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2000 page 545</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Murray, Williamson & Milet, Alan <i>A War To Be Won</i>, Cambridge: Belknap Press, 2000 page 555</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Greater_East_Asia_Conference&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLebra1975" class="citation book cs1">Lebra, Joyce C. (1975). <i>Japan's Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in World War II: Selected Readings and Documents</i>. Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Greater+East+Asia+Co-Prosperity+Sphere+in+World+War+II%3A+Selected+Readings+and+Documents.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Lebra&rft.aufirst=Joyce+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+East+Asia+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith1975" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Ralph (1975). <i>Changing Visions of East Asia, 1943-93: Transformations and Continuities</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-38140-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-38140-1"><bdi>0-415-38140-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Changing+Visions+of+East+Asia%2C+1943-93%3A+Transformations+and+Continuities&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0-415-38140-1&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGreater+East+Asia+Conference" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.co.jp/FACTS-NETAJI-JAPAN-SOUTHEAST-ASIA-ebook/dp/B075R69M6N">UNKNOWN FACTS OF NETAJI: JAPAN AND SOUTHEAST ASIA</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Agriculture in the Empire of Japan">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Censorship in the Empire of Japan">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demography_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Demography of the Empire of Japan">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Economy of the Empire of Japan">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Japan#Prewar_period" title="Economic history of Japan">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Education in the Empire of Japan">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_system" title="Emperor system">System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_commerce_and_shipping_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Foreign commerce and shipping of the Empire of Japan">Foreign commerce and shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_production_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Industrial production in Shōwa Japan">Industrial production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_militarism" title="Japanese militarism">Militarism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nationalism" title="Japanese nationalism">Nationalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_essentialism" title="National essentialism">Essentialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_(1914%E2%80%931944)" title="Politics of the Empire of Japan (1914–1944)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism_in_Sh%C5%8Dwa_Japan" title="Statism in Shōwa Japan">Statism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Shinto" title="State Shinto">State Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazoku" title="Kazoku">Kazoku</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="9" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Imperial Seal of Japan"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/80px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/120px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg/160px-Imperial_Seal_of_Japan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="990" data-file-height="990" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emperors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Meiji" title="Emperor Meiji">Meiji <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mutsuhito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taish%C5%8D" title="Emperor Taishō">Taishō <span style="font-size:85%;">(Yoshihito)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirohito" title="Hirohito">Shōwa <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hirohito)</span></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Japan" title="Flag of Japan">Flag of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rising_Sun_Flag" title="Rising Sun Flag">Rising Sun Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_seals_of_Japan" title="National seals of Japan">National seals of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Seal_of_Japan" title="Imperial Seal of Japan">Imperial Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_Seal_of_Japan" title="Government Seal of Japan">Government Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Seal_of_Japan" title="State Seal of Japan">State Seal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Seal_of_Japan" title="Privy Seal of Japan">Privy Seal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimigayo" title="Kimigayo">Kimigayo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Constitution" title="Meiji Constitution">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_Oath" title="Charter Oath">Charter Oath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Meiji_Japan" title="Foreign relations of Meiji Japan">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_on_Education" title="Imperial Rescript on Education">Imperial Rescript on Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rule_Assistance_Association" title="Imperial Rule Assistance Association">Imperial Rule Assistance Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yokusan_Sonendan" title="Yokusan Sonendan">Yokusan Sonendan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Japan_Youth_Party" title="Great Japan Youth Party">Great Japan Youth Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokutai" title="Kokutai">Kokutai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokusatsu" title="Mokusatsu">Mokusatsu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Spiritual_Mobilization_Movement" title="National Spiritual Mobilization Movement">National Spiritual Mobilization Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Preservation_Law" title="Peace Preservation Law">Peace Preservation Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_parties_of_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political parties of the Empire of Japan">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Judicature_of_Japan" title="Supreme Court of Judicature of Japan">Supreme Court of Judicature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_K%C5%8Dt%C5%8D_Keisatsu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokubetsu Kōtō Keisatsu">Tokkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonarigumi" title="Tonarigumi">Tonarigumi</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senbu" title="Senbu">Senbu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Airways" title="Imperial Japanese Airways">Imperial Japanese Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Administration<br />(ministries)</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Imperial_Household" title="Ministry of the Imperial Household">Imperial Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Ministry" title="Home Ministry">Home Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_War_(pre-modern_Japan)" title="Ministry of War (pre-modern Japan)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Army_Ministry" title="Army Ministry">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Navy_(Japan)" title="Ministry of the Navy (Japan)">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_the_Treasury" title="Ministry of the Treasury">Treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Japan)">Foreign Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Agriculture_and_Commerce" title="Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce">Agriculture and Commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (Japan)">Commerce and Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Munitions_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Munitions (Japan)">Munitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Colonial_Affairs_(Japan)" title="Ministry of Colonial Affairs (Japan)">Colonial Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Greater_East_Asia" title="Ministry of Greater East Asia">Greater East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Development_Board" title="East Asia Development Board">East Asia Development Board (Kōain)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_structure_of_the_Imperial_Japanese_Government" title="Administrative structure of the Imperial Japanese Government">Legislative and<br />deliberative bodies</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daij%C5%8D-kan" title="Daijō-kan">Daijō-kan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Japan" title="Privy Council of Japan">Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gozen_Kaigi" title="Gozen Kaigi">Gozen Kaigi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Diet#History" title="National Diet">Imperial Diet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Peers_(Japan)" title="House of Peers (Japan)">Peers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Representatives_(Japan)" title="House of Representatives (Japan)">Representatives</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Armed_Forces" title="Imperial Japanese Armed Forces">Armed Forces</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Rescript_to_Soldiers_and_Sailors" title="Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors">Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senjinkun_military_code" title="Senjinkun military code"><i>Senjinkun</i> military code</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_nuclear_weapons_program" title="Japanese nuclear weapons program">Nuclear weapons program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">Kamikaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">War crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_War_Council_(Japan)" title="Supreme War Council (Japan)">Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Conscription_in_Japan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Conscription in Japan (page does not exist)">Conscription</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army" title="Imperial Japanese Army">Imperial Japanese Army</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_General_Staff_Office" title="Imperial Japanese Army General Staff Office">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Army Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Army_Railways_and_Shipping_Section" title="Imperial Japanese Army Railways and Shipping Section">Railways and Shipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guard_(Japan)" title="Imperial Guard (Japan)">Imperial Guard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Way_Faction" title="Imperial Way Faction">Imperial Way Faction (Kōdōha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_holdout" title="Japanese holdout">Japanese holdout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Army_of_Japan" title="Taiwan Army of Japan">Taiwan Army of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dseiha" title="Tōseiha">Control Faction (Tōseiha)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kempeitai" title="Kempeitai">Kempeitai</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy" title="Imperial Japanese Navy">Imperial Japanese Navy</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_General_Staff" title="Imperial Japanese Navy General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Navy_Air_Service" title="Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service">Air Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japanese_Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japanese Marines">Marines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tokubetsu_Keisatsutai" title="Tokubetsu Keisatsutai">Tokkeitai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fleet_Faction" title="Fleet Faction">Fleet Faction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_Faction" title="Treaty Faction">Treaty Faction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Meiji_era" title="Meiji era">Meiji era</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beipu_uprising" title="Beipu uprising">Beipu uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boshin_War" title="Boshin War">Boshin War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_Lords_Incident" title="Two Lords Incident">Two Lords Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satsuma_Rebellion" title="Satsuma Rebellion">Satsuma Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_Intervention" title="Triple Intervention">Triple Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo%E2%80%93Japanese_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo–Japanese Alliance">Anglo–Japanese Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russo-Japanese_War" title="Russo-Japanese War">Russo-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1895)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1895)">Invasion of Taiwan (1895)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_era" title="Taishō era">Taishō era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_I" title="Japan during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Japanese entry into World War I">Entry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_intervention_in_Siberia" title="Japanese intervention in Siberia">Siberian Intervention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Election_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="General Election Law">General Election Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Naval_Treaty" title="Washington Naval Treaty">Washington Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria%E2%80%93Mongolia_problem" title="Manchuria–Mongolia problem">Manchuria–Mongolia problem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Democracy" title="Taishō Democracy">Taishō Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taish%C5%8D_Roman" title="Taishō Roman">Taishō Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tapani_incident" title="Tapani incident">Tapani incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truku_War" title="Truku War">Truku War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Equality_Proposal" title="Racial Equality Proposal">Racial Equality Proposal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_era" title="Shōwa era">Shōwa era</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_financial_crisis" title="Shōwa financial crisis">Shōwa financial crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinan_incident" title="Jinan incident">Jinan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Naval_Treaty" title="London Naval Treaty">London Naval Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musha_Incident" title="Musha Incident">Musha Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacification_of_Manchukuo" title="Pacification of Manchukuo">Pacification of Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_28_incident" title="January 28 incident">January 28 incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motherland_controversy" title="Motherland controversy">Motherland controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_border_conflicts" title="Soviet–Japanese border conflicts">Soviet–Japanese border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Rape of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_Neutrality_Pact" title="Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact">Soviet–Japanese Neutrality Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan during World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Japanese_War" title="Soviet–Japanese War">Soviet–Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender</a> (<a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirohito_surrender_broadcast" title="Hirohito surrender broadcast">Hirohito surrender broadcast</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karafuto_Prefecture" title="Karafuto Prefecture">Karafuto</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Naichi" class="mw-redirect" title="Naichi">naichi</a></i> after 1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Chōsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwantung_Leased_Territory" title="Kwantung Leased Territory">Kantō-shū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Mandate" title="South Seas Mandate">Nan'yō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Japanese_rule" title="Taiwan under Japanese rule">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Puppet states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Second Philippine Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_territories_acquired_by_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="List of territories acquired by the Empire of Japan">Occupied territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Philippines" title="Japanese occupation of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Ideology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yen_bloc" title="Yen bloc">Yen bloc</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sonn%C5%8D_j%C5%8Di" title="Sonnō jōi">Sonnō jōi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fukoku_ky%C5%8Dhei" title="Fukoku kyōhei">Fukoku kyōhei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C5%8D_ichiu" title="Hakkō ichiu">Hakkō ichiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_settlers_in_Manchuria" title="Japanese settlers in Manchuria">Japanese settlers in Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese-run_internment_camps_during_World_War_II" title="List of Japanese-run internment camps during World War II">Internment camps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Japanese_industrial_co-operation_before_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="German–Japanese industrial co-operation before World War II">German pre–World War II industrial co-operation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinmin_no_Michi" title="Shinmin no Michi">Shinmin no Michi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dwa_Modan" title="Shōwa Modan">Shōwa Modan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_thought_in_Imperial_Japan" title="Socialist thought in Imperial Japan">Socialist thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_Imperial_Japan_Serviceman" title="Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman">Taiwanese Imperial Japan Serviceman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasukuni_Shrine" title="Yasukuni Shrine">Yasukuni Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">International Military Tribunal for the Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Political dissidence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II142" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Template:Diplomatic history of World War II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Template talk:Diplomatic history of World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diplomatic history of World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II142" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomatic history of World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/U.S.%E2%80%93British_Staff_Conference_(ABC%E2%80%931)" title="U.S.–British Staff Conference (ABC–1)">U.S.–British Staff Conference</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">First Inter-Allied Conference</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Conference</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter#Acceptance_by_Inter-Allied_Council_and_United_Nations" title="Atlantic Charter">Second Inter-Allied Conference</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1941)" title="Moscow Conference (1941)">First Moscow Conference</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Conference" title="Arcadia Conference">Arcadia Conference</a> (1941– 1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment_for_War_Crimes" title="Punishment for War Crimes">Third Inter-Allied Conference</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Washington_Conference" title="Second Washington Conference">Second Washington Conference</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1942)" title="Moscow Conference (1942)">Second Moscow Conference</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casablanca_Conference" title="Casablanca Conference">Casablanca Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adana_Conference" title="Adana Conference">Adana Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Conference_(1943)" title="Washington Conference (1943)">Third Washington Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Quebec_Conference" title="First Quebec Conference">First Quebec Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1943)" title="Moscow Conference (1943)">Third Moscow Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Conference" title="Cairo Conference">Cairo Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greater East Asia Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Conference" title="Tehran Conference">Tehran Conference</a></b> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Cairo_Conference" title="Second Cairo Conference">Second Cairo Conference</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Commonwealth_Prime_Ministers%27_Conference" title="1944 Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference">Commonwealth Prime Ministers' Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bretton_Woods_Conference" title="Bretton Woods Conference">Bretton Woods Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumbarton_Oaks_Conference" title="Dumbarton Oaks Conference">Dumbarton Oaks Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Quebec_Conference" title="Second Quebec Conference">Second Quebec Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Conference_(1944)" title="Moscow Conference (1944)">Fourth Moscow Conference</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Conference_(1945)" title="Malta Conference (1945)">Malta Conference</a> (1945)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Yalta_Conference" title="Yalta Conference">Yalta Conference</a></b> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Conference_on_International_Organization" title="United Nations Conference on International Organization">United Nations Conference on International Organization</a> (1945)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Conference" title="Potsdam Conference">Potsdam Conference</a></b> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations<br />and treaties</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Steel" title="Pact of Steel">Pact of Steel</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Thai_Non-Aggression_Pact" title="Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact">Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destroyers-for-bases_deal" title="Destroyers-for-bases deal">Destroyers-for-bases deal</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-Italian_Armistice" title="Franco-Italian Armistice">Franco-Italian Armistice</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Peace_Treaty" title="Moscow Peace Treaty">Moscow Peace Treaty</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripartite_Pact" title="Tripartite Pact">Tripartite Pact</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_St_James%27s_Palace" title="Declaration of St James's Palace">Declaration of St James's Palace</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_Agreement" title="Anglo-Soviet Agreement">Anglo-Soviet Agreement</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Saint_Jean_d%27Acre" title="Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre">Armistice of Saint Jean d'Acre</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Charter" title="Atlantic Charter">Atlantic Charter</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/German%E2%80%93Turkish_Treaty_of_Friendship" title="German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship">German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Protocols" title="Paris Protocols">Paris Protocols</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_by_United_Nations" title="Declaration by United Nations">Declaration by United Nations</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punishment_for_War_Crimes" title="Punishment for War Crimes">Punishment for War Crimes</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_Treaty_of_1942" title="Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942">Anglo-Soviet Treaty of 1942</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1943_Cairo_Declaration" title="1943 Cairo Declaration">Cairo Declaration</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Declarations" title="Moscow Declarations">Moscow Declarations</a> (1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Four_Nations" title="Declaration of the Four Nations">Declaration of the Four Nations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_between_the_United_States_and_China_for_the_Relinquishment_of_Extraterritorial_Rights_in_China" title="Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China">Treaty between the United States and China for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-British_Treaty_for_the_Relinquishment_of_Extra-Territorial_Rights_in_China" title="Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China">Sino-British Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extra-Territorial Rights in China</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Armistice" title="Moscow Armistice">Moscow Armistice</a> (1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_Charter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuremberg Charter">Nuremberg Charter</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Agreement" title="Potsdam Agreement">Potsdam Agreement</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_United_Nations" title="Charter of the United Nations">United Nations Charter</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Treaties,_1947" title="Paris Peace Treaties, 1947">Paris Peace Treaties</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_San_Francisco" title="Treaty of San Francisco">Treaty of San Francisco</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_State_Treaty" title="Austrian State Treaty">Austrian State Treaty</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a> (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_Supreme_War_Council" title="Anglo-French Supreme War Council">Anglo-French Supreme War Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-American_Cooperative_Organization" title="Sino-American Cooperative Organization">Sino-American Cooperative Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Advisory_Commission" title="European Advisory Commission">European Advisory Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Foreign_Ministers" title="Council of Foreign Ministers">Council of Foreign Ministers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">German Instrument of Surrender</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Japanese Instrument of Surrender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="States_and_territories_in_the_sphere_of_influence_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II197" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:States_and_territories_in_the_sphere_of_influence_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Template:States and territories in the sphere of influence of the Empire of Japan during World War II"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:States_and_territories_in_the_sphere_of_influence_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Template talk:States and territories in the sphere of influence of the Empire of Japan during World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:States_and_territories_in_the_sphere_of_influence_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:States and territories in the sphere of influence of the Empire of Japan during World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="States_and_territories_in_the_sphere_of_influence_of_the_Empire_of_Japan_during_World_War_II197" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">States and territories in the sphere of influence of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/23px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/35px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg/45px-Flag_of_Manchukuo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/East_Hebei_Autonomous_Government" title="East Hebei Autonomous Government">East Hebei Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/23px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/35px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Jinbei.svg/45px-Flag_of_Jinbei.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/North_Shanxi_Autonomous_Government" title="North Shanxi Autonomous Government">North Shanxi Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Flag_of_Chanan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Chanan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/South_Chahar_Autonomous_Government" title="South Chahar Autonomous Government">South Chahar Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Mengjiang.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang United Autonomous Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Great_Way_Municipal_Government_of_Shanghai.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Great_Way_Government" title="Great Way Government">Shanghai Great Way Government</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_%281939%E2%80%931940%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China_(1937%E2%80%931940)" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–1940)">Provisional Government of China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_China_%281912%E2%80%931928%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Reformed_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Reformed Government of the Republic of China">Reformed Government of China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China-Nanjing_%28Peace%2C_Anti-Communism%2C_National_Construction%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="587" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Reorganized National Government of China</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Kingdom of Thailand</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/23px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/35px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg/45px-Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/23px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/35px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/1931_Flag_of_India.svg/45px-1931_Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Provisional Government of Free India</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines_%281943%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Republic of the Philippines</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_%281945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Vietnam" title="Empire of Vietnam">Empire of Vietnam</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia_%281863%E2%80%931948%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kampuchea_(1945)" title="Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)">Kingdom of Kampuchea</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos_%281952%E2%80%931975%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Kingdom of Luang Prabang</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Occupied Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">Occupied West Sumatra</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Occupied Malaya</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Occupied British Borneo</a></div></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Occupied Hong Kong</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Occupied Singapore</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Guam" title="Japanese occupation of Guam">Occupied Guam</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Occupied Nauru</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Occupied Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Occupied Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg/43px-Flag_of_Japan_%281870%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">Occupied New Guinea</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_East_Asia_Co-Prosperity_Sphere" title="Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere">Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Greater East Asia Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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