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href="#Features_of_a_temple"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Features of a temple </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Features_of_a_temple-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gemology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gemology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Gemology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gemology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Laws_of_virtue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Laws_of_virtue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Laws of virtue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Laws_of_virtue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethics_(Nityaachaara)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethics_(Nityaachaara)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.6 Ethics (Nityaachaara) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethics_(Nityaachaara)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Good_government" 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href="#Contents:_Pretakhanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Contents: Pretakhanda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents:_Pretakhanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contents:_Brahmakhanda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contents:_Brahmakhanda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Contents: Brahmakhanda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contents:_Brahmakhanda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul 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Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" > 15 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3" title="গরুড়পুরাণ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গরুড়পুরাণ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda_Purana" title="Garuda Purana – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Garuda Purana" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garuda-purana" title="Garuda-purana – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Garuda-purana" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%97%E0%AA%B0%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%A1_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A3" title="ગરુડ પુરાણ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ગરુડ પુરાણ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BC_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="गरुड़ पुराण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="गरुड़ पुराण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garudapurana" title="Garudapurana – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Garudapurana" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%A1_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A3" title="ಗರುಡ ಪುರಾಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗರುಡ ಪುರಾಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A3%E0%B4%82" title="ഗരുഡപുരാണം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗരുഡപുരാണം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="गरुड पुराण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="गरुड पुराण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="गरुड पुराण – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="गरुड पुराण" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%9C_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A3" title="ਗਰੁੜ ਪੁਰਾਣ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੁੜ ਪੁਰਾਣ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гаруда-пурана – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гаруда-пурана" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="गरुडपुराणम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="गरुडपुराणम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9F_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="கருட புராணம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கருட புராணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0-%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Гаруда-пурана – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Гаруда-пурана" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Garuda_Purana%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/260px-Garuda_Purana%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Garuda_Purana%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/390px-Garuda_Purana%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Garuda_Purana%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg/520px-Garuda_Purana%2C_Sanskrit%2C_Devanagari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2268" data-file-height="722" /></a><figcaption>A page from a Garuda Purana manuscript (Sanskrit, Devanagari)</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.5em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_texts" title="Category:Hindu texts">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu scriptures and texts</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/100px-Om_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/150px-Om_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Om_symbol.svg/200px-Om_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="356" data-file-height="367" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above hlist" style="border:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Aruti" title="Śruti">Shruti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sm%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Smṛti">Smriti</a> </li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hindu_texts" title="List of Hindu texts">List</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaveda" title="Samaveda">Samaveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajurveda" title="Yajurveda">Yajurveda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atharvaveda" title="Atharvaveda">Atharvaveda</a></li></ul> Divisions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samhita" title="Samhita">Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmana" title="Brahmana">Brahmana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aranyaka" title="Aranyaka">Aranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;">Rig vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aitareya_Upanishad" title="Aitareya Upanishad">Aitareya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaushitaki_Upanishad" title="Kaushitaki Upanishad">Kaushitaki</a></li></ul> Sama vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandogya_Upanishad" title="Chandogya Upanishad">Chandogya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kena_Upanishad" title="Kena Upanishad">Kena</a></li></ul> Yajur vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isha_Upanishad" title="Isha Upanishad">Isha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taittiriya_Upanishad" title="Taittiriya Upanishad">Taittiriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katha_Upanishad" title="Katha Upanishad">Katha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shvetashvatara_Upanishad" title="Shvetashvatara Upanishad">Shvetashvatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitrayaniya_Upanishad" title="Maitrayaniya Upanishad">Maitri</a></li></ul> Atharva vedic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mundaka_Upanishad" title="Mundaka Upanishad">Mundaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandukya_Upanishad" title="Mandukya Upanishad">Mandukya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prashna_Upanishad" title="Prashna Upanishad">Prashna</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Other scriptures</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80gama_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Āgama (Hinduism)">Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantras_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tantras (Hinduism)">Tantras</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent;"> Related Hindu texts</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiksha" title="Shiksha">Shiksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_prosody" title="Sanskrit prosody">Chandas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vy%C4%81kara%E1%B9%87a" title="Vyākaraṇa">Vyakarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirukta" title="Nirukta">Nirukta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(Vedanga)" title="Kalpa (Vedanga)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jyotisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Jyotisha">Jyotisha</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;">Brahma puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Purana" title="Brahma Purana">Brahma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmanda_Purana" title="Brahmanda Purana">Brahmānda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Vaivarta_Purana" title="Brahma Vaivarta Purana">Brahmavaivarta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Markandeya_Purana" title="Markandeya Purana">Markandeya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavishya_Purana" title="Bhavishya Purana">Bhavishya</a></li></ul> Vaishnava puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana_Purana" title="Vamana Purana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li></ul> Shaiva puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul> Shakta puranas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Devi_Bhagavata_Purana" title="Devi Bhagavata Purana">Devi Bhagavata</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Itihasa-Purana" title="Itihasa-Purana">Itihasa</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Ramayana" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Ramayana">Historicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_the_Mahabharata" class="mw-redirect" title="Historicity of the Mahabharata">Historicity</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Saiva Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naalayira_Divya_Prabandham" title="Naalayira Divya Prabandham">Divya Prabandham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumuruk%C4%81%E1%B9%9F%E1%B9%9Fuppa%E1%B9%ADai" title="Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai">Tirumurukāṟṟuppaṭai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruppugazh" class="mw-redirect" title="Thiruppugazh">Thiruppugazh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramavataram" title="Ramavataram">Kamba Ramayanam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Great_Epics" title="Five Great Epics">Five Great Epics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Greater_Texts" title="Eighteen Greater Texts">Eighteen Greater Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteen_Lesser_Texts" title="Eighteen Lesser Texts">Eighteen Lesser Texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aathichoodi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aathichoodi">Aathichoodi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraiyanar_Akapporul" title="Iraiyanar Akapporul">Iraiyanar Akapporul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhirami_Anthadhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Abhirami Anthadhi">Abhirami Anthadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thiruvilaiyadal_Puranam" title="Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam">Thiruvilaiyadal Puranam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinayagar_Agaval" title="Vinayagar Agaval">Vinayagar Agaval</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">sutras</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharma%C5%9B%C4%81stra" title="Dharmaśāstra">Dharma Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Artha Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhya Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purva_Mimamsa_Sutras" title="Purva Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pramana" title="Pramana">Pramana Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charaka_Samhita" title="Charaka Samhita">Charaka Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natya_Shastra" title="Natya Shastra">Natya Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vastu_Shastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Vastu Shastra">Vastu Shastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchatantra" title="Panchatantra">Panchatantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirumurai" title="Tirumurai">Tirumurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramcharitmanas" title="Ramcharitmanas">Ramcharitmanas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Swarodaya" title="Shiva Swarodaya">Swara yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Samhita" title="Shiva Samhita">Shiva Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gheranda_Samhita" title="Gheranda Samhita">Gheranda Samhita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedantasara_(of_Sadananda)" title="Vedantasara (of Sadananda)">Vedantasara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stotra" title="Stotra">Stotra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC569;padding-top:0.15em;padding-left:0.25em;;color: var(--color-base)">Timeline</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-bottom:0.5em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Hindu_texts" title="Timeline of Hindu texts">Timeline of Hindu texts</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output 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title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Template talk:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu_scriptures_and_texts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Hindu scriptures and texts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Vaishnavism" title="Category:Vaishnavism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: #c9d5f2; border-color: #001A57"><a href="/wiki/Vaishnavism" title="Vaishnavism">Vaishnavism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Git_govind_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet."><img alt="Closeup of Vishnu, seated in the lotus position on a lotus. From depiction of the poet Jayadeva bowing to Vishnu, Gouache on paper Pahari, The very picture of devotion, bare-bodied, head bowed, legs crossed and hands folded, Jayadeva stands at left, with the implements of worship placed before the lotus-seat of Vishnu who sits there, blessing the poet." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/220px-Git_govind_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/330px-Git_govind_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Git_govind_large.jpg/440px-Git_govind_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="386" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Supreme deity</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></dt></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Important deities</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Dashavatara" title="Dashavatara">Dashavatara</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matsya" title="Matsya">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma" title="Kurma">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha" title="Varaha">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha" title="Narasimha">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vamana" title="Vamana">Vamana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parasurama" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasurama">Parasurama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rama" title="Rama">Rama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balarama" title="Balarama">Balarama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha in Hinduism">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki" title="Kalki">Kalki</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Other forms</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dhanvantari" title="Dhanvantari">Dhanvantari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guruvayurappan" title="Guruvayurappan">Guruvayurappan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohini" title="Mohini">Mohini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nara-Narayana" title="Nara-Narayana">Nara-Narayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prithu" title="Prithu">Prithu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrinathji" title="Shrinathji">Shrinathji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venkateshvara" class="mw-redirect" title="Venkateshvara">Venkateshvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vithoba" title="Vithoba">Vithoba</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Shakti" title="Shakti">Consorts</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumi_(goddess)" title="Bhumi (goddess)">Bhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sita" title="Sita">Sita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha" title="Radha">Radha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukmini" title="Rukmini">Rukmini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alamelu" class="mw-redirect" title="Alamelu">Alamelu</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Related</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanuman" title="Hanuman">Hanuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shesha" title="Shesha">Shesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shasta_(deity)" title="Shasta (deity)">Shasta</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scriptures" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scriptures">Holy scriptures</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasa" title="Vaikhanasa">Vaikhanasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramayana" title="Ramayana">Ramayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harivamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Harivamsa">Harivamsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divya_Prabandha" class="mw-redirect" title="Divya Prabandha">Divya Prabandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gita_Govinda" title="Gita Govinda">Gita Govinda</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Puranas" title="Puranas">Puranas</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Sampradayas</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Sampradaya">Sri</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akshar_Purushottam_Darshan" title="Akshar Purushottam Darshan">Akshar Purushottam Darshan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudra_Sampradaya" title="Rudra Sampradaya">Rudra</a> (<a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Śuddhādvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81ra_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Kumāra Sampradaya">Kumara</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dvaitadvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaitadvaita">Dvaitadvaita</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sampradaya" title="Brahma Sampradaya">Brahma</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tattvavada" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvavada">Tattvavada</a> or (<a href="/wiki/Dvaita" class="mw-redirect" title="Dvaita">Dvaita</a>)), <a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintyabhedabheda</a>)</li></ul> <dl><dd>Others</dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ekasarana_Dharma" title="Ekasarana Dharma">Ekasarana Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanubhava" title="Mahanubhava">Mahanubhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranami_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Pranami Sampraday">Pranami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radha_Vallabh_Sampradaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Radha Vallabh Sampradaya">Radha Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsnehi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsnehi">Ramsnehi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sant_Mat" title="Sant Mat">Sant Mat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Vaishnava-Sahajiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warkari" title="Warkari">Warkari</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Acharya" title="Acharya">Teachers—acharyas</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_Mahaprabhu" title="Chaitanya Mahaprabhu">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakradhar_Swami" title="Chakradhar Swami">Chakradhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu Dayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hith_Harivansh_Mahaprabhu" title="Hith Harivansh Mahaprabhu">Harivansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayatirtha" title="Jayatirtha">Jayatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiva_Goswami" title="Jiva Goswami">Jiva Goswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dnyaneshwar" title="Dnyaneshwar">Jñāneśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhavdev" title="Madhavdev">Madhavdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Manavala Mamunigal">Manavala Mamunigal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Namadeva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nammalvar" title="Nammalvar">Nammalvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathamuni" title="Nathamuni">Nathamuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nimbarka">Nimbarka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Srinivasacharya" title="Srinivasacharya">Srinivasacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmanabha_Tirtha" title="Padmanabha Tirtha">Padmanabha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pillai_Lokacharya" title="Pillai Lokacharya">Pillai Lokacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purandara_Dasa" title="Purandara Dasa">Purandara Dasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghuttama_Tirtha" title="Raghuttama Tirtha">Raghuttama Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghavendra_Tirtha" title="Raghavendra Tirtha">Raghavendra Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram_Charan_(guru)" title="Ram Charan (guru)">Ram Charan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramananda" title="Ramananda">Ramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravidas" title="Ravidas">Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyanatha_Tirtha" title="Satyanatha Tirtha">Satyanatha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabhinava_Tirtha" title="Satyabhinava Tirtha">Satyabhinava Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyabodha_Tirtha" title="Satyabodha Tirtha">Satyabodha Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadharma_Tirtha" title="Satyadharma Tirtha">Satyadharma Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyadhyana_Tirtha" title="Satyadhyana Tirtha">Satyadhyana Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samarth_Ramdas" title="Samarth Ramdas">Samarth Ramdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankardev" title="Sankardev">Sankardev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swaminarayan" title="Swaminarayan">Swaminarayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sripadaraja" title="Sripadaraja">Sripadaraja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukaram" title="Tukaram">Tukaram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulsidas" title="Tulsidas">Tulsidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallabha" title="Vallabha">Vallabha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidyapati" title="Vidyapati">Vidyapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnuswami" title="Vishnuswami">Vishnuswami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitthalanatha" title="Vitthalanatha">Viṭṭhalanātha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasatirtha" title="Vyasatirtha">Vyasatirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vadiraja_Tirtha" title="Vadiraja Tirtha">Vadiraja Tirtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamunacharya" title="Yamunacharya">Yamunacharya</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="padding-bottom:0; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related traditions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavatism" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagavatism">Bhagavatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaikhanasas" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaikhanasas">Vaikhanasas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pancharatra" title="Pancharatra">Pancharatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Tenkalai_("southern")_-_Manavala_Mamunigal" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Tenkalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Vaishnavism#Vadakalai_("northern")_-_Vedanta_Desika" title="Sri Vaishnavism">Vadakalai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munitraya_Sampradayam" class="mw-redirect" title="Munitraya Sampradayam">Munitraya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krishnaism" title="Krishnaism">Krishnaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagannath" title="Jagannath">Jagannathism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haridasa" title="Haridasa">Haridasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaishnava-Sahajiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava-Sahajiya">Sahajiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baul" title="Baul">Baul</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pushtimarg" class="mw-redirect" title="Pushtimarg">Pushtimarg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudiya_Vaishnavism" title="Gaudiya Vaishnavism">Gaudiya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Society_for_Krishna_Consciousness" title="International Society for Krishna Consciousness">ISKCON</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanandi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramanandi">Ramanandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapadi" title="Kapadi">Kapadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmikism" title="Balmikism">Balmiki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabir_panth" title="Kabir panth">Kabir panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dadu_Dayal" title="Dadu Dayal">Dadu panth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahanam_Sampraday" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahanam Sampraday">Mahanam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vaishnavism" title="Template talk:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vaishnavism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> text Garuda Purana is one of 18 <a href="/wiki/Mahapurana_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mahapurana (Hinduism)">Mahapuranas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908-1">[1]</a> The Garuda Purana was likely composed in the first millennium CE, with significant expansions and revisions occurring over several centuries. Scholars estimate that the earliest core might date back to between the 4th and 11th centuries CE, with substantial additions and modifications continuing into the 2nd millennium CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200191–92_with_note_4-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145-3">[3]</a> The Garuda Purana text, known in many versions, contains more than 15,000 verses.[<a href="/wiki/Category:All_self-contradictory_articles" title="Category:All self-contradictory articles">contradictory</a>]<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986175–178-4">[4]</a> Its chapters deal encyclopedically with a highly diverse collection of topics,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher198678–79-5">[5]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Mythology">mythology</a>, the relationship between gods, ethics, good versus evil, various <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy#Classifications" title="Hindu philosophy">schools of Hindu philosophies</a>, the theory of <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">yoga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heaven" title="Heaven">heaven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hell" title="Hell">hell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma" title="Karma">karma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">rebirth</a>, ancestral rites and other <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriological</a> topics; rivers and geography, types of minerals and stones, the testing of <a href="/wiki/Gem" class="mw-redirect" title="Gem">gems</a> for their quality, lists of plants and herbs,<a href="#cite_note-psensarma201-6">[6]</a> various diseases and their symptoms, various medicines, aphrodisiacs, and prophylactics; astronomy, astrology, the moon and planets, and the <a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu calendar</a> and its basis; architecture, home building, and the essential features of a <a href="/wiki/Hindu_temple" title="Hindu temple">Hindu temple</a>; rites of passage, charity and gift making, economy, thrift, the duties of a king, politics, and state officials and their roles and how to appoint them; and genres of literature and rules of grammar.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986175–178-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-rchazrasmp69-7">[7]</a> The final chapters discuss how to practice yoga (<a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a> types), personal development, and the benefits of self-knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma Purana</a> categorizes the Garuda Purana—along with the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu_Purana" title="Vishnu Purana">Vishnu Purana</a> and itself—as a <a href="/wiki/Sattva" title="Sattva">sattva</a> Purana (a Purana that represents goodness and purity).<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> The text, like all Mahapuranas, is attributed to the sage <a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a> in the Hindu tradition.<a href="#cite_note-Overing2003p209-9">[9]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> According to Pintchman, the text was composed sometime in the first millennium CE, but likely compiled and changed over a long period of time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200191–92_with_note_4-2">[2]</a> Gietz et al. place the first version of the text only between the fourth and eleventh centuries CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEK_P_Gietz1992871,_item_5003-10">[10]</a> Leadbeater states that the text is likely from about 900 CE, given that it includes chapters on <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a> techniques that likely developed later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeadbeater1927xi,_102-11">[11]</a> Other scholars suggest that the earliest core of the text may be from the first centuries of the common era, and additional chapters were added thereafter through the sixth century or later.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986177-12">[12]</a> The version of the Garuda Purana that survives into the modern era, states Dalal, is likely from 800 to 1000 CE, with sections added in the 2nd millennium.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145-3">[3]</a> Pintchman suggests 850 to 1000 CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200181-13">[13]</a> Chaudhuri and Banerjee, as well as Hazra, on the other hand, state that it cannot be from before about the tenth or eleventh century CE.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986177-12">[12]</a> The text exists in many versions, with varying numbers of chapters and considerably different content.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986175–178-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Overing2003p209-9">[9]</a> Some Garuda Purana manuscripts have been known by the titles "Sauparna Purana" (mentioned in Bhagavata Purana section 12.13), "Tarksya Purana" (the Persian scholar <a href="/wiki/Al-Biruni" title="Al-Biruni">Al-Biruni</a> who visited India mentions this name), and "Vainateya Purana" (mentioned in Vayu Purana sections 2.42 and 104.8).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986175–178-4">[4]</a> The book Garudapuranasaroddhara, translated by Ernest Wood and SV Subrahmanyam, appeared in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986177–178-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1911-15">[15]</a> This, states <a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Ludo Rocher</a>, created major confusion because it was mistaken for the Garuda Purana, a misidentification first discovered by <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_Weber" title="Albrecht Weber">Albrecht Weber</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986177–178-14">[14]</a> Garuda-purana-saroddhara is actually the original <a href="/wiki/Bhasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhasya">bhasya</a> work (commentary) of Naunidhirama, which cites a section of the now nonexistent version of Garuda Purana as well as other Indian texts.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986177–178-14">[14]</a> The earliest translation of one version of the Garuda Purana, by <a href="/wiki/Manmatha_Nath_Dutt" title="Manmatha Nath Dutt">Manmatha Nath Dutt</a>, was published in the early twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908-1">[1]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Structure">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_on_Garuda._Delhi_National_Museum_01-06.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_on_Garuda._Delhi_National_Museum_01-06.jpg/220px-Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_on_Garuda._Delhi_National_Museum_01-06.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="369" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_on_Garuda._Delhi_National_Museum_01-06.jpg/330px-Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_on_Garuda._Delhi_National_Museum_01-06.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_on_Garuda._Delhi_National_Museum_01-06.jpg/440px-Vishnu_and_Lakshmi_on_Garuda._Delhi_National_Museum_01-06.jpg 2x" data-file-width="956" data-file-height="1603" /></a><figcaption>The text of the Garuda Purana revolves around the god <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, as recited by <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>. Above: Vishnu and Lakshmi on Garuda (Delhi National Museum).</figcaption></figure> The Garuda Purana is a <a href="/wiki/Vaishnava" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaishnava">Vaishnava</a> Purana and has, according to the tradition, 19,000 shlokas (verses).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145-3">[3]</a> However, the manuscripts that have survived into the modern era have preserved about 8,000 verses.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145-3">[3]</a> These are divided into two parts: a Purvakhanda (early section) and an Uttarakhanda (later section, more often known as Pretakhanda or Pretakalpa<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986177-12">[12]</a>). The Purvakhanda contains about 229 chapters, but in some versions of the text this section has between 240–243 chapters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986175–178-4">[4]</a> The Uttarakhanda varies between 34 and 49 chapters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986175–178-4">[4]</a> The Venkatesvara Edition of the Purana has an additional Khanda named Brahmakhanda.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The Garuda Purana was likely fashioned after the <a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni Purana</a>, the other major medieval India encyclopedia that has survived.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986175–178-4">[4]</a> The text's structure is idiosyncratic, in that it is a medley, and does not follow the theoretical structure expected in a historic puranic genre of Indian literature.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986175–178-4">[4]</a> It is presented as information that <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a> (the man-bird vehicle of Vishnu) learned from Vishnu and then narrated to the sage <a href="/wiki/Kashyapa" title="Kashyapa">Kashyapa</a>, which then spread in the mythical forest of Naimisha to reach the sage Vyasa.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145-3">[3]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents:_Purvakhanda">Contents: Purvakhanda</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Contents: Purvakhanda">edit</a>]</div> The largest section (90%) of the text is Purvakhanda, which discusses a wide range of topics associated with life and living. The remaining is Pretakhanda, which deals primarily with rituals associated with death and cremation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986175–178-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cosmology">Cosmology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cosmology">edit</a>]</div> The cosmology presented in Garuda Purana revolves around <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lakshmi" title="Lakshmi">Lakshmi</a>, and it is their union that created the universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200181–83-17">[17]</a> Vishnu is the unchanging reality called <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>, while Lakshmi is the changing reality called <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">Maya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200181–83-17">[17]</a> The goddess is the material cause of the universe, the god acts to begin the process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200181–83-17">[17]</a> Like other Puranas, the cosmogenesis in Garuda Purana weaves the <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> theory of two realities—the <a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Purusha</a> (spirit) and <a href="/wiki/Prakriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Prakriti">Prakriti</a> (matter), the masculine and feminine—presented as interdependent, each playing a different but essential role to create the observed universe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200181–83,_88–89-18">[18]</a> Goddess Lakshmi is the creative power of Prakriti, the cosmic seed and the source of creation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200181–83,_88–89-18">[18]</a> God Vishnu is the substance of Purusha, the soul and the constant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200181–83,_88–89-18">[18]</a> Pintchman states that the masculine and the feminine are presented by the Garuda Purana as inseparable aspects of the same divine, metaphysical truth <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200181-13">[13]</a> Madan states that the Garuda Purana elaborates the repeatedly found theme in Hindu religious thought that the living body is a microcosm of the universe, governed by the same laws and made out of the same substances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadan1988356–357-19">[19]</a> All the gods are inside the human body; what is outside the body is present within it as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadan1988356–357-19">[19]</a> Body and cosmos, states Madan, are equated in this theme.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMadan1988356–357-19">[19]</a> Vishnu is presented by the text as the supreme soul within the body.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Deity_worship">Deity worship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Deity worship">edit</a>]</div> The text describes Vishnu, Vaishnava festivals and <a href="/wiki/Puja_(Hinduism)" title="Puja (Hinduism)">puja</a> (worship), and offers mahatmya (a pilgrimage tour guide)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAriel_Glucklich2008146,_'''Quote:'''_The_earliest_promotional_works_aimed_at_tourists_from_that_era_were_called_''mahatmyas''-22">[22]</a> to Vishnu-related sacred places.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt190823–26,_33–34,_67–76,_102–105,_209–224-23">[23]</a> However, the Garuda Purana also includes significant sections with reverence for <a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaktism" title="Shaktism">Shakti</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Smarta_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Smarta Tradition">Smarta</a> traditions, including the <a href="/wiki/Panchayatana_puja" title="Panchayatana puja">Panchayatana puja</a> of Vishnu, Shiva, Durga, Surya (Sun), and Ganesha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt190847–50,_58–64,_90–98-24">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Features_of_a_temple">Features of a temple</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Features of a temple">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:64_grid_Manduka_design_Hindu_Temple_Floor_Plan_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_Ancient_Architecture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/64_grid_Manduka_design_Hindu_Temple_Floor_Plan_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_Ancient_Architecture.svg/220px-64_grid_Manduka_design_Hindu_Temple_Floor_Plan_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_Ancient_Architecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/64_grid_Manduka_design_Hindu_Temple_Floor_Plan_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_Ancient_Architecture.svg/330px-64_grid_Manduka_design_Hindu_Temple_Floor_Plan_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_Ancient_Architecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/64_grid_Manduka_design_Hindu_Temple_Floor_Plan_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_Ancient_Architecture.svg/440px-64_grid_Manduka_design_Hindu_Temple_Floor_Plan_Vastu_Purusa_Mandala_Ancient_Architecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="880" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption>The Garuda Purana describes an 8×8 (64) grid Hindu Temple floorplan in chapter 47 of the Purvakhanda.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908113–117-25">[25]</a></figcaption></figure> The Garuda Purana includes chapters on the architecture and design of a temple.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908113–117-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch197642,_132–134,_189,_237–241_of_Volume_1-26">[26]</a> It describes recommended layouts and dimensional ratios for design and construction. In the first design, it recommends that a plot of ground should be divided into a grid of 8×8 (64) squares, with the four innermost squares forming the chatuskon (<a href="/wiki/Adyton" title="Adyton">adytum</a>).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908113–117-25">[25]</a> The core of the temple, states the text, should be reachable through 12 entrances, and the walls of the temple raised touching the 48 of the squares.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908113–117-25">[25]</a> The height of the temple plinth should be based on the length of the platform, the vault in the inner sanctum should be co-extensive with adytum's length with the indents therein set at a third and a fifth ratio of the inner vault's chord.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908113–117-25">[25]</a> The arc should be half the height of pinnacle, and the text describes various ratios of the temple's exterior to the adytum, those within adytum and then that of the floor plan to the vimana (spire).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908113–117-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch197642,_132–134,_189,_237–241_of_Volume_1-26">[26]</a> The second design details a 16 square grid, with four inner squares (pada) for the adytum.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908113–117-25">[25]</a> The text thereafter presents the various ratios for the temple design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908113–117-25">[25]</a> The dimensions of the carvings and images on the walls, edifices, pillars and the <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a> are recommended by the text to be certain harmonic proportions of the layout (length of a pada), the adytum and the spire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908113–117-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch197642,_132–134,_189,_237–241_of_Volume_1-26">[26]</a> The text asserts that temples exist in many thematic forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908113–117-25">[25]</a> These include the bairaja (rectangle themed), puspakaksa (quadrilateral themed), kailasha (circular themed), malikahvaya (segments of sphere themed), and tripistapam (octagon themed).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908113–117-25">[25]</a> The text claims these five themes create 45 different styles of temples, from the Meru style to Shrivatsa style. Each thematic form of temple architecture permits nine styles of temples, and the Purana lists all 45 styles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908113–117-25">[25]</a> It also states that within these various temple styles, the inner edifice is best in five shapes: triangle, lotus-shaped, crescent, rectangular, and octagonal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908113–117-25">[25]</a> The text thereafter describes the design guidelines for the Mandapa and the Garbha Griha.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908113–117-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch197642,_132–134,_189,_237–241_of_Volume_1-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKramrisch1976340–344,_412,_423–424_with_footnotes_of_Volume_2-27">[27]</a> The temple design, states Jonathan Parry, follows the homology at the foundation of Hindu thought, that the cosmos and body are harmonious correspondence of each other; the temple is a model and reminder of this cosmic homology.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gemology">Gemology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Gemology">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Gems: how to buy them? <div class="poem"> First the shape, color, defects or excellences of a gem should be carefully tested and then its price should be ascertained in consultation with a gem expert who has studied all the books dealing with the precious stones. </div> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Garuda Purana, Purvakhanda, chapter 68 (translator: MN Dutt)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908181-29">[29]</a></cite> </div> The Garuda Purana describes 14 gems, their varieties, and how to test their quality.<a href="#cite_note-rchazrasmp69-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908180–205-30">[30]</a> The gems discussed include <a href="/wiki/Ruby" title="Ruby">ruby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pearl" title="Pearl">pearl</a>, yellow <a href="/wiki/Sapphire" title="Sapphire">sapphire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hessonite" class="mw-redirect" title="Hessonite">hessonite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diamond" title="Diamond">diamond</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chrysoberyl" title="Chrysoberyl">cats eye</a>, blue sapphire, <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">coral</a>, red <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jade" title="Jade">jade</a>, colorless <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heliotrope_(mineral)" title="Heliotrope (mineral)">bloodstone</a>. The technical discussion of gems in the text is woven with its theories on the mythical creation of each gem, astrological significance, and talisman benefits.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908180–205-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> The text describes the characteristics of the gems, how to clean and make jewelry from them, and cautions that gem experts should be consulted before buying them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908181,_190–191-32">[32]</a> For example, it describes using jamvera fruit juice (contains <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">lime</a>) mixed with boiled rice starch in order to clean and soften pearls, then piercing them to make holes for jewelry.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908181,_190–191-32">[32]</a> A sequential vitanapatti method of cleaning, states the text—wherein the pearls are cleaned with hot water, wine, and milk—gives the best results.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908181,_190–191-32">[32]</a> It also describes a friction test by which pearls should be examined.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908181,_190–191-32">[32]</a> Similar procedures and tests are described for emerald, jade, diamonds, and all other gems included in the text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908180–205-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Laws_of_virtue">Laws of virtue</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Laws of virtue">edit</a>]</div> Chapter 93 of the Garuda Purvakhanda presents sage Yajnavalkya's theory on laws of virtue. The text asserts that knowledge is condensed in the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a>, in texts of different schools of philosophy such as <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mimamsa" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa">Mimamsa</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Shastra" title="Shastra">Shastras</a> on <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a>, on making money and temporal sciences written by 14 holy sages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908260–262-33">[33]</a> Thereafter, through Yajnavalkya, the text presents its laws of virtue. The first one it lists is <a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">dāna</a> (charity), which it defines as: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">A gift, made at a proper time and place, to a deserving person, in a true spirit of compassionate sympathy, carries the merit of all sorts of pious acts.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Garuda Purana, chapter 93<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908261-34">[34]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The text similarly discusses the following virtues—right conduct, <a href="/wiki/Temperance_(virtue)#Hinduism" title="Temperance (virtue)">damah</a> (self-restraint), <a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">ahimsa</a> (non-killing, non-violence in actions, words, and thoughts), studying the <a href="/wiki/Veda" class="mw-redirect" title="Veda">Vedas</a>, and performing <a href="/wiki/Sanskara_(rite_of_passage)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskara (rite of passage)">rites of passage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908261–265-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-sternbachp315-36">[36]</a> The text presents different set of diet and rites of passage rules based on the class and stage of life of a person.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908261–265-35">[35]</a> .<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908261–265-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-sternbachp315-36">[36]</a> In one version of the Garuda Purana, these chapters on laws of virtue are borrowed from and duplicates of nearly 500 verses found in the <a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya_Smriti" class="mw-redirect" title="Yajnavalkya Smriti">Yajnavalkya Smriti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sternbachp315-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> The various versions of Garuda Purana show significant variations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986175–178-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Overing2003p209-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-sternbachp315-36">[36]</a> The Garuda Purana asserts that the highest and most imperative religious duty is to introspect into one's own soul, seeking self-communion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908261-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethics_(Nityaachaara)">Ethics (Nityaachaara)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ethics (Nityaachaara)">edit</a>]</div> The chapter 108 and thereafter, present Garuda Purana's theories on Nityaachaara (नित्याचार, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'ethics and right conduct') towards others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908315–352-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-sternbachp315-36">[36]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> Quit the country where you can find neither friends nor pleasures, nor in which there is any knowledge to be gained. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Garuda Purana, chapter 109<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908320-39">[39]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Ethics <div class="poem"> Little by little a man should acquire learning. Little by little a mountain should be climbed. Little by little desires should be gratified. </div> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Garuda Purana, Purvakhanda, chapter 109 (translator: MN Dutt)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908323-40">[40]</a></cite> </div> The Garuda Purana asserts: save money for times of distress, but be willing to give it up all to save your wife.<a href="#cite_note-sternbachp315-36">[36]</a> It is prudent to sacrifice oneself to save a family, and it is prudent to sacrifice one family to save a village.<a href="#cite_note-sternbachp315-36">[36]</a> It is prudent to save a country if left with a choice to save the country or a village.<a href="#cite_note-sternbachp315-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908319-41">[41]</a> Yet, in verses that follow, it says a man should renounce that country whose inhabitants champion prejudice, and forgo the friend who he discovers to be deceitful.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908319-41">[41]</a> The text cautions against application of knowledge which is wedded to meanness, against pursuit of physical beauty without ennobling mind, and against making friends with those who abandon their dear ones in adversity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908319-41">[41]</a> It is the nature of all living beings to pursue one's own self-interest.<a href="#cite_note-sternbachp315-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908319-41">[41]</a> Yet, do not acquire wealth through vicious means or by bowing down to your enemies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908320-39">[39]</a> The text also asserts that: men of excellence live with honest means, are true to their wives, pass their time in intellectual pursuits and are hospitable to newcomers.<a href="#cite_note-sternbachp315-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908319-41">[41]</a> Eternal are the rewards when one weds one's knowledge with noble nature, deep is the friendship roused by connection of the soul.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908326-42">[42]</a> The discussion on ethics is mixed in other chapters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908336–345,_'''Quote:'''_Nobody_is_nobody's_friend._Nobody_is_nobody's_enemy._Friendship_and_enmity_is_bounded_by_a_distinct_chain_of_cause_and_effect_(self-interest)._–_Chapter_114_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908336–345,_'''Quote:'''_Nobody_is_nobody's_friend._Nobody_is_nobody's_enemy._Friendship_and_enmity_is_bounded_by_a_distinct_chain_of_cause_and_effect_(self-interest)._–_Chapter_114-43">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Good_government">Good government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Good government">edit</a>]</div> Governance is part of the Neeti Shaastra section of the Garuda Purana, and this section influenced later Indian texts on politics and economy.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> The Purvakhanda, from chapter 111 onwards, describes the characteristics of a good king and good government.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908328–347-45">[45]</a> Dharma should guide the king, the rule should be based on truth and justice, and he must protect the country from foreign invaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908328-46">[46]</a> Taxation should be bearable, never cause hardship on the merchants or taxpayers, and should be similar in style to one used by the florist who harvests a few flowers without uprooting the plants and while sustaining the future crops.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908328-46">[46]</a> A good government advances order and prosperity for all.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908328-46">[46]</a> A stable king is one whose kingdom is prosperous, whose treasury is full, and who never chastises his ministers or servants.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908329–330-47">[47]</a> He secures services from the qualified, honest and virtuous, rejects the incapable, wicked and malicious, states chapter 113.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908333–335-48">[48]</a> A good government collects taxes like a bee collecting honey from all the flowers when ready and without draining any flower.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908333–335-48">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medicine_(Dhanvantari_Samhita)">Medicine (Dhanvantari Samhita)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Medicine (Dhanvantari Samhita)">edit</a>]</div> Chapters 146–218 of the Purvakhanda present the Dhanvantari Samhita, its treatise on medicine.<a href="#cite_note-susmitapande844-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908422–676-50">[50]</a> The opening verses assert that the text describes the pathology, pathogeny, and symptoms of all diseases studied by ancient sages, in terms of its causes, incubation stage, manifestation in full form, amelioration, location, diagnosis, and treatment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908422–423-51">[51]</a> Parts of the pathology and medicine-related chapters of Garuda Purana, states Ludo Rocher, are similar to Nidanasthana of Vagbhata's Astangahridaya, and these two may be different manuscript recensions of the same underlying but now lost text.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986177-12">[12]</a> Susmita Pande states that other chapters of Garuda Purana, such as those on nutrition and diet to prevent diseases, are similar to those found in the more ancient Hindu text <a href="/wiki/Sushruta_Samhita" title="Sushruta Samhita">Sushruta Samhita</a>.<a href="#cite_note-susmitapande844-49">[49]</a> The text includes various lists of diseases, agricultural products, herbs, and formulations with claims to medicinal value.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908422–676-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-susmitapande844-49">[49]</a> For example, chapters 202 and 227 of the Purvakhanda list Sanskrit names of over 450 plants and herbs, along with claims to their nutritional or medicinal value.<a href="#cite_note-psensarma201-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908698–705-52">[52]</a> <dl><dt>Veterinary science</dt></dl> The chapter 201 of the text presents veterinary diseases of horses and their treatment.<a href="#cite_note-psensarmajse83-53">[53]</a> The verses describe various types of <a href="/wiki/Ulcer" title="Ulcer">ulcers</a> and cutaneous infections in horses, and 42 herbs for veterinary care formulations.<a href="#cite_note-psensarmajse83-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908693–697-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Yoga_(Brahma_Gita)">Yoga (Brahma Gita)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Yoga (Brahma Gita)">edit</a>]</div> The last ten chapters of the Purvakhanda are dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a>, and are sometimes referred to as the Brahma Gita.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145-3">[3]</a> This section is notable for references to Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Dattatreya" title="Dattatreya">Dattatreya</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">guru</a> of Ashtang (eight-limbed) Yoga.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="; color: #202122;background-color: #FFE0BB;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a> is Oneness <div class="poem"> The Yogins, through Yoga, realise their being with the supreme Brahman. Realization of this is called Mukti. </div> </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Garuda Purana, Purvakhanda, chapter 235 (abridged, translator: MN Dutt)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908747-56">[56]</a></cite> </div> The text describes a variety of <a href="/wiki/Asana" title="Asana">asanas</a> (postures), then adds that the postures are means, not the goal.<a href="#cite_note-bryantysp284-57">[57]</a> The goal of Yoga is meditation, <a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">samadhi</a>, and self-knowledge.<a href="#cite_note-bryantysp284-57">[57]</a> Ian Whicher states that the Garuda Purana in chapter 229 recommends using saguna Vishnu (with form like a <a href="/wiki/Murti" title="Murti">murti</a>) in the early stages of Yoga meditation to help concentration and draw in one's attention with the help of the gross form of the object. After this has been mastered, states the text, the meditation should shift from saguna to nirguna, unto the subtle, abstract formless Vishnu within, with the help of a guru (teacher).<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> These ideas of Garuda Purana were influential, and were cited by later texts such as in verse 3.3 of the 17th-century Arthabodhini.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents:_Pretakhanda">Contents: Pretakhanda</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contents: Pretakhanda">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Last Goodbye <div class="poem"> Go forth, go forth upon those ancient pathways, By which your former fathers have departed. Thou shalt behold god Varuna, and Yama, both kings, in funeral offerings rejoicing. Unite thou with the Fathers and with Yama, with istapurta in the highest heaven. Leaving behind all blemish homeward return, United with thine own body, full of vigor. </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a> 10.14, Yama Suktam (abridged) (the cremation hymn in Garuda Purana)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908305–306-60">[60]</a> (translator: Mariasusai Dhavamony)<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The second section of the text, also known as Uttarakhanda and Pretakalpa, includes chapters on funeral rites and life after death. This section was commented upon by Navanidhirama in his publication Garuda Purana Saroddhara, which was translated by Wood and Subramanyam in 1911.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood1911-15">[15]</a> The text specifies the following for last rites: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> A dead child, who died before completing his second year, should be buried instead of being cremated, and no sort of Sraddha or Udaka-kriya is necessary. The friends or relatives of a child, dead after completing its second year of life, shall carry its corpse to the cremation ground and exhume it in fire by mentally reciting the Yama Suktam. <div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Rigveda 10.14, Garuda Purana<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908305–306-60">[60]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The Pretakhanda is the second and minor part of Garuda Purana. Rocher states that it is "entirely unsystematic work" presented with motley confusion and many repetitions in the Purana, dealing with "death, the dead and beyond".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986178-62">[62]</a> <a href="/wiki/Monier_Monier-Williams" title="Monier Monier-Williams">Monier Monier-Williams</a> wrote in 1891 that portions of verses recited at cremation funerals are perhaps based on this relatively modern section of the Garuda Purana, but added that Hindu funeral practices do not always agree with guidance in the Garuda Purana.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> Three quite different versions of the Pretakhanda of the Garuda Purana are known, and the variation between the chapters, states Jonathan Parry, is enormous.<a href="#cite_note-Overing2003p209-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145-3">[3]</a> The Pretakhanda also talks in details about the various types of hell and the sins that can lead one into them. It gives a detailed description of what a soul goes through after death, having met the <a href="/wiki/Yamaduta" title="Yamaduta">yamaduta</a> and the journey to <a href="/wiki/Naraka" title="Naraka">naraka</a> in the year following the death.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contents:_Brahmakhanda">Contents: Brahmakhanda</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Contents: Brahmakhanda">edit</a>]</div> Available only in the Venkateswara Edition of the Garuda Purana, the Brahmakhanda has 29 chapters in the form of an interlocution between <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Garuda" title="Garuda">Garuda</a>, on the supremacy of <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a>, the nature and form of other gods, and the description of the shrine of <a href="/wiki/Venkateswara" title="Venkateswara">Venkateshvara</a> at <a href="/wiki/Tirupati" title="Tirupati">Tirupati</a> and other Tirthas there.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> While speaking about the supremacy of Vishnu and the nature of other gods, it criticises some of the Advaitic doctrines (like <a href="/wiki/Upadhi" title="Upadhi">Upadhi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maya_(religion)" title="Maya (religion)">Maya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Avidya_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Avidya (Hinduism)">Avidya</a>)<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> and upholds the doctrine of <a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a>'s school;<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> a distinctive feature which is scarcely observed in any other Purana. The form and the contents of this section prove its later origin, a fact further substantiated by the absence of any reference to this section in other Puranas such as the <a href="/wiki/Narada_Purana" class="mw-redirect" title="Narada Purana">Narada Purana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha_Purana" title="Ganesha Purana">Ganesha Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda Purana</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908_1-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPintchman200191–92_with_note_4-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman200191–92_with_note_4_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPintchman200191–92_with_note_4_2-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPintchman2001">Pintchman 2001</a>, pp. 91–92 with note 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145_3-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145_3-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDalal2014145_3-7">h</a> <a 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href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, pp. 78–79. </li> <li id="cite_note-psensarma201-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psensarma201_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psensarma201_6-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px 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Gopinatha Rao (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MJD-KresBwIC">Elements of Hindu iconography</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1316582299" title="Special:BookSources/978-1316582299"><bdi>978-1316582299</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Death+and+the+Regeneration+of+Life&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-1316582299&rft.au=Maurice+Bloch&rft.au=Jonathan+Parry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY8LLCgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908181-29"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908181_29-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908180–205-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908180–205_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908180–205_30-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908180–205_30-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, pp. 180–205. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_S._Brown2008" class="citation book cs1">Richard S. 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Asiatic Society of Bombay: 342.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Asiatic+Society&rft.atitle=The+Parasariya+Dharma+Sastra&rft.volume=XXII&rft.pages=342&rft.date=1908&rft.au=S+Vithal&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8W0oAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908315–352-38"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908315–352_38-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, pp. 315–352. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908320-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908320_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908320_39-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, p. 320. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908323-40"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908323_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908319-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908319_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908319_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908319_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908319_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908319_41-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, p. 319. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908326-42"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908326_42-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, p. 326. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908336–345,_'''Quote:'''_Nobody_is_nobody's_friend._Nobody_is_nobody's_enemy._Friendship_and_enmity_is_bounded_by_a_distinct_chain_of_cause_and_effect_(self-interest)._–_Chapter_114-43"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908336–345,_'''Quote:'''_Nobody_is_nobody's_friend._Nobody_is_nobody's_enemy._Friendship_and_enmity_is_bounded_by_a_distinct_chain_of_cause_and_effect_(self-interest)._–_Chapter_114_43-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, pp. 336–345, Quote: Nobody is nobody's friend. Nobody is nobody's enemy. Friendship and enmity is bounded by a distinct chain of cause and effect (self-interest). – Chapter 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNarayana_(Transl:_A_Haskar)1998" class="citation book cs1">Narayana (Transl: A Haskar) (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1n-qUeM4SIUC">Hitopadesa</a>. Penguin Books. p. xiv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0144000791" title="Special:BookSources/978-0144000791"><bdi>978-0144000791</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitopadesa&rft.pages=xiv&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0144000791&rft.au=Narayana+%28Transl%3A+A+Haskar%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1n-qUeM4SIUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908328–347-45"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908328–347_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, pp. 328–347. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908328-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908328_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908328_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908328_46-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, p. 328. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908329–330-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908329–330_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, pp. 329–330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908333–335-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908333–335_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908333–335_48-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, pp. 333–335. </li> <li id="cite_note-susmitapande844-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-susmitapande844_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-susmitapande844_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-susmitapande844_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSusmita_Pande2008" class="citation book cs1">Susmita Pande (2008). Vinod Chandra Srivastava (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FvjZVwYVmNcC&pg=PA844">History of Agriculture in India</a>. Concept. pp. 844–845. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-521-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-521-6"><bdi>978-81-8069-521-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Agriculture+in+India&rft.pages=844-845&rft.pub=Concept&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-521-6&rft.au=Susmita+Pande&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFvjZVwYVmNcC%26pg%3DPA844&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908422–676-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908422–676_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908422–676_50-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, pp. 422–676. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908422–423-51"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908422–423_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, pp. 422–423. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908698–705-52"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908698–705_52-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, pp. 698–705. </li> <li id="cite_note-psensarmajse83-53">^ <a href="#cite_ref-psensarmajse83_53-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-psensarmajse83_53-1">b</a> P Sensarma (1989), Herbal Veterinary Medicines in an ancient Sanskrit Work - The Garuda Purana, Journal of Society of Ethnobotanists, Volumes 1–4, pages 83-88 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908693–697-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908693–697_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, pp. 693–697. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonio_Rigopoulos1998" class="citation book cs1">Antonio Rigopoulos (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ZM-BlvaqAf0C">Dattatreya: The Immortal Guru, Yogin, and Avatara: A Study of the Transformative and Inclusive Character of a Multi-faceted Hindu Deity</a>. State University of New York Press. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791436967" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791436967"><bdi>978-0791436967</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dattatreya%3A+The+Immortal+Guru%2C+Yogin%2C+and+Avatara%3A+A+Study+of+the+Transformative+and+Inclusive+Character+of+a+Multi-faceted+Hindu+Deity&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0791436967&rft.au=Antonio+Rigopoulos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZM-BlvaqAf0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908747-56"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908747_56-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, p. 747. </li> <li id="cite_note-bryantysp284-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bryantysp284_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bryantysp284_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwin_Francis_BryantPatañjali2009" class="citation book cs1">Edwin Francis Bryant; Patañjali (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yogastrasofpataj0000brya">The Yoga sūtras of Patañjali</a>. North Point Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/yogastrasofpataj0000brya/page/284">284</a>–285, 314. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0865477360" title="Special:BookSources/978-0865477360"><bdi>978-0865477360</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yoga+s%C5%ABtras+of+Pata%C3%B1jali&rft.pages=284-285%2C+314&rft.pub=North+Point+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0865477360&rft.au=Edwin+Francis+Bryant&rft.au=Pata%C3%B1jali&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fyogastrasofpataj0000brya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIan_Whicher1998" class="citation book cs1">Ian Whicher (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Qo9K9hPvQgC">The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga</a>. State University of New York Press. p. 369. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791438152" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791438152"><bdi>978-0791438152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Integrity+of+the+Yoga+Darsana%3A+A+Reconsideration+of+Classical+Yoga&rft.pages=369&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0791438152&rft.au=Ian+Whicher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Qo9K9hPvQgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerald_James_LarsonKarl_H._Potter2008" class="citation book cs1">Gerald James Larson; Karl H. 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Motilal Banarsidass. p. 349. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8120833494" title="Special:BookSources/978-8120833494"><bdi>978-8120833494</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Indian+Philosophies%3A+Yoga%3A+India%27s+philosophy+of+meditation&rft.pages=349&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-8120833494&rft.au=Gerald+James+Larson&rft.au=Karl+H.+Potter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp6pURGdBBmIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDutt1908305–306-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908305–306_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDutt1908305–306_60-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDutt1908">Dutt 1908</a>, pp. 305–306. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMariasusai_Dhavamony1999" class="citation book cs1">Mariasusai Dhavamony (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=58UZWWzqglMC&pg=PA208">Hindu Spirituality</a>. Gregorian University Press. p. 270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8876528187" title="Special:BookSources/978-8876528187"><bdi>978-8876528187</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hindu+Spirituality&rft.pages=270&rft.pub=Gregorian+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8876528187&rft.au=Mariasusai+Dhavamony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D58UZWWzqglMC%26pg%3DPA208&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERocher1986178-62"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERocher1986178_62-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocher1986">Rocher 1986</a>, p. 178. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Monier Monier-Williams (1891), Brahmanism and Hinduism, 4th edition, Macmillan & Co, p. 288 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> The Garuda Purana by Earnest Wood and S.V. Subrahmanyam (1911), Chapter 2: An Account of the Ways of Yama, 2019 edition, Global Grey publication </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garuda-purana-part-3-ancient-indian-tradition-and-mythology/page/952/mode/2up?view=theater">"Garuda Purana Part 3 Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Garuda+Purana+Part+3+Ancient+Indian+Tradition+and+Mythology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaruda-purana-part-3-ancient-indian-tradition-and-mythology%2Fpage%2F952%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garuda-purana-part-3-ancient-indian-tradition-and-mythology/page/966/mode/2up?view=theater">"Garuda Purana Part 3 Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Garuda+Purana+Part+3+Ancient+Indian+Tradition+and+Mythology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaruda-purana-part-3-ancient-indian-tradition-and-mythology%2Fpage%2F966%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garuda-purana-part-3-ancient-indian-tradition-and-mythology/page/1060/mode/2up?view=theater">"Garuda Purana Part 3 Ancient Indian Tradition and Mythology"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Garuda+Purana+Part+3+Ancient+Indian+Tradition+and+Mythology&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgaruda-purana-part-3-ancient-indian-tradition-and-mythology%2Fpage%2F1060%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/naradapuranaeng041952ocrmotilalbanasirdass/page/n73/mode/2up?view=theater">"Narada Purana ENG 04 1952 OCR Motilal Banasirdass"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Narada+Purana+ENG+04+1952+OCR+Motilal+Banasirdass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnaradapuranaeng041952ocrmotilalbanasirdass%2Fpage%2Fn73%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fview%3Dtheater&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDalal2014" class="citation book cs1">Dalal, Rosen (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DH0vmD8ghdMC">Hinduism: An Alphabetical Guide</a>. Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8184752779" title="Special:BookSources/978-8184752779"><bdi>978-8184752779</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hinduism%3A+An+Alphabetical+Guide&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-8184752779&rft.aulast=Dalal&rft.aufirst=Rosen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDH0vmD8ghdMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDutt1908" class="citation book cs1">Dutt, Manmatha Nath (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/garudapuranam00duttgoog#page/n4/mode/2up">The Garuda Puranam</a>. SRIL, Calcutta (archived by Harvard University Library).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garuda+Puranam&rft.pub=SRIL%2C+Calcutta+%28archived+by+Harvard+University+Library%29&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Dutt&rft.aufirst=Manmatha+Nath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgarudapuranam00duttgoog%23page%2Fn4%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFK_P_Gietz1992" class="citation book cs1">K P Gietz; et al. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kgpLBpUCufwC&pg=PA870">Epic and Puranic Bibliography (Up to 1985) Annoted and with Indexes: Part I: A - R, Part II: S - Z, Indexes</a>. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03028-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-447-03028-1"><bdi>978-3-447-03028-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Epic+and+Puranic+Bibliography+%28Up+to+1985%29+Annoted+and+with+Indexes%3A+Part+I%3A+A+-+R%2C+Part+II%3A+S+-+Z%2C+Indexes&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-447-03028-1&rft.au=K+P+Gietz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkgpLBpUCufwC%26pg%3DPA870&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAriel_Glucklich2008" class="citation book cs1">Ariel Glucklich (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KtLScrjrWiAC">The Strides of Vishnu : Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective: Hindu Culture in Historical Perspective</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-971825-2"><bdi>978-0-19-971825-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strides+of+Vishnu+%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective%3A+Hindu+Culture+in+Historical+Perspective&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-971825-2&rft.au=Ariel+Glucklich&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKtLScrjrWiAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKramrisch1976" class="citation book cs1">Kramrisch, Stella (1976). The Hindu Temple, Volume 1 & 2. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0223-3" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0223-3"><bdi>81-208-0223-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hindu+Temple%2C+Volume+1+%26+2&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=81-208-0223-3&rft.aulast=Kramrisch&rft.aufirst=Stella&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPintchman2001" class="citation book cs1">Pintchman, Tracy (2001). Seeking Mahadevi: Constructing the Identities of the Hindu Great Goddess. State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791450086" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791450086"><bdi>978-0791450086</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Seeking+Mahadevi%3A+Constructing+the+Identities+of+the+Hindu+Great+Goddess&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0791450086&rft.aulast=Pintchman&rft.aufirst=Tracy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeadbeater1927" class="citation book cs1">Leadbeater, Charles Webster (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chakras00lead">The Chakras</a>. Theosophical Publishing House (Reprinted 1972, 1997). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0422-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0422-2"><bdi>978-0-8356-0422-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Chakras&rft.pub=Theosophical+Publishing+House+%28Reprinted+1972%2C+1997%29&rft.date=1927&rft.isbn=978-0-8356-0422-2&rft.aulast=Leadbeater&rft.aufirst=Charles+Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchakras00lead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMadan1988" class="citation book cs1">Madan, T. N. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1_qMH9PY9fQC">Way of Life: King, Householder, Renouncer : Essays in Honour of Louis Dumont</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0527-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0527-9"><bdi>978-81-208-0527-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Way+of+Life%3A+King%2C+Householder%2C+Renouncer+%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+Louis+Dumont&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0527-9&rft.aulast=Madan&rft.aufirst=T.+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_qMH9PY9fQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocher1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ludo_Rocher" title="Ludo Rocher">Rocher, Ludo</a> (1986). The Puranas. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3447025225" title="Special:BookSources/978-3447025225"><bdi>978-3447025225</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Puranas&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz+Verlag&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-3447025225&rft.aulast=Rocher&rft.aufirst=Ludo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood1911" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Ernest and SV Subrahmanyam (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/garuapurasroddh00subrgoog#page/n8/mode/2up">The Garuda Purana Saroddhara (of Navanidhirama)</a>. SN Vasu (Reprinted by AMS Press, 1974). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-404578098" title="Special:BookSources/0-404578098"><bdi>0-404578098</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Garuda+Purana+Saroddhara+%28of+Navanidhirama%29&rft.pub=SN+Vasu+%28Reprinted+by+AMS+Press%2C+1974%29&rft.date=1911&rft.isbn=0-404578098&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Ernest+and+SV+Subrahmanyam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fgaruapurasroddh00subrgoog%23page%2Fn8%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGaruda+Purana" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://m.youtube.com/watch?v=EJIN60068YI&feature=youtu.be">[1]</a> [The Translated garuda puranam in Tamil]</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-garuda-purana-dutt">The Garuda Purana, full English translation by Dutt, 1908</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pdffilez.com/garuda-purana-pdf-in-gujarati/">The Garuda Puran in English, Hindi and Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/hin/gpu/index.htm">The Garuda Purana Saroddhara of Navanidhirama</a>, Translated by Wood and Subrahmanyam, 1911, at <a href="/wiki/Sacred-texts.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred-texts.com">sacred-texts.com</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naradiya_Purana" title="Naradiya Purana">Naradiya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padma_Purana" title="Padma Purana">Padma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varaha_Purana" title="Varaha Purana">Varaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vayu_Purana" title="Vayu Purana">Vayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linga_Purana" title="Linga Purana">Linga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_Purana" title="Skanda Purana">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agni_Purana" title="Agni Purana">Agni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Purana" title="Matsya Purana">Matsya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurma_Purana" title="Kurma Purana">Kurma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Purana" title="Shiva Purana">Shiva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#FFC569;"><a href="/wiki/Upapurana" title="Upapurana">Upapurana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brihaddharma_Purana" title="Brihaddharma Purana">Brihaddharma</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sanat-kumara_Purana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sanat-kumara Purana (page does not exist)">Sanat-kumara Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganesha_Purana" title="Ganesha Purana">Ganesha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalki_Purana" title="Kalki Purana">Kalki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalika_Purana" title="Kalika Purana">Kalika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila_Purana" title="Kapila Purana">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudgala_Purana" title="Mudgala Purana">Mudgala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narasimha_Purana" title="Narasimha Purana">Narasimha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samba_Purana" title="Samba Purana">Samba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saura_Purana" title="Saura Purana">Saura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shivarahasya_Purana" title="Shivarahasya Purana">Shivarahasya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishnudharmottara_Purana" title="Vishnudharmottara Purana">Vishnudharmottara</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&oldid=1253959710">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Garuda_Purana&oldid=1253959710</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Puranas" title="Category:Puranas">Puranas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sanskrit_encyclopedias" title="Category:Sanskrit 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