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id="toc-Journalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Foreign influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Traditional culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Traditional_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Traditional culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Traditional_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pansori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pansori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pansori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pansori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chuseok" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chuseok"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Chuseok</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chuseok-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Seollal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Seollal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Seollal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Seollal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cellular_phones" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cellular_phones"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Cellular phones</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cellular_phones-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Video games subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Online_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Online games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_in_popularity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_in_popularity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Growth in popularity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_in_popularity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-PC_bangs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#PC_bangs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>PC bangs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-PC_bangs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Addiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Addiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Addiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Addiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.6</span> <span>Popular media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korean_food_and_food_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korean_food_and_food_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>South Korean food and food culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korean_food_and_food_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drinking_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drinking_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Drinking games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drinking_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Popular culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Popular culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-K-pop_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#K-pop_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>K-pop music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-K-pop_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noraebang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noraebang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Noraebang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noraebang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_popular_culture_outside_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_popular_culture_outside_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Korean popular culture outside Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_popular_culture_outside_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.4</span> <span>Film and television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-K-dramas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#K-dramas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.5</span> <span>K-dramas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-K-dramas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_animation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_animation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.6</span> <span>Korean animation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_animation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korean_comics_or_manhwa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korean_comics_or_manhwa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.7</span> <span>Korean comics or <i>manhwa</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korean_comics_or_manhwa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Webtoons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Webtoons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.8</span> <span>Webtoons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Webtoons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Culture of South Korea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 19 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-19" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">19 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%A9_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ثقافة كوريا الجنوبية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثقافة كوريا الجنوبية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A3_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE#সংস্কৃতি" title="দক্ষিণ কোরিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দক্ষিণ কোরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_de_Corea_del_Sur" title="Cultura de Corea del Sur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cultura de Corea del Sur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%87%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="فرهنگ در کره جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فرهنگ در کره جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Culture_de_la_Cor%C3%A9e_du_Sud" title="Culture de la Corée du Sud – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Culture de la Corée du Sud" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8C%80%ED%95%9C%EB%AF%BC%EA%B5%AD%EC%9D%98_%EB%AC%B8%ED%99%94" title="대한민국의 문화 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="대한민국의 문화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB%D5%B6_%D4%BF%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%AB_%D5%B4%D5%B7%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D5%A9" title="Հարավային Կորեայի մշակույթ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հարավային Կորեայի մշակույթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF" title="दक्षिण कोरिया की संस्कृति – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दक्षिण कोरिया की संस्कृति" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kebudayaan_Korea_Selatan" title="Kebudayaan Korea Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kebudayaan Korea Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%AE%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%97%E1%83%98_%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="სამხრეთი კორეის კულტურა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სამხრეთი კორეის კულტურა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%96%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%BE_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0" title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਕੋਰੀਆ ਦਾ ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੱਖਣੀ ਕੋਰੀਆ ਦਾ ਸਭਿਆਚਾਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%DB%8C_%D8%AB%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%81%D8%AA" title="جنوبی کوریا دی ثقافت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جنوبی کوریا دی ثقافت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7_%DA%A9%D9%84%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="د سويلي کوريا کلتور – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د سويلي کوريا کلتور" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cultura_da_Coreia_do_Sul" title="Cultura da Coreia do Sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cultura da Coreia do Sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%8F" title="Культура Республики Корея – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Культура Республики Корея" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%97" title="Культура Південної Кореї – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Культура Південної Кореї" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the culture of pre-division Korea, see <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Culture of Korea</a>. For the culture of the North, see <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">Culture of North Korea</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-top-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg/260px-Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg/390px-Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg/520px-Middle_Class_in_Joseon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Korea" title="Category:Korea">a series</a> on the</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa"><span class="wraplinks"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Culture of Korea</a></span></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea"><span style="color:#000000;">Society</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_diaspora" title="Korean diaspora">Diaspora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Korea" title="Names of Korea">Names of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Religion</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Arts and literature</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Painting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_dance" title="Korean dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_North_Korea" title="Cinema of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">South</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_literature" title="North Korean literature">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_literature" title="South Korean literature">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_poetry" title="Korean poetry">Poetry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Manhwa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Korea" title="Mass media in South Korea">Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_South_Korea" title="Television in South Korea">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">K-drama</a></li></ul></li> <li>Music <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Korea" title="Traditional music of Korea">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Korea" title="Music of North Korea">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theater_in_Korea" title="Theater in Korea">Theater</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Other</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Cuisine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">Kimchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">Banchan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_folklore" title="Korean folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_traditional_festivals" title="List of Korean traditional festivals">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_clothing" title="List of Korean clothing">Clothing</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hanbok" title="Hanbok">Hanbok</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Korean_mask" title="Korean mask">Tal</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Korea" title="Sport in Korea">Sports</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taekwondo" title="Taekwondo">Taekwondo</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_games_in_South_Korea" title="Video games in South Korea">Video games</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#E9E9E9;"> Symbols</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="font-size:95%;"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Arirang" title="Arirang">Arirang</a>"</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hibiscus_syriacus" title="Hibiscus syriacus">Mugunghwa</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paektu_Mountain" title="Paektu Mountain">Paektu Mountain</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aegukka" title="Aegukka">Aegukka</a>" <ul><li>North Korea</li></ul></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Aegukga" title="Aegukga">Aegukga</a>" <ul><li>South Korea</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_flags" title="List of Korean flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taegeuk" title="Taegeuk">Taegeuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_North_Korea" title="Emblem of North Korea">Emblem of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_South_Korea" title="Emblem of South Korea">Emblem of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea">World Heritage Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/100_Cultural_Symbols_of_Korea" title="100 Cultural Symbols of Korea">100 Cultural Symbols of Korea</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Culture_of_Korea" title="Template:Culture of Korea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Culture_of_Korea" title="Template talk:Culture of Korea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Culture_of_Korea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Culture of Korea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_history" title="Contemporary history">contemporary</a> <b>culture of South Korea</b> developed from the traditional <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">culture of Korea</a> which was prevalent in the early Korean nomadic tribes. By maintaining thousands of years of ancient Korean culture, with influence from ancient Chinese culture, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> split on its own path of cultural development away from <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">North Korean culture</a> since the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">division of Korea</a> in 1945. The <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">westernization</a> of South Korea, especially <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a>, have brought many changes to the way <a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Korean people</a> live. Changing <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">economics</a> and lifestyles have led to urbanization—a concentration of population in major cities (and depopulation of the rural countryside), with multi-<a href="/wiki/Generation" title="Generation">generational</a> households separating into <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_family" title="Nuclear family">nuclear family</a> living arrangements. Today, many cultural elements from South Korea, especially <a href="/wiki/Popular_culture" title="Popular culture">popular culture</a>, have spread across the globe and have become some of the most prominent cultural forces in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Korean literature</a> until 1948, then <a href="/wiki/North_Korean_literature" title="North Korean literature">North Korean literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_literature" title="South Korean literature">South Korean literature</a></div> <p>Prior to the 20th century, Korean literature was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Classical_Chinese" title="Classical Chinese">Classical Chinese</a> literature. <a href="/wiki/Chinese_calligraphy" title="Chinese calligraphy">Chinese calligraphy</a> was also extensively used by Koreans for over one thousand years in Korean literature. Modern literature is often linked with the development of <a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a>, which was created by the fourth king of <a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a> <a href="/wiki/Sejong_the_Great" title="Sejong the Great">Sejong the Great</a> and promulgated in the text <i><a href="/wiki/Hunminjeongeum" title="Hunminjeongeum">Hunminjeongeum</a></i>. The publication of the Korean alphabet in 1443 was a surprise to many as there are no records of King Sejong working on it, concluding that the king was doing it in secret.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This move was initially made to help spread literacy from the dominant scholarly-official class, the <a href="/wiki/Yangban" title="Yangban"><i>yangban</i></a>, to the common people— including women. Before the creation of Hangul, the common text being read was <a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a>, which are Chinese characters; only those from wealthy families who could afford an education were able to learn it. Furthermore, like any other language, Hanja was not able to capture the entire meaning of words that were spoken in Korean, so it was hard to decipher what citizens were attempting to say.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hangul, however, only reached a dominant position in Korean literature in the second half of the 19th century, resulting in a major growth in Korean literature. </p><p>In modern poetry, there were attempts at introducing <a href="/wiki/Imagist" class="mw-redirect" title="Imagist">imagist</a> and modern poetry methods particularly in translations of early American moderns such as <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a> and <a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a> in the early 20th century. In the early <a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">Republic period</a>, patriotic works were very successful. </p><p><a href="/wiki/20th_century_lyric_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="20th century lyric poetry">Lyric poetry</a> dominated from the 1970s onwards. <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a> is quite popular in contemporary South Korea, both in terms of number of works published and lay writing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Journalism">Journalism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Journalism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Korea" title="Mass media in South Korea">Mass media in South Korea</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=News_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="News in South Korea (page does not exist)">News in South Korea</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean_Newspapers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Korean_Newspapers.jpg/250px-Korean_Newspapers.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Korean_Newspapers.jpg/375px-Korean_Newspapers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Korean_Newspapers.jpg/500px-Korean_Newspapers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Korean newspapers</figcaption></figure> <p>South Korea has 10 main newspapers and 4 main broadcasters. Top daily newspapers are <a href="/wiki/The_Chosun_Ilbo" title="The Chosun Ilbo"><i>The Chosun Ilbo</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/JoongAng_Ilbo" title="JoongAng Ilbo"><i>JoongAng Ilbo</i></a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dong-A_Ilbo" title="The Dong-A Ilbo">The Dong-A Ilbo</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Hankyoreh" title="The Hankyoreh"><i>The Hankyoreh</i></a> is a left-leaning newspaper. <a href="/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System" title="Korean Broadcasting System">KBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation">MBC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Broadcasting_System" title="Seoul Broadcasting System">SBS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/YTN" title="YTN">YTN</a> are the main TV channels, and <a href="/wiki/Educational_Broadcasting_System" title="Educational Broadcasting System">EBS</a> is used for student and <a href="/wiki/Adult_education" title="Adult education">adult education</a>. </p><p>Other magazines are <a href="/wiki/K_Scene_Magazine" title="K Scene Magazine"><i>K Scene Magazine</i></a>, <i><a href="/wiki/JoongAng_Ilbo" title="JoongAng Ilbo">JoongAng Ilbo</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Yonhap_News_Agency" title="Yonhap News Agency">Yonhap News Agency</a>, and <i><a href="/wiki/OhmyNews" title="OhmyNews">OhmyNews</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Times" title="The Korea Times"><i>The Korea Times</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Korea_Herald" title="The Korea Herald"><i>The Korea Herald</i></a>, and <i>PRKorea Times</i> are English language newspapers for foreigners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Foreign_influences">Foreign influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Foreign influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>South Korea has for almost a millennium been significantly influenced by China as well as by various neighboring Asian countries to a lesser extent. In recent years, there has been some influence by the Western world, mostly in food. This has changed peoples' eating habits as well; many people now also eat <a href="/wiki/Western_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Western cuisine">Western</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Asian_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Asian food">Asian foods</a> in addition to traditional <a href="/wiki/Korean_food" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean food">Korean food</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pizza" title="Pizza">Pizza</a> is one of the favorite foreign foods among South Koreans, though it tends to differ from the pizza served in the west with an Asian tinge, often featuring <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">corn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sweet_potato" title="Sweet potato">sweet potato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mayonnaise" title="Mayonnaise">mayonnaise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgogi" title="Bulgogi">bulgogi</a> and various other ingredients. Many <a href="/wiki/Hamburger" title="Hamburger">hamburger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fried_chicken" title="Fried chicken">fried chicken</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a> chains are also very popular in South Korea. While tea remains a highly popular traditional drink, <a href="/wiki/Coffeehouse" title="Coffeehouse">Coffeehouses</a> operated by 12 major <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">brands</a> increased to up to 2,000 locations in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-joongangdaily_2925309_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-joongangdaily_2925309-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the term "coffice" (<span title="Korean-language romanization"><i lang="ko-Latn">keopiseu</i></span> 커피스)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was coined to describe using a cafe as an office.<sup id="cite_ref-Ben_Schott_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ben_Schott-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pop_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese pop culture">Japanese pop culture</a> was banned for decades in South Korea (though not effectively) reaching Korea by way of satellite television channels and youth culture films and magazines.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Back in the year 2000, South Korean youth were reading <a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">manga</a>, listening to <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock" title="Japanese rock">Japanese rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Japanese_rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rap">rap</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Fashion in Korea">fashion in Korea</a> shared similarities with <a href="/wiki/Japanese_street_fashion" title="Japanese street fashion">Japanese street fashion</a> trends from <a href="/wiki/Harajuku" title="Harajuku">Harajuku</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roppongi" title="Roppongi">Roppongi</a>. The ban on Japanese pop culture imports was lifted in 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Traditional_culture">Traditional culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Traditional culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pansori">Pansori</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Pansori"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pansori" title="Pansori">Pansori</a></div> <p>Pansori is a form of traditional musical art within Korea that dates back to the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1897),<sup id="cite_ref-ethno_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethno-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. WP:KO/RS (November 2024)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-unesco_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "pan" meaning an open space where individuals come to gather and "sori" meaning sound.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-unesco_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ethno_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethno-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pansori performances consist of a singer and a drummer, the singer sings out the story using special techniques that require years of training, and the drummer producing beats to help the story flow and also to support the singer.<sup id="cite_ref-ethno_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ethno-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of the audience are also encouraged to take part in the performance and support the singer. </p><p>The purpose of Pansori was to tell tales and stories to individuals who would take the time to listen since most stories range from three hours to eight or nine hours from start to finish. There are five traditional stories that are performed for audiences, but since pansori is mostly orally transmitted, there have been many stories lost throughout history. Each story contains a theme, whether it be about filial piety, love, or the sorrows of individuals releasing their "han". "Han" is an emotion within a person that is negative and usually is tied with grieving, regret, or resentment.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chuseok">Chuseok</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chuseok"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chuseok" title="Chuseok">Chuseok</a></div> <p>Chuseok, also known as Hangawi, comes from the agrarian era of Korean society, and is considered one of the biggest holidays for the Korean people.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historians believe Chuseok originated 2000 years ago, and was originally a festival that held a weaving competition.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chuseok is recognized as a public holiday, which allows for work to be suspended until the celebration is over.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The holiday is held on the 15th day of the 8th month of the Lunar calendar.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a celebration of the Korean peoples' ancestors and is used as a time to give thanks for a good farming season. Chuseok lasts for 3 days, and it is a time spent with family to eat tradition food and play tradition games.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Songpyeon" title="Songpyeon">Songpyeon</a> is traditionally eaten during this time, and is a rice cake that contains a filling.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Seollal">Seollal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Seollal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Seollal" class="mw-redirect" title="Seollal">Seollal</a></div> <p>Seollal, also known as the <a href="/wiki/Korean_New_Year" title="Korean New Year">Korean New Year</a>, is a holiday that marks the start of a new year on the Lunar calendar. The Korean New Year typically falls sometime in January or February. It is believed that Seollal originates from the 3rd century. Evidence of the first Korean New Year can be found in a document titled <a href="/wiki/Samguk_yusa" title="Samguk yusa">Samguk yusa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the Japanese colonization of Korea, Seollal was prohibited from being celebrated, but then became an official holiday sometime between 1945 and 1950.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seollal is now recognized as a public holiday, and work is suspended until the holiday has ended.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Seollal is a time for family members to honor their ancestors and spend quality time together. Korean ancestors are honored during this time through special rituals, and families get the opportunity to enjoy games and food together.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is very common for Korean people to celebrate Seollal by playing a game of <a href="/wiki/Yut" class="mw-redirect" title="Yut">Yut</a> Nori.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tteokguk" title="Tteokguk">Tteokguk</a>, or rice cake soup, is typically eaten during Seollal, and it is believed that one will turn a year older after eating the soup.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean architecture</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Architercture_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Architercture in South Korea (page does not exist)">Architercture in South Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Housing_in_South_Korea" title="Housing in South Korea">Housing in South Korea</a></div> <p>Korean architecture is characterized by naturalistic tendencies, simplicity, and economic feasibility of forms. Sharp angles, strong lines, steep planes, and brilliant colors are all avoided. It typically creates a quiet atmosphere.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology">Technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Technology_in_South_Korea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Technology in South Korea (page does not exist)">Technology in South Korea</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_robotics" title="South Korean robotics">South Korean robotics</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cellular_phones">Cellular phones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cellular phones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galaxy_Tab_wp_jeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Galaxy_Tab_wp_jeh.jpg/220px-Galaxy_Tab_wp_jeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Galaxy_Tab_wp_jeh.jpg/330px-Galaxy_Tab_wp_jeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Galaxy_Tab_wp_jeh.jpg/440px-Galaxy_Tab_wp_jeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2697" data-file-height="3515" /></a><figcaption>Samsung Galaxy Tab</figcaption></figure> <p>An estimated 98% of South Koreans own mobile phones and use them not only for calling and messaging but also for watching live TV, viewing websites and keeping track of their online gaming statuses. South Korean corporations include <a href="/wiki/Samsung" title="Samsung">Samsung</a> and <a href="/wiki/LG" title="LG">LG</a>. </p><p>Many South Korean phones feature TV broadcasting through Digital Multimedia Broadcasting (DMB), which now carries seven TV channels. Over one million DMB phones have been sold, and providers like <a href="/wiki/KT_(telecommunication_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="KT (telecommunication company)">KT</a> and <a href="/wiki/SK_Telecom" title="SK Telecom">SK Telecom</a> have provided coverage throughout many parts of major cities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>South Korea won the <a href="/wiki/LG_Mobile_World_Cup" title="LG Mobile World Cup">LG Mobile World Cup</a>, a texting competition run by <a href="/wiki/LG_Electronics" title="LG Electronics">LG Electronics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Video_games">Video games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean.culture-PC.bang-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Korean.culture-PC.bang-01.jpg/250px-Korean.culture-PC.bang-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Korean.culture-PC.bang-01.jpg/375px-Korean.culture-PC.bang-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Korean.culture-PC.bang-01.jpg/500px-Korean.culture-PC.bang-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Internet_caf%C3%A9" title="Internet café">Internet cafe</a> in Seoul</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Video_gaming_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Video gaming in South Korea">Video gaming in South Korea</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online_games">Online games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Online games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Korea has many e-sports athletes. As perceptions of games have changed, the Korean game market has grown in size and popularized. Korean companies are expected to spur the mobile e-sports industry, or m-sports. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Video games in South Korea have been growing in popularity since the mid-1980s, however it was not until the early 2000s that their popularity skyrocketed. Their sudden growth was due to immensely popular games, such as "Starcraft 2", "League Of Legends", and "Lineage II". Since then, the Gaming industry in South Korea has been steadily growing every year. Its projected market revenue for 2018 is US$10.5 billion.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_in_popularity">Growth in popularity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Growth in popularity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The introduction of those games in the early 2000s, as well as the introduction of several new international tournaments, like The World Cyber Games, Electronic Sports World Cup, and Major League Gaming, have allowed the video game industry to grow at a much faster rate. In these tournaments, competitive games would be played for large prizes, some being as much as US$1 million. The tournaments are very popular in South Korea, and attract a large viewership. Researchers have estimated that the eSports industry will reach US$1 billion in revenue by 2019.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="PC_bangs">PC bangs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: PC bangs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a> are very popular in South Korea, but not everyone is able to afford the <a href="/wiki/Gaming_PC" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaming PC">gaming PCs</a> necessary to play popular games. These high upfront costs have led to the growth of the "PC bang" industry. Translated as "PC room", PC bangs are public cafés that let customers play popular PC games on powerful, high-end computers at a low cost per hour. There are currently around 25,000 PC bangs in South Korea alone, with hourly rates that ranged from $0.44 to $1.30 per hour in 2007<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success of this low-cost model has led to the rise of PC bangs as a popular hangout spot among students, and they generally serve as a place to meet people with similar gaming interests.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Addiction">Addiction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Addiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As video gaming is becoming much more popular in South Korea, it also bring up worries of the welfare of the nation's youth. <a href="/wiki/Video_game_addiction" title="Video game addiction">Video game addiction</a> has been a concerning issue with in the South Korean government. Considerable amounts of funds have been invested into programs and campaigns to reduce this issue. One action that the government imposed was the "Shutdown Law". This law prevents anyone aged under 16 from playing online from times 10pm until 6am.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_media">Popular media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Popular media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/StarCraft" title="StarCraft">StarCraft</a></i>, the PC <a href="/wiki/Real-time_strategy" title="Real-time strategy">real-time strategy</a> game, was the most popular televised game in Korea.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (January 2016)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> Games are often broadcast on TV stations such as <a href="/wiki/MBCGame" class="mw-redirect" title="MBCGame">MBCGame</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ongamenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Ongamenet">Ongamenet</a>. These tournaments are usually broadcast live and have sizable crowds while they are recorded at shopping malls like COEX, in southeast Seoul. Professional StarCraft players can command considerable salaries in Korea, and are usually noted celebrities, such as <a href="/wiki/Lim_%22BoxeR%22_Yo-Hwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lim "BoxeR" Yo-Hwan">Lim "BoxeR" Yo-Hwan</a>. In recent years, professional video gaming in South Korea has branched out away from just Starcraft into a variety of different titles, including <i><a href="/wiki/Dota_2" title="Dota 2">Dota 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/League_of_Legends" title="League of Legends">League of Legends</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Starcraft_2" class="mw-redirect" title="Starcraft 2">Starcraft 2</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Battle_Ground" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle Ground">Battle Ground</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Overwatch_(video_game)" title="Overwatch (video game)">Overwatch</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_Korean_food_and_food_culture">South Korean food and food culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: South Korean food and food culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_cuisine" title="South Korean cuisine">South Korean cuisine</a></div> <p>Korean food, or hansik, is characterized by a clear distinction between the main dish (rice, noodles, etc.) and the side dish (called <a href="/wiki/Banchan" title="Banchan">banchan</a>), diverse recipes, a balanced mix of animal and plant products, and fermented foods.<sup id="cite_ref-:02_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Korean people have also believed that food and medicine share the same origin, following the adage that "food is the best medicine."<sup id="cite_ref-:02_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:02-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fermented foods are the core of Korean cooking. These foods are mostly referred to as "chang". This includes soy sauce (<a href="/wiki/Ganjang" class="mw-redirect" title="Ganjang">ganjang</a>). soybean paste (<a href="/wiki/Doenjang" title="Doenjang">doenjang</a>), red chilli soybean paste (<a href="/wiki/Gochujang" title="Gochujang">gochujang</a>). Green onion, garlic, and red chilli are also the foundations Korean cooking.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Kimchi" title="Kimchi">Kimchi</a></b></i> is one of South Korea's staple food, normally eaten as a side dish. Steamed rice with one to three side dishes (such as kimchi, more specifically baechan (cabbage)).<sup id="cite_ref-:12_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kimchi has its own fermented taste not just because of its health functionalities due to its ingredients but also by fermentation products that contribute taste, texture, quality, and health functionality, owing to its special fermentation process.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Sundubu-jjigae" title="Sundubu-jjigae">Sundubu-jjigae</a></b></i> can be described as a spicy Korean tofu stew. Unlike typical stews, it is not thick and heavy. It has a deep umami flavor, seasoned with fish sauce, garlic, scallions and mushrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Bibimbap" title="Bibimbap">Bibimbap</a></b></i> is a very colorful dish with various colorful vegetables and eggs, which are mixed with the addition of <i>gochujang</i> (red chili paste), making its texture very different from what it was in the beginning.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although bibimbap is usually served with meat, many Korean's eat bibimbap with only eggs as the source of protein in the simple rice dish.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Tteokbokki" title="Tteokbokki">Tteokbokki</a></b></i> (Korean rice cake dish) is also another very popular dish (street food) in South Korea. Historically, tteokbokki was considered a refined food that was eaten by nobles and members of the royal court. But in the wake of the Korean War in the 1950s, it transformed into a different kind of dish, made by boiling wheat flour cakes with fish cakes and vegetables in a red pepper sauce mixture. By the 1970s, it had become the people's snack, enjoyed by people from all walks of life.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><b><a href="/wiki/Budae-jjigae" title="Budae-jjigae">Budae-jjigae</a></b></i> is Korea's popular stew, originating during the Korean War. The base is similar to many traditional spicy Korean stews like soondubu or kimchi jjigae, which are usually made of anchovies, seaweed, and gochujang (Korean red pepper paste) steeped together. But its other ingredients set budae jjigae apart from its counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The stew includes spam, baked beans, hotdogs, and ramen noodles with green onions garnished on top.<sup id="cite_ref-:22_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:22-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drinking_games">Drinking games</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Drinking games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_alcoholic_beverages" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean alcoholic beverages">Korean alcoholic beverages</a></div> <p>In the drinking culture of South Korea often with a group of individuals, drinking games are played. These games begin during university orientation and continue to be played throughout life. A variety of games can be played within the group and can change with every coming round. The type of alcohol can vary, but more than likely <a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">soju</a>, a common Korean liquor, is used when the games are being played. Sometimes people mix <a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">soju</a> and beer and call it "So-Maek," so for <a href="/wiki/Soju" title="Soju">soju</a>, and Maek for <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a>, since <a href="/wiki/Beer" title="Beer">beer</a> is called "Maek-joo" in <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Popular_culture">Popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Korean_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean wave">Korean wave</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="K-pop_music">K-pop music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: K-pop music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></div> <p>Many Korean pop stars and groups are known throughout <a href="/wiki/East_Asia" title="East Asia">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. K-pop often features young performers. In the 1970s and 1980s, many musicians appeared, such as <a href="/wiki/Cho_Yong_Pil" class="mw-redirect" title="Cho Yong Pil">Cho Yong Pil</a>, a renowned musician from that period. He used many sources such as the <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a>. Among his influence, he is well known for popularizing <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock music</a>. The popularization of Korean pop music has come from many sources including, YouTube and other video streaming sources. With the growth of social media, it has helped with the expansion of K-pop outside of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dominant explanation of the global K-pop phenomenon is the "hybrid" view that advances an argument about the combined along with Korean, the Austronesian, Chinese, Japanese, and Indian cultures as a grand Asian Culture (AC) that increasingly countervails the previously dominant Western Culture (WC) as a whole (Chua, 2004). K-pop became one of Korea's top exporting industries with its rapid and widespread popularity around the world, particularly in the East. Korean popular culture has a timely commercial combination of (1) the global liberalization of music markets in Asia and more recently the rest of the world; and (2) the rapid advancement of digital technologies like YouTube which prefers to select and feature perfectly photogenic performers from all over the world, including Korean girl and boy bands (Oh, 391). </p><p>The emergence of the group <a href="/wiki/Seo_Taiji_and_Boys" title="Seo Taiji and Boys">Seo Taiji and Boys</a> in 1992 marked a turning point for Korean popular music by incorporating elements of American popular musical genres of the 1990s. To illustrate, their popularity was based on innovative hybridization of music as they creatively mixed the genres like rap, soul, rock and roll, techno, punk, hardcore and even ppongjjak, and invented a unique musical form which 'employs rap only during the verses, singing choruses in a pop style' with dynamic dance movements. They showed how Korean rap would sound. Consequently, Seo Taiji and Boys expanded the scope of K-pop.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2002, <a href="/wiki/BoA" title="BoA">BoA</a> became the first Korean pop star to break through in Japan following the fall of barriers that had restricted the import and export of entertainment between the countries since the end of World War II. For that reason, she was awarded the title of Goodwill Ambassador, and has since contributed to restoring the good relations between Japan and South Korea. </p><p>In addition, there is also traditional Korean pop music, or <a href="/wiki/Trot_(music)" title="Trot (music)">trot</a>. Appealing to older Koreans, there are many popular singers, including <a href="/wiki/Tae_Jin_Ah" class="mw-redirect" title="Tae Jin Ah">Tae Jin Ah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Na_Hoon-a" title="Na Hoon-a">Na Hoon-a</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_Dae_Kwan" class="mw-redirect" title="Song Dae Kwan">Song Dae Kwan</a>, mainly in their 50s and 60s, if not older. However, trot has recently experienced a resurgence due to the popularity of <a href="/wiki/Jang_Yoon_Jeong" class="mw-redirect" title="Jang Yoon Jeong">Jang Yoon Jeong</a>, a young semi-trot star, who had a breakout hit with "Omona." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noraebang">Noraebang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Noraebang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karaoke" title="Karaoke">Karaoke</a>, a Japanese loan word, is most commonly called "Noraebang" (노래방, literally, "song room") in Korea instead but various <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> alternatives like <i>Norae yeonseupjang</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">노래연습장</span></span>), or <i>Norae yeonseupshil</i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">노래연습실</span></span>) are also sometimes used.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Noraebang" class="mw-redirect" title="Noraebang">Noraebang</a></i> is even conducted in transport vehicles such as tourist buses. Noraebang is the equivalent to the <i>Karaoke-Box</i> in Japan, whereas singing before an audience of a karaoke bar is called Karaoke (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">가라오케</span></span>) in Korea. Recently, a coin karaoke, which is a form of payment different from the existing karaoke, appeared. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_popular_culture_outside_Korea">Korean popular culture outside Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Korean popular culture outside Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are approximately 70,000 Korean students in American colleges every year. Furthermore, increased immigration has reached to booming heights of over a million in 2010 alone. With these migrations have come the spread and expansion of Korean Popular culture. For example, the popular South Korean film titled "Shiri" (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">쉬리</span></span>) sold more than 5.78 million movie tickets in the United States alone.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the reasons for the success of the Korean Wave comes from the influence that the Korean government has in the production and distribution of popular culture. Recent years have led to changes in access to both enjoying and creating new songs, movies, and other types of popular culture. One example comes from recent collaboration with the Korean Government and others to help achieve glocalization, making hallyu approachable and enjoyable for people from many different cultures and backgrounds.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_television">Film and television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Film and television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Korean.culture-Sinchon-Movie.theatre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Korean.culture-Sinchon-Movie.theatre.jpg/250px-Korean.culture-Sinchon-Movie.theatre.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Korean.culture-Sinchon-Movie.theatre.jpg/375px-Korean.culture-Sinchon-Movie.theatre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Korean.culture-Sinchon-Movie.theatre.jpg/500px-Korean.culture-Sinchon-Movie.theatre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Sinchon movie theatre</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_South_Korea" title="Cinema of South Korea">Cinema of South Korea</a></div> <p>The popularity of Korean films has risen since the success of <i><a href="/wiki/Shiri_(film)" title="Shiri (film)">Shiri</a></i> in 1999. South Korea is one of the few countries where Hollywood productions do not enjoy a dominant share of the domestic market, partly due to screen quotas requiring cinemas to show Korean films at least 73 days a year. </p><p><i>Shiri</i>, a film about a North Korean spy preparing a coup in Seoul, was the first in Korean history to sell more than two million tickets in Seoul alone. It also earned $14 million at the Japanese box office alone, helping it to surpass box office hits such as <i><a href="/wiki/The_Matrix" title="The Matrix">The Matrix</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Wars" title="Star Wars">Star Wars</a></i>. The success of <i>Shiri</i> motivated other Korean films with larger budgets. Upon release, <i>Shiri</i> attracted 5.8 million theatre-goers; these numbers outscored the local theater attendance for the Hollywood-made film, <i>Titanic</i>. The venture capital firm KDB Capital, the main firm that invested money into the production of <i>Shiri</i> (specifically, around $333,000), would end up earning more than 300 percent in returns (Shim, 33), helping to spark the Korean government's interest in the possible profits that can be awarded through the entertainment industry. </p><p>In 2000 <i><a href="/wiki/Joint_Security_Area_(film)" title="Joint Security Area (film)">Joint Security Area</a></i> achieved huge success, surpassing the benchmark set by <i>Shiri</i>. The following saw <i>Friend</i> manage the same. In 2001, the romantic comedy <i><a href="/wiki/My_Sassy_Girl" title="My Sassy Girl">My Sassy Girl</a></i> outsold <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a></i> which ran at the same time. <a href="/wiki/Park_Chan-wook" title="Park Chan-wook">Park Chan-wook</a>, the director of <i><a href="/wiki/Joint_Security_Area_(film)" title="Joint Security Area (film)">Joint Security Area</a></i>, has gone on to direct many popular films in Korea and abroad, and is best known for <i><a href="/wiki/Oldboy_(2003_film)" title="Oldboy (2003 film)">Oldboy</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Kim_Ki-Duk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kim Ki-Duk">Kim Ki-Duk</a>, another well-respected filmmaker who is noted for using minimal dialogue to create an emotional response from the audience, is known especially for <i><a href="/wiki/3-Iron" title="3-Iron">3-Iron</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Spring,_Summer,_Fall,_Winter..._and_Spring" title="Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter... and Spring">Spring, Summer, Fall, Winter... and Spring</a></i>. As of 2004, new films continue to break records, with many Korean productions achieving greater popularity than Hollywood films.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both <i><a href="/wiki/Silmido_(film)" title="Silmido (film)">Silmido</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Taegukgi_(film)" title="Taegukgi (film)">Taegukgi</a></i> (<i>The Brotherhood</i>) were watched by over 10 million people, almost a quarter of the Korean population.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Silmido</i> is based on a true story about a secret special force, while <i>Taegukgi</i> is a blockbuster about the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> from the director of <i>Shiri</i>. The social satire and monster movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Host_(2006_film)" title="The Host (2006 film)">The Host</a></i> (2006) broke Korean box office records and grossed $1.8 million in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This success attracted the attention of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_United_States" title="Cinema of the United States">Hollywood</a>. Films such as <i>Shiri</i> are now distributed in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. In 2001, <a href="/wiki/Miramax" title="Miramax">Miramax</a> bought the rights to an English-language remake of the successful Korean action comedy movie, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Wife_is_a_Gangster" class="mw-redirect" title="My Wife is a Gangster">My Wife is a Gangster</a></i>. </p><p>Many Korean films also reflect the unique circumstances of the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">reunification</a> of Korea. </p><p>In 2016, <i><a href="/wiki/Train_to_Busan" title="Train to Busan">Train to Busan</a>,</i> directed by <a href="/wiki/Yeon_Sang-ho" title="Yeon Sang-ho">Yeon Sang-ho</a> created a new sub division genre of zombie-like film in South Korea. Unlike many more western-made zombie films, Yeon uses an entirely Korean cast to establish and display a Korean-only film. Becoming a Korean zombie blockbuster film,<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> modeled after <i>Shiri(1999)</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Train to Busan</i> earned a worldwide grossing of US$93.1 million.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The film reflects social and economic challenges in a developing South Korean society,<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> creating a realistic perspective of the future.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2020, <i><a href="/wiki/Parasite_(2019_film)" title="Parasite (2019 film)">Parasite</a></i>, directed by Bong Joon-ho, which depicts the <a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality_in_South_Korea" title="Economic inequality in South Korea">economic inequality situation</a> in the country, won four awards at the 92nd Academy Awards: Best Picture, Best Director, Best Original Screenplay, and Best International Feature Film, becoming the first non-English language film to win the Academy Award for Best Picture. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="K-dramas">K-dramas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: K-dramas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">Korean drama</a></div> <p>Korean television and especially the short form dramatic mini-series colloquially called "dramas" by Koreans and <i>K-dramas</i> elsewhere have become extremely popular outside of Korea. Dramas were foremost among cultural exports trend in Asia and elsewhere. The trend has driven Korean stars to fame and has greatly boosted the image and prestige of Korean popular culture. One example that the Korean Wave of drama have come into existence is in 1997, when the national <a href="/wiki/China_Central_Television" title="China Central Television">China Central Television Station (CCTV)</a> aired a Korean television drama, <i>What is Love All About?,</i> turned out to be a big hit. Responding to popular demand, CCTV re-aired the program in 1998 and recorded the second-highest ratings ever in the history of Chinese television. In 1999, in Taiwan and China, another Korean television drama serial <i>Stars in My Heart</i>, became a big hit. Since then, Korean television dramas have rapidly taken up airtime on television channels in countries such as Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, Vietnam and Indonesia, which saw media liberalization beginning in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dramas showcase a wide range of stories, but the most prominent among the export dramas have been romance (<i><a href="/wiki/All_About_Eve_(South_Korean_TV_series)" title="All About Eve (South Korean TV series)">All About Eve</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Autumn_Fairy_Tale" class="mw-redirect" title="Autumn Fairy Tale">Autumn Fairy Tale</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Winter_Sonata" title="Winter Sonata">Winter Sonata</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Fair_Lady_(2009_TV_series)" title="My Fair Lady (2009 TV series)">My Fair Lady</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Stairway_to_Heaven_(South_Korean_TV_series)" title="Stairway to Heaven (South Korean TV series)">Stairway to Heaven</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Full_House_(2004_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Full House (2004 TV series)">Full House</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Name_is_Kim_Sam_Soon" class="mw-redirect" title="My Name is Kim Sam Soon">My Name is Kim Sam Soon</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Goong" class="mw-redirect" title="Goong">Goong</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/My_Girl_(2005_TV_series)" title="My Girl (2005 TV series)">My Girl</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Boys_Over_Flowers_(2009_TV_series)" title="Boys Over Flowers (2009 TV series)">Boys Over Flowers</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Shining_Inheritance" class="mw-redirect" title="Shining Inheritance">Shining Inheritance</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/You%27re_Beautiful_(TV_series)" title="You're Beautiful (TV series)">You're Beautiful</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Heartstrings_(Korean_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartstrings (Korean TV series)">Heartstrings</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Secret_Garden_(South_Korean_TV_series)" title="Secret Garden (South Korean TV series)">Secret Garden</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Dream_High" title="Dream High">Dream High</a></i>) and historical fantasy dramas (<i><a href="/wiki/Dae_Jang_Geum" class="mw-redirect" title="Dae Jang Geum">Dae Jang Geum</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_Sea" title="Emperor of the Sea">Emperor of the Sea</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Jumong_(TV_series)" title="Jumong (TV series)">Jumong</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Sungkyunkwan_Scandal" title="Sungkyunkwan Scandal">Sungkyunkwan Scandal</a></i>). Korea has also aired their first blockbuster spy drama, <i><a href="/wiki/Iris_(South_Korean_TV_series)" title="Iris (South Korean TV series)">IRIS</a></i>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_animation">Korean animation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Korean animation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/South_Korean_animation" title="South Korean animation">South Korean animation</a></div> <p>While <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">The Simpsons</a></i> is the best known back-room product of South Korea, many other popular English-language animation series (<i><a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_Hill" title="King of the Hill">King of the Hill</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Avatar:_The_Last_Airbender" title="Avatar: The Last Airbender">Avatar: The Last Airbender</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Family_Guy" title="Family Guy">Family Guy</a></i>) have had the basic animation, <a href="/wiki/In-betweening" class="mw-redirect" title="In-betweening">in-betweening</a>, and coloring done in South Korea; there has also been some South Korean collaborations and minor contributions on <a href="/wiki/Anime" title="Anime">anime</a> from Japan. This work is professional, but not necessarily Korean in tone or manner. </p><p>Recently, the animation <i><a href="/wiki/Pororo_the_Little_Penguin" title="Pororo the Little Penguin">Pororo the Little Penguin</a></i> became one of the most popular cultural exports of South Korea, being exported to 120 countries worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This little blue penguin has 1,500 <a href="/wiki/Spin-off_(media)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spin-off (media)">spin-off</a> products and a section in a theme park. Pororo is so powerful that Koreans call him Potongryong ("President Pororo"). According to the Seoul Business Agency, Pororo will generate global sales of 38 billion won (approximately US$36 million)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> this year, and the brand is worth 389.3 billion won for Iconix (the firm that created it) and others.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Korean_comics_or_manhwa">Korean comics or <i>manhwa</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Korean comics or manhwa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">manhwa</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">manhwa</a></i> (<span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hang">만화</span></span>; <span title="Korean-language text"><span lang="ko-Hani">漫畫</span></span>), derived from <a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">manhua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">漫画</span>; <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">漫畫</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">mànhuà</span></i>; <abbr title="Literal translation"><small>lit.</small></abbr> 'impromptu sketches'), simply means 'comics' but outside the two Korean states, it generally refers to the comics of South Korea, although some comics come from North Korea as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Webtoons">Webtoons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Webtoons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></div> <p>Webtoons are digital comics invented in February 2003 by the website Daum in South Korea. "Love Story" by Kang Full was the first successful webtoon that popularized the industry.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Naver founded Line Webtoon in June 2004, and launched their website worldwide on July 2, 2004. Other countries including mainland China, India, Taiwan and Singapore have created their own Webtoon Industries.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">Korean Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_South_Korea" title="Music of South Korea">Music of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_South_Korea" title="Architecture of South Korea">Architecture of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG_Arts_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="LG Arts Center">LG Arts Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hallyuwood" title="Hallyuwood">Hallyuwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattooing_in_South_Korea" title="Tattooing in South Korea">Tattooing in South Korea</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_South_Korea&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYong_Jin2012" class="citation journal cs1">Yong Jin, Dal (Fall 2012). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ThoughtCo&rft.atitle=South+Korea%27s+Infatuation+With+Computer+Gaming+Culture&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoughtco.com%2Fsouth-korea-computer-gaming-culture-1434484&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.korea.net/AboutKorea/Korean-Life/Food">"Food"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Korea.net" title="Korea.net">Korea.net</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Korea.net&rft.atitle=Food&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.korea.net%2FAboutKorea%2FKorean-Life%2FFood&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCwiertka2013" class="citation book cs1">Cwiertka, Katarzyna J. (2013). <i>Cuisine, Colonialism and Cold War: Food in Twentieth-Century Korea</i>. Reaktion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-073-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78023-073-3"><bdi>978-1-78023-073-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cuisine%2C+Colonialism+and+Cold+War%3A+Food+in+Twentieth-Century+Korea&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78023-073-3&rft.aulast=Cwiertka&rft.aufirst=Katarzyna+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParkKwonLeePark2018" class="citation book cs1">Park, Kun-Young; Kwon, Dae Young; Lee, Ki Won; Park, Sunmin, eds. 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(December 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMon2021" class="citation news cs1">Mon, Justin (5 April 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedartmouth.com/article/2021/04/the-d-constructed-cook-soondubu-jjigae">"The D-Constructed Cook: Soondubu Jjigae"</a>. <i>The Dartmouth</i>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/2508513147">2508513147</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Dartmouth&rft.atitle=The+D-Constructed+Cook%3A+Soondubu+Jjigae&rft.date=2021-04-05&rft.aulast=Mon&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedartmouth.com%2Farticle%2F2021%2F04%2Fthe-d-constructed-cook-soondubu-jjigae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChungYangShinChung2016" class="citation journal cs1">Chung, Hae-Kyung; Yang, Hye Jeong; Shin, Dayeon; Chung, Kyung Rhan (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2016.09.001">"Aesthetics of Korean foods: The symbol of Korean culture"</a>. <i>Journal of Ethnic Foods</i>. <b>3</b> (3): 178–188. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jef.2016.09.001">10.1016/j.jef.2016.09.001</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151553411">151553411</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ethnic+Foods&rft.atitle=Aesthetics+of+Korean+foods%3A+The+symbol+of+Korean+culture&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=178-188&rft.date=2016-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jef.2016.09.001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151553411%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Chung&rft.aufirst=Hae-Kyung&rft.au=Yang%2C+Hye+Jeong&rft.au=Shin%2C+Dayeon&rft.au=Chung%2C+Kyung+Rhan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jef.2016.09.001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/travel/article/bibimbap-koreas-famous-dish">"Everything you need to know about bibimbap, Korea's famous rice dish"</a>. <i>Travel</i>. 2023-07-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korean+Movie+Reviews+for+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreanfilm.org%2Fkfilm09.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm03.html">"Korean Movie Reviews for 2003: Save the Green Planet, Memories of Murder, A Tale of Two Sisters, Oldboy, Silmido, and more"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100728222146/http://www.koreanfilm.org/kfilm03.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2010-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Korean+Movie+Reviews+for+2003%3A+Save+the+Green+Planet%2C+Memories+of+Murder%2C+A+Tale+of+Two+Sisters%2C+Oldboy%2C+Silmido%2C+and+more&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.koreanfilm.org%2Fkfilm03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boxofficemojo.com/releasegroup/gr3118486021/?ref_=bo_tt_gr_1">"The Host - Box Office Mojo"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200729010240/https://www.boxofficemojo.com/releasegroup/gr3118486021/?ref_=bo_tt_gr_1">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-07-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Host+-+Box+Office+Mojo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.boxofficemojo.com%2Freleasegroup%2Fgr3118486021%2F%3Fref_%3Dbo_tt_gr_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYun2020" class="citation thesis cs1">Yun, Junshik (17 November 2020). <i>Representation of the National Trauma in Train to Busan: Based on a Semiotic Approach</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1877%2Fetd11925">1877/etd11925</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Representation+of+the+National+Trauma+in+Train+to+Busan%3A+Based+on+a+Semiotic+Approach&rft.date=2020-11-17&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1877%2Fetd11925&rft.aulast=Yun&rft.aufirst=Junshik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoo2020" class="citation book cs1">Koo, Luisa (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTCyDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA165">"National Cinema, Trauma, and Melodrama in the Korean Zombie Film <i>Train to Busan</i> (2016)"</a>. In Pascuzzi, Francesco; Waters, Sandra (eds.). <i>The Spaces and Places of Horror</i>. Vernon Press. pp. 165–178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-62273-863-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-62273-863-2"><bdi>978-1-62273-863-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=National+Cinema%2C+Trauma%2C+and+Melodrama+in+the+Korean+Zombie+Film+Train+to+Busan+%282016%29&rft.btitle=The+Spaces+and+Places+of+Horror&rft.pages=165-178&rft.pub=Vernon+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-62273-863-2&rft.aulast=Koo&rft.aufirst=Luisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTCyDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA165&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee2019" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Sangjoon (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fulcrum.org/concern/monographs/pv63g201j"><i>Rediscovering Korean Cinema</i></a>. University of Michigan Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-05429-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-05429-9"><bdi>978-0-472-05429-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovering+Korean+Cinema&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-0-472-05429-9&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Sangjoon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fulcrum.org%2Fconcern%2Fmonographs%2Fpv63g201j&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSungnoi2019" class="citation thesis cs1">Sungnoi, Souwaluck (2019). <i><span></span>'Train to Busan' movie : a reflection of social problems in South Korea</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.58837%2FCHULA.THE.2019.327">10.58837/CHULA.THE.2019.327</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=%27Train+to+Busan%27+movie+%3A+a+reflection+of+social+problems+in+South+Korea&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.58837%2FCHULA.THE.2019.327&rft.aulast=Sungnoi&rft.aufirst=Souwaluck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTangalycheva2019" class="citation journal cs1">Tangalycheva, Rumiya (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=806937">"Sociological Analysis of the Korean Film Train to Busan: A Scenario for the Future of Modern Society"</a>. <i>Социологически проблеми</i>. <b>51</b> (Special 2): 425–441.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8&rft.atitle=Sociological+Analysis+of+the+Korean+Film+Train+to+Busan%3A+A+Scenario+for+the+Future+of+Modern+Society&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=Special+2&rft.pages=425-441&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Tangalycheva&rft.aufirst=Rumiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D806937&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLechnerBoli2012" class="citation book cs1">Lechner, Frank J.; Boli, John, eds. (2012). <i>The Globalization Reader</i>. Wiley. p. 359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65563-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-65563-4"><bdi>978-0-470-65563-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Globalization+Reader&rft.pages=359&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-470-65563-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKim2012" class="citation web cs1">Kim, Hana (4 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hankyung.com/news/app/newsview.php?aid=201203042471g&ltype=1&nid=000&sid=0001">"The Secret of Pororo reaching 389 Billion Success (3890억원 갑부 뽀로로, 성공 비결 알려준다)"</a>. Hankyoung Economics (한국경제). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120405120343/http://www.hankyung.com/news/app/newsview.php?aid=201203042471g&ltype=1&nid=000&sid=0001">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Secret+of+Pororo+reaching+389+Billion+Success+%283890%EC%96%B5%EC%9B%90+%EA%B0%91%EB%B6%80+%EB%BD%80%EB%A1%9C%EB%A1%9C%2C+%EC%84%B1%EA%B3%B5+%EB%B9%84%EA%B2%B0+%EC%95%8C%EB%A0%A4%EC%A4%80%EB%8B%A4%29&rft.pub=Hankyoung+Economics+%28%ED%95%9C%EA%B5%AD%EA%B2%BD%EC%A0%9C%29&rft.date=2012-03-04&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Hana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hankyung.com%2Fnews%2Fapp%2Fnewsview.php%3Faid%3D201203042471g%26ltype%3D1%26nid%3D000%26sid%3D0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACulture+of+South+Korea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/18929066">"Korean animation : Of penguins and politics Pororo the penguin could be the next Teletubbies"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. Jul 7, 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120608042945/http://www.economist.com/node/18929066">Archived</a> from the original on 8 June 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Korea_topics" title="Template:Korea topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Korea_topics" title="Template talk:Korea topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Korea_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Korea topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Index_of_Korea-related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Index of Korea-related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History_of_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Korea" title="History of Korea">History of Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Korea" title="Military history of Korea">Military history of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Korea" title="List of monarchs of Korea">List of monarchs of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Korean_history" title="Timeline of Korean history">Timeline of Korean history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Chronology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dangun_Joseon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dangun Joseon">Dangun Joseon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gija_Joseon" title="Gija Joseon">Gija Joseon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wiman_Joseon" title="Wiman Joseon">Wiman Joseon</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jin_(Korean_state)" title="Jin (Korean state)">Jin (Korean state)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto%E2%80%93Three_Kingdoms_period" title="Proto–Three Kingdoms period">Proto–Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buyeo" title="Buyeo">Buyeo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Okjeo" title="Okjeo">Okjeo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Ye" title="Eastern Ye">Dongye</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samhan" title="Samhan">Samhan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Four_Commanderies_of_Han" title="Four Commanderies of Han">Four Commanderies of Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Kingdoms_of_Korea" title="Three Kingdoms of Korea">Three Kingdoms of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya confederacy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_and_Southern_States_period" title="Northern and Southern States period">North–South States Period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Silla" class="mw-redirect" title="United Silla">Later Silla</a> / <a href="/wiki/Balhae" title="Balhae">Balhae</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Three_Kingdoms" title="Later Three Kingdoms">Later Three Kingdoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taebong" title="Taebong">Taebong</a> / <a href="/wiki/Later_Baekje" title="Later Baekje">Later Baekje</a> / <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goryeo" title="Goryeo">Goryeo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseon" title="Joseon">Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korean Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea_under_Japanese_rule" title="Korea under Japanese rule">Korea under Japanese rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea" title="Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea">Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Military_Government_in_Korea" title="United States Army Military Government in Korea">United States Army Military Government in Korea</a> / <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Civil_Administration" title="Soviet Civil Administration">Soviet Civil Administration</a> / <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Korea" title="History of South Korea">History of South Korea</a> / <a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Korea" title="History of North Korea">History of North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography_of_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Korea" title="Geography of Korea">Geography of Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_North_Korea" title="Template:Borders of North Korea">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korean Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of islands of Korea">List of islands of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Korea" title="List of lakes of Korea">List of lakes of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Korea" title="List of mountains in Korea">List of mountains in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Korea" title="List of rivers of Korea">List of rivers of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Korea" title="Provinces of Korea">Provinces of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Korea" title="Regions of Korea">Regions of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_South_Korea" title="Geology of South Korea">Geology of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Korea" title="Floods in Korea">Floods in Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_North_Korea" title="Geography of North Korea">Geography of North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_North_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of North Korea">Administrative divisions of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_North_Korea" title="List of cities in North Korea">List of cities in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_cities_of_North_Korea" title="Special cities of North Korea">Special cities of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_North_Korea" title="Geology of North Korea">Geology of North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_South_Korea" title="Geography of South Korea">Geography of South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_South_Korea" title="Administrative divisions of South Korea">Administrative divisions of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_South_Korea" title="Environment of South Korea">Environment of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_South_Korea" title="List of cities in South Korea">List of cities in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_special_cities_of_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="List of special cities of South Korea">List of special cities of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_South_Korea" title="List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea">List of World Heritage Sites in South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Politics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_North_Korea" title="Constitution of North Korea">Constitution of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_North_Korea" title="Foreign relations of North Korea">Foreign relations of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">Relations with South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_North_Korea" title="Government of North Korea">Government of North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_(North_Korean_title)" title="Supreme Leader (North Korean title)">Supreme Leader of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_North_Korea" title="List of heads of state of North Korea">Heads of state of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premier_of_North_Korea" title="Premier of North Korea">Premier of North Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_North_Korea" title="Human rights in North Korea">Human rights in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_People%27s_Army" title="Korean People's Army">Korean People's Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_North_Korea" title="Law of North Korea">Law of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea" title="Politics of North Korea">Politics of North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_North_Korea" title="Elections in North Korea">Elections in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_North_Korea#Political_parties_and_elections" title="Politics of North Korea">Politics of North Korea#Political parties and elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Workers' Party of Korea">Workers' Party of Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="General Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Politburo of the Workers' Party of Korea">Politburo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_Workers%27_Party_of_Korea" title="Secretariat of the Workers' Party of Korea">Secretariat</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Affairs_Commission_of_North_Korea" title="State Affairs Commission of North Korea">State Affairs Commission of North Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_State_Affairs_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the State Affairs Commission">President of State Affairs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="North Korea and weapons of mass destruction">North Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_People%27s_Assembly" title="Supreme People's Assembly">Supreme People's Assembly</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South Korea</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_South_Korea" title="Constitution of South Korea">Constitution of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_South_Korea" title="Foreign relations of South Korea">Foreign relations of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="North Korea–South Korea relations">Relations with North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Korea" title="Government of South Korea">Government of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_South_Korea" title="President of South Korea">President of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_South_Korea" title="Prime Minister of South Korea">Prime Minister of South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_South_Korea" title="Human rights in South Korea">Human rights in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Korea_Armed_Forces" title="Republic of Korea Armed Forces">Republic of Korea Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_South_Korea" title="Politics of South Korea">Politics of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_South_Korea" title="Elections in South Korea">Elections in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_elections_in_South_Korea" title="Presidential elections in South Korea">Presidential elections in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_elections_in_South_Korea" title="Legislative elections in South Korea">Legislative elections in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_South_Korea" title="List of political parties in South Korea">List of political parties in South Korea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="South Korea and weapons of mass destruction">South Korea and weapons of mass destruction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(South_Korea)" title="National Assembly (South Korea)">National Assembly (South Korea)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_South_Korea" title="Judiciary of South Korea">Judiciary of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Korea" title="Supreme Court of Korea">Supreme Court of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Korea" title="Constitutional Court of Korea">Constitutional Court of Korea</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Economy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_North_Korea" title="Economy of North Korea">Economy of North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_North_Korea" title="Automotive industry in North Korea">Automotive industry in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_North_Korea" title="Energy in North Korea">Energy in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Korea" title="Telecommunications in North Korea">Telecommunications in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_North_Korea" title="Tourism in North Korea">Tourism in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_North_Korea" title="Transport in North Korea">Transport in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_won" title="North Korean won">North Korean won</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_North_Korea" title="Agriculture in North Korea">Agriculture in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_famine" class="mw-redirect" title="North Korean famine">North Korean famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jangmadang" title="Jangmadang">Jangmadang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_North_Korea" title="Mining in North Korea">Mining in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rason_Special_Economic_Zone" title="Rason Special Economic Zone">Rason Special Economic Zone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_South_Korea" title="Economy of South Korea">Economy of South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Automotive industry in South Korea">Automotive industry in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality_in_South_Korea" title="Economic inequality in South Korea">Economic inequality in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_South_Korea" title="Energy in South Korea">Energy in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Korea" title="Telecommunications in South Korea">Telecommunications in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_South_Korea" title="Tourism in South Korea">Tourism in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_South_Korea" title="Transport in South Korea">Transport in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korean_won" title="South Korean won">South Korean won</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaebol" title="Chaebol">Chaebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_services_in_South_Korea" title="Financial services in South Korea">Financial services in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_South_Korea" title="Fishing industry in South Korea">Fishing industry in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle_on_the_Han_River" title="Miracle on the Han River">Miracle on the Han River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_South_Korea" title="Science and technology in South Korea">Science and technology in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_South_Korea" title="Squatting in South Korea">Squatting in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_South_Korea" title="Trade unions in South Korea">Trade unions in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Asian_financial_crisis" title="1997 Asian financial crisis">1997 Asian financial crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Demographics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Demographics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koreans" title="Koreans">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_North_Korea" title="Demographics of North Korea">Demographics of North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_South_Korea" title="Demographics of South Korea">Demographics of South Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aging_of_South_Korea" title="Aging of South Korea">Aging of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_South_Korea" title="Gender inequality in South Korea">Gender inequality in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_birth_rate_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Low birth rate in South Korea">Low birth rate in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_adoption_of_South_Korean_children" title="International adoption of South Korean children">International adoption of South Korean children</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreatown" title="Koreatown">Koreatown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean language</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hangul" title="Hangul">Hangul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanja" title="Hanja">Hanja</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_name" title="Korean name">Korean name</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Culture_of_Korea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Korea" title="Culture of Korea">Culture of Korea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Korea" title="Cinema of Korea">Cinema of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_cuisine" title="Korean cuisine">Korean cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_in_South_Korea" title="Globalization in South Korea">Globalization in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_martial_arts" title="Korean martial arts">Korean martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_mythology" title="Korean mythology">Korean mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_philosophy" title="Korean philosophy">Korean philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Korea" title="Religion in Korea">Religion in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ssireum" title="Ssireum">Ssireum</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(wrestling)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_sword" title="Korean sword">Korean sword</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_tea_ceremony" title="Korean tea ceremony">Korean tea ceremony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattooing_in_South_Korea" title="Tattooing in South Korea">Tattooing in South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Korean_art" title="Korean art">Korean art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_architecture" title="Korean architecture">Korean architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calligraphy" title="Korean calligraphy">Korean calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_drama" title="Korean drama">Korean drama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_literature" title="Korean literature">Korean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Korea" title="Traditional music of Korea">Traditional music of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_painting" title="Korean painting">Korean painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_pottery_and_porcelain" title="Korean pottery and porcelain">Korean pottery and porcelain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">Culture of North Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_North_Korea" title="Education in North Korea">Education in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korean_literature" title="North Korean literature">North Korean literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_North_Korea" title="Religion in North Korea">Religion in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_North_Korea" title="Smoking in North Korea">Smoking in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_North_Korea" title="Sport in North Korea">Sport in North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arirang_Mass_Games" title="Arirang Mass Games">Arirang Festival</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juche" title="Juche">Juche</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_North_Korea" title="Propaganda in North Korea">Propaganda in North Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Culture of South Korea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_South_Korea" title="Education in South Korea">Education in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_South_Korea" title="Religion in South Korea">Religion in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoking_in_South_Korea" title="Smoking in South Korea">Smoking in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_South_Korea" title="Sport in South Korea">Sport in South Korea</a></li> <li>Cultural icons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Wave" title="Korean Wave">Korean Wave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-pop" title="K-pop">K-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriage_in_South_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriage in South Korea">Marriage in South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_South_Korea" title="Mass media in South Korea">Media of South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_South_Korea" title="Sexuality in South Korea">Sexuality in South Korea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Culture_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Asia_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Asia topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Culture_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Asia" title="Culture of Asia">Culture of Asia </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Afghanistan" title="Culture of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Armenia" title="Culture of Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Azerbaijan" title="Culture of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bahrain" title="Culture of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bangladesh" title="Culture of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Bhutan" title="Culture of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brunei" title="Culture of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cambodia" title="Culture of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_East_Timor" title="Culture of East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Egypt" title="Culture of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Georgia_(country)" title="Culture of Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_India" title="Culture of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Indonesia" title="Culture of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iraq" title="Culture of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Israel" title="Culture of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Japan" title="Culture of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kazakhstan" title="Culture of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_North_Korea" title="Culture of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kuwait" title="Culture of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kyrgyzstan" title="Culture of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos" title="Culture of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Malaysia" title="Culture of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Maldives" title="Culture of the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Mongolia" title="Culture of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Myanmar" title="Culture of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Nepal" title="Culture of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Pakistan" title="Culture of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Philippines" title="Culture of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Qatar" title="Culture of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Russia" title="Culture of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Culture of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Singapore" title="Culture of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Culture of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Syria" title="Culture of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Tajikistan" title="Culture of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Thailand" title="Culture of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkmenistan" title="Culture of Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Culture of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Uzbekistan" title="Culture of Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Vietnam" title="Culture of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br />limited recognition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Abkhazia" title="Culture of Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Northern_Cyprus" title="Culture of Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_State_of_Palestine" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of the State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_South_Ossetia" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Taiwan" title="Culture of Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br />other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Culture of the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Culture of Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Culture of the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Hong_Kong" title="Culture of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Macau" title="Culture of Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> 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