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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Scope_of_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scope_of_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Scope of use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scope_of_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judicial_corporal_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judicial_corporal_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Judicial corporal punishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judicial_corporal_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-School_corporal_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#School_corporal_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>School corporal punishment</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-School_corporal_punishment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle School corporal punishment subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-School_corporal_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_modern-day_schools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_modern-day_schools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>In modern-day schools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_modern-day_schools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_UK_schools_(in_the_past)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_UK_schools_(in_the_past)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>In UK schools (in the past)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_UK_schools_(in_the_past)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prefectorial_caning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prefectorial_caning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Prefectorial caning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prefectorial_caning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reformatory_caning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reformatory_caning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>Reformatory caning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reformatory_caning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_children's_institutes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_children's_institutes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>In children's institutes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_children's_institutes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domestic_corporal_punishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domestic_corporal_punishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Domestic corporal punishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domestic_corporal_punishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Caning</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastun%C3%A8da" title="Bastunèda – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Bastunèda" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%88%D8%A8%E2%80%8C%D8%B2%D9%86%DB%8C" title="چوب‌زنی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="چوب‌زنی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_de_canne" title="Coup de canne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Coup de canne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A7%A4%EC%A7%88_(%EC%B2%B4%EB%B2%8C)" title="매질 (체벌) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="매질 (체벌)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hukuman_pukulan_rotan" title="Hukuman pukulan rotan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hukuman pukulan rotan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bastonatura" title="Bastonatura – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bastonatura" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li 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data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caning" title="Caning – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Caning" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palicovanie" title="Palicovanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Palicovanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepitys" title="Kepitys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kepitys" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Punishment method</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the physical punishment. For the technique used for weaving furniture, see <a href="/wiki/Caning_(furniture)" title="Caning (furniture)">Caning (furniture)</a>. For the film, see <a href="/wiki/Caning_(film)" title="Caning (film)"><i>Caning</i> (film)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Canning" title="Canning">Canning</a> or <a href="/wiki/Candy_cane" title="Candy cane">Candy cane</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Caning" title="Special:EditPage/Caning">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Caning%22">"Caning"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Caning%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Caning%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Caning%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Caning%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Caning%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2014</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="padding-bottom:0.1em;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Corporal_punishments" title="Category:Corporal punishments">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#ccccff;"><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal punishment</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg/170px-L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg/255px-L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg/340px-L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4191" data-file-height="2762" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-top:0.1em;"> By place</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_home" title="Corporal punishment in the home">Domestic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment" title="Judicial corporal punishment">Judicial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">School</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-top:0.1em;"> By implementation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amputation" title="Amputation">Amputation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belting_(beating)" title="Belting (beating)">Belting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birching" title="Birching">Birching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Branding" class="mw-redirect" title="Human Branding"> Branding</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Caning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_o%27_nine_tails" title="Cat o' nine tails">Cat o' nine tails</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">Flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_whipping" title="Foot whipping">Foot whipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knout" title="Knout">Knout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_(spanking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddle (spanking)">Paddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scourge" title="Scourge">Scourge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sjambok" title="Sjambok">Sjambok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slippering" title="Slippering">Slippering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanking" title="Spanking">Spanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapping_(punishment)" title="Strapping (punishment)">Strapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switch_(corporal_punishment)" title="Switch (corporal punishment)">Switch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tawse" title="Tawse">Tawse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop_(implement)" title="Crop (implement)">Riding crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whip" title="Whip">Whip</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-top:0.1em;"> By country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment_in_Afghanistan" title="Judicial corporal punishment in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Brunei" title="Caning in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Malaysia" title="Caning in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Qatar" title="Human rights in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore" title="Caning in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_Taiwan" title="Corporal punishment in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial corporal punishment in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment_in_the_United_States" title="Corporal punishment in the United States">United States</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-top:0.1em;"> Court cases</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Foundation_for_Children,_Youth_and_the_Law_v_Canada_(AG)" title="Canadian Foundation for Children, Youth and the Law v Canada (AG)">CFCYL v. Canada</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ingraham_v._Wright" title="Ingraham v. Wright">Ingraham v. Wright</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S_v_Williams_(1995)" title="S v Williams (1995)">S v Williams</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrer_v._the_United_Kingdom" title="Tyrer v. the United Kingdom">Tyrer v. the United Kingdom</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:#ddddff;padding-top:0.1em;"> Politics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Campaigns_against_corporal_punishment" title="Campaigns against corporal punishment">Campaigns against corporal punishment</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Corporal_punishment" title="Template:Corporal punishment"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Corporal_punishment" title="Template talk:Corporal punishment"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Corporal_punishment" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Corporal punishment"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-right"><div><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rattan_cane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Rattan_cane.jpg/45px-Rattan_cane.jpg" decoding="async" width="45" height="349" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Rattan_cane.jpg/68px-Rattan_cane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Rattan_cane.jpg/90px-Rattan_cane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="157" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">Rattan</a> cane</figcaption></figure></div></div> <p><b>Caning</b> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> consisting of a number of hits (known as "strokes" or "cuts") with a single <a href="/wiki/Stick-fighting" title="Stick-fighting">cane</a> usually made of <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a>, generally applied to the offender's bare or clothed <a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">buttocks</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Spanking" title="Spanking">spanking</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Hand" title="Hand">hands</a> (on the palm). Caning on the <a href="/wiki/Knuckle" title="Knuckle">knuckles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shoulder" title="Shoulder">shoulders</a> is much less common. Caning can also be applied to the soles of the feet (<a href="/wiki/Foot_whipping" title="Foot whipping">foot whipping</a> or <a href="/wiki/Foot_whipping" title="Foot whipping">bastinado</a>). The size and flexibility of the cane and the mode of application, as well as the number of the strokes, may vary. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">Flagellation</a> as punishment was so common in England that caning, along with <a href="/wiki/Spanking" title="Spanking">spanking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">whipping</a>, were called "le vice anglais" or "the English vice".<sup id="cite_ref-MurrayMurrell1989_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MurrayMurrell1989-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Caning can also be done consensually as part of <a href="/wiki/BDSM" title="BDSM">BDSM</a>. </p><p>The thin cane generally used for corporal punishment is not to be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Walking_stick" title="Walking stick">walking stick</a>, which is sometimes also called <i>cane</i> (especially in American English), but is thicker and much more rigid, and usually made of stronger wood. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Scope_of_use">Scope of use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Scope of use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caning was a common form of judicial <a href="/wiki/Punishment" title="Punishment">punishment</a> and official school discipline in many parts of the world in the 19th and 20th centuries. <a href="/wiki/Corporal_punishment" title="Corporal punishment">Corporal punishment</a> (with a cane or any other implement) has now been outlawed in much, but not all, of Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, caning remains legal in numerous other countries in home, school, religious, judicial or military contexts, and is also in common use<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in some countries where it is no longer legal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Judicial_corporal_punishment">Judicial corporal punishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Judicial corporal punishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aceh_caning_2014,_VOA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Aceh_caning_2014%2C_VOA.jpg/170px-Aceh_caning_2014%2C_VOA.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Aceh_caning_2014%2C_VOA.jpg/255px-Aceh_caning_2014%2C_VOA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Aceh_caning_2014%2C_VOA.jpg/340px-Aceh_caning_2014%2C_VOA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>A caning sentence being carried out in <a href="/wiki/Banda_Aceh" title="Banda Aceh">Banda Aceh</a>, Indonesia, in 2014</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment" title="Judicial corporal punishment">Judicial corporal punishment</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore" title="Caning in Singapore">Caning in Singapore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Malaysia" title="Caning in Malaysia">Caning in Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Brunei" title="Caning in Brunei">Caning in Brunei</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_law_in_Aceh" title="Islamic criminal law in Aceh">Islamic criminal law in Aceh</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Canes.jpg/170px-Canes.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Canes.jpg/255px-Canes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Canes.jpg/340px-Canes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="1104" /></a><figcaption>A display of rattan judicial canes from the <a href="/wiki/Johor_Bahru_Prison" title="Johor Bahru Prison">Johor Bahru Prison</a> museum, Malaysia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caning_stand_and_cane_at_Hong_Kong_Correctional_Services_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A wooden stand of two triangular portions with a padded brace between them on a black pedestal. A hand points from the left, and a small wooden stick with cotton wrapped around one end is in front." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Caning_stand_and_cane_at_Hong_Kong_Correctional_Services_Museum.jpg/170px-Caning_stand_and_cane_at_Hong_Kong_Correctional_Services_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Caning_stand_and_cane_at_Hong_Kong_Correctional_Services_Museum.jpg/255px-Caning_stand_and_cane_at_Hong_Kong_Correctional_Services_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Caning_stand_and_cane_at_Hong_Kong_Correctional_Services_Museum.jpg/340px-Caning_stand_and_cane_at_Hong_Kong_Correctional_Services_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3060" data-file-height="4103" /></a><figcaption>Caning stand and cane formerly used in Hong Kong prisons under British rule</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bastinado_visible_aftereffects.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bastinado_visible_aftereffects.JPG/170px-Bastinado_visible_aftereffects.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bastinado_visible_aftereffects.JPG/255px-Bastinado_visible_aftereffects.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Bastinado_visible_aftereffects.JPG/340px-Bastinado_visible_aftereffects.JPG 2x" data-file-width="464" data-file-height="904" /></a><figcaption>Visible welts typically sustained from <a href="/wiki/Foot_whipping" title="Foot whipping">foot caning</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Judicial caning, administered with a long, heavy <a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a> and much more severe than the canings given in schools, was/is a feature of some <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Colonialism" title="Colonialism">colonial</a> judicial systems, though the cane was never used judicially in Britain itself (the specified implements there, until abolition in 1948, being the <a href="/wiki/Birching" title="Birching">birch</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cat-o%27-nine-tails" class="mw-redirect" title="Cat-o'-nine-tails">cat-o'-nine-tails</a>). In some countries caning is still in use in the post-independence era, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> (where it is now being used far more than it was under British rule), and in some <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">African</a> countries. </p><p>The practice is retained, for male offenders only, under the criminal law in <a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Malaysia" title="Caning in Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore" title="Caning in Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Brunei" title="Caning in Brunei">Brunei</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In Malaysia there is also a separate system of religious courts for Muslims only, which can order a much milder form of caning for women as well as men.) Caning in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> is a recent introduction, in the special case of <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, on Sumatra, which since its 2005 autonomy has introduced <a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_law_in_Aceh" title="Islamic criminal law in Aceh">a form of sharia law</a> for Muslims, as well as non-Muslims since 2014 if they choose to do it with the Acehnese Qanun (male or female), applying the cane to the clothed upper back of the offender.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>African countries still using judicial caning include <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (mostly in northern states,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but few cases have been reported in southern states<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) and, for juvenile offenders only, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a>. Other countries that used it until the late 20th century, generally only for male offenders, included <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, while some <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> countries such as <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> use <a href="/wiki/Birching" title="Birching">birching</a>, another punishment in the British tradition, involving the use of a bundle of branches, not a single cane. </p><p>In Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei, healthy males under 50 years of age can be sentenced to a maximum of 24 strokes of the <i>rotan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Rattan" title="Rattan">rattan</a>) cane on the bare buttocks; the punishment is mandatory for many offences, mostly violent or drug crimes, but also immigration violations, sexual offences and (in Singapore) acts of <a href="/wiki/Vandalism" title="Vandalism">vandalism</a>. It is also imposed for certain breaches of <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a> rules. In <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>, caning can be imposed for adultery.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The punishment is applied to locals alike. </p><p>Two examples of the caning of foreigners which received worldwide media scrutiny are the canings in Singapore in 1994 of <a href="/wiki/Michael_P._Fay" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael P. Fay">Michael P. Fay</a>, an American student who had vandalised several automobiles, and in the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> in 1996 of <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Balabagan" title="Sarah Balabagan">Sarah Balabagan</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Filipina" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipina">Filipina</a> maid convicted of <a href="/wiki/Homicide" title="Homicide">homicide</a>. </p><p>Caning is also used in the <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Armed_Forces" title="Singapore Armed Forces">Singapore Armed Forces</a> to punish serious offences against military discipline, especially in the case of recalcitrant young conscripts. Unlike judicial caning, this punishment is delivered to the soldier's clothed buttocks. See <a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore#Military_caning" title="Caning in Singapore">Military caning in Singapore</a>. </p><p>A more moderate variation, where the caning is aimed at the soles of a culprit's bare feet is used as prison punishment in several countries of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="School_corporal_punishment">School corporal punishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: School corporal punishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:StateLibQld_1_113036_Cartoon_of_students_receiving_the_cane,_1888.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Cartoon of schoolboys receiving the cane from 1888" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/StateLibQld_1_113036_Cartoon_of_students_receiving_the_cane%2C_1888.jpg/220px-StateLibQld_1_113036_Cartoon_of_students_receiving_the_cane%2C_1888.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/StateLibQld_1_113036_Cartoon_of_students_receiving_the_cane%2C_1888.jpg/330px-StateLibQld_1_113036_Cartoon_of_students_receiving_the_cane%2C_1888.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/StateLibQld_1_113036_Cartoon_of_students_receiving_the_cane%2C_1888.jpg/440px-StateLibQld_1_113036_Cartoon_of_students_receiving_the_cane%2C_1888.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Cartoon of schoolboys receiving the cane from 1888</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">School corporal punishment</a></div> <p>The frequency and severity of caning in educational settings have varied greatly, often being determined by the written rules or unwritten traditions of the school. The western educational use of caning dates principally to the late nineteenth century. It gradually replaced <a href="/wiki/Birching" title="Birching">birching</a>—effective only if applied to the bare bottom—with a form of punishment more suited to contemporary sensibilities, once it had been discovered that a flexible rattan cane can provide the offender with a substantial degree of pain even when delivered through a layer of clothing. </p><p>Caning as a school punishment is strongly associated in the English-speaking world with England,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> but it was also used in other European countries in earlier times, notably Scandinavia, Germany and the countries of the former Austrian empire. </p><p>Member states of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_the_Child" title="Convention on the Rights of the Child">Convention on the Rights of the Child</a> are obliged to "take all appropriate legislative, administrative, social and educational measures to protect the child from all forms of physical or mental violence, injury or abuse." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_modern-day_schools">In modern-day schools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: In modern-day schools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_caning.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hand_caning.jpg/170px-Hand_caning.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hand_caning.jpg/255px-Hand_caning.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Hand_caning.jpg/340px-Hand_caning.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>A picture showing the marks left on a female student's palm after being caned</figcaption></figure> <p>Caning as a school punishment is still routine in a number of former British territories <a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore#School_caning" title="Caning in Singapore">including Singapore</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Malaysia" title="Caning in Malaysia">Malaysia</a> and Zimbabwe. It is also common in some countries where it is technically illegal, including Thailand, Kenya, Vietnam and South Korea. </p><p>Until relatively recently it had also been common in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (now banned in public schools, and abolished in practice by the vast majority of all independent schools),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> (banned in 1990),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a> (banned in public and private schools alike from 1996).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the UK, all corporal punishment in private schools was banned in 1999 for England and Wales,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2000 in Scotland,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2003 in Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, the Education Ordinance 1957 specifically outlaws the caning of girls in school.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the caning of girls is rather common. This caning is usually carried out on the palm or clothed bottom.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, the cane can hit the student's thighs or arms, causing injury, usually in the form of bruises, bleeding, or obvious welts.<sup id="cite_ref-KLStar06082997_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KLStar06082997-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Students (both male and female) can even be caned publicly for minor mistakes like lateness, poor grades, being unable to answer questions correctly or forgetting to bring a textbook.<sup id="cite_ref-KLStar06082997_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KLStar06082997-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2007, in response to a perceived increase in indiscipline among female students, the National Seminar on Education Regulations (Student Discipline) passed a resolution recommending allowing the caning of female students at school.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The resolution is currently<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (September 2019)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> in its consultation process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_UK_schools_(in_the_past)"><span id="In_UK_schools_.28in_the_past.29"></span>In UK schools (in the past)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: In UK schools (in the past)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historically, in many state and private schools in England, Scotland and Wales, the rattan cane was regularly used across the hands, legs, or <a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">buttocks</a> of both boys and girls.<sup id="cite_ref-bbcheadsfight2_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcheadsfight2-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In some schools, <a href="/wiki/Physical_punishment" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical punishment">corporal punishment</a> was administered solely by the <a href="/wiki/Headmaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Headmaster">headmaster</a>, while in others the task was delegated to other teachers. </p><p>The cane was generally administered in a formal ceremony in public/private to the <a href="/wiki/Buttocks" title="Buttocks">seat of the trousers or skirt</a>, typically with the student either bending over a desk/chair or touching their toes. Usually there was a maximum of six strokes (known as "six of the best"). Such a caning would typically leave the offender with uncomfortable weals and bruises lasting for many days after the immediate intense pain had worn off. </p><p>Elsewhere, other implements prevailed, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tawse" title="Tawse">tawse</a> in Scotland and Northern England, ruler, and the <a href="/wiki/Slippering" title="Slippering">slipper</a>. </p><p>Girls were caned too, but generally less frequently than boys.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a 1976–1977 survey done by the Inner London Inspection Authority's Inspectors, almost 1 in 5 girls were caned at least once in the authority's schools alone.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Caning in schools for girls was much rarer but not unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caning in British <a href="/wiki/State_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="State schools">state schools</a> in the later 20th century was often, in theory at least, administered by the head teacher only. Canings for <a href="/wiki/Primary_school" title="Primary school">primary school</a> age pupils at state schools in this period could be extremely rare; one study found that over an eight-year timespan, one head teacher had only caned two boys in total, but made more frequent use of <a href="/wiki/Slippering_(punishment)" class="mw-redirect" title="Slippering (punishment)">slippering</a>, while another had caned no pupils at all.<sup id="cite_ref-BestOfPrimaryEducation_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BestOfPrimaryEducation-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Corporal punishment was abolished in <a href="/wiki/State_school" title="State school">state funded schools</a> in 1987.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All corporal punishment in private schools was banned in 1999 for England and Wales,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 2000 in Scotland,<sup id="cite_ref-:1_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 2003 in Northern Ireland.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prefectorial_caning">Prefectorial caning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prefectorial caning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In many English and Commonwealth private schools, authority to punish was traditionally also given to certain senior students (often called <a href="/wiki/Prefect" title="Prefect">prefects</a>). In the early 20th century, permission for prefects to cane younger students (mainly secondary-age boys) was also widespread in British <a href="/wiki/Independent_school_(United_Kingdom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent school (United Kingdom)">public schools</a>. Some private <a href="/wiki/Preparatory_school_(United_Kingdom)" title="Preparatory school (United Kingdom)">preparatory schools</a> relied heavily on "self-government" by prefects for even their youngest pupils (around eight years old), with caning the standard punishment for even minor offences.<sup id="cite_ref-EducationOutlook_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EducationOutlook-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The perceived advantages of this were to avoid bothering the teaching staff with minor disciplinary matters, promptness of punishment, and more effective chastisement, as the impact would be better known in the culprit's immediate peer group.<sup id="cite_ref-NationalAndEnglish_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NationalAndEnglish-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Canings from prefects took place for a wide variety of failings, including lack of enthusiasm in sport, or to enforce youngsters' participation in character-building aspects of public school life, such as compulsory cold baths in winter.<sup id="cite_ref-Beerbohm_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beerbohm-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GamesAndSports_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GamesAndSports-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Roald_Dahl" title="Roald Dahl">Roald Dahl</a> gives an account of this practice in his memoir <a href="/wiki/Boy_(autobiography)" title="Boy (autobiography)">Boy (autobiography)</a> from his time in <a href="/wiki/Repton_School" title="Repton School">Repton School</a> where prefects were referred to as "Boazers" and their underling students as "fags".<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some British private schools still permitted caning to be administered by prefects in the 1960s, with opportunities for it provided by complex sets of rules on school uniform and behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-TheListener_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TheListener-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1969, when the question was raised in Parliament, it was thought that relatively few schools still permitted this.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as the 1920s, the tradition of prefects at British public schools repeatedly caning new boys for trivial offences was criticised by psychologists as producing "a high state of nervous excitement" in some of the youngsters subjected to it. It was felt that granting untrained and unsupervised older adolescents the power to impose comprehensive thrashings on their younger schoolmates whenever they chose might have adverse psychological effects.<sup id="cite_ref-MentalScience_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MentalScience-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like their British counterparts, South African private schools also gave prefects free rein to administer canings whenever they felt it appropriate, from at least the late 19th century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Boys2Gentlemen_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boys2Gentlemen-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> South African schools continued to use the cane to emphasise sporting priorities well into the late 20th century, caning boys for commonplace gameplay errors such as being caught <a href="/wiki/Offside_(association_football)" title="Offside (association football)">offside</a> in an <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">association football</a> match, as well as for poor batting performance in <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, not applauding their school team's performance sufficiently, missing sport practice sessions, or even "to build up team spirit".<sup id="cite_ref-EducationNewNation_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EducationNewNation-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The use of corporal punishment within the school setting was prohibited by the South African Schools Act of 1996. According to Chapter 2 Section 10 of the act, <i>(1) No person may administer corporal punishment at a school to a learner</i> and <i>(2) Any person who contravenes subsection (1) is guilty of an offence and liable on conviction to a sentence, which could be imposed for assault.</i><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reformatory_caning">Reformatory caning</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Reformatory caning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1933 to 1970, the cane was frequently used on boy inmates and less routinely for girl inmates at the youth reformatories in England and Wales known as <a href="/wiki/Approved_school" title="Approved school">approved schools</a>. Many UK approved schools were known for strict discipline, with <a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">corporal punishment</a> used where necessary, generally a rather more severe version of the caning (or in Scotland, <a href="/wiki/Strapping_(punishment)" title="Strapping (punishment)">strapping</a>) that was common in ordinary secondary schools.<sup id="cite_ref-corpunref_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corpunref-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Under the Approved School Rules 1933, girls under 15 could be caned only on the hands; girls of 15 and over were not to be given caning at all. Boys under 15 could be caned on the hands or the bottom; boys of 15 and over were to be caned only on the clothed buttocks.<sup id="cite_ref-corpunref_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corpunref-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the 1933 rules, there was a case where several teenage girls were severely beaten with a <a href="/wiki/Tawse" title="Tawse">tawse</a> up to 12 strokes on the seat, with their skirts lifted up.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the approved schools between 1933 and 1970, the normal maximum number of strokes was eight for boys of 15 and over, and six for boys and girls below that age. In particular, boys who absconded were typically given a maximum caning of 8 strokes on the clothed bottom immediately on return to the school, and a 1971 statistical study found that this could be an effective deterrent.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1970, approved schools became "Community Homes with Education" (CHEs) under the Children and Young Persons Act 1969.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The national 1933 rules were replaced by local rules drawn up by each local authority. Girl residents of some post-1970 CHEs might as a result sometimes be caned on the buttocks instead of the hands.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In some cases boys or girls of all ages were caned, in spite of a government recommendation that over-16s should no longer be caned.<sup id="cite_ref-corpunref_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-corpunref-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Caning is still used in the equivalent institutions in some countries, such as <a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore#Reformatory_caning" title="Caning in Singapore">Singapore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_children's_institutes"><span id="In_children.27s_institutes"></span>In children's institutes</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In children's institutes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Corporal punishment at children's homes was less severe. The <i>Administration of Children's Homes Regulations 1951</i> (S.O. No 1217) provided that children under 10 should be punished only on their hands either by the headmaster or in his presence and direction. </p><p>Only girls under 10 and boys under the school leaving age (15 at that time) could be corporally punished. Children under 10 should be punished only on their hands. A boy over 10 but under 15 could be caned up to a maximum of six strokes on the clothed buttocks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Domestic_corporal_punishment">Domestic corporal punishment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Domestic corporal punishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore#Parental_caning" title="Caning in Singapore">Caning in Singapore § Parental caning</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Malaysia#Domestic_caning" title="Caning in Malaysia">Caning in Malaysia § Domestic caning</a></div> <p>Some parents cane their children as a punishment for reasons like disobedience or poor results. This is a common practice in some Asian countries such as Singapore and Malaysia. </p><p>In Singapore, canes for domestic use are regularly sold in grocery stores. There is usually increased demand for canes when students prepare for examinations, as canes are used more often, resulting in breakages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effects">Effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caning&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Caning with a heavy judicial rattan as used in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei can leave scars for years if a large number of strokes are inflicted. </p><p>Most ordinary canings with a typical light rattan (used at home or at school for punishing students), although painful at the time, leave only reddish welts or bruises lasting a few days. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Chenevix_Trench" title="Charles Chenevix Trench">Charles Chenevix Trench</a> was caned as a boy at <a href="/wiki/Winchester_College" title="Winchester College">Winchester College</a> in the early 1930s and later said that "it was, of course, disagreeable, but left no permanent scars on my personality or my person".<sup id="cite_ref-TelegraphObit_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TelegraphObit-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When caning was still widespread in schools in the United Kingdom, it was perceived that a caning on the hand carried a greater risk of injury than a caning on the buttocks; in 1935 an <a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a> schoolboy won £1 in damages (equivalent to £88 in 2023), plus his medical expenses, from a schoolmaster, when the <a href="/wiki/County_court" title="County court">county court</a> decided that an <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscess</a> that developed on his hand was the result of a caning.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birching" title="Birching">Birching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Brunei" title="Caning in Brunei">Caning in Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Malaysia" title="Caning in Malaysia">Caning in Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_in_Singapore" title="Caning in Singapore">Caning in Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_criminal_law_in_Aceh" title="Islamic criminal law in Aceh">Islamic criminal law in Aceh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_whip" title="Easter whip">Easter whip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eton_College" title="Eton College">Eton College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flagellation" title="Flagellation">Flagellation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foot_whipping" title="Foot whipping">Foot whipping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_corporal_punishment" title="Judicial corporal punishment">Judicial corporal punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddle_(spanking)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddle (spanking)">Paddle (spanking)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_corporal_punishment" title="School corporal punishment">School corporal punishment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanking" title="Spanking">Spanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strapping_(punishment)" title="Strapping (punishment)">Strapping (punishment)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caning&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MurrayMurrell1989-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MurrayMurrell1989_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Edward_MurrayThomas_R._Murrell1989" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Edward Murray; Thomas R. 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ABC-CLIO. pp. 23–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26481-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-26481-8"><bdi>978-0-313-26481-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Language+of+Sadomasochism%3A+A+Glossary+and+Linguistic+Analysis&rft.pages=23-&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-313-26481-8&rft.au=Thomas+Edward+Murray&rft.au=Thomas+R.+Murrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtL81ZduPn_UC%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFC._Farrell" class="citation web cs1">C. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 August</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Corporal+Punishment+in+British+schools&rft.au=C.+Farrell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corpun.com%2Fcounuks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=181350">"Caning Students, still!"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Star_(Bangladesh)" title="The Daily Star (Bangladesh)">The Daily Star</a></i>. Dhaka. 11 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110411095916/http://www.thedailystar.net/newDesign/news-details.php?nid=181350">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 April</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Star&rft.atitle=Caning+Students%2C+still%21&rft.date=2011-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailystar.net%2FnewDesign%2Fnews-details.php%3Fnid%3D181350&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corpun.com/singfeat.htm">Judicial caning in Singapore, Malaysia and Brunei</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180307214353/http://corpun.com/singfeat.htm">Archived</a> 7 March 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at World Corporal Punishment Research.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Afrida, Nani. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corpun.com/idj00506.htm#16043">"Public canings to start in Aceh for gamblers"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100102191026/http://corpun.com/idj00506.htm#16043">Archived</a> 2 January 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>The Jakarta Post</i>, 23 June 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNossiter,_Adam2014" class="citation news cs1">Nossiter, Adam (8 February 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/world/africa/nigeria-uses-law-and-whip-to-sanitize-gays.html">"Nigeria Tries to 'Sanitize' Itself of Gays"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170417105841/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/02/09/world/africa/nigeria-uses-law-and-whip-to-sanitize-gays.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 April 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Nigeria+Tries+to+%27Sanitize%27+Itself+of+Gays&rft.date=2014-02-08&rft.au=Nossiter%2C+Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F02%2F09%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2Fnigeria-uses-law-and-whip-to-sanitize-gays.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Article 18 of the Criminal Code ACt 1916; Article 386(1) of the Criminal Procedure Act 1945.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corpun.com/rules2.htm#ngj">"Nigeria: Judicial CP"</a>. World Corporal Punishment Research. November 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223134424/http://www.corpun.com/rules2.htm#ngj">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nigeria%3A+Judicial+CP&rft.pub=World+Corporal+Punishment+Research&rft.date=2014-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corpun.com%2Frules2.htm%23ngj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corpun.com/ngj00807.htm#20445">"Man, 25, gets 12 strokes for stealing"</a>. <i>The Tide</i>. Port Harcourt. 31 July 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223181401/http://www.corpun.com/ngj00807.htm#20445">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Tide&rft.atitle=Man%2C+25%2C+gets+12+strokes+for+stealing&rft.date=2008-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corpun.com%2Fngj00807.htm%2320445&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnofochi,_Valerie2011" class="citation news cs1">Anofochi, Valerie (3 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corpun.com/11archive/ngj01108.htm#23417">"Court orders that undergraduate be flogged for theft"</a>. <i>The Daily Times</i>. Lagos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141223181413/http://www.corpun.com/11archive/ngj01108.htm#23417">Archived</a> from the original on 23 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Times&rft.atitle=Court+orders+that+undergraduate+be+flogged+for+theft&rft.date=2011-08-03&rft.au=Anofochi%2C+Valerie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corpun.com%2F11archive%2Fngj01108.htm%2323417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBachelard2014" class="citation news cs1">Bachelard, Michael (7 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theage.com.au/world/aceh-woman-gangraped-by-vigilantes-for-alleged-adultery-now-to-be-flogged-20140507-zr5x3.html">"Aceh woman, gang-raped by vigilantes for alleged adultery, now to be flogged"</a>. <i>The Age</i>. Melbourne. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140508021350/http://www.theage.com.au/world/aceh-woman-gangraped-by-vigilantes-for-alleged-adultery-now-to-be-flogged-20140507-zr5x3.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 May 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Age&rft.atitle=Aceh+woman%2C+gang-raped+by+vigilantes+for+alleged+adultery%2C+now+to+be+flogged&rft.date=2014-05-07&rft.aulast=Bachelard&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theage.com.au%2Fworld%2Faceh-woman-gangraped-by-vigilantes-for-alleged-adultery-now-to-be-flogged-20140507-zr5x3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRejali2009" class="citation book cs1">Rejali, Darius (2009). <i>Torture and Democracy</i>. Princeton University Press. p. 275. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691143330" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691143330"><bdi>978-0691143330</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Torture+and+Democracy&rft.pages=275&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0691143330&rft.aulast=Rejali&rft.aufirst=Darius&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corpun.com/usscr2c.htm#singapore">Singapore school handbooks</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090826060349/http://www.corpun.com/usscr2c.htm#singapore">Archived</a> 26 August 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at World Corporal Punishment Research.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corpun.com/rules.htm#ozsch">Country files - Australia: School CP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090208213624/http://corpun.com/rules.htm#ozsch">Archived</a> 8 February 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at World Corporal Punishment Research.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Education Act, 1989. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/pages/progress/reports/new-zealand.html">New Zealand State Report</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725034013/http://www.endcorporalpunishment.org/pages/progress/reports/new-zealand.html">Archived</a> 25 July 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at GITEACPOC.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corpun.com/zasc9610.htm">"Assembly passes new schools bill"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519203435/http://corpun.com/zasc9610.htm">Archived</a> 19 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Cape Times</i>, 30 October 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown,_Colin1998" class="citation news cs1">Brown, Colin (25 March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/last-vestiges-of-caning-swept-away-1152260.html">"Last vestiges of caning swept away"</a>. <i>The Independent</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120121102236/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/last-vestiges-of-caning-swept-away-1152260.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 August</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Last+vestiges+of+caning+swept+away&rft.date=1998-03-25&rft.au=Brown%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Flast-vestiges-of-caning-swept-away-1152260.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuie,_Elizabeth1999" class="citation news cs1">Buie, Elizabeth (8 July 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/learning-to-be-partners-education-bill-welcomed-but-tories-will-fight-return-of-opted-out-school-to-the-fold-1.283008">"Education Bill welcomed but Tories will fight return of opted-out school to the fold"</a>. <i>The Herald</i>. Glasgow. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010010051/http://www.heraldscotland.com/sport/spl/aberdeen/learning-to-be-partners-education-bill-welcomed-but-tories-will-fight-return-of-opted-out-school-to-the-fold-1.283008">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Herald&rft.atitle=Education+Bill+welcomed+but+Tories+will+fight+return+of+opted-out+school+to+the+fold&rft.date=1999-07-08&rft.au=Buie%2C+Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.heraldscotland.com%2Fsport%2Fspl%2Faberdeen%2Flearning-to-be-partners-education-bill-welcomed-but-tories-will-fight-return-of-opted-out-school-to-the-fold-1.283008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2000/6/section/16">"Standards in Scotland's Schools etc. Act 2000, s.16"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605070530/http://www.legislation.gov.uk/asp/2000/6/section/16">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Standards+in+Scotland%27s+Schools+etc.+Act+2000%2C+s.16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fasp%2F2000%2F6%2Fsection%2F16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorney,_Kathryn2003" class="citation news cs1">Torney, Kathryn (27 June 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://corpun.com/uks00306.htm#11591">"Ulster schools defying slap ban"</a>. <i>Belfast Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110609182733/http://www.corpun.com/uks00306.htm#11591">Archived</a> from the original on 9 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Ulster+schools+defying+slap+ban&rft.date=2003-06-27&rft.au=Torney%2C+Kathryn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcorpun.com%2Fuks00306.htm%2311591&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.ppk.kpm.my/article.cfm?id=110">Kementerian Pendidikan Malaysia 2003. <i>Surat Pekeliling Iktisas Bil 7:2003 - Kuasa Guru Merotan Murid</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071013131610/http://data.ppk.kpm.my/article.cfm?id=110">Archived</a> 13 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Retrieved 4 June 2007. <span class="languageicon">(in Malay)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUda_Nagu,_Suzieana2004" class="citation news cs1">Uda Nagu, Suzieana (21 March 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corpun.com/mys00403.htm">"Spare the rod?"</a>. <i>New Straits Times</i>. Kuala Lumpur. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014034248/http://corpun.com/mys00403.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 June</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Straits+Times&rft.atitle=Spare+the+rod%3F&rft.date=2004-03-21&rft.au=Uda+Nagu%2C+Suzieana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corpun.com%2Fmys00403.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChin,_V.K.2007" class="citation news cs1">Chin, V.K. (4 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521132910/http://thestar.com.my/columnists/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F12%2F4%2Fcolumnists%2Fvkchin%2F19629191&sec=vkchin">"Caning of schoolgirls is nothing new"</a>. <i>The Star</i>. Kuala Lumpur. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thestar.com.my/columnists/story.asp?file=/2007/12/4/columnists/vkchin/19629191&sec=vkchin">the original</a> on 21 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Caning+of+schoolgirls+is+nothing+new&rft.date=2007-12-04&rft.au=Chin%2C+V.K.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthestar.com.my%2Fcolumnists%2Fstory.asp%3Ffile%3D%2F2007%2F12%2F4%2Fcolumnists%2Fvkchin%2F19629191%26sec%3Dvkchin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLau_Lee_Sze2007" class="citation news cs1">Lau Lee Sze (29 November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110521132939/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2007%2F11%2F29%2Ffocus%2F19604403&sec=focus">"Girls should be caned too but do it right"</a>. <i>The Star</i>. Kuala Lumpur. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2007/11/29/focus/19604403&sec=focus">the original</a> on 21 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Girls+should+be+caned+too+but+do+it+right&rft.date=2007-11-29&rft.au=Lau+Lee+Sze&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3Ffile%3D%2F2007%2F11%2F29%2Ffocus%2F19604403%26sec%3Dfocus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChew,_Victor2008" class="citation news cs1">Chew, Victor (26 July 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608154853/http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=%2F2008%2F7%2F26%2Ffocus%2F21889827&sec=focus">"Use the cane only as a last resort, teachers"</a>. <i>The Star</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2008/7/26/focus/21889827&sec=focus">the original</a> on 8 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=Use+the+cane+only+as+a+last+resort%2C+teachers&rft.date=2008-07-26&rft.au=Chew%2C+Victor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3Ffile%3D%2F2008%2F7%2F26%2Ffocus%2F21889827%26sec%3Dfocus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120714130551/http://thestar.com.my/news/story.asp?file=/2012/2/22/focus/10779950&sec=focus">"Parents have to be totally involved"</a>. <i>The Star</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Star&rft.atitle=School+says+sorry+for+caning+that+left+bruises&rft.date=2007-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestar.com.my%2Fnews%2Fnation%2F2007%2F08%2F06%2Fschool-says-sorry-for-caning-that-left-bruises%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamil2019" class="citation news cs1">Jamil, Syauqi (24 June 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestar.com.my/news/nation/2019/06/24/secondary-schoolgirl-left-with-red-welts-on-arms-and-legs-after-caning/">"Secondary schoolgirl left with red welts on arms and legs after caning"</a>. <i>The Star</i>. 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London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191117091207/https://www.tes.com/news/archive-caning-scandal-london">Archived</a> from the original on 17 November 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Despite+Outcry%2C+Caning+Prevails+in+British+Schools&rft.date=1972-10-15&rft.aulast=Eder&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1972%2F10%2F15%2Farchives%2Fdespite-outcry-caning-prevails-in-british-schools.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tes.com/news/day-my-life-changed-when-i-realised-wed-won-fight-ban-cane-i-felt-triumphant">"The day my life changed - When I realised we'd won the fight to ban the cane, I felt triumphant"</a>. <i>Tes</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York: Knopf. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/975960">975960</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180922112851/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015030735164">Archived</a> from the original on 22 September 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 January</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Max+Beerbohm+in+perspective&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Knopf&rft.date=1922&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F975960&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Bohun&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dmdp.39015030735164&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GamesAndSports-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GamesAndSports_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSavage1927" class="citation book cs1">Savage, Howard James (1927). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gamessportsinbri00sava"><i>Games and sports in British schools and universities</i></a>. New York: The Chicago foundation for the advancement of teaching. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gamessportsinbri00sava/page/43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/531804">531804</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160325183304/https://archive.org/details/gamessportsinbri00sava">Archived</a> from the original on 25 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Games+and+sports+in+British+schools+and+universities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=The+Chicago+foundation+for+the+advancement+of+teaching&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F531804&rft.aulast=Savage&rft.aufirst=Howard+James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgamessportsinbri00sava&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">9780142413814</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TheListener-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TheListener_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><i>The Listener</i>. 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London: <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>. 1984. p. 10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Listener&rft.volume=111&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1984&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne1969" class="citation news cs1">Payne, Sara (14 February 1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corpun.com/uksc6902.htm#23007">"Rods in young hands"</a>. <i>Times Educational Supplement</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111013125129/http://corpun.com/uksc6902.htm#23007">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Times+Educational+Supplement&rft.atitle=Rods+in+young+hands&rft.date=1969-02-14&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corpun.com%2Fuksc6902.htm%2323007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MentalScience-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MentalScience_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><i>The Journal of Mental Science</i>. <b>68</b>. London: Churchill: 221. 1922. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0368-315X">0368-315X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Mental+Science&rft.volume=68&rft.pages=221&rft.date=1922&rft.issn=0368-315X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Missing or empty <code class="cs1-code">|title=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#citation_missing_title" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boys2Gentlemen-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boys2Gentlemen_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrell2001" class="citation book cs1">Morrell, Robert (2001). <i>From Boys to Gentlemen: Settler masculinity in Colonial Natal, 1880-1920</i>. Pretoria: Unisa Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-86888-151-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-86888-151-2"><bdi>978-1-86888-151-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Boys+to+Gentlemen%3A+Settler+masculinity+in+Colonial+Natal%2C+1880-1920&rft.place=Pretoria&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Unisa+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-86888-151-2&rft.aulast=Morrell&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-EducationNewNation-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-EducationNewNation_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoldstock1987" class="citation book cs1">Holdstock, T. Len (1987). <i>Education for a new nation</i>. Riverclub: Africa Transpersonal Association. p. 172. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-620-11721-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-620-11721-0"><bdi>978-0-620-11721-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Education+for+a+new+nation&rft.place=Riverclub&rft.pages=172&rft.pub=Africa+Transpersonal+Association&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-620-11721-0&rft.aulast=Holdstock&rft.aufirst=T.+Len&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acts.co.za/ed_sasa/index.htm">South African Schools Act, 1996, Chapter 2 : Learners, Section 10. Prohibition of corporal punishment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707062052/http://www.acts.co.za/ed_sasa/index.htm">Archived</a> 7 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-corpunref-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-corpunref_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-corpunref_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-corpunref_52-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corpun.com/counukr.htm">"United Kingdom: Corporal punishment in reformatories and youth institutions"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=United+Kingdom%3A+Corporal+punishment+in+reformatories+and+youth+institutions&rft.pub=World+Corporal+Punishment+Research&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corpun.com%2Fcounukr.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corpun.com/kenilworth.htm">"Corporal punishment at an English girls' reformatory, 1923"</a>. 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HMSO. 1971. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160529162128/http://www.corpun.com/ukrer1.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18128-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-18128-0"><bdi>978-0-415-18128-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Welfare%3A+needs%2C+rights%2C+and+risks&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-415-18128-0&rft.aulast=Langan&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHee8LJJuNGIC%26q%3D%2522community%2Bhomes%2Bwith%2Beducation%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealy1981" class="citation news cs1">Healy, Pat (20 May 1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corpun.com/ukre8105.htm">"Caning of girls 'worse than in last century'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>The Times</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091022134438/http://www.corpun.com/ukre8105.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 22 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Caning+of+girls+%27worse+than+in+last+century%27&rft.date=1981-05-20&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corpun.com%2Fukre8105.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TelegraphObit-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TelegraphObit_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1448007/Charles-Chenevix-Trench.html">"Charles Chenevix Trench"</a>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. London. 29 November 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140810234900/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1448007/Charles-Chenevix-Trench.html">Archived</a> from the original on 10 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Charles+Chenevix+Trench&rft.date=2003-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fobituaries%2F1448007%2FCharles-Chenevix-Trench.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000325/19350615/114/0011">"Richer for caning"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_Citizen" title="Gloucester Citizen">Gloucester Citizen</a></i>. 15 June 1935<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gloucester+Citizen&rft.atitle=Richer+for+caning&rft.date=1935-06-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk%2Fviewer%2Fbl%2F0000325%2F19350615%2F114%2F0011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caning&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardy,_Janet2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Hardy" title="Janet Hardy">Hardy, Janet</a> (2004). <i>The Toybag Guide to Canes and Caning (Toybag Guide)</i>. San Francisco: Greenery Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-890159-56-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-890159-56-5"><bdi>1-890159-56-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Toybag+Guide+to+Canes+and+Caning+%28Toybag+Guide%29&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Greenery+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-890159-56-5&rft.au=Hardy%2C+Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACaning" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caning&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; 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