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<li id="toc-First_period_(1973–81)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_period_(1973–81)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>First period (1973–81)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_period_(1973–81)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_period_(since_1981)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_period_(since_1981)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Second period (since 1981)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_period_(since_1981)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Édouard_de_Rothschild's_involvement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Édouard_de_Rothschild's_involvement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Édouard de Rothschild's involvement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Édouard_de_Rothschild's_involvement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Circulation_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Circulation_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Circulation statistics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Circulation_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " 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Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="ليبراسيون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ليبراسيون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Либерасион – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Либерасион" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_(kazetenn)" title="Libération (kazetenn) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Libération (kazetenn)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_(peri%C3%B3dico)" title="Libération (periódico) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Libération (periódico)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86" title="لیبراسیون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لیبراسیون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_(journal)" title="Libération (journal) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Libération (journal)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A6%AC%EB%B2%A0%EB%9D%BC%EC%8B%9C%EC%98%B9" title="리베라시옹 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="리베라시옹" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ליברסיון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ליברסיון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ლიბერასიონი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლიბერასიონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="ليبراسيون – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ليبراسيون" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AA%E3%83%99%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B7%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3" title="リベラシオン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="リベラシオン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B7%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%8D)" title="லிபரேஷன் (நாளிதழ்) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லிபரேஷன் (நாளிதழ்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration" title="Libération – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Libération" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E4%BA%BA%E6%8A%A5%EF%BC%88%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%EF%BC%89" title="自由人报（法国） – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="自由人报（法国）" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E5%A0%B1" title="解放報 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="解放報" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E6%94%BE%E6%8A%A5" title="解放报 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="解放报" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">French daily newspaper founded in 1973</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lib%C3%A9ration_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Libération (disambiguation)">Libération (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link 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51 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1973</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political alignment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Centre-left_politics" title="Centre-left politics">Centre-left</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Newspaper_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaper circulation">Circulation</a></th><td class="infobox-data">97,633 (total, 2022)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />9,900 (digital, 2018)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0335-1793">0335-1793</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/">liberation.fr</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist" style="line-height:1.3em; padding-top:0.4em; border-top: 1px solid #aaa"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Media of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_France" title="List of newspapers in France">List of newspapers</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[libeʁɑsjɔ̃]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/27\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Jules78120-Lib%C3%A9ration.wav\/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Jules78120-Lib%C3%A9ration.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Lib\u00e9ration.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/27/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Jules78120-Lib%C3%A9ration.wav/LL-Q150_%28fra%29-Jules78120-Lib%C3%A9ration.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q150_(fra)-Jules78120-Lib%C3%A9ration.wav" title="File:LL-Q150 (fra)-Jules78120-Libération.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>), popularly known as <i><b>Libé</b></i> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">pronounced</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[libe]</a></span>), is a daily newspaper in France, founded in Paris by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serge_July" title="Serge July">Serge July</a> in 1973 in the wake of the protest movements of <a href="/wiki/May_1968_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 in France">May 1968</a>. Initially positioned on the far left of France's political spectrum, the editorial line evolved towards a more centre-left stance at the end of the 1970s,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where it remains as of 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The publication describes its "DNA" as being "liberal libertarian". It aims to act as a common platform for the diverse tendencies within the <a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">French Left</a>, with its "compass" being "the defence of freedoms and of minorities".<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Edouard_Etienne_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Etienne de Rothschild">Edouard de Rothschild</a>'s acquisition of a 37% capital interest in 2005,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and editor Serge July's campaign for the "yes" vote in the <a href="/wiki/2005_French_European_Constitution_referendum" title="2005 French European Constitution referendum">referendum establishing a Constitution for Europe</a> the same year,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> alienated it from a number of its left-wing readers.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its early days, it was noted for its irreverent and humorous style and unorthodox journalistic culture. All employees, including management, received the same salary. In addition to traditional editor's notes, known as <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Note_de_la_r%C3%A9daction" class="extiw" title="fr:Note de la rédaction">Note de la rédaction</a> and marked as N.D.L.R., it included the innovative NDLC (<i>note de la claviste</i>), apt and witty comments inserted at the last moment by the typesetter.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the first French daily to have a website. It had a circulation of about 67,000 in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-ACPM_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ACPM-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Libération</i> has been considered a <a href="/wiki/Newspaper_of_record" title="Newspaper of record">newspaper of record</a> in France.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lib%C3%A9ration&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_period_(1973–81)"><span id="First_period_.281973.E2.80.9381.29"></span>First period (1973–81)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lib%C3%A9ration&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: First period (1973–81)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span> was founded by Jean-Paul Sartre, Philippe Gavi, Bernard Lallement, Jean-Claude Vernier, Pierre Victor alias <a href="/wiki/Benny_L%C3%A9vy" title="Benny Lévy">Benny Lévy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serge_July" title="Serge July">Serge July</a> and was first published on 3 February 1973,<sup id="cite_ref-ess_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ess-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the wake of the protest movements of <a href="/wiki/May_1968_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="May 1968 in France">May 1968</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sartre remained editor of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span> until 24 May 1974. During this period one of the contributors was <a href="/wiki/Samir_Frangieh" title="Samir Frangieh">Samir Frangieh</a>, a leftist Lebanese journalist.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The paper was initially run along non-hierarchical lines, with all staff – from the editor-in-chief to the janitor – receiving the same salary, but this later gave way to a "normal set-up". In the early 1980s it began to take advertisements and allowed external bodies to have a stake in its financing, which it had completely refused before, but continued to maintain a left leaning<sup id="cite_ref-ess_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ess-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> editorial stance. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_period_(since_1981)"><span id="Second_period_.28since_1981.29"></span>Second period (since 1981)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lib%C3%A9ration&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Second period (since 1981)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After several crises, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span> temporarily stopped being published in February 1981. It resumed publication on 13 May under a new format, with <a href="/wiki/Serge_July" title="Serge July">Serge July</a> as new director.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span> is not affiliated with any political party, it has, from its theoretical origins in the May 1968 turmoil in France, a left-wing slant.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to co-founder and former director Serge July, <i>Libé</i> was an activist newspaper that, however, does not support any particular political party, acts as a counter-power, and generally has bad relations with both left-wing and right-wing administrations. <i>Libé</i>'s opinion pages (<i>rebonds</i>) publish views from many political standpoints. An example of their proclaimed independent, "counter-power" slant is when in 1993 <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span> leaked <a href="/wiki/French_Socialist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="French Socialist Party">Socialist</a> president <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a>'s illegal wiretapping program. </p><p><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span> is known for its sometimes alternative points of view on cultural and social events. For instance, in addition to reports about crimes and other events, it also chronicles daily criminal trials, bringing in a more human vision of petty criminals. As Serge July puts it, "the equation of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span> consisted in combining counter-culture and political radicalism".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The editors' decision, in 2005, to support the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_establishing_a_Constitution_for_Europe" title="Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe">Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe</a> (TCE) was criticized by many of its readers, who later <a href="/wiki/2005_French_European_Constitution_referendum" title="2005 French European Constitution referendum">decided to vote "no"</a> to a treaty seen as too <a href="/wiki/Neoliberalism" title="Neoliberalism">neoliberal</a>, lacking social views deemed necessary to the solid foundation of a "European nation". </p><p>On 11 December 2010, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span> started hosting a mirror of the <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> website, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak" title="United States diplomatic cables leak">United States diplomatic cables</a> and other document collections,<sup id="cite_ref-liberation_cablegate_mirror_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liberation_cablegate_mirror-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in solidarity with WikiLeaks, in order to prevent it from being "suffocated" by "governments and companies that were trying to block [WikiLeaks'] functioning without even a judicial decision".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 2015, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span>, working with WikiLeaks, reported that the United States <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">National Security Agency</a> had been secretly spying on the telephone conversations of presidents <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Sarkozy" title="Nicolas Sarkozy">Nicolas Sarkozy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a> from at least 2006 through 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-wikilib_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikilib-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-wikigua_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wikigua-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Édouard_de_Rothschild's_involvement"><span id=".C3.89douard_de_Rothschild.27s_involvement"></span>Édouard de Rothschild's involvement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lib%C3%A9ration&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Édouard de Rothschild's involvement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005 <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span> badly needed funds,<sup id="cite_ref-bbc11_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc11-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Serge July strove to convince the board to allow <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_de_Rothschild" title="Édouard de Rothschild">Édouard de Rothschild</a><sup id="cite_ref-bbc11_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc11-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to buy a stake in the paper. The board agreed on 20 January 2005. Social conflicts arose shortly after. On 25 November 2005, the paper went on strike, protesting against the layoff of 52 workers.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rothschild, who had promised he would not interfere in editorial decisions, decided that he was not playing an active enough role in the paper's management.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 2006 the paper announced a weekend magazine called <i>Libé week-end</i>, with a supplement called <i>Ecrans</i> (covering television, internet and film), and another called <i>R</i>. (The latter was abandoned in September of the same year.) </p><p>On 13 June 2006, Serge July told the editorial staff that Édouard de Rothschild was refusing to invest more money in the paper unless <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Dreyfus_(homme_de_m%C3%A9dias)" class="extiw" title="fr:Louis Dreyfus (homme de médias)">Louis Dreyfus</a> (directeur général) and himself left the paper. July had accepted, believing the paper's future existence to depend on his decision. The journalists were shocked. The next day, they published a public statement praising the paper's founder and expressing their worries about journalistic independence.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serge July left the paper on 30 June 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A debate between Bernard Lallement, the first administrator-manager of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span> and Edouard de Rothschild took place in <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i></span> newspaper. In a column published on 4 July 2006, Lallement argued that July's departure was the end of an era where "writing meant something". Lallement painted a bleak picture of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span>'s future, as well as that of the press as a whole. Criticizing Rothschild's interference, Lallement quoted Sartre, who had famously said that "Money doesn't have any ideas".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later, on his blog, Lallement argued that Rothschild, who had had no historic attachment to the paper, was only interested in making money, not in the paper itself.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 6 July, Rothschild declared: "<span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span> needs help and moral, intellectual and financial support. <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span> doesn't need a requiem."<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sixty-two employees—including 35 journalists, such as Antoine de Gaudemar, chief editor, <a href="/wiki/Sorj_Chalandon" title="Sorj Chalandon">Sorj Chalandon</a>, who was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Londres_Prize" title="Albert Londres Prize">Albert Londres Prize</a>, both present since the 1973 creation of <i>Libé</i>, and <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Haski" title="Pierre Haski">Pierre Haski</a>, deputy editor, present since 1981—were about to resign at end of January 2007 (on a total of 276 employees). With the 55 other employees who left the newspaper at the end of 2005, this made a total of about 150 staff who had left since Rothschild's ownership, not including tens of resignations (including Florence Aubenas, Dominique Simonnot, Antoine de Baecque, Jean Hatzfeld)<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In May 2007, former <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span> journalists, including Pierre Haski and <a href="/wiki/Pascal_Rich%C3%A9" title="Pascal Riché">Pascal Riché</a> (Op-Ed editor of <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span>) created the news website <i><a href="/wiki/Rue_89" class="mw-redirect" title="Rue 89">Rue 89</a></i>. </p><p>In 2014, the newspaper once again found itself in the news, following a public dispute between its journalists and shareholders over the future of the newspaper. In the face of falling circulation the latter had sought to re-invent the paper's web site as a social network. The editor-in-chief <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Demorand" title="Nicolas Demorand">Nicolas Demorand</a> resigned over the row.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Change_in_Newspaper_Circulation_in_France,_1999-2011.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Liberation's circulation figures have under-performed compared to other French newspapers in the 21st century"><img alt="Liberation's circulation figures have under-performed compared to other French newspapers in the 21st century" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Change_in_Newspaper_Circulation_in_France%2C_1999-2011.png/570px-Change_in_Newspaper_Circulation_in_France%2C_1999-2011.png" decoding="async" width="570" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e4/Change_in_Newspaper_Circulation_in_France%2C_1999-2011.png 1.5x" data-file-width="812" data-file-height="401" /></a></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Circulation_statistics">Circulation statistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lib%C3%A9ration&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Circulation statistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>France paid circulation </th></tr> <tr> <th>1999 </th> <td>169,427 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2000 </th> <td>169,011 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2001 </th> <td>174,310 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2002 </th> <td>164,286 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2003 </th> <td>158,115 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2004 </th> <td>146,109 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2005 </th> <td>133,270 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2006 </th> <td>142,557 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2007 </th> <td>132,356 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2008 </th> <td>123,317 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2009 </th> <td>111,584 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2010 </th> <td>113,108 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2011 </th> <td>119,205 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2012 </th> <td>119,418 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2013 </th> <td>101,616 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2014 </th> <td>93,781 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2015 </th> <td>88,395 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2016 </th> <td>73,331 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2017 </th> <td>75,275 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2018 </th> <td>67,238 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2019 </th> <td>71,522 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2020 </th> <td>76,522 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lib%C3%A9ration&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chunichi_Shimbun" title="Chunichi Shimbun">Chunichi Shimbun</a></i>, affiliated newspaper in Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of French newspapers">List of French newspapers</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lib%C3%A9ration&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acpm.fr/Support/liberation">"Libération − History"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Alliance_pour_les_chiffres_de_la_presse_et_des_m%C3%A9dias" title="Alliance pour les chiffres de la presse et des médias">Alliance pour les chiffres de la presse et des médias</a></i> (in French). n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20230626165919/https://www.acpm.fr/Support/liberation">Archived</a> from the original on 26 June 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alliance+pour+les+chiffres+de+la+presse+et+des+m%C3%A9dias&rft.atitle=Lib%C3%A9ration+%E2%88%92+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acpm.fr%2FSupport%2Fliberation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190904082436/https://www.france-medias.fr/liberation/e-28">"Évaluation Libération"</a> (in French). france-medias.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france-medias.fr/liberation/e-28">the original</a> on 4 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%C3%89valuation+Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.pub=france-medias.fr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france-medias.fr%2Fliberation%2Fe-28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17980952">"French press rallies behind new President Hollande"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 7 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150103162400/http://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-17980952">Archived</a> from the original on 3 January 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=French+press+rallies+behind+new+President+Hollande&rft.date=2012-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-europe-17980952&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200131031108/https://www.liberation.fr/ecrans/2014/03/13/liberation-et-son-rapport-a-la-gauche_986845">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Libération" et son rapport à la gauche"</a> (in French). Libération. 13 March 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liberation.fr/ecrans/2014/03/13/liberation-et-son-rapport-a-la-gauche_986845">the original</a> on 31 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Lib%C3%A9ration%22+et+son+rapport+%C3%A0+la+gauche&rft.pub=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.date=2014-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fecrans%2F2014%2F03%2F13%2Fliberation-et-son-rapport-a-la-gauche_986845&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acrimed.org/article1903.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Libération" tombe sous le charme d'Edouard de Rothschild"</a> (in French). Acrimed. 31 January 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101220182525/http://www.acrimed.org/article1903.html">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Lib%C3%A9ration%22+tombe+sous+le+charme+d%27Edouard+de+Rothschild&rft.pub=Acrimed&rft.date=2005-01-31&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acrimed.org%2Farticle1903.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualite/media/20061205.OBS1535/l-editorial-de-serge-july.htmlv">"L'éditorial de Serge July"</a>. <i>Le Nouvel Observateur</i> (in French). 25 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Nouvel+Observateur&rft.atitle=L%27%C3%A9ditorial+de+Serge+July&rft.date=2008-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftempsreel.nouvelobs.com%2Factualite%2Fmedia%2F20061205.OBS1535%2Fl-editorial-de-serge-july.htmlv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lmsi.net/Un-cri-de-douleur-de-Serge-July">"Un " cri de douleur " de Serge July"</a> (in French). Les Mots Sont Importants. June 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101217124359/http://lmsi.net/Un-cri-de-douleur-de-Serge-July">Archived</a> from the original on 17 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Un+%22+cri+de+douleur+%22+de+Serge+July&rft.pub=Les+Mots+Sont+Importants&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flmsi.net%2FUn-cri-de-douleur-de-Serge-July&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/correcteurs/2011/06/24/ndlc-note-de-la-claviste/">"NDLC (note de la claviste)"</a> (in French). Le Monde. 24 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200131031046/https://www.lemonde.fr/blog/correcteurs/2011/06/24/ndlc-note-de-la-claviste/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NDLC+%28note+de+la+claviste%29&rft.pub=Le+Monde&rft.date=2011-06-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lemonde.fr%2Fblog%2Fcorrecteurs%2F2011%2F06%2F24%2Fndlc-note-de-la-claviste%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ACPM-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ACPM_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acpm.fr/Les-chiffres/Diffusion-presse/Presse-Payante/Presse-Quotidienne-Nationale">"ACMP"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190409113126/https://www.acpm.fr/Les-chiffres/Diffusion-presse/Presse-Payante/Presse-Quotidienne-Nationale">Archived</a> from the original on 9 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 April</span> 2019</span>. <q>French NGO responsible for surveying newspaper circulation</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ACMP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.acpm.fr%2FLes-chiffres%2FDiffusion-presse%2FPresse-Payante%2FPresse-Quotidienne-Nationale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryant2006" class="citation news cs1">Bryant, Elizabeth (27 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/A-capital-crisis-may-bring-down-leftist-French-2548623.php">"A capital crisis may bring down leftist French paper / Liberation, founded in 1968, has seen circulation plummet"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170225132811/https://www.sfgate.com/news/article/A-capital-crisis-may-bring-down-leftist-French-2548623.php">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=A+capital+crisis+may+bring+down+leftist+French+paper+%2F+Liberation%2C+founded+in+1968%2C+has+seen+circulation+plummet&rft.date=2006-10-27&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fnews%2Farticle%2FA-capital-crisis-may-bring-down-leftist-French-2548623.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ess-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ess_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ess_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140816014141/http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/round6/methods/ESS6_media_landscape_media_claims_ed_02_0.pdf">"Media Landscape Media Claims"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. European Social Survey. May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.europeansocialsurvey.org/docs/round6/methods/ESS6_media_landscape_media_claims_ed_02_0.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 16 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Media+Landscape+Media+Claims&rft.pub=European+Social+Survey&rft.date=2014-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeansocialsurvey.org%2Fdocs%2Fround6%2Fmethods%2FESS6_media_landscape_media_claims_ed_02_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Tebbel2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">John Tebbel (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190509082817/http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/DF_media-prt.shtml">"Print Media. France"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Americana</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discoverfrance.net/France/DF_media-prt.shtml">the original</a> on 9 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Print+Media.+France&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Americana&rft.date=2003&rft.au=John+Tebbel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discoverfrance.net%2FFrance%2FDF_media-prt.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110945904.476"><i>Who's Who in Lebanon</i></a> (19th ed.). Beirut: Publitec Publications. 2007. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2F9783110945904.476">10.1515/9783110945904.476</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-598-07734-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-598-07734-0"><bdi>978-3-598-07734-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Who%27s+Who+in+Lebanon&rft.place=Beirut&rft.pages=132&rft.edition=19th&rft.pub=Publitec+Publications&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2F9783110945904.476&rft.isbn=978-3-598-07734-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1515%2F9783110945904.476&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhilip_Thody2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Thody" title="Philip Thody">Philip Thody</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W56vAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA290"><i>Le Franglais: Forbidden English, Forbidden American: Law, Politics and Language in Contemporary France: A Study in</i></a>. A&C Black. p. 290. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7760-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-7760-5"><bdi>978-1-4411-7760-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Franglais%3A+Forbidden+English%2C+Forbidden+American%3A+Law%2C+Politics+and+Language+in+Contemporary+France%3A+A+Study+in&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-7760-5&rft.au=Philip+Thody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DW56vAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://perso.wanadoo.fr/jatteau/tpe/interviews.htm">Interviews with journalists from Libération</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050526075436/http://perso.wanadoo.fr/jatteau/tpe/interviews.htm">Archived</a> 26 May 2005 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20010511213202/http://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/label_france/FRANCE/COM/july/july.html">Interview with Serge July</a> (on official French government website) <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liberation_cablegate_mirror-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-liberation_cablegate_mirror_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101228233926/http://wikileaks.liberation.fr/cablegate.html">"Secret US Embassy Cables"</a>. <i>Libération</i>. 4 January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikileaks.liberation.fr/cablegate.html">the original</a> on 28 December 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=Secret+US+Embassy+Cables&rft.date=2011-01-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwikileaks.liberation.fr%2Fcablegate.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/making-of/01012307421-liberation-abrite-wikileaks">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Libération" abrite WikiLeaks"</a>. <i>Libération</i> (in French). 11 December 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110115003158/http://www.liberation.fr/making-of/01012307421-liberation-abrite-wikileaks">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2011. <q>Nous avons choisi d'empêcher l'asphyxie de WikiLeaks à l'heure où des gouvernements et des entreprises cherchent à bloquer son fonctionnement sans même une décision de justice.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=%22Lib%C3%A9ration%22+abrite+WikiLeaks&rft.date=2010-12-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fmaking-of%2F01012307421-liberation-abrite-wikileaks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikilib-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikilib_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuitonLéchenetManachAssange2015" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Guiton, Amaelle; Léchenet, Alexandre; Manach, Jean-Marc; <a href="/wiki/Julian_Assange" title="Julian Assange">Assange, Julian</a> (23 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624015443/http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2015/06/23/chirac-sarkozy-et-hollande-trois-presidents-sur-ecoute_1335767">"WikiLeaks – Chirac, Sarkozy, et Hollande : trois présidents sur écoute"</a>. <i>Libération</i> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/monde/2015/06/23/chirac-sarkozy-et-hollande-trois-presidents-sur-ecoute_1335767">the original</a> on 24 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lib%C3%A9ration&rft.atitle=WikiLeaks+%E2%80%93+Chirac%2C+Sarkozy%2C+et+Hollande+%3A+trois+pr%C3%A9sidents+sur+%C3%A9coute&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft.aulast=Guiton&rft.aufirst=Amaelle&rft.au=L%C3%A9chenet%2C+Alexandre&rft.au=Manach%2C+Jean-Marc&rft.au=Assange%2C+Julian&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.liberation.fr%2Fmonde%2F2015%2F06%2F23%2Fchirac-sarkozy-et-hollande-trois-presidents-sur-ecoute_1335767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wikigua-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wikigua_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillsher2015" class="citation news cs1">Willsher, Kim (23 June 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/23/francois-hollande-emergency-meeting-wikileaks-us-spied-three-presidents-france">"François Hollande calls emergency meeting after WikiLeaks claims US spied on three French presidents"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150624010049/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/jun/23/francois-hollande-emergency-meeting-wikileaks-us-spied-three-presidents-france">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 June</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Fran%C3%A7ois+Hollande+calls+emergency+meeting+after+WikiLeaks+claims+US+spied+on+three+French+presidents&rft.date=2015-06-23&rft.aulast=Willsher&rft.aufirst=Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2015%2Fjun%2F23%2Ffrancois-hollande-emergency-meeting-wikileaks-us-spied-three-presidents-france&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc11-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc11_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc11_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4295349.stm">"The press in France"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 11 November 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201115012202/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/europe/4295349.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 November 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=The+press+in+France&rft.date=2006-11-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Feurope%2F4295349.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.humanite.fr/journal/2006-01-02/2006-01-02-821053">Libération ? Un cas d’école pour la presse française</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060622165236/http://www.humanite.fr/journal/2006-01-02/2006-01-02-821053">Archived</a> 22 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i>, 26 May 2006 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/20060614.FIG000000196_les_raisons_d_un_divorce.html">Les raisons d'un divorce</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929132019/http://www.lefigaro.fr/medias/20060614.FIG000000196_les_raisons_d_un_divorce.html">Archived</a> 29 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i>, 14 June 2006 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/page.php?Article=390093">Depuis trente-trois ans, Serge July, cofondateur de «Libération»....</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060617192959/http://www.liberation.fr/page.php?Article=390093">Archived</a> 17 June 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span>, 14 June 2006 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">" Pourquoi je quitte "Libération" " ; Serge July; <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Libération</i></span>; 30 June 2006 <blockquote> <p>« <i>The orchestral conductor that I was bids you farewell.</i><br /> <i>The journalist who I am is infinitely sad no longer to be able to write here.</i><br /> <i>The reader that I shall remain bids you good-bye.</i> » </p> </blockquote>(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/dossiers/liberation/serge/190731.FR.php">article en ligne</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061124201521/http://www.liberation.fr/dossiers/liberation/serge/190731.FR.php">Archived</a> 24 November 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3232,36-791233,0.html">Une complainte pour Libé</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060705024903/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3232,36-791233,0.html">Archived</a> 5 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>; <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i></span> 4 July 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sartre.blogspirit.com/archive/2006/07/06/libe-un-paradoxe-tres-cavalier.html">Libé : un paradoxe très cavalier</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060808051829/http://sartre.blogspirit.com/archive/2006/07/06/libe-un-paradoxe-tres-cavalier.html">Archived</a> 8 August 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 6 July 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3232,36-792175,0.html">Libération n'a pas besoin de requiem</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060719104507/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0%2C1-0@2-3232%2C36-792175%2C0.html">Archived</a> 19 July 2006 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> ; <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i></span> 6 July 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0,1-0@2-3236,36-858581@51-829464,0.html">"Libération" : 62 candidats au départ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070127030116/http://www.lemonde.fr/web/article/0%2C1-0@2-3236%2C36-858581@51-829464%2C0.html">Archived</a> 27 January 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i></span>, 23 January 2007 –. Retrieved 23 January 2007 <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/business-26169559">"Liberation newspaper boss quits over restructuring row"</a>. <i>BBC</i>. 13 February 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141025045521/http://www.bbc.com/news/business-26169559">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 November</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=Liberation+newspaper+boss+quits+over+restructuring+row&rft.date=2014-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fbusiness-26169559&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALib%C3%A9ration" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lib%C3%A9ration&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="official-website"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.liberation.fr/">Official website</a></span></span> <span class="languageicon">(in French)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.freedomforum.org/todaysfrontpages/#FRA_LIB">Today's <i>Libération</i> front page</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Forum" title="Freedom Forum">Freedom Forum</a> website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/listes/001/liste_type_article_54.asp">Regular French Press Review</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416190350/http://www.rfi.fr/actuen/listes/001/liste_type_article_54.asp">Archived</a> 16 April 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>) – Radio France International</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222012006/http://www.ojd.com/adherent/3347">OJD</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acpm.fr/Support/liberation">ACPM</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Newspapers_in_France" title="Template talk:Newspapers in France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Newspapers_in_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Newspapers in France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Main_newspapers_and_news_magazines_in_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_France" title="List of newspapers in France">Main newspapers and news magazines in France</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Daily</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="National" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France#Daily_newspapers_and_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">National</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/20_minutes_(France)" title="20 minutes (France)">20 minutes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Parisien" title="Le Parisien">Aujourd'hui en France</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Croix_(newspaper)" title="La Croix (newspaper)">La Croix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Les_%C3%89chos_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Les Échos (France)">Les Échos</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27%C3%89quipe" title="L'Équipe">L'Équipe</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro" title="Le Figaro">Le Figaro</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libération</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9" title="L'Humanité">L'Humanité</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Opinion_(French_newspaper)" title="L'Opinion (French newspaper)">L'Opinion</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Media_of_France#Regional_daily_newspapers" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of France">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/La_D%C3%A9p%C3%AAche_du_Midi" title="La Dépêche du Midi">La Dépêche du Midi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Est_R%C3%A9publicain" title="L'Est Républicain">L'Est Républicain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Provence" title="La Provence">La Provence</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Voix_du_Nord" title="La Voix du Nord">La Voix du Nord</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Parisien" title="Le Parisien">Le Parisien</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nice-Matin" title="Nice-Matin">Nice-Matin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ouest-France" title="Ouest-France">Ouest-France</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sud_Ouest_(newspaper)" title="Sud Ouest (newspaper)">Sud Ouest</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Weekly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Courrier_International" title="Courrier International">Courrier International</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Humanit%C3%A9_Dimanche" title="L'Humanité Dimanche">L'Humanité Dimanche</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Vie_(magazine)" title="La Vie (magazine)">La Vie</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/L%27Express" title="L'Express">L'Express</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Figaro_Magazine" title="Le Figaro Magazine">Le Figaro Magazine</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Journal_du_Dimanche" title="Le Journal du Dimanche">Le Journal du Dimanche</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Nouvel_Obs" title="Le Nouvel Obs">Le Nouvel Obs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marianne_(magazine)" title="Marianne (magazine)">Marianne</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paris_Match" title="Paris Match">Paris Match</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valeurs_actuelles" title="Valeurs actuelles">Valeurs actuelles</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Point" title="Le Point">Le Point</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Satirical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Hebdo" title="Charlie Hebdo">Charlie Hebdo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Canard_encha%C3%AEn%C3%A9" title="Le Canard enchaîné">Le Canard enchaîné</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Challenges_(magazine)" title="Challenges (magazine)">Challenges</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Investir" title="Investir">Investir</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_Tribune" title="La Tribune">La Tribune</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Nouvel_%C3%89conomiste" title="Le Nouvel Économiste">Le Nouvel Économiste</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monthly</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Le_Monde_diplomatique" title="Le Monde diplomatique">Le Monde diplomatique</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alternatives_%C3%A9conomiques" title="Alternatives économiques">Alternatives économiques</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rothschild" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rothschilds" title="Template:Rothschilds"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rothschilds" title="Template talk:Rothschilds"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rothschilds" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rothschilds"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rothschild" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschild</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_of_the_Rothschild_family" title="Genealogy of the Rothschild family">Genealogy of the Rothschild family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayer_Amschel_Rothschild" title="Mayer Amschel Rothschild">Mayer Amschel Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amschel_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Amschel Mayer Rothschild">Amschel Mayer Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_Mausoleum" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschild Mausoleum">Rothschild Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_Park_(Frankfurt)" title="Rothschild Park (Frankfurt)">Rothschild Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_Rothschild" title="Prix Rothschild">Prix Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Rothschild" title="Baron Rothschild">Baron Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Rothschild_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Rothschild (Austria)">Baron Rothschild (Austria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Empire">Austro-Hungarian Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_loans_to_the_Holy_See" title="Rothschild loans to the Holy See">Holy See</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Banking and<br />companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_%26_Co" title="Rothschild & Co">Rothschild & Co</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RIT_Capital_Partners" title="RIT Capital Partners">RIT Capital Partners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_de_Rothschild_Group" title="Edmond de Rothschild Group">Edmond de Rothschild Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Rothschild_Fr%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="De Rothschild Frères">de Rothschild Frères</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._M._von_Rothschild" title="S. M. von Rothschild">S. M. von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imerys" title="Imerys">Imerys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eramet" title="Eramet">Eramet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_Med" title="Club Med">Club Med</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Libération</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economist_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Economist Group">Economist Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouton_Cadet" title="Mouton Cadet">Mouton Cadet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opus_One_Winery" title="Opus One Winery">Opus One Winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemins_de_Fer_du_Nord" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemins de Fer du Nord">Chemins de Fer du Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADtkovice_Mining_and_Iron_Corporation" title="Vítkovice Mining and Iron Corporation">Vítkovice Mining and Iron Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine_Jewish_Colonization_Association" title="Palestine Jewish Colonization Association">Palestine Jewish Colonization Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yad_Hanadiv" title="Yad Hanadiv">Yad Hanadiv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creditanstalt" title="Creditanstalt">Creditanstalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_South_Africa_Company" title="British South Africa Company">British South Africa Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Beers" title="De Beers">De Beers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bnito" title="Bnito">Caspian and Black Sea Oil Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Ferdinand_Northern_Railway" title="Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway">Emperor Ferdinand Northern Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Resource_Minerals" title="Asia Resource Minerals">Asia Resource Minerals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genel_Energy" title="Genel Energy">Genel Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RSA_Insurance_Group" title="RSA Insurance Group">Alliance Assurance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family_residences" title="Rothschild family residences">Properties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_properties_in_the_Home_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Rothschild properties in the Home counties">Rothschild properties in the Home counties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ascott_House" title="Ascott House">Ascott House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aston_Clinton_House" title="Aston Clinton House">Aston Clinton House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champneys" title="Champneys">Champneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eythrope" title="Eythrope">Eythrope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exbury_Gardens" title="Exbury Gardens">Exbury Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnersbury_Park" title="Gunnersbury Park">Gunnersbury Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halton_House" title="Halton House">Halton House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentmore_Towers" title="Mentmore Towers">Mentmore Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tring_Park_Mansion" title="Tring Park Mansion">Tring Park Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddesdon_Manor" title="Waddesdon Manor">Waddesdon Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_House,_Westminster" title="Spencer House, Westminster">Spencer House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palais_Rothschild" title="Palais Rothschild">Palais Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Mouton_Rothschild" title="Château Mouton Rothschild">Château Mouton Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbaye_des_Vaux_de_Cernay" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbaye des Vaux de Cernay">Abbaye des Vaux de Cernay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Clarke" title="Château Clarke">Château Clarke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Ferri%C3%A8res" title="Château de Ferrières">Château de Ferrières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Lafite-Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Château Lafite-Rothschild">Château Lafite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Laversine" title="Château de Laversine">Château de Laversine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_des_Laurets" title="Château des Laurets">Château des Laurets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_la_Muette" title="Château de la Muette">Château de la Muette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_Rothschild" title="Château Rothschild">Château Rothschild, Boulogne-Billancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haras_de_Meautry" title="Haras de Meautry">Haras de Meautry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Lambert" title="Hôtel Lambert">Hôtel Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Marigny" title="Hôtel de Marigny">Hôtel de Marigny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_de_Pontalba" title="Hôtel de Pontalba">Hôtel de Pontalba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B4tel_Salomon_de_Rothschild" title="Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild">Hôtel Salomon de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Embassy,_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="American Embassy, Paris">Talleyrand Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_Austria" title="Rothschild banking family of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_Mayer_von_Rothschild" title="Salomon Mayer von Rothschild">Salomon Mayer von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anselm_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Anselm von Rothschild">Anselm Salomon von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathilde_Hannah_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathilde Hannah von Rothschild">Mathilde Hannah von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Mayer_Anselm_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Mayer Anselm von Rothschild">Nathaniel Mayer Anselm von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Rothschild" title="Ferdinand de Rothschild">Ferdinand de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Salomon_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Salomon von Rothschild">Salomon Albert Anmselm von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Nathaniel_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Nathaniel von Rothschild">Ludwig (Louis) von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Daniel_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugène Daniel de Rothschild">Eugéne Daniel von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_Stuart" title="Jeanne Stuart">Jeanne Stuart von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Charlotte_von_Rothschild" title="Alice Charlotte von Rothschild">Alice Charlotte von Rothschild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_England" title="Rothschild banking family of England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_de_Rothschild" title="Alfred de Rothschild">Alfred de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amschel_Mayor_James_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Amschel Mayor James Rothschild">Amschel Mayor James Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Anthony_de_Rothschild,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet">Sir Anthony de Rothschild, 1st Baronet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Gustav_de_Rothschild" title="Anthony Gustav de Rothschild">Anthony Gustav de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_de_Rothschild" title="Anthony James de Rothschild">Anthony James de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Rothschild" title="Charles Rothschild">Charles Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Henriette_de_Rothschild" title="Charlotte Henriette de Rothschild">Charlotte Henriette de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Mayer_de_Rothschild" title="David Mayer de Rothschild">David Mayer de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_de_Rothschild" title="Dorothy de Rothschild">Dorothy de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Leopold_de_Rothschild" title="Edmund Leopold de Rothschild">Edmund Leopold de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Georgina_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Georgina Rothschild">Emma Georgina Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelina_de_Rothschild" title="Evelina de Rothschild">Evelina de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Achille_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Evelyn Achille de Rothschild">Evelyn Achille de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_de_Rothschild" title="Evelyn de Rothschild">Sir Evelyn de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_de_Rothschild" title="Ferdinand de Rothschild">Ferdinand de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Primrose,_Countess_of_Rosebery" title="Hannah Primrose, Countess of Rosebery">Hannah de Rothschild, Countess of Rosebery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Rothschild,_4th_Baron_Rothschild" title="Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild">Jacob Rothschild, 4th Baron Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nica_de_Koenigswarter" class="mw-redirect" title="Nica de Koenigswarter">Kathleen (Nica de Koenigswarter) Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_de_Rothschild" title="Leopold de Rothschild">Leopold de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_David_de_Rothschild" title="Leopold David de Rothschild">Leopold David de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild" title="Lionel de Rothschild">Lionel de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_de_Rothschild_(1882-1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lionel de Rothschild (1882-1942)">Lionel Nathan de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynn_Forester_de_Rothschild" title="Lynn Forester de Rothschild">Lynn Forester de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayer_Amschel_de_Rothschild" title="Mayer Amschel de Rothschild">Mayer Amschel de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriam_Louisa_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Miriam Louisa Rothschild">Miriam Louisa Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_de_Rothschild" title="Nathaniel de Rothschild">Nathaniel de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Mayer_Rothschild" title="Nathan Mayer Rothschild">Nathan Mayer Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Rothschild,_1st_Baron_Rothschild" title="Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild">Nathan Rothschild, 1st Baron Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Rothschild,_5th_Baron_Rothschild" title="Nathaniel Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild">Nathaniel Rothschild, 5th Baron Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicky_Hilton" title="Nicky Hilton">Nicky Hilton Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Rothschild" title="Serena Rothschild">Serena Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rothschild,_3rd_Baron_Rothschild" title="Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild">Victor Rothschild, 3rd Baron Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Rothschild,_2nd_Baron_Rothschild" title="Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild">Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_France" title="Rothschild banking family of France">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_James_de_Rothschild" title="Alphonse James de Rothschild">Alphonse James de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aline_Caroline_de_Rothschild" title="Aline Caroline de Rothschild">Aline Caroline de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariane_de_Rothschild" title="Ariane de Rothschild">Ariane de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_de_Rothschild" title="Arthur de Rothschild">Arthur de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9atrice_Ephrussi_de_Rothschild" title="Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild">Béatrice Ephrussi de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_de_Rothschild" title="Benjamin de Rothschild">Benjamin de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_von_Rothschild" title="Betty von Rothschild">Betty von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_de_Rothschild" title="Charlotte de Rothschild">Charlotte de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bethsab%C3%A9e_de_Rothschild" title="Bethsabée de Rothschild">Bethsabée de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ren%C3%A9_de_Rothschild" title="David René de Rothschild">David René de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Adolphe_de_Rothschild" title="Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild">Edmond Adolphe de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_James_de_Rothschild" title="Edmond James de Rothschild">Edmond James de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_de_Rothschild" title="Édouard de Rothschild">Édouard Etienne de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edouard_Alphonse_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Edouard Alphonse de Rothschild">Edouard Alphonse de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lie_de_Rothschild" title="Élie de Rothschild">Élie de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Elisabeth de Rothschild">Elisabeth de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_de_Rothschild" title="Guy de Rothschild">Guy de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_van_Zuylen" title="Hélène van Zuylen">Hélène de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Rothschild" title="Henri de Rothschild">Henri de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Piatigorsky" title="Jacqueline Piatigorsky">Jacqueline Rebecca de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Armand_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="James Armand de Rothschild">James Armand de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mayer_de_Rothschild" title="James Mayer de Rothschild">James Mayer de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-H%C3%A9l%C3%A8ne_de_Rothschild" title="Marie-Hélène de Rothschild">Marie-Hélène de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nadine_de_Rothschild" title="Nadine de Rothschild">Nadine de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Robert_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathaniel Robert de Rothschild">Nathaniel Robert de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_St%C3%A9phane" title="Nicole Stéphane">Nicole de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_de_Rothschild" title="Pauline de Rothschild">Pauline de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_de_Rothschild" title="Philippe de Rothschild">Philippe de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_de_Rothschild" title="Philippine de Rothschild">Philippine de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salomon_James_de_Rothschild" title="Salomon James de Rothschild">Salomon James de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_de_Rothschild" title="Maurice de Rothschild">Maurice de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustave_de_Rothschild" title="Gustave de Rothschild">Gustave de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Rothschild" title="Robert de Rothschild">Robert de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_de_Rothschild" title="Alain de Rothschild">Alain de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89ric_de_Rothschild" title="Éric de Rothschild">Éric de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Angliviel_de_la_Beaumelle" title="Marie Angliviel de la Beaumelle">Marie Angliviel de la Beaumelle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rothschild_banking_family_of_Naples" title="Rothschild banking family of Naples">Naples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_von_Rothschild" title="Charlotte von Rothschild">Charlotte von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Mayer_von_Rothschild" title="Carl Mayer von Rothschild">Carl Mayer von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayer_Carl_von_Rothschild" title="Mayer Carl von Rothschild">Mayer Carl von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adelheid_von_Rothschild" title="Adelheid von Rothschild">Adelheid von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Carl_von_Rothschild" title="Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild">Wilhelm Carl von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berthe_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Berthe von Rothschild">Berthe von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_von_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Thérèse von Rothschild">Thérèse von Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marguerite_de_Rothschild" class="mw-redirect" title="Marguerite de Rothschild">Marguerite de Rothschild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bina_Rothschild" title="Bina Rothschild">Bina von Rothschild</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b>Category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Rothschild_family" title="Category:Rothschild family">Rothschild family</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q13717#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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