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<a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Real-time_location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Real-time location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Real-time_location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mobile_devices_with_UWB_capability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mobile_devices_with_UWB_capability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Mobile devices with UWB capability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mobile_devices_with_UWB_capability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Industrial applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Radar" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Radar"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Radar</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Radar-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Data_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Data_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Data transfer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Data_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Autonomous_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Autonomous_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Autonomous vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Autonomous_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UWB_products/chips" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UWB_products/chips"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>UWB products/chips</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UWB_products/chips-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coexistence_with_other_standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coexistence_with_other_standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Coexistence with other standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coexistence_with_other_standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Technology_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Technology_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Technology groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Technology_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%82_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%82_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%B6" title="النطاق فائق العرض – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="النطاق فائق العرض" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWB" title="UWB – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="UWB" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_ultraampla" title="Banda ultraampla – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Banda ultraampla" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ultra-wideband" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWB" title="UWB – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="UWB" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrabreitband" title="Ultrabreitband – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ultrabreitband" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Clilairibatehnoloogia" title="Ülilairibatehnoloogia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ülilairibatehnoloogia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_wideband" title="Ultra wideband – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ultra wideband" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_ultraancha" title="Banda ultraancha – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Banda ultraancha" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%BE%D9%87%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF" title="فراپهن‌باند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فراپهن‌باند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_wideband" title="Ultra wideband – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ultra wideband" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EA%B4%91%EB%8C%80%EC%97%AD" title="초광대역 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초광대역" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_ultralarga" title="Banda ultralarga – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Banda ultralarga" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%AA%D7%97%D7%95%D7%9D_%D7%A8%D7%97%D7%91_%D7%A1%D7%A8%D7%98" title="תחום רחב סרט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="תחום רחב סרט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ultra-wideband" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%BA%83%E5%B8%AF%E5%9F%9F%E7%84%A1%E7%B7%9A" title="超広帯域無線 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超広帯域無線" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultrabredb%C3%A5nd" title="Ultrabredbånd – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ultrabredbånd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWB" title="UWB – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="UWB" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_wideband" title="Ultra wideband – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ultra wideband" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banda_ultralarga" title="Banda ultralarga – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Banda ultralarga" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWB" title="UWB – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="UWB" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/UWB" title="UWB – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="UWB" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra_Wideband" title="Ultra Wideband – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ultra Wideband" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultra-wideband" title="Ultra-wideband – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ultra-wideband" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%AF%AC%E9%A0%BB" title="超寬頻 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="超寬頻" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Very low energy, short range radio precise positioning</div> <p> <b>Ultra-wideband</b> (<b>UWB</b>, <b>ultra wideband</b>, <b>ultra-wide band</b> and <b>ultraband</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Radio_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio technology">radio technology</a> that can use a very low energy level for short-range, high-bandwidth communications over a large portion of the radio spectrum.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UWB has traditional applications in non-cooperative <a href="/wiki/Imaging_radar" title="Imaging radar">radar imaging</a>. Most recent applications target sensor data collection, precise locating,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and tracking.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UWB support started to appear in high-end <a href="/wiki/Smartphones" class="mw-redirect" title="Smartphones">smartphones</a> in 2019. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ultra-wideband is a technology for transmitting information across a wide bandwidth (>500 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">MHz</a>). This allows for the transmission of a large amount of signal energy without interfering with conventional <a href="/wiki/Narrowband" title="Narrowband">narrowband</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave">carrier wave</a> transmission in the same frequency band. Regulatory limits in many countries allow for this efficient use of radio bandwidth, and enable high-data-rate <a href="/wiki/Personal_area_network" title="Personal area network">personal area network</a> (PAN) wireless connectivity, longer-range low-data-rate applications, and the transparent co-existence of radar and imaging systems with existing communications systems. </p><p>Ultra-wideband was formerly known as <i>pulse radio</i>, but the FCC and the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> Radiocommunication Sector (<a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a>) currently define UWB as an antenna transmission for which emitted signal bandwidth exceeds the lesser of 500 MHz or 20% of the arithmetic center frequency.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, pulse-based systems—where each transmitted pulse occupies the UWB bandwidth (or an aggregate of at least 500 MHz of a narrow-band carrier; for example, <a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing</a> (OFDM))—can access the UWB spectrum under the rules. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theory">Theory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Theory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A significant difference between conventional radio transmissions and UWB is that conventional systems transmit information by varying the power level, frequency, or phase (or a combination of these) of a sinusoidal wave. UWB transmissions transmit information by generating radio energy at specific time intervals and occupying a large bandwidth, thus enabling <a href="/wiki/Pulse-position_modulation" title="Pulse-position modulation">pulse-position</a> or time modulation. The information can also be modulated on UWB signals (pulses) by encoding the polarity of the pulse, its amplitude and/or by using orthogonal pulses. UWB pulses can be sent sporadically at relatively low pulse rates to support time or position modulation, but can also be sent at rates up to the inverse of the UWB pulse bandwidth. Pulse-UWB systems have been demonstrated at channel pulse rates in excess of 1.3 billion pulses per second using a continuous stream of UWB pulses (Continuous Pulse UWB or <a href="/wiki/C-UWB" title="C-UWB">C-UWB</a>), while supporting forward error-correction encoded data rates in excess of 675 Mbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A UWB radio system can be used to determine the "time of flight" of the transmission at various frequencies. This helps overcome <a href="/wiki/Multipath_propagation" title="Multipath propagation">multipath propagation</a>, since some of the frequencies have a <a href="/wiki/Line-of-sight_propagation" title="Line-of-sight propagation">line-of-sight</a> trajectory, while other indirect paths have longer delays. With a cooperative symmetric two-way metering technique, distances can be measured to high resolution and accuracy.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Real-time_location">Real-time location</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Real-time location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Promotional plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Advert" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_soapbox_or_means_of_promotion" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">promotional content</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit">improve it</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Spam" title="Wikipedia:Spam">promotional language</a> and inappropriate <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links#Advertising_and_conflicts_of_interest" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, and by adding encyclopedic text written from a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Neutral_point_of_view" title="Wikipedia:Neutral point of view">neutral point of view</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Ultra-wideband (UWB) technology is utilised for real-time locationing due to its precision and reliability. It plays a role in various industries such as logistics, healthcare, manufacturing, and transportation. UWB's centimeter-level accuracy is valuable in applications in which using traditional methods may be unsuitable, such as in indoor environments, where GPS precision may be hindered. Its low power consumption ensures minimal interference and allows for coexistence with existing infrastructure. UWB performs well in challenging environments with its immunity to multipath interference, providing consistent and accurate positioning. In logistics, UWB increases inventory tracking efficiency, reducing losses and optimizing operations. Healthcare makes use of UWB in asset tracking, patient flow optimization, and in improving care coordination. In manufacturing, UWB is used for streamlining inventory management and enhancing production efficiency through accurate tracking of materials and tools. UWB supports route planning, fleet management, and vehicle security in transportation systems.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>UWB uses multiple techniques for location detection:<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Time of flight (ToF)</li> <li>Time difference of arrival (TDoA)</li> <li>Two-way ranging (TWR)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mobile_devices_with_UWB_capability">Mobile devices with UWB capability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Mobile devices with UWB capability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Apple launched the first three phones with ultra-wideband capabilities in September 2019, namely, the <a href="/wiki/IPhone_11" title="IPhone 11">iPhone 11</a>, <a href="/wiki/IPhone_11_Pro" title="IPhone 11 Pro">iPhone 11 Pro</a>, and iPhone 11 Pro Max.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple also launched Series 6 of Apple Watch in September 2020, which features UWB,<sup id="cite_ref-MR_AW_1_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MR_AW_1-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and their <a href="/wiki/AirTags" class="mw-redirect" title="AirTags">AirTags</a> featuring this technology were revealed at a press event on April 20, 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Samsung Galaxy Note 20 Ultra, Galaxy S21+, and Galaxy S21 Ultra also began supporting UWB,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the Samsung Galaxy SmartTag+.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Xiaomi_MIX_4" title="Xiaomi MIX 4">Xiaomi MIX 4</a> released in August 2021 supports UWB, and offers the capability of connecting to select <a href="/wiki/AIoT" class="mw-redirect" title="AIoT">AIoT</a> devices.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/FiRa_Consortium" title="FiRa Consortium">FiRa Consortium</a> was founded in August 2019 to develop interoperable UWB ecosystems including mobile phones. Samsung, Xiaomi, and Oppo are currently members of the FiRa Consortium.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In November 2020, <a href="/wiki/Android_Open_Source_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Android Open Source Project">Android Open Source Project</a> received first patches related to an upcoming UWB API; "feature-complete" UWB support (exclusively for the sole use case of ranging between supported devices) was released in version 13 of Android.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_applications">Industrial applications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Industrial applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Automation and robotics:</b> Its high data rate and low latency enable real-time communication and control between machines and systems. UWB-based communication protocols ensure reliable and secure data transmission, enabling precise coordination and synchronization of automated processes. This enhances manufacturing efficiency, reduces errors, and improves overall productivity. UWB can also be integrated into robotic systems to enable precise localization, object detection, and collision avoidance, further enhancing the safety and efficiency of industrial automation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Worker safety and proximity sensing:</b> Worker safety is a concern in industrial settings. UWB technology provides effective proximity sensing and worker safety solutions. By equipping workers with UWB-enabled devices or badges, companies can monitor their location and movement in real-time. UWB-based systems can detect potential collisions between workers and machinery, issuing timely warnings to prevent accidents. Moreover, UWB technology allows for the creation of safety zones and controlled access areas, ensuring the safe interaction of workers with hazardous equipment or restricted zones. This helps enhance workplace safety, reduce accidents, and protect employees from potential hazards.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Asset tracking and management:</b> Efficient asset tracking and management are crucial for industrial operations. UWB enables precise and real-time tracking of assets within industrial facilities. By attaching UWB tags to equipment, tools, and inventory, companies can monitor their location, movement, and utilization. This enhances inventory management, reduces asset loss, minimizes downtime, and streamlines maintenance processes. UWB-based asset tracking systems provide accurate and reliable data, empowering businesses to optimize their resource allocation and improve overall operational efficiency.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Radar">Radar</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Radar"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ultra-wideband gained widespread attention for its implementation in <a href="/wiki/Synthetic-aperture_radar" title="Synthetic-aperture radar">synthetic aperture radar (SAR)</a> technology. Due to its high resolution capacities using lower frequencies, UWB SAR was heavily researched for its object-penetration ability.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Starting in the early 1990s, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Research_Laboratory" title="United States Army Research Laboratory">U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL)</a> developed various stationary and mobile ground-, foliage-, and wall-penetrating radar platforms that served to detect and identify buried IEDs and hidden adversaries at a safe distance. Examples include the <a href="/wiki/RailSAR" title="RailSAR">railSAR</a>, the <a href="/wiki/BoomSAR" title="BoomSAR">boomSAR</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SIRE_Radar" title="SIRE Radar">SIRE radar</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/SAFIRE_radar" title="SAFIRE radar">SAFIRE radar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ARL has also investigated the feasibility of whether UWB radar technology can incorporate Doppler processing to estimate the velocity of a moving target when the platform is stationary.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While a 2013 report highlighted the issue with the use of UWB waveforms due to target range migration during the integration interval, more recent studies have suggested that UWB waveforms can demonstrate better performance compared to conventional Doppler processing as long as a correct <a href="/wiki/Matched_filter" title="Matched filter">matched filter</a> is used.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultra-wideband pulse <a href="/wiki/Doppler_radar" title="Doppler radar">Doppler radars</a> have also been used to monitor vital signs of the human body, such as heart rate and respiration signals as well as human gait analysis and fall detection. It serves as a potential alternative to <a href="/wiki/Continuous-wave_radar" title="Continuous-wave radar">continuous-wave radar systems</a> since it involves less power consumption and a high-resolution range profile. However, its low signal-to-noise ratio has made it vulnerable to errors.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A commercial example of this application is RayBaby, which is a baby monitor that detects breathing and heart rate to determine whether a baby is asleep or awake. Raybaby has a detection range of five meters and can detect fine movements of less than a millimeter.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultra-wideband is also used in "see-through-the-wall" precision radar-imaging technology,<sup id="cite_ref-TDC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TDC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Thales_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thales-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ThroughWallImaging_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ThroughWallImaging-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> precision locating and tracking (using distance measurements between radios), and precision time-of-arrival-based localization approaches.<sup id="cite_ref-UWB_TOA_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UWB_TOA-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UWB radar has been proposed as the active sensor component in an <a href="/wiki/Automatic_Target_Recognition" class="mw-redirect" title="Automatic Target Recognition">Automatic Target Recognition</a> application, designed to detect humans or objects that have fallen onto subway tracks.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Data_transfer">Data transfer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Data transfer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ultra-wideband characteristics are well-suited to short-range applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Wireless_USB" title="Wireless USB">PC peripherals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless" title="Wireless">wireless</a> <a href="/wiki/Video_monitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Video monitor">monitors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camcorder" title="Camcorder">camcorders</a>, wireless <a href="/wiki/Printing" title="Printing">printing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/File_transfer" title="File transfer">file transfers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">portable media players</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UWB was proposed for use in <a href="/wiki/Personal_area_network" title="Personal area network">personal area networks</a>, and appeared in the IEEE 802.15.3a draft PAN standard. However, after several years of deadlock, the IEEE 802.15.3a task group<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_802.15.3a_website_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE_802.15.3a_website-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was dissolved<sup id="cite_ref-IEEE_802.15.3a_Project_Authorization_Request_document_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IEEE_802.15.3a_Project_Authorization_Request_document-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2006. The work was completed by the WiMedia Alliance and the USB Implementer Forum. Slow progress in UWB standards development, the cost of initial implementation, and performance significantly lower than initially expected are several reasons for the limited use of UWB in consumer products (which caused several UWB vendors to cease operations in 2008 and 2009).<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Autonomous_vehicles">Autonomous vehicles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Autonomous vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>UWB's precise positioning and ranging capabilities enable collision avoidance and centimeter-level localization accuracy, surpassing traditional GPS systems. Moreover, its high data rate and low latency facilitate seamless vehicle-to-vehicle communication, promoting real-time information exchange and coordinated actions. UWB also enables effective vehicle-to-infrastructure communication, integrating with infrastructure elements for optimized behavior based on precise timing and synchronized data. Additionally, UWB's versatility supports innovative applications such as high-resolution radar imaging for advanced driver assistance systems, secure key less entry via biometrics or device pairing, and occupant monitoring systems, potentially enhancing convenience, security, and passenger safety.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="UWB_products/chips"><span id="UWB_products.2Fchips"></span>UWB products/chips</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: UWB products/chips"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Supplier </th> <th>Product name </th> <th>Standard </th> <th>Band </th> <th>Announced </th> <th>Commercial products </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Microchip_Technology" title="Microchip Technology">Microchip Technology</a> </td> <td>ATA8350 </td> <td>LRP </td> <td>6.2–7.8 GHz </td> <td>Feb 2021 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Microchip Technology </td> <td>ATA8352 </td> <td>LRP </td> <td>6.2–8.3 GHz </td> <td>Feb 2021 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/NXP" class="mw-redirect" title="NXP">NXP</a> </td> <td>NCJ29D5 </td> <td>HRP <sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>6–8.5 GHz<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nov 12, 2019 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>NXP </td> <td>SR100T </td> <td>HRP </td> <td>6–9 GHz<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Sept 17, 2019 </td> <td>Samsung Galaxy Note20 Ultra<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Apple_U1" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple U1">U1</a> </td> <td>HRP<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>6–8.5 GHz<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Sept 11, 2019 </td> <td>iPhone 11, iPhone 12, iPhone 13, and iPhone 14,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple Watch Series 6, Apple Watch Series 7, Apple Watch Series 8, and Apple Watch Ultra, HomePod Mini and HomePod (2nd generation), AirTag, and AirPods Pro (2nd generation) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Qorvo" title="Qorvo">Qorvo</a> </td> <td>DW1000 </td> <td>HRP </td> <td>3.5–6.5 GHz<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Nov 7, 2013 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Qorvo </td> <td>DW3000 </td> <td>HRP </td> <td>6–8.5 GHz<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Jan 2019<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=3dB_Access&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3dB Access (page does not exist)">3dB Access</a> </td> <td>3DB6830 </td> <td>LRP </td> <td>6–8 GHz<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ceva_(semiconductor_company)" title="Ceva (semiconductor company)">Ceva</a> </td> <td>RivieraWaves UWB </td> <td>HRP </td> <td>3.1–10.6 GHz depending on radio </td> <td>Jun 24, 2021<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=SPARK_Microsystems&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="SPARK Microsystems (page does not exist)">SPARK Microsystems</a> </td> <td>SR1010/SR1020 </td> <td>N/A<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>3.1–6 GHz, 6-9.25 GHz<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Mar 18, 2020<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Samsung_Electronics" title="Samsung Electronics">Samsung Electronics</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Exynos" title="Exynos">Exynos</a> Connect U100 </td> <td>Unknown </td> <td>6489.6MHz/ 8987.2MHz </td> <td>Mar 21, 2023<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the U.S., <i>ultra-wideband</i> refers to radio technology with a <a href="/wiki/Bandwidth_(signal_processing)" title="Bandwidth (signal processing)">bandwidth</a> exceeding the lesser of 500 MHz or 20% of the arithmetic <a href="/wiki/Center_frequency" title="Center frequency">center frequency</a>, according to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Federal_Communications_Commission" title="Federal Communications Commission">Federal Communications Commission</a> (FCC). A February 14, 2002 FCC Report and Order<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> authorized the unlicensed use of UWB in the frequency range from 3.1 to 10.6 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">GHz</a>. The FCC power <a href="/wiki/Spectral_density" title="Spectral density">spectral density</a> (PSD) emission limit for UWB transmitters is −41.3 dBm/MHz. This limit also applies to unintentional emitters in the UWB band (the <a href="/wiki/Title_47_CFR_Part_15" title="Title 47 CFR Part 15">"Part 15"</a> limit). However, the emission limit for UWB emitters may be significantly lower (as low as −75 dBm/MHz) in other segments of the spectrum. </p><p>Deliberations in the <a href="/wiki/International_Telecommunication_Union" title="International Telecommunication Union">International Telecommunication Union</a> Radiocommunication Sector (<a href="/wiki/ITU-R" title="ITU-R">ITU-R</a>) resulted in a Report and Recommendation on UWB<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2009)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> in November 2005. <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a> regulator <a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a> announced a similar decision<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on 9 August 2007. </p><p>There has been concern over interference between narrowband and UWB signals that share the same spectrum. Earlier, the only radio technology that used pulses was <a href="/wiki/Spark-gap_transmitter" title="Spark-gap transmitter">spark-gap transmitters</a>, which international treaties banned because they interfere with medium-wave receivers. However, UWB uses much lower levels of power. The subject was extensively covered in the proceedings that led to the adoption of the FCC rules in the US, and in the meetings of the ITU-R leading to its Report and Recommendations on UWB technology. Commonly-used electrical appliances emit <a href="/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference" title="Electromagnetic interference">impulsive noise</a> (for example, hair dryers), and proponents successfully argued that the <a href="/wiki/Noise_floor" title="Noise floor">noise floor</a> would not be raised excessively by wider deployment of low power wideband transmitters.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coexistence_with_other_standards">Coexistence with other standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Coexistence with other standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2002, the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) released an amendment (Part 15) that specifies the rules of UWB transmission and reception. According to this release, any signal with fractional bandwidth greater than 20% or having a bandwidth greater than 500 MHz is considered as an UWB signal. The FCC ruling also defines access to 7.5 GHz of unlicensed spectrum between 3.1 and 10.6 GHz that is made available for communication and measurement systems.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Narrowband signals that exist in the UWB range, such as <a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.11a" class="mw-redirect" title="IEEE 802.11a">IEEE 802.11a</a> transmissions, may exhibit high <a href="/wiki/Spectral_density#Power_spectral_density" title="Spectral density">PSD</a> levels compared to UWB signals as seen by a UWB receiver. As a result, one would expect a degradation of UWB bit error rate performance.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technology_groups">Technology groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Technology groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Ultra-wideband_technology_groups"></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/WiMedia_Alliance" title="WiMedia Alliance">WiMedia Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_Special_Interest_Group" title="Bluetooth Special Interest Group">Bluetooth SIG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_USB" title="Wireless USB">Wireless USB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Gigabit_Alliance" title="Wireless Gigabit Alliance">Wireless Gigabit Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WirelessHD" title="WirelessHD">WirelessHD</a></li> <li>Wireless <a href="/wiki/FireWire" class="mw-redirect" title="FireWire">FireWire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TransferJet" title="TransferJet">TransferJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM-UWB" title="FM-UWB">FM-UWB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15#Task_Group_3:_High_Rate_WPAN" title="IEEE 802.15">IEEE 802.15.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15#Task_Group_4:_Low_Rate_WPAN" title="IEEE 802.15">IEEE 802.15.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15#Task_Group_4a:_Low_Rate_WPAN" title="IEEE 802.15">IEEE 802.15.4a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15#Task_Group_4f:_Low_Rate_WPAN" title="IEEE 802.15">IEEE 802.15.4f</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO/IEC_JTC1/SC31/WG5:_RTLS_Standards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO/IEC JTC1/SC31/WG5: RTLS Standards (page does not exist)">ISO/IEC 24730-61 LRP</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ISO/IEC_JTC1/SC31/WG5:_RTLS_Standards&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISO/IEC JTC1/SC31/WG5: RTLS Standards (page does not exist)">ISO/IEC 24730-62 HRP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FiRa_Consortium" title="FiRa Consortium">FiRa Consortium</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_UWB_channels" title="List of UWB channels">List of UWB channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrowband" title="Narrowband">Narrowband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wideband" title="Wideband">Wideband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadband" title="Broadband">Broadband</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NearLink" title="NearLink">NearLink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spread_spectrum" title="Spread spectrum">Spread spectrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Error_correction_code" title="Error correction code">Error correction code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IEEE_802.15.4a" title="IEEE 802.15.4a">IEEE 802.15.4a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modulation" title="Modulation">Modulation</a> methods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthogonal_frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing">Orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing</a> (OFDM)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phase-shift_keying" title="Phase-shift keying">Phase-shift keying</a> (PSK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulse-position_modulation" title="Pulse-position modulation">Pulse-position modulation</a> (PPM)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wi-Fi_Direct" title="Wi-Fi Direct">Wi-Fi Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_harvesting" title="Energy harvesting">Energy harvesting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark-gap_transmitter" title="Spark-gap transmitter">Spark-gap transmitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WiB_(digital_terrestrial_television)" title="WiB (digital terrestrial television)">WiB (digital terrestrial television)</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120413053628/http://viterbi.usc.edu/news/news/2006/usc-electrical-engineering.htm">USC Viterbi School of Engineering</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://viterbi.usc.edu/news/news/2006/usc-electrical-engineering.htm">the original</a> 2012-03-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFZhouLawXia2012" class="citation book cs1">Zhou, Yuan; Law, Choi Look; Xia, Jingjing (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/254038214">"Ultra low-power UWB-RFID system for precise location-aware applications"</a>. <i>2012 IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking Conference Workshops (WCNCW)</i>. pp. 154–158. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FWCNCW.2012.6215480">10.1109/WCNCW.2012.6215480</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-0682-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4673-0682-9"><bdi>978-1-4673-0682-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:18566847">18566847</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ultra+low-power+UWB-RFID+system+for+precise+location-aware+applications&rft.btitle=2012+IEEE+Wireless+Communications+and+Networking+Conference+Workshops+%28WCNCW%29&rft.pages=154-158&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A18566847%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FWCNCW.2012.6215480&rft.isbn=978-1-4673-0682-9&rft.aulast=Zhou&rft.aufirst=Yuan&rft.au=Law%2C+Choi+Look&rft.au=Xia%2C+Jingjing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F254038214&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltra-wideband" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120127135920/http://www.radio-electronics.com/info/wireless/uwb/uwb_development.php">Ultra Wide Band (UWB) Development</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Defense+Acquisition+University&rft.atitle=DAU&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dau.edu%2Fcop%2Fe3%2Fresources%2Fultra-wideband-uwb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltra-wideband" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fcc.gov/document/revision-part-15-commissions-rules-regarding-ultra-wideband-7">"Revision of Part 15 of the Commission's Rules Regarding Ultra WideBand Transmission Systems | Federal Communications Commission"</a>. <i>www.fcc.gov</i>. 2015-12-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fcc.gov&rft.atitle=Revision+of+Part+15+of+the+Commission%27s+Rules+Regarding+Ultra+WideBand+Transmission+Systems+%7C+Federal+Communications+Commission&rft.date=2015-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fcc.gov%2Fdocument%2Frevision-part-15-commissions-rules-regarding-ultra-wideband-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltra-wideband" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShaheenEl-Tanany2010" class="citation book cs1">Shaheen, Ehab M.; El-Tanany, Mohamed (2010). "The impact of narrowband interference on the performance of UWB systems in the IEEE802.15.3a channel models". <i>Ccece 2010</i>. pp. 1–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FCCECE.2010.5575235">10.1109/CCECE.2010.5575235</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-5376-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-5376-4"><bdi>978-1-4244-5376-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:36881282">36881282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+narrowband+interference+on+the+performance+of+UWB+systems+in+the+IEEE802.15.3a+channel+models&rft.btitle=Ccece+2010&rft.pages=1-6&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A36881282%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FCCECE.2010.5575235&rft.isbn=978-1-4244-5376-4&rft.aulast=Shaheen&rft.aufirst=Ehab+M.&rft.au=El-Tanany%2C+Mohamed&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AUltra-wideband" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ultra-wideband&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>IEEE 802.15.4a Includes a <a href="/wiki/C-UWB" title="C-UWB">C-UWB</a> physical layer, may be obtained from <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ieee.org">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-368/">Standard ECMA-368 High Rate Ultra Wideband PHY and MAC Standard</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ecma-international.org/publications-and-standards/standards/ecma-369/">Standard ECMA-369 MAC-PHY Interface for ECMA-368</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/43901.html">Standard ISO/IEC 26907:2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iso.org/standard/53427.html">Standard ISO/IEC 26908:2009</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itu.int/rec/R-REC-SM/e">ITU-R Recommendations – SM series</a> See: RECOMMENDATION ITU R SM.1757 Impact of devices using ultra-wideband technology on systems operating within radiocommunication services.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_05/47cfr15_05.html">FCC (GPO) Title 47, Section 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110605172152/http://www.access.gpo.gov/nara/cfr/waisidx_05/47cfr15_05.html">Archived</a> 2011-06-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> SubPart F: Ultra-wideband</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mprg.org/research/UWB/uwb_MIMO.html">Use of MIMO techniques for UWB</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wcsp.eng.usf.edu/UWB_links.html">Numerous useful links and resources regarding Ultra-Wideband and UWB testbeds</a> – WCSP Group – University of South Florida (USF)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ultra.usc.edu/">The Ultra-Wideband Radio 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