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class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-生平" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生平"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>生平</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生平-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究经历" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究经历"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>研究经历</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-研究经历-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-研究贡献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#研究贡献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>研究贡献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-研究贡献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关研究贡献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-研究贡献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-分子对称性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#分子对称性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>分子对称性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-分子对称性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-发酵的细菌理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#发酵的细菌理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>发酵的细菌理论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-发酵的细菌理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-免疫学和疫苗" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#免疫学和疫苗"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>免疫学和疫苗</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-免疫学和疫苗-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-信仰和灵性" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#信仰和灵性"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>信仰和灵性</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-信仰和灵性-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-对巴斯德的指控" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对巴斯德的指控"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>对巴斯德的指控</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对巴斯德的指控-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-巴斯德研究所" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#巴斯德研究所"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>巴斯德研究所</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-巴斯德研究所-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-引用" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#引用"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>引用</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-引用-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">路易·巴斯德</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。157种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-157" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">157种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%89%E1%8B%8A_%E1%8D%93%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B4" title="ሉዊ ፓስቴ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሉዊ ፓስቴ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لويس باستور – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس باستور" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%89_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لوى باستور – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لوى باستور" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%27%E0%A7%B0" title="লুই পেষ্ট'ৰ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লুই পেষ্ট'ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui_Paster" title="Lui Paster – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Lui Paster" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لویی پاستور – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لویی پاستور" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loj%C4%97_Pasters" title="Lojė Pasters – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lojė Pasters" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Луі Пастэр – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Луі Пастэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Люі Пастэр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Люі Пастэр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Луи Пастьор – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луи Пастьор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0" title="লুই পাস্তুর – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুই পাস্তুর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Пастер, Луи – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пастер, Луи" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 宿务语" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="宿务语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8E%D8%B1" title="لوی پاستێر – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لوی پاستێر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पास्चर – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लुई पास्चर" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%AF_%CE%A0%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AD%CF%81" title="Λουί Παστέρ – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουί Παστέρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لویی پاستور – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لویی پاستور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasteuri_Louis" title="Pasteuri Louis – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pasteuri Louis" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="法蘭克-普羅旺斯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 苏格兰盖尔语" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="苏格兰盖尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 孔卡尼文" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="孔卡尼文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%88_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%B0" title="લૂઈ પાશ્ચર – 古吉拉特语" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લૂઈ પાશ્ચર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="古吉拉特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 客家语" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="客家语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8" title="לואי פסטר – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואי פסטר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पास्चर – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुई पास्चर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%80" title="Լուի Պաստյոր – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուի Պաստյոր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%91%E3%82%B9%E3%83%84%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB" title="ルイ・パスツール – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイ・パスツール" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lu%27is._pastyr." title="lu'is. pastyr. – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lu'is. pastyr." data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ლუი პასტერი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუი პასტერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲೂಯಿಸ್ ಪಾಶ್ಚರ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲೂಯಿಸ್ ಪಾಶ್ಚರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_%ED%8C%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%87%B4%EB%A5%B4" title="루이 파스퇴르 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이 파스퇴르" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_Pasteur" title="Ludovicus Pasteur – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovicus Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luijs_Past%C4%93rs" title="Luijs Pastērs – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luijs Pastērs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पास्चर – 迈蒂利语" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लुई पास्चर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="迈蒂利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луј Пастер – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луј Пастер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B5%BC" title="ലൂയി പാസ്ചർ – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൂയി പാസ്ചർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पाश्चर – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लुई पाश्चर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 马耳他语" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="马耳他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%95%E1%80%AB%E1%80%85%E1%80%81%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC" title="လူးဝစ် ပါစချာ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူးဝစ် ပါစချာ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%B1" title="لویی پاستور – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لویی پاستور" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पास्चर – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लुई पास्चर" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0" title="लुई पास्चर – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लुई पास्चर" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luuwii_Paaster" title="Luuwii Paaster – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Luuwii Paaster" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%88_%E0%A8%AA%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9A%E0%A8%B0" title="ਲੁਈ ਪਾਸਚਰ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੁਈ ਪਾਸਚਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 邦板牙语" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="邦板牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 庇卡底文" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="庇卡底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%86%D8%B1" title="لوئی پاسچر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لوئی پاسچر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%BC%D8%B1" title="لوی پاسټر – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوی پاسټر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Пастер, Луи – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пастер, Луи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луі Пастер – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Луі Пастер" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D" title="लूयी पास्तग् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लूयी पास्तग्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8" title="Пастер Луи – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Пастер Луи" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%AD%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A5_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A8" title="ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱥᱪᱚᱨ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱩᱭᱤᱥ ᱯᱟᱥᱪᱚᱨ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lwis_Pastur" title="Lwis Pastur – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lwis Pastur" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A0%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="ලුවී පාස්චර් – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලුවී පාස්චර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lui_Past%C3%ABr" title="Lui Pastër – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lui Pastër" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луј Пастер – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луј Пастер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 西里西亚语" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="西里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="இலூயி பாசுச்சர் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இலூயி பாசுச்சர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%82%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BF_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B6%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲೂಯಿ ಪ್ಯಾಶ್ಚರ್ – 圖盧文" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಲೂಯಿ ಪ್ಯಾಶ್ಚರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="圖盧文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%80_%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B6%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D" title="లూయీ పాశ్చర్ – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లూయీ పాశ్చర్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="หลุยส์ ปาสเตอร์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลุยส์ ปาสเตอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луи Пастер – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Луи Пастер" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луї Пастер – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луї Пастер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B3%DA%86%D8%B1" title="لوئیس پاسچر – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوئیس پاسچر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paster_Lui" title="Paster Lui – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Paster Lui" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 沃拉普克语" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="沃拉普克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="路易·巴斯德 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="路易·巴斯德" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ლუი პასტერი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლუი პასტერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="לואי פאסטער – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לואי פאסטער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 壮语" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="壮语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="巴斯特 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴斯特" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur" title="Louis Pasteur – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Louis Pasteur" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%A3%AB%E5%BE%B7" title="路易·巴士德 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="路易·巴士德" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q529#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="编辑跨语言链接" class="wbc-editpage">编辑链接</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="命名空间"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="浏览条目正文[c]" accesskey="c"><span>条目</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7" rel="discussion" title="关于此页面的讨论[t]" accesskey="t"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="更改语言变体" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">不转换</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-zh mw-list-item"><a href="/zh/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7" lang="zh" hreflang="zh"><span>不转换</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-zh-Hans mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hans/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7" lang="zh-Hans" hreflang="zh-Hans"><span>简体</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-2" class="ca-variants-zh-Hant mw-list-item"><a href="/zh-hant/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7" lang="zh-Hant" hreflang="zh-Hant"><span>繁體</span></a></li><li id="ca-varlang-3" 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vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">工具</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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href="/wiki/Special:%E9%93%BE%E5%87%BA%E6%9B%B4%E6%94%B9/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7" rel="nofollow" title="页面链出所有页面的更改[k]" accesskey="k"><span>相关更改</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Project:%E4%B8%8A%E4%BC%A0" title="上传图像或多媒体文件[u]" accesskey="u"><span>上传文件</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%89%B9%E6%AE%8A%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2" title="全部特殊页面的列表[q]" accesskey="q"><span>特殊页面</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&oldid=83796352" title="此页面该修订版本的固定链接"><span>固定链接</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&action=info" title="关于此页面的更多信息"><span>页面信息</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%BC%95%E7%94%A8%E6%AD%A4%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2&page=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&id=83796352&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="有关如何引用此页面的信息"><span>引用此页</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:URL%E7%BC%A9%E7%9F%AD%E7%A8%8B%E5%BA%8F&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25B7%25AF%25E6%2598%2593%25C2%25B7%25E5%25B7%25B4%25E6%2596%25AF%25E5%25BE%25B7"><span>获取短链接</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2F%25E8%25B7%25AF%25E6%2598%2593%25C2%25B7%25E5%25B7%25B4%25E6%2596%25AF%25E5%25BE%25B7"><span>下载二维码</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-electronpdfservice-sidebar-portlet-heading" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 打印/导出 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> 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title="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换"><img alt="本页使用了标题或全文手工转换" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/35px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/53px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg/70px-Zh_conversion_icon_m.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="20" /></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">维基百科，自由的百科全书</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="zh" dir="ltr"><div id="noteTA-a2b5c93b" class="noteTA"><div class="noteTA-title" data-noteta-code="zh-cn:路易·巴斯德; zh-hk:路易·巴士德; zh-tw:路易·巴斯德;"></div><div class="noteTA-local"><div data-noteta-code="zh-cn:巴斯德; zh-hk:巴士德; zh-tw:巴斯德;"></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83732082">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output 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height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg/300px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg/400px-Louis_Pasteur%2C_foto_av_Paul_Nadar%2C_Crisco_edit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2388" data-file-height="3292" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">路易·巴斯德</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">出生</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1822-12-27</span>)</span>1822年12月27日<br /><span class="birthplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9D%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%81" title="汝拉省">汝拉省</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%8B%92" title="多勒">多勒</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">逝世</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1895年9月28日<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1895歲—09—28</span>)</span>（72歲）<br /><span class="deathplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E5%A1%9E%E7%BA%B3%E7%9C%81" title="上塞纳省">上塞纳省</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E8%AE%B7%E6%8B%89%E7%A7%91%E5%87%AF%E7%89%B9" title="马尔讷拉科凯特">马尔讷拉科凯特</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">国籍</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">母校</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%B8%AB%E7%AF%84%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%EF%BC%88%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%EF%BC%89" class="mw-redirect" title="高等師範學校（巴黎）">巴黎高等师范学校</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">奖项</th><td class="infobox-data note" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0" title="科普利獎章">科普利獎章</a>（1874）<br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E6%96%87%E8%99%8E%E5%85%8B%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0" title="列文虎克奖章">列文虎克奖章</a>（1895）</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><b>科学生涯</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">研究领域</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="化学">化学</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="数学">数学</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">机构</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E6%88%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="第戎大学">第戎大学</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="斯特拉斯堡大学">斯特拉斯堡大学</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="里爾科技大學">里尔科技大学</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%B8%AB%E7%AF%84%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%EF%BC%88%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%EF%BC%89" class="mw-redirect" title="高等師範學校（巴黎）">巴黎高等师范学校</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">著名學生</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="查尔斯·弗里德尔">查尔斯·弗里德尔</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="">签名</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg/150px-Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg/225px-Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg/300px-Louis_Pasteur_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>路易·巴斯德</b>（法語：<span lang="fr">Louis Pasteur</span>，<small>发音：</small><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209503">.mw-parser-output .IPA{font-family:"Charis SIL","Doulos SIL","Linux Libertine","Segoe UI","Lucida Sans Unicode","Code2000","Gentium","Gentium Alternative","TITUS Cyberbit Basic","Arial Unicode MS","IPAPANNEW","Chrysanthi Unicode","GentiumAlt","Bitstream Vera","Bitstream Cyberbit","Hiragino Kaku Gothic Pro","Lucida Grande",sans-serif;text-decoration:none!important}.mw-parser-output .IPA a:link,.mw-parser-output .IPA a:visited{text-decoration:none!important}</style><span title="国际音标" class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:法語國際音標">[lwi pastœʁ]</a></span> <span class="nowrap" style="font-size:85%">（<span class="unicode haudio"><span class="fn"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5c\/Fr-Louis_Pasteur.wav\/Fr-Louis_Pasteur.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"zh","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-Louis Pasteur.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5c/Fr-Louis_Pasteur.wav/Fr-Louis_Pasteur.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="播放音频" title="播放音频" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-Louis_Pasteur.wav" title="File:Fr-Louis Pasteur.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>）</span>，1822年12月27日—1895年9月28日），<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD" title="法国">法国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a>家、<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="化学家">化学家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a>、免疫学和发酵工艺等领域奠基人之一。他以借<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%BA%90%E8%AF%B4" title="生源说">生源说</a>否定<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E8%AF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="自然发生说">自然发生说</a>（自生说）、倡导<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疾病细菌学说（页面不存在）">疾病细菌学说</a>（胚种学说），以及发明<a href="/wiki/%E9%A0%90%E9%98%B2%E6%8E%A5%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="預防接種">预防接种</a>方法以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%B0%8F%E7%81%AD%E8%8F%8C%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="巴氏灭菌法">巴氏杀菌法</a>而闻名，為第一個創造<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%82%E7%8A%AC%E7%97%85" title="狂犬病">狂犬病</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%82%AD%E7%96%BD%E7%97%85" title="炭疽病">炭疽病</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97" title="疫苗">疫苗</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="科學家">科學家</a>。被世人称颂为 “进入科学王国的最完美无缺的人”<sup id="cite_ref-dubos_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dubos-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%81%A9" title="费迪南德·科恩">费迪南德·科恩</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E8%B5%AB" title="罗伯特·科赫">罗伯特·科赫</a>一起开创了<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="細菌學">细菌学</a>，被认为是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a>的奠基者之一<sup id="cite_ref-kepu_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kepu-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，常被稱为“微生物學之父”。<sup id="cite_ref-catholic_intro_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic_intro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fein_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fein-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-van_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-van-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>2005年，法国国家二台举行了“<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%80%E5%81%89%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E4%BA%BA" title="最偉大的法國人">最伟大的法国人</a>”的评选活动，结果巴斯德名列第二位，仅次于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E9%AB%98%E4%B9%90" class="mw-redirect" title="夏尔·戴高乐">夏尔·戴高乐</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生平"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3"></span>生平</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：生平"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Pasteur_Geburtshaus_in_Dole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Louis_Pasteur_Geburtshaus_in_Dole.jpg/150px-Louis_Pasteur_Geburtshaus_in_Dole.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Louis_Pasteur_Geburtshaus_in_Dole.jpg/225px-Louis_Pasteur_Geburtshaus_in_Dole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Louis_Pasteur_Geburtshaus_in_Dole.jpg/300px-Louis_Pasteur_Geburtshaus_in_Dole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%8B%92" title="多勒">多勒</a>的巴斯德出生时的住宅。</figcaption></figure> <p>巴斯德于1822年生于法国东部<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%9D%E6%8B%89%E7%9C%81" title="汝拉省">汝拉省</a>城市<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E5%8B%92" title="多勒">多勒</a>。他父親是<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%BF%E7%A0%B4%E5%B4%99" class="mw-redirect" title="拿破崙">拿破崙</a>軍骑兵队的一名退伍軍人，後成為皮鞋匠，家境並不富裕。巴斯德出生2月后，他们家就搬迁到<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E7%93%A6" title="阿尔布瓦">阿尔布瓦</a><sup id="cite_ref-catholic_intro_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic_intro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他在1839年-1842年在<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E6%A1%91%E6%9D%BE%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝桑松皇家学院（页面不存在）">贝桑松皇家学院</a>学习，并开始对科学感兴趣。由于对科学的兴趣，巴斯德从1843年-1846年在<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E7%AD%89%E5%B8%AB%E7%AF%84%E5%AD%B8%E6%A0%A1%EF%BC%88%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%EF%BC%89" class="mw-redirect" title="高等師範學校（巴黎）">巴黎高等师范学校</a>学习，1845年获硕士学位，1847年获博士学位毕业。他于1848年开始任<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E6%88%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="第戎大学">第戎大学</a>物理学教授，后在1849年转至<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%A0%A1%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="斯特拉斯堡大学">斯特拉斯堡大学</a>理学院任化学教授<sup id="cite_ref-中国大百科全书_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中国大百科全书-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在那里，巴斯德遇到了他的妻子并于1849年5月29日結婚。巴斯德共有过5個子女中，只有兩個活到成年，而其餘三個死於<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B7%E5%AF%92" class="mw-redirect" title="傷寒">傷寒</a>，此事激發了他去研究治癒各種<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" class="mw-redirect" title="传染病">传染病</a>的方法。<sup id="cite_ref-catholic_intro_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic_intro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-past_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-past-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>他在1868年首次<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E9%A2%A8" title="中風">中風</a>，1887年再次中風。1895年9月28日卒於巴黎，享壽72歲。<sup id="cite_ref-liao_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-liao-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究经历"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E7.BB.8F.E5.8E.86"></span>研究经历</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：研究经历"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg/150px-Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg/225px-Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg/300px-Tableau_Louis_Pasteur.jpg 2x" data-file-width="492" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>路易·巴斯德在实验室工作，<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9" title="阿尔贝特·埃德费尔特">阿尔贝特·埃德费尔特</a>绘於1885年。</figcaption></figure> <p>巴斯德于1854年-1857年任<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E6%8A%80%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="里爾科技大學">里尔科技大学</a>理学院院长和化学教授，1857年-1867年任巴黎高师的主管行政管理和科学研究的主任，于1862年被选为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="法国科学院">法国科学院</a>院士，1863年-1867年兼任<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E7%BE%8E%E6%9C%AF%E5%AD%A6%E6%A0%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴黎美术学校（页面不存在）">巴黎美术学校</a>教授，1867年-1874年任<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E9%BB%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="巴黎大学">巴黎大学</a>化学教授，1869年成为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="英国皇家学会">英国皇家学会</a>会员，1867年-1888年任高等师范学校生理化学实验室主任，1882年被选为<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%E8%A5%BF%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2_(%E6%9C%BA%E6%9E%84)" class="mw-redirect" title="法兰西学院 (机构)">法兰西学院</a>院士，1887年被选为法国科学院永久秘书，1888年-1895年任<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="巴斯德研究所">巴斯德研究所</a>所长。1892年，巴黎大学为庆祝巴斯德70寿辰举行了盛大的国际性庆典。<sup id="cite_ref-中国大百科全书_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中国大百科全书-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="研究贡献"><span id=".E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E8.B4.A1.E7.8C.AE"></span>研究贡献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：研究贡献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="分子对称性"><span id=".E5.88.86.E5.AD.90.E5.AF.B9.E7.A7.B0.E6.80.A7"></span>分子对称性</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：分子对称性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pcrystals.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pcrystals.svg/150px-Pcrystals.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pcrystals.svg/225px-Pcrystals.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Pcrystals.svg/300px-Pcrystals.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>巴斯德发现酒石酸有两种晶体，分别产生<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E6%97%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="右旋">右旋</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A6%E6%97%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="左旋">左旋</a>现象。</figcaption></figure> <p>早期的巴斯德是一名化學家，还在大学时代，巴斯德便开始了对化学结晶体形态和结构的研究。当时，人们发现从生物合成的酒石酸会令<a href="/wiki/%E5%81%8F%E6%8C%AF%E5%85%89" class="mw-redirect" title="偏振光">平面偏振光</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B3%E6%97%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="右旋">右旋</a>的，但是<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="化学合成">化学合成</a>得到的酒石酸（异酒石酸）却没有<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8B%E5%85%89%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="旋光性">旋光性</a>，但是化学分析表明，这两种途径得到的酒石酸的化学反应和元素构成都是一模一样的。通过<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E9%95%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="显微镜">显微镜</a>的观察，他发现化学合成的异酒石酸裡实际上包含了两种晶体。一种就是常见的右旋的酒石酸，另一种则是左旋的。<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E6%B6%88%E6%97%8B%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="外消旋体">两种晶体的混合</a>后，使得旋光性消失。巴斯德在1848年发表了他的发现<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。这一发现证实了<a href="/wiki/%E6%97%8B%E5%85%89%E5%BC%82%E6%9E%84%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="旋光异构体">旋光异构体</a>的设想，对<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="结构化学">结构化学</a>的发展具有重要影响。<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gal_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gal-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-xie_ch24_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xie_ch24-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lu_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lu-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>巴斯德以后又提出了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8D%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E6%80%A7%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子不对称性理论（页面不存在）">分子不对称性理论</a>，开创了<a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="立体化学">立体化学</a>研究的途径。他还发现生物体对这两种不对称性的晶体具有明显的选择性。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="发酵的细菌理论"><span id=".E5.8F.91.E9.85.B5.E7.9A.84.E7.BB.86.E8.8F.8C.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>发酵的细菌理论</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：发酵的细菌理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85088369">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">更多信息：<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E8%AF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="自然发生说">自然發生說</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Pasteur_experiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Louis_Pasteur_experiment.jpg/220px-Louis_Pasteur_experiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Louis_Pasteur_experiment.jpg/330px-Louis_Pasteur_experiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Louis_Pasteur_experiment.jpg/440px-Louis_Pasteur_experiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1547" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>巴斯德在实验室里做实验。</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coldecygne.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coldecygne.svg/220px-Coldecygne.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coldecygne.svg/330px-Coldecygne.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Coldecygne.svg/440px-Coldecygne.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="655" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>巴斯德使用过的<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%85%E9%A2%88%E7%93%B6" title="鹅颈瓶">鹅颈瓶</a></figcaption></figure> <p>法国的<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E9%85%92" title="葡萄酒">葡萄酒</a>业非常有名，但是久置的啤酒和葡萄酒会变酸。<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94" title="里尔">里尔</a>酿酒商向巴斯德请教如何防止让酒变酸。巴斯德首先研究了酒的发酵过程。他发现发酵是因为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="微生物">微生物</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B5%E6%AF%8D%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="酵母菌">酵母菌</a>）的增长造成的。酒变酸和发酵类似，不过是由不同的微生物引起的。巴斯德的发现改变了以往认为微生物是发酵的产物，发酵是一个纯粹的化学变化过程的错误观点。同时，巴斯德通过大量实验提出：环境、温度、pH值和基质的成分等因素的改变，以及有毒物质都以特有的方式影响着不同的微生物。他随后创立了“<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92%E6%B3%95" title="巴斯德消毒法">巴斯德消毒法</a>”（60~65摄氏度作短时间加热处理，杀死有害微生物的一种消毒法）并应用在各种食物和饮料上。<sup id="cite_ref-中国大百科全书_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中国大百科全书-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lu_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lu-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1862年，巴斯德經多次實驗，終於以<a href="/wiki/%E9%B9%85%E9%A2%88%E7%93%B6" title="鹅颈瓶">鹅颈瓶</a>進行實驗，證明煮沸的肉湯內，不會增長細菌；因此否定認為「生物隨時可由非生物發生」的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%8F%91%E7%94%9F%E8%AF%B4" class="mw-redirect" title="自然发生说">自然發生說</a>（無生源論、自生論）。他提出「一切生物來自生物」的結論（即生源論）<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>，是第一位了解微生物存在於食物中及其作用的科學家。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="免疫学和疫苗"><span id=".E5.85.8D.E7.96.AB.E5.AD.A6.E5.92.8C.E7.96.AB.E8.8B.97"></span>免疫学和疫苗</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：免疫学和疫苗"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>除了發現防止紅酒變酸的方法之外，巴斯德也找到了導致蠶生病的原因。他的研究成果捍衛法國在絲織產業與時尚工業的優勢地位，這又是一樁足以令全法國人向他致敬的傑出成就。他接着將研究範圍拓展到家禽、家畜與人類疾病作用的方式，更透過研究疫苗證實其功效。巴斯德提出了预防接种措施，认为传染病的微生物在特殊的培养之下可以减轻毒力，变成防病的疫苗。他于1881年著手研究狂犬病，1885年以減毒的方式（the method for attenuatio of virulent microorganisms）研製出減毒狂犬病疫苗，巴斯德的名聲引來大西洋彼岸的求助，當時美國新澤西幾名男童遭到感染狂犬病的犬隻攻擊，性命垂危。這起新聞引起美國民眾的重視，自發集資協助這幾名男童跨越大西洋至巴黎，尋求巴斯德的救助，而巴斯德也不負眾望，利用他研究出的狂犬病疫苗，在同年7月6日治療一受狂犬咬傷的9歲兒童<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Joseph Meister" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joseph Meister"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Meister&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Meister（页面不存在）">Joseph Meister</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Meister" class="extiw" title="en:Joseph Meister"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joseph Meister</span></a></span>）</span></span>。<sup id="cite_ref-中国大百科全书_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-中国大百科全书-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>至此，巴斯德已經是跨越歐陸國界及大西洋隔閡的知識英雄。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="信仰和灵性"><span id=".E4.BF.A1.E4.BB.B0.E5.92.8C.E7.81.B5.E6.80.A7"></span>信仰和灵性</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：信仰和灵性"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>天主教的观察者经常说巴斯德一生都是虔诚的<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E5%BE%92" title="基督徒">基督徒</a>。巴斯德的女婿在他为巴斯德所写的传记中也写过： <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> </p> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>他完全相信上帝和永恒，深信今世赋予我们从善的力量将一直持续至来世，这种感情贯穿在巴斯德的整个生活当中。他念念不忘《新约》的福音所阐明的德行教条。就在自己生命的最后几周里，巴斯德对先人的宗教仪式充满了敬意。他朴素而自然的以这种仪式作精神支柱。<sup id="cite_ref-VR_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VR-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="莫里斯·瓦莱里-拉多" data-lang-code="fr" data-lang-name="法语" data-foreign-title="Maurice Vallery-Radot"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E9%87%8C-%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫里斯·瓦莱里-拉多（页面不存在）">莫里斯·瓦莱里-拉多</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">法语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maurice_Vallery-Radot" class="extiw" title="fr:Maurice Vallery-Radot"><span lang="fr" dir="auto">Maurice Vallery-Radot</span></a></span>）</span></span>是巴斯德女婿兄弟的外孙，也是天主教徒。他也坚持巴斯德深信天主教。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>有一个被巴斯德·瓦莱里-拉多和莫里斯·瓦莱里-拉多证明是假的所谓巴斯德的话：<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>"The more I know, the more nearly is my faith that of the Breton peasant. Could I but know all I would have the faith of a Breton peasant's wife".<sup id="cite_ref-catholic_intro_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-catholic_intro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>根据莫里斯·瓦莱里-拉多，<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>这个错误的传言最早是在巴斯德时候不久出现的。<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>但巴斯德的外孙<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="路易斯·巴斯德·瓦莱里-拉多" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Louis Pasteur Vallery-Radot"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E9%87%8C-%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="路易斯·巴斯德·瓦莱里-拉多（页面不存在）">路易斯·巴斯德·瓦莱里-拉多</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur_Vallery-Radot" class="extiw" title="en:Louis Pasteur Vallery-Radot"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Louis Pasteur Vallery-Radot</span></a></span>）</span></span>说，巴斯德仅仅相信<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99" class="mw-redirect" title="天主教">天主教</a>中的灵性，但没有参加过日常的宗教活动，<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>尽管巴斯德信仰上帝，一般说，他的观点更接近自由思想家而不是天主教，他表现更多地是灵性的而不是宗教的。<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>巴斯德也反对将科学和宗教混在一起。<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="对巴斯德的指控"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E5.B7.B4.E6.96.AF.E5.BE.B7.E7.9A.84.E6.8C.87.E6.8E.A7"></span>对巴斯德的指控</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：对巴斯德的指控"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1995年，在巴斯德逝世百年纪念之际，美国<a href="/wiki/%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="普林斯顿大学">普林斯顿大学</a><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="科学史">科学史</a>教授<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉尔德·盖森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gerald L. Geison"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%9B%96%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉尔德·盖森（页面不存在）">拉尔德·盖森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerald_L._Geison" class="extiw" title="en:Gerald L. Geison"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gerald L. Geison</span></a></span>）</span></span>出版了《巴斯德的隐秘科学》（The Private Science of Louis Pasteur）一书。书中声称，巴斯德这位“最完美无缺的科学家”有欺骗行为，巴斯德的实验记录有的不符合他公开的说法，并且他还从事了违反医学伦理的试验。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E6%97%B6%E6%8A%A5" title="纽约时报">纽约时报</a>》立刻报道了该书的出版。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1962年<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔化学奖">诺贝尔化学奖</a>得主<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%B2%81%E8%8C%A8" title="马克斯·佩鲁茨">佩鲁茨</a>在《<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%BD%E7%BA%A6%E4%B9%A6%E8%AF%84" title="纽约书评">纽约书评</a>》上发布文章《为先驱辩护》进行详细的反驳。<sup id="cite_ref-perutz_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-perutz-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>此后，相关争论一直不断。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fang_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fang-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="巴斯德研究所"><span id=".E5.B7.B4.E6.96.AF.E5.BE.B7.E7.A0.94.E7.A9.B6.E6.89.80"></span>巴斯德研究所</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：巴斯德研究所"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85088369"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="巴斯德研究所">巴斯德研究所</a></div> <p>1887年，巴斯德在巴黎以募捐方式创立了一所公益型私人研究所——<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="巴斯德研究所">巴斯德研究所</a>。建立之初，研究所规模很小，第一批研究队伍仅设5个实验室，有5位室主任和14位助手。至2005年，巴斯德研究所拥有一所医院。该所既是传染性疾病、热带病理学和免疫系统疾病的专业保健中心，又是研究生教育（科研和临床培训）中心，生物学基础研究中心、公共健康应用研究中心。同时它还建有一个博物馆、一个包括图书馆在内的科技信息中心、多家公司和分布在全球29个国家内的32所研究机构。<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-yang_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yang-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 共有8位诺贝尔生理学和医学奖获得者在该所学习和工作过，他们是<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%96%B9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%9F%A6%E6%9C%97" title="夏尔·路易·阿方斯·拉韦朗">拉韦朗</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E5%A5%91%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%AF%E5%A4%AB" title="伊利亞·梅契尼可夫">梅契尼科夫</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%BE%E4%BB%A3" title="朱爾·博爾代">博尔代</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%8B%92" title="夏尔·尼科勒">尼科尔</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%BC%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E9%9F%A6" title="达尼埃尔·博韦">博韦</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%97%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%83%E5%A4%AB" title="安德列·利沃夫">利沃夫</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83" class="mw-redirect" title="弗朗索瓦·雅各布">雅各布</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BE%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E8%AF%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="贾克·莫诺">莫诺</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-yang_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yang-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%BA_(%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="约翰·斯诺 (医学家)">约翰·斯诺</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="流行病学">流行病学</a>之父）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E8%B5%AB" title="罗伯特·科赫">罗伯特·科赫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="约瑟夫·李斯特，第一代李斯特男爵">约瑟夫·李斯特</a>（现代<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="外科学">外科学</a>之父）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="爱德华·詹纳">爱德华·詹纳</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">免疫学</a>之父）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%8E%9B%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%A4%AB%E9%87%91" title="沃尔德玛·哈夫金">沃尔德玛·哈夫金</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B6%88%E6%97%8B%E4%BD%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="消旋体（页面不存在）">消旋体</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C%E5%AD%A6%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疾病细菌学说（页面不存在）">疾病细菌学说</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92%E6%B3%95" title="巴斯德消毒法">巴斯德消毒法</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" class="mw-redirect" title="巴斯德研究所">巴斯德研究所</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="巴斯德效应">巴斯德效应</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8B%E6%89%BE%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尋找巴斯德（页面不存在）">尋找巴斯德</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="引用"><span id=".E5.BC.95.E7.94.A8"></span>引用</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：引用"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Asimov, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asimov%27s_Biographical_Encyclopedia_of_Science_and_Technology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology（页面不存在）">Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology</a></i> 2nd Revised edition</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dubos-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dubos_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Rene J. Dubos. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/louispasteurfree009068mbp">Louis Pasteur Free Lance Of Science</a>. Boston: Little, Brown And Company. 1950: 24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=Rene+J.+Dubos&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur+Free+Lance+Of+Science&rft.date=1950&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=24&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+And+Company.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.archive.org%2Fdetails%2Flouispasteurfree009068mbp&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kepu-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kepu_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/lives/microbe/microbe_development/200310170052.html">微生物学的奠基人——伟大的巴斯德</a>. 中国科普博览. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-16</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324114623/http://www.kepu.net.cn/gb/lives/microbe/microbe_development/200310170052.html">存档</a>于2021-03-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%A0%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%BA%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E4%BC%9F%E5%A4%A7%E7%9A%84%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%8D%9A%E8%A7%88&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kepu.net.cn%2Fgb%2Flives%2Fmicrobe%2Fmicrobe_development%2F200310170052.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-catholic_intro-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-catholic_intro_4-0"><sup><b>4.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-catholic_intro_4-1"><sup><b>4.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-catholic_intro_4-2"><sup><b>4.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-catholic_intro_4-3"><sup><b>4.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> <cite class="citation encyclopaedia">James J. Walsh. <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Louis_Pasteur" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Louis Pasteur">Louis Pasteur</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8" title="天主教百科全書">天主教百科全书</a>. New York: Robert Appleton Company. 1913.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.atitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.au=James+J.+Walsh&rft.btitle=-%7Bzh-hans%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%3Bzh-hant%3A%E5%A4%A9%E4%B8%BB%E6%95%99%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%3B%7D-&rft.date=1913&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fein-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fein_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Feinstein S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0mwwzIdiuhkC&printsec">Louis Pasteur: The Father of Microbiology</a>. Enslow Publishers, Inc. 2008: 1–128 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-16</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781598450781" title="Special:网络书源/9781598450781"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781598450781</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110222903/http://books.google.co.in/books?id=0mwwzIdiuhkC&printsec">存档</a>于2014-11-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=Feinstein+S&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur%3A+The+Father+of+Microbiology&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781598450781&rft.pages=1-128&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishers%2C+Inc.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0mwwzIdiuhkC%26printsec&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-van-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-van_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Vander Hook S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.co.in/books?id=D74c6On7eUoC&printsec">Louis Pasteur: Groundbreaking Chemist & Biologist</a>. Minnesota, US: ABDO Publishing Company. 2011: 1–112 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-16</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781617589416" title="Special:网络书源/9781617589416"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9781617589416</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141110222759/http://books.google.co.in/books?id=D74c6On7eUoC&printsec">存档</a>于2014-11-10）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=Vander+Hook+S&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur%3A+Groundbreaking+Chemist+%26+Biologist&rft.date=2011&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9781617589416&rft.pages=1-112&rft.place=Minnesota%2C+US&rft.pub=ABDO+Publishing+Company&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.co.in%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD74c6On7eUoC%26printsec&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tempsreel.nouvelobs.com/actualites/20050405.OBS3037/?xtmc=&xtcr=1">De Gaulle plus grand Français de tous les temps - Culture - Nouvelobs.com</a>. Tempsreel.nouvelobs.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-11-05</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=De+Gaulle+plus+grand+Fran%C3%A7ais+de+tous+les+temps+-+Culture+-+Nouvelobs.com&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Tempsreel.nouvelobs.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftempsreel.nouvelobs.com%2Factualites%2F20050405.OBS3037%2F%3Fxtmc%3D%26xtcr%3D1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-中国大百科全书-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-中国大百科全书_8-0"><sup><b>8.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中国大百科全书_8-1"><sup><b>8.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中国大百科全书_8-2"><sup><b>8.2</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-中国大百科全书_8-3"><sup><b>8.3</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia">陆师义. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://art.tze.cn/Refbook/entry.aspx?bi=m.20080213-m300-w001-020&ei=5EE15FC2740914DF4051EEFCC1055ACA3B24CCE53D93AF9111B38EC975A79B28349642BA732898C6&bv=1&cult=CN">巴斯德，L.</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6" title="中国大百科全书">中国大百科全书</a>·生物学 <b>I</b>. 北京: 中国大百科全书出版社. 1991. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787500003380" title="Special:网络书源/9787500003380"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787500003380</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.atitle=%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%EF%BC%8CL.&rft.au=%E9%99%86%E5%B8%88%E4%B9%89&rft.btitle=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%C2%B7%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6&rft.date=1991&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.isbn=9787500003380&rft.place=%E5%8C%97%E4%BA%AC&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%A4%A7%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E4%B9%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fart.tze.cn%2FRefbook%2Fentry.aspx%3Fbi%3Dm.20080213-m300-w001-020%26ei%3D5EE15FC2740914DF4051EEFCC1055ACA3B24CCE53D93AF9111B38EC975A79B28349642BA732898C6%26bv%3D1%26cult%3DCN&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%A4%B1%E6%95%88%E9%93%BE%E6%8E%A5" title="Wikipedia:失效链接"><span title="">失效連結</span></a>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-past-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-past_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Pasteur Brewing. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130827034119/http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/general/timeline/the-life-of-louis-pasteur-a-chronology.html">Louis Pasteur Timeline: The Life of Louis Pasteur</a>. pasteurbrewing.com. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-07-03</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/general/timeline/the-life-of-louis-pasteur-a-chronology.html">原始内容</a>存档于2013-08-27）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.atitle=Louis+Pasteur+Timeline%3A+The+Life+of+Louis+Pasteur&rft.au=Pasteur+Brewing&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pasteurbrewing.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pasteurbrewing.com%2Fgeneral%2Ftimeline%2Fthe-life-of-louis-pasteur-a-chronology.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-liao-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-liao_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">廖俊林. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017064104/http://big5.gmw.cn/g2b/cm.health.gmw.cn/2012-08/20/content_4833587_2.htm">人類抗病毒史話（4）免疫學的豐碑巴斯德</a>. 光明网. 2012-08-20 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-16</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://big5.gmw.cn/g2b/cm.health.gmw.cn/2012-08/20/content_4833587_2.htm">原始内容</a>存档于2013-10-17）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=%E5%BB%96%E4%BF%8A%E6%9E%97&rft.btitle=%E4%BA%BA%E9%A1%9E%E6%8A%97%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%8F%B2%E8%A9%B1%EF%BC%884%EF%BC%89%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E8%B1%90%E7%A2%91+%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.date=2012-08-20&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E5%85%89%E6%98%8E%E7%BD%91&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbig5.gmw.cn%2Fg2b%2Fcm.health.gmw.cn%2F2012-08%2F20%2Fcontent_4833587_2.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Pasteur (1848) "Mémoire sur la relation qui peut exister entre la forme cristalline et la composition chimique, et sur la cause de la polarisation rotatoire" (Memoir on the relationship which can exist between crystalline form and chemical composition, and on the cause of rotary polarization)," <i>Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences</i> (Paris), vol. 26, pages 535-538.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L. Pasteur (1848) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=gJ45AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA442&lpg=PA442#v=onepage&q&f=false">"Sur les relations qui peuvent exister entre la forme cristalline, la composition chimique et le sens de la polarisation rotatoire"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210203235648/http://books.google.com/books?id=gJ45AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA442&lpg=PA442#v=onepage&q&f=false">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） (On the relations that can exist between crystalline form, and chemical composition, and the sense of rotary polarization), <i>Annales de Chimie et de Physique</i>, 3rd series, vol. 24, no. 6, pages 442-459.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George B. Kauffman and Robin D. Myers (1998)<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://192.129.24.144/licensed_materials/00897/papers/0003006/36kau897.pdf">"Pasteur's resolution of racemic acid: A sesquicentennial retrospect and a new translation,"</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060117144722/http://192.129.24.144/licensed_materials/00897/papers/0003006/36kau897.pdf">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） <i>The Chemical Educator</i>, vol. 3, no. 6, pages (?).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">H. D. Flack (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crystal.flack.ch/sh5092.pdf">"Louis Pasteur's discovery of molecular chirality and spontaneous resolution in 1848, together with a complete review of his crystallographic and chemical work,"</a> <a href="/wiki/Archive-It" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive-It">Archive-It</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120906001007/http://crystal.flack.ch/sh5092.pdf">存檔</a>，存档日期2012年9月6日， <i>Acta Crystallographica</i>, Section A, vol. 65, pages 371-389.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gal-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gal_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joseph Gal: <i>Louis Pasteur, Language, and Molecular Chirality. I. Background and Dissymmetry</i>, Chirality <i>23</i> (<b>2011</b>) 1−16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-xie_ch24-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-xie_ch24_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">解增泽（1998），<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shuku.net/novels/zatan/kexuenan/kexuenan24.html">第二十四章微生物猎人——屡遭挫折的生物学家巴斯德</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210324114731/http://shuku.net/novels/zatan/kexuenan/kexuenan24.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lu-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lu_17-0"><sup><b>17.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lu_17-1"><sup><b>17.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">卢良恕（1990），<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://61.189.240.78/res/seniorbio/teach/e_book/029/009.htm">微生物学之父——巴斯德</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20131017162234/http://61.189.240.78/res/seniorbio/teach/e_book/029/009.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cctcc.org/DigitalMuseum/news_show.php?newsid=23">確定生源論的實驗-微生物歷史-微生物著名實驗-微生物數字博物館</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B8%E5%9E%8B%E5%9F%B9%E5%85%BB%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%9D%E8%97%8F%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83" title="中国典型培养物保藏中心">中国典型培养物保藏中心</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-08-23</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304051356/http://www.cctcc.org/DigitalMuseum/news_show.php?newsid=23">存档</a>于2016-03-04）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.btitle=%E7%A2%BA%E5%AE%9A%E7%94%9F%E6%BA%90%E8%AB%96%E7%9A%84%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97-%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2-%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E8%91%97%E5%90%8D%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97-%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%97%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E9%A4%A8&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=%E4%B8%AD%E5%9B%BD%E5%85%B8%E5%9E%8B%E5%9F%B9%E5%85%BB%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%9D%E8%97%8F%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cctcc.org%2FDigitalMuseum%2Fnews_show.php%3Fnewsid%3D23&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VR-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VR_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">（法）R.瓦莱里-拉多. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423154534/http://book.ln.chaoxing.com/ebook/detail_10720429.html">微生物学的奠基人：巴斯德</a>. 商务印书馆. 1985: 488 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-17</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://book.ln.chaoxing.com/ebook/detail_10720429.html">原始内容</a>存档于2021-04-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=%EF%BC%88%E6%B3%95%EF%BC%89R.%E7%93%A6%E8%8E%B1%E9%87%8C-%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%9A&rft.btitle=%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%A5%A0%E5%9F%BA%E4%BA%BA%EF%BC%9A%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.date=1985&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=488&rft.pub=%E5%95%86%E5%8A%A1%E5%8D%B0%E4%B9%A6%E9%A6%86&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbook.ln.chaoxing.com%2Febook%2Fdetail_10720429.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Vallery-Radot, Maurice. Pasteur. Paris: Perrin. 1994: 377–407.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft.aulast=Vallery-Radot&rft.btitle=Pasteur&rft.date=1994&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=377-407&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Perrin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pasteur Vallery-Radot, Letter to Paul Dupuy, 1939, quoted by Hilaire Cuny, <i>Pasteur et le mystère de la vie</i>, Paris, Seghers, 1963, p. 53–54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Pasteur</i>, 1994, p. 378.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In Pasteur's <i>Semaine religieuse .... du diocèse de Versailles</i>, October 6, 1895, p. 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pasteur Vallery-Radot, Letter to Paul Dupuy, 1939, quoted by Hilaire Cuny, <i>Pasteur et le mystère de la vie</i>, Paris, Seghers, 1963, p. 53–54. Patrice Pinet, <i>Pasteur et la philosophie</i>, Paris, 2005, p. 134–135, quotes analogous assertions of Pasteur Vallery-Radot, with references to Pasteur Vallery-Radot, <i>Pasteur inconnu</i>, p. 232, and André George, <i>Pasteur</i>, Paris, 1958, p. 187. According to Maurice Vallery-Radot (<i>Pasteur</i>, 1994, p. 378), the false quotation appeared for the first time in the <i>Semaine religieuse .... du diocèse de Versailles</i>, October 6, 1895, p. 153, shortly after the death of Pasteur.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Joseph McCabe. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infidels.org/library/historical/joseph_mccabe/dictionary.html">A Biographical Dictionary of Ancient, Medieval, and Modern Freethinkers</a>. Haldeman-Julius Publications. 1945 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-08-11</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.webcitation.org/6FKlqP9mW?url=http://www.infidels.org/library/historical/joseph_mccabe/dictionary.html">存档</a>于2013-03-23）. <q>The anonymous Catholic author quotes as his authority the standard biography by Vallery-Radot, yet this describes Pasteur as a freethinker; and this is confirmed in the preface to the English translation by Sir W. Osler, who knew Pasteur personally. Vallery-Radot was himself a Catholic yet admits that Pasteur believed only in "an Infinite" and "hoped" for a future life. Pasteur publicly stated this himself in his Academy speech in 1822 (in V.R.). He said: "The idea of God is a form of the idea of the Infinite whether it is called Brahma, Allah, Jehova, or Jesus." The biographer says that in his last days he turned to the Church but the only "evidence" he gives is that he liked to read the life of St. Vincent de Paul, and he admits that he did not receive the sacraments at death. Relatives put rosary beads in his hands, and the Catholic Encyclopedia claims him as a Catholic in virtue of the fact and of an anonymous and inconclusive statement about him. Wheeler says in his Dictionary of Freethinkers that in his prime Pasteur was Vice-President of the British Secular (Atheist) Union; and Wheeler was the chief Secularist writer of the time. The evidence is overwhelming. Yet the Catholic scientist Sir Bertram Windle assures his readers that "no person who knows anything about him can doubt the sincerity of his attachment to the Catholic Church," and all Catholic writers use much the same scandalous language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=Joseph+McCabe&rft.btitle=A+Biographical+Dictionary+of+Ancient%2C+Medieval%2C+and+Modern+Freethinkers&rft.date=1945&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Haldeman-Julius+Publications&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.infidels.org%2Flibrary%2Fhistorical%2Fjoseph_mccabe%2Fdictionary.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Patrice Debré. Louis Pasteur. JHU Press. 2000: 176. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780801865299" title="Special:网络书源/9780801865299"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780801865299</a>. <q>Does this mean that Pasteur was bound to a religious ideal? His attitude was that of a believer, not of a sectarian. One of his most brilliant disciples, Elie Metchnikoff, was to attest that he spoke of religion only in general terms. In fact, Pasteur evaded the question by claiming quite simply that religion has no more place in science than science has in religion. ...A biologist more than a chemist, a spiritual more than a religious man, Pasteur was held back only by the lack of more powerful technical means and therefore had to limit himself to identifying germs and explaining their generation.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=Patrice+Debr%C3%A9&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780801865299&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Brendon Barnett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114074938/http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/Articles/life-of-pasteur/louis-pasteur-a-religious-man.html">Louis Pasteur: A Religious Man?</a>. Pasteur Brewing. 2011-05-31 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-08-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/Articles/life-of-pasteur/louis-pasteur-a-religious-man.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012-11-14）. <q>However, unlike many others, Pasteur asserted the preeminence of hypotheses over religious or metaphysical prejudices and always seemed willing to abandon theories that were outdated or useless in practicality. Pasteur often saw religion as a hinderance to scientific progress. In 1874, presiding over the award ceremony at the Collège of Arbois, he clearly stated his position: "I know that the word free thinker is written somewhere within our walls as a challenge and an affront. Do you know what most of the free thinkers want? Some want the freedom not to think at all and to be fettered by ignorance; others want the freedom to think badly; and others still, the freedom to be dominated by what is suggested to them by instinct and to despise all authority and all tradition. Freedom of thought in the Cartesian sense, freedom to work hard, freedom to pursue research, the right to arrive at such truth as is accessible to evidence and to conform one's conduct to these exigencies--oh! let us vow a cult to this freedom; for this is what has created modern society in its highest and most fruitful aspects." Pasteur had great respect for the unknown and the infinite, but did not allow himself to become a victim of superstition and fanatical religious explanations.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=Brendon+Barnett&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur%3A+A+Religious+Man%3F&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Pasteur+Brewing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pasteurbrewing.com%2FArticles%2Flife-of-pasteur%2Flouis-pasteur-a-religious-man.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Brendon Barnett. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121114074938/http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/Articles/life-of-pasteur/louis-pasteur-a-religious-man.html">Louis Pasteur: A Religious Man?</a>. Pasteur Brewing. 2011-05-31 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-08-11</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/Articles/life-of-pasteur/louis-pasteur-a-religious-man.html">原始内容</a>存档于2012-11-14）. <q>Louis Pasteur did not deny religion, but was compelled to say that, "religion has no more place in science than science has in religion." The role of religion in his mind was clear: "In each one of us there are two men, the scientist and the man of faith or of doubt. These two spheres are separate, and woe to those who want to make them encroach upon one another in the present state of our knowledge!"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=Brendon+Barnett&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur%3A+A+Religious+Man%3F&rft.date=2011-05-31&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Pasteur+Brewing&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pasteurbrewing.com%2FArticles%2Flife-of-pasteur%2Flouis-pasteur-a-religious-man.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Patrice Debré. Louis Pasteur. JHU Press. 2000: 176. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780801865299" title="Special:网络书源/9780801865299"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9780801865299</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=Patrice+Debr%C3%A9&rft.btitle=Louis+Pasteur&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9780801865299&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Gerald Geison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/privatescienceof0000geis">The Private Science of Louis Pasteur</a>. Princeton University Press. 1995. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-691-01552-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-691-01552-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-691-01552-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=Gerald+Geison&rft.btitle=The+Private+Science+of+Louis+Pasteur&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-691-01552-X&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprivatescienceof0000geis&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Lewis Wolpert. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/07/books/experiments-in-deceit.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">Experiments in Deceit</a>. The New York Times. 1995-05-07 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428232227/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/07/books/experiments-in-deceit.html?pagewanted=all&src=pm">存档</a>于2021-04-28）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.atitle=Experiments+in+Deceit&rft.au=Lewis+Wolpert&rft.date=1995-05-07&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F05%2F07%2Fbooks%2Fexperiments-in-deceit.html%3Fpagewanted%3Dall%26src%3Dpm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">LAWRENCE K. ALTMAN. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/16/science/doctor-s-world-revisionist-history-sees-pasteur-liar-who-stole-rival-s-ideas.html">THE DOCTOR'S WORLD; Revisionist History Sees Pasteur As Liar Who Stole Rival's Ideas</a>. The New York Times. 1995-05-16 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423154559/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/16/science/doctor-s-world-revisionist-history-sees-pasteur-liar-who-stole-rival-s-ideas.html">存档</a>于2021-04-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.atitle=THE+DOCTOR%27S+WORLD%3B+Revisionist+History+Sees+Pasteur+As+Liar+Who+Stole+Rival%27s+Ideas&rft.au=LAWRENCE+K.+ALTMAN&rft.date=1995-05-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F05%2F16%2Fscience%2Fdoctor-s-world-revisionist-history-sees-pasteur-liar-who-stole-rival-s-ideas.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-perutz-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-perutz_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">M.F. Perutz. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1995/dec/21/the-pioneer-defended/">The Pioneer Defended</a>. New York Review of Books. December 21 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029083822/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1995/dec/21/the-pioneer-defended/">存档</a>于2015-10-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.atitle=The+Pioneer+Defended&rft.au=M.F.+Perutz&rft.chron=December+21&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1995%2Fdec%2F21%2Fthe-pioneer-defended%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：日期与年 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%8E%E5%B9%B4" title="Category:引文格式1维护：日期与年">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Gerald L Geison. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1996/apr/04/pasteur-and-the-culture-wars-an-exchange/">Pasteur and the Culture Wars: An Exchange</a>. New York Review of Books. April 4 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150920173420/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1996/apr/04/pasteur-and-the-culture-wars-an-exchange/">存档</a>于2015-09-20）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.atitle=Pasteur+and+the+Culture+Wars%3A+An+Exchange&rft.au=Gerald+L+Geison&rft.chron=April+4&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1996%2Fapr%2F04%2Fpasteur-and-the-culture-wars-an-exchange%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：日期与年 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%8E%E5%B9%B4" title="Category:引文格式1维护：日期与年">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">William C. Summers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1997/feb/06/pasteurs-private-science/">Pasteur’s ‘Private Science’</a>. New York Review of Books. February 6 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151029083822/http://www.nybooks.com/articles/archives/1995/dec/21/the-pioneer-defended/">存档</a>于2015-10-29）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.atitle=Pasteur%E2%80%99s+%E2%80%98Private+Science%E2%80%99&rft.au=William+C.+Summers&rft.chron=February+6&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Review+of+Books&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nybooks.com%2Farticles%2Farchives%2F1997%2Ffeb%2F06%2Fpasteurs-private-science%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">请检查<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|date=</code>中的日期值 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#bad_date" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span><span class="citation-comment" style="display:none; color:#33aa33"> 引文格式1维护：日期与年 (<a href="/wiki/Category:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E7%BB%B4%E6%8A%A4%EF%BC%9A%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%9F%E4%B8%8E%E5%B9%B4" title="Category:引文格式1维护：日期与年">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-fang-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-fang_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B9%E8%88%9F%E5%AD%90" title="方舟子">方舟子</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://epaper.eeo.com.cn/pdf/pdf/eeo/414/44.pdf">巴斯德是否骗人——科学史上著名公案(30)</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F%E6%8A%A5" title="经济观察报">经济观察报</a>. 2009-04-13 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-17</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423154620/http://epaper.eeo.com.cn/pdf/pdf/eeo/414/44.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2021-04-23）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.atitle=%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E6%98%AF%E5%90%A6%E9%AA%97%E4%BA%BA%E2%80%94%E2%80%94%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E4%B8%8A%E8%91%97%E5%90%8D%E5%85%AC%E6%A1%88%2830%29&rft.au=%E6%96%B9%E8%88%9F%E5%AD%90&rft.date=2009-04-13&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E7%BB%8F%E6%B5%8E%E8%A7%82%E5%AF%9F%E6%8A%A5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fepaper.eeo.com.cn%2Fpdf%2Fpdf%2Feeo%2F414%2F44.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pasteur-international.org/ip/easysite/pasteur-international-en/institut-pasteur-international-network/the-network">Institut Pasteur International Network</a>. pasteur-international.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-07-03</span>]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140606153949/http://www.pasteur-international.org/ip/easysite/pasteur-international-en/institut-pasteur-international-network/the-network">存档</a>于2014-06-06）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.atitle=Institut+Pasteur+International+Network&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pasteur-international.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pasteur-international.org%2Fip%2Feasysite%2Fpasteur-international-en%2Finstitut-pasteur-international-network%2Fthe-network&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-yang-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-yang_38-0"><sup><b>38.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-yang_38-1"><sup><b>38.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">杨威; 李志平. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220509000321/http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_672349610100hxax.html">巴斯德研究所面面观</a>. 《医学与哲学：人文社会医学版》. 2008, (4): 67–69 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-16</span>]</span>. （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.sina.com.cn/s/blog_672349610100hxax.html">原始内容</a>存档于2022-05-09）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.atitle=%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80%E9%9D%A2%E9%9D%A2%E8%A7%82&rft.au=%E6%9D%A8%E5%A8%81&rft.date=2008&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=%E3%80%8A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%EF%BC%9A%E4%BA%BA%E6%96%87%E7%A4%BE%E4%BC%9A%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%88%E3%80%8B&rft.pages=67-69&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblog.sina.com.cn%2Fs%2Fblog_672349610100hxax.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="来源"><span id=".E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>书籍</dt></dl> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">解增泽. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shuku.net/novels/zatan/kexuenan/kexuenan.html">《科学蒙难集》</a>. 湖南科学技术出版社. 1998 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-10-17</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787535703453" title="Special:网络书源/9787535703453"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787535703453</a>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324114851/http://shuku.net/novels/zatan/kexuenan/kexuenan.html">存档</a>于2021-03-24）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=%E8%A7%A3%E5%A2%9E%E6%B3%BD&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E8%92%99%E9%9A%BE%E9%9B%86%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787535703453&rft.pub=%E6%B9%96%E5%8D%97%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fshuku.net%2Fnovels%2Fzatan%2Fkexuenan%2Fkexuenan.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">卢良恕主编 (编). 《世界著名科学家传记：生物学家I》. 科学出版社. 1990. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9787030017901" title="Special:网络书源/9787030017901"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 9787030017901</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&rft.au=%E5%8D%A2%E8%89%AF%E6%81%95+%E4%B8%BB%E7%BC%96&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E8%91%97%E5%90%8D%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E4%BC%A0%E8%AE%B0%EF%BC%9A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6I%E3%80%8B&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=9787030017901&rft.pub=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>中相关的多媒体资源：<b><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Louis_Pasteur?uselang=zh">路易·巴斯德</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%AD%E5%BD%95" title="维基语录">维基语录</a>上的<b><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7" class="extiw" title="q:路易斯·巴斯德">路易斯·巴斯德语录</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131017081220/http://www.2250s.com/read.php?4-7518-7518">巴斯德、盖森、佩鲁茨、方舟子、肖传国（亦明）</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040804172742/http://www.pasteur.fr/english.html">The Institut Pasteur</a> – Foundation Dedicated to the prevention and treatment of diseases through biological research, education and public health activities</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pasteurfoundation.org">The Pasteur Foundation</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210102114614/http://www.pasteurfoundation.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） – A US nonprofit organization dedicated to promoting the mission of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_Pasteur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut Pasteur（页面不存在）">Institut Pasteur</a> in Paris. Full archive of newsletters available online containing examples of US Tributes to Louis Pasteur.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/articles/pasteur.htm">Pasteur's Papers on the Germ Theory</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171108031227/http://biotech.law.lsu.edu/cphl/history/articles/pasteur.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pasteurbrewing.com">The Life and Work of Louis Pasteur</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20181005215005/http://www.pasteurbrewing.com/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, Pasteur Brewing</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080407182558/http://php.pasteur.net/index.php?newlang=english">The Pasteur Galaxy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money5.htm">Louis Pasteur featured on the 5 French Franc banknote from 1966.</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20090416151301/http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jbourj/money5.htm">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878pasteur-germ.html">Germ Theory and Its Applications to Medicine and Surgery, 1878</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140915135641/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/mod/1878pasteur-germ.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Louis_Pasteur.html">Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)</a>（<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190402104746/http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/AB/BC/Louis_Pasteur.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） profile, AccessExcellence.org</li></ul> <p>巴斯德全集，BNF (Bibliothèque nationale de France) </p> <ul><li><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7356c">Pasteur Œuvre tome 1 – Dissymétrie moléculaire</a></span><span style="font-size:smaller;">PDF</span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="法語">（法文）</span></li> <li><span class="PDFlink"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k7357p">Pasteur Œuvre tome 2 – Fermentations et générations dites spontanées</a></span><span style="font-size:smaller;">PDF</span> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="法語">（法文）</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://math-doc.ujf-grenoble.fr/RBSM/cr-gallica.html"><i>Comptes rendus de l’Académie des sciences</i></a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140311021045/http://math-doc.ujf-grenoble.fr/RBSM/cr-gallica.html">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>） Articles published by Pasteur <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="法語">（法文）</span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="Template:生物学史"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="Template talk:生物学史"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:生物学史"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物学史" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="生物学史">生物学史</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">领域和学科</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="自然历史">自然历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%9C%E4%B8%9A%E5%8F%B2" title="农业史">农业史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="农学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of agricultural science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%86%9C%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="农学史（页面不存在）">农学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_agricultural_science" class="extiw" title="en:History of agricultural science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of agricultural science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of botany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物学史（页面不存在）">植物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_botany" class="extiw" title="en:History of botany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of botany</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="医学史">医学史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="解剖学史">解剖学史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动物学史 (1859年之前)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of zoology (through 1859)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2_(1859%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动物学史 (1859年之前)（页面不存在）">动物学史 (1859年之前)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_zoology_(through_1859)" class="extiw" title="en:History of zoology (through 1859)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of zoology (through 1859)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动物学史 (1859年之后)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of zoology (since 1859)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2_(1859%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动物学史 (1859年之后)（页面不存在）">动物学史 (1859年之后)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_zoology_(since_1859)" class="extiw" title="en:History of zoology (since 1859)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of zoology (since 1859)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物分类学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of plant systematics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物分类学史（页面不存在）">植物分类学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" class="extiw" title="en:History of plant systematics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of plant systematics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古生物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of paleontology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古生物学史（页面不存在）">古生物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paleontology" class="extiw" title="en:History of paleontology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of paleontology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="地质学史">地质学史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3%E5%8F%B2" title="演化思想史">演化思想史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态学史（页面不存在）">生态学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:History of ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of ecology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="模式生物史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of model organisms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="模式生物史（页面不存在）">模式生物史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_model_organisms" class="extiw" title="en:History of model organisms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of model organisms</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藻类学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of phycology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%BB%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藻类学史（页面不存在）">藻类学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_phycology" class="extiw" title="en:History of phycology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of phycology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="遗传学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of genetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传学史（页面不存在）">遗传学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:History of genetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of genetics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="生物化学史">生物化学的历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="分子生物學史">分子生物學史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="RNA生物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of RNA biology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA生物学史（页面不存在）">RNA生物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology" class="extiw" title="en:History of RNA biology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of RNA biology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分子演化学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of molecular evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子演化学史（页面不存在）">分子演化学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:History of molecular evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of molecular evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="免疫学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of immunology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="免疫学史（页面不存在）">免疫学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_immunology" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of immunology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of immunology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物技术史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of biotechnology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物技术史（页面不存在）">生物技术史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" class="extiw" title="en:History of biotechnology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of biotechnology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HomunculusLarge.png" class="mw-file-description" title="The homonculus"><img alt="The homonculus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HomunculusLarge.png/60px-HomunculusLarge.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HomunculusLarge.png/90px-HomunculusLarge.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/HomunculusLarge.png/120px-HomunculusLarge.png 2x" data-file-width="145" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">机构</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="洛桑实验站" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rothamsted Research"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%9B%E6%A1%91%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E7%AB%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洛桑实验站（页面不存在）">洛桑实验站</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothamsted_Research" class="extiw" title="en:Rothamsted Research"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rothamsted Research</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2" title="巴斯德研究院">巴斯德研究院</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9C%97%E5%85%8B%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="马克斯·普朗克学会">马克斯·普朗克学会</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B7%E6%B3%89%E6%B8%AF%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97%E5%AE%A4" title="冷泉港實驗室">冷泉港實驗室</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%A2%E5%85%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="索克研究所（页面不存在）">索克研究所</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安东·多恩动物园" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stazione Zoologica"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E6%81%A9%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%9B%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安东·多恩动物园（页面不存在）">安东·多恩动物园</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stazione_Zoologica" class="extiw" title="en:Stazione Zoologica"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stazione Zoologica</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="海洋生物学实验室">海洋生物学实验室</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E8%8F%B2%E5%8B%92%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="洛克菲勒大學">洛克菲勒大學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8D%E5%85%B9%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E6%89%80" title="伍兹霍尔海洋研究所">伍兹霍尔海洋研究所</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C%E5%AE%A4" title="分子生物学实验室">分子生物学实验室</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">实验</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E8%8F%B2%E6%96%AF%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="格里菲斯實驗">格里菲斯實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92-%E5%B0%A4%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="米勒-尤里实验">米勒-尤里实验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E7%91%9E%E4%BA%9A-%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E5%B8%83%E5%90%95%E5%85%8B%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="卢瑞亚-德尔布吕克实验">卢瑞亚-德尔布吕克实验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C-%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E5%BE%B7-%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E8%92%82%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="埃弗里-麦克劳德-麦卡蒂实验">埃弗里-麦克劳德-麦卡蒂实验</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E9%9B%AA-%E8%94%A1%E5%8F%B8%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="赫雪-蔡司實驗">赫雪-蔡司實驗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E7%91%9F%E7%94%9F%E2%80%93%E5%8F%B2%E9%81%94%E5%AF%A6%E9%A9%97" title="梅瑟生–史達實驗">梅塞尔森-斯塔尔实验</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克里克与布伦纳等人的实验" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Crick, Brenner et al. experiment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%8E%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%A6%E7%BA%B3%E7%AD%89%E4%BA%BA%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里克与布伦纳等人的实验（页面不存在）">克里克与布伦纳等人的实验</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crick,_Brenner_et_al._experiment" class="extiw" title="en:Crick, Brenner et al. experiment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Crick, Brenner et al. experiment</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E4%BC%A6%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC-%E9%A9%AC%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%8A%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="尼伦伯格-马特伊实验">尼伦伯格-马特伊实验</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼伦伯格和里德的实验" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nirenberg and Leder experiment"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E4%BC%A6%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC%E5%92%8C%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E7%9A%84%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼伦伯格和里德的实验（页面不存在）">尼伦伯格和里德的实验</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nirenberg_and_Leder_experiment" class="extiw" title="en:Nirenberg and Leder experiment"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nirenberg and Leder experiment</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">理论和概念</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%99%BC%E7%94%9F" title="自然發生">自然发生说</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%98%E5%9C%A8%E9%8E%96%E9%8F%88" class="mw-redirect" title="存在鎖鏈">自然阶梯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="拉馬克主義">拉马克学说</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="達爾文主義">达尔文学说</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="疾病的生源说" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Germ theory of disease"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%9A%84%E7%94%9F%E6%BA%90%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="疾病的生源说（页面不存在）">疾病的生源说</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germ_theory_of_disease" class="extiw" title="en:Germ theory of disease"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Germ theory of disease</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="一基因一酶假说" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="One gene-one enzyme hypothesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E4%B8%80%E9%85%B6%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一基因一酶假说（页面不存在）">一基因一酶假说</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/One_gene-one_enzyme_hypothesis" class="extiw" title="en:One gene-one enzyme hypothesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">One gene-one enzyme hypothesis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%88%9D%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E9%AB%94" title="原初生命體">原初生命體</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="序列假说" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sequence hypothesis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BA%8F%E5%88%97%E5%81%87%E8%AF%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="序列假说（页面不存在）">序列假说</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sequence_hypothesis" class="extiw" title="en:Sequence hypothesis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sequence hypothesis</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" title="中心法則">分子生物学的中心法则</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RNA%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%AD%B8%E8%AA%AA" title="RNA世界學說">RNA世界學說</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">历史</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%85%B8%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="古典时代">古典时代</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%BA%E4%BA%A7%E7%94%9F%E5%92%8C%E6%AF%81%E7%81%AD" title="论产生和毁灭">论产生和毁灭</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%BF%97" title="动物志">动物志</a>》</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E5%A5%A7%E5%BC%97%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E6%96%AF" title="泰奧弗拉斯托斯">泰奧弗拉斯托斯</a> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%8F%B2" title="植物史">植物史</a>》</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%AA%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" title="迪奥斯科里德斯">迪奥斯科里德斯</a> <ul><li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="药物论" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="De Materia Medica"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E8%AB%96" title="藥物論">药物论</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Materia_Medica" class="extiw" title="en:De Materia Medica"><span lang="en" dir="auto">De Materia Medica</span></a></span>）</span></span>》</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E8%89%BA%E5%A4%8D%E5%85%B4" title="文艺复兴">文艺复兴</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A9%E6%9C%9F%E7%8E%B0%E4%BB%A3" title="早期现代">近代早期</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88%E4%BA%9A%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E8%90%A8%E7%95%99%E6%96%AF" title="安德烈亚斯·维萨留斯">安德烈亚斯·维萨留斯</a> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%9A%84%E6%9E%84%E9%80%A0" title="人体的构造">人体的构造</a>》</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%BB%B4" title="威廉·哈维">威廉·哈维</a> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E8%A1%80%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E8%AE%BA" title="心血运动论">心血运动论</a>》</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E5%88%87%E6%B4%9B%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%9A%AE%E5%90%89" title="马尔切洛·马尔皮吉">马尔切洛·马尔皮吉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%85%8B" title="罗伯特·胡克">罗伯特·胡克</a> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E5%9B%BE%E8%B0%B1" title="显微图谱">显微图谱</a>》</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%C2%B7%E5%88%97%E6%96%87%E8%99%8E%E5%85%8B" title="安東尼·范·列文虎克">列文虎克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E5%88%87%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E8%BF%AA" title="弗朗切斯科·雷迪">弗朗切斯科·雷迪</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18世纪,<br />19世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%A5%88" title="卡尔·林奈">卡尔·林奈</a> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="自然系統">自然系統</a>》</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB-%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%B8%B0" title="乔治-路易·勒克莱尔·德·布丰">布丰伯爵</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E5%B7%B4%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B" title="让-巴蒂斯特·拉马克">让-巴蒂斯特·拉马克</a> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E7%89%A9%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="動物哲學">動物哲學</a>》</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E7%B6%AD%E8%91%89" title="喬治·居維葉">喬治·居維葉</a> <ul><li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动物界 (书籍)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Le Règne Animal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%95%8C_(%E4%B9%A6%E7%B1%8D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动物界 (书籍)（页面不存在）">动物界</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Le_R%C3%A8gne_Animal" class="extiw" title="en:Le Règne Animal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Le Règne Animal</span></a></span>）</span></span>》</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%B4%AA%E5%A0%A1" title="亚历山大·冯·洪堡">亚历山大·冯·洪堡</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%90%8A%E7%88%BE" title="查爾斯·萊爾">查尔斯·莱尔</a> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E8%B4%A8%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="地质学原理">地质学原理</a>》</li></ul></li> <li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="创造的自然历史的痕迹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%9B%E9%80%A0%E7%9A%84%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2%E7%9A%84%E7%97%95%E8%BF%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="创造的自然历史的痕迹（页面不存在）">创造的痕迹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestiges_of_the_Natural_History_of_Creation" class="extiw" title="en:Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation</span></a></span>）</span></span>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文">查尔斯·达尔文</a> <ul><li>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="物种起源">物种起源</a>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E7%9A%84%E7%94%B1%E6%9D%A5" title="人类的由来">人类的由来</a>》</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E8%8E%B1%E5%A3%AB" title="阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士">阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E5%A5%91%E5%A5%87" title="約瑟夫·潘契奇">約瑟夫·潘契奇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%B9" title="亨利·沃尔特·贝兹">亨利·沃尔特·贝兹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%88%88%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE" title="格雷戈爾·孟德爾">孟德爾</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物杂交试验" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Experiments on Plant Hybridization"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%9D%82%E4%BA%A4%E8%AF%95%E9%AA%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物杂交试验（页面不存在）">植物杂交试验</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Experiments_on_Plant_Hybridization" class="extiw" title="en:Experiments on Plant Hybridization"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Experiments on Plant Hybridization</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">路易·巴斯德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E8%B5%AB" title="罗伯特·科赫">罗伯特·科赫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94" title="恩斯特·海克尔">恩斯特·海克尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E8%90%AC%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%94%AB%E6%B4%9B%E5%A4%AB" title="伊萬·巴甫洛夫">巴甫洛夫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E8%AF%BA%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="谢尔盖·尼古拉耶维奇·维诺格拉茨基">谢尔盖·维诺格拉茨基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%B8%83" title="雅克·洛布">雅克·洛布</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%A1%E6%88%88%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="胡戈·德弗里斯">胡戈·德弗里斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E5%BD%BB%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A" title="埃德蒙·比彻·威尔逊">埃德蒙·比彻·威尔逊</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%B9" title="托马斯·亨特·摩尔根">托马斯·亨特·摩尔根</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B7%B4%E6%9E%97" title="亚历山大·奥巴林">亚历山大·奥巴林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%8E" title="亚历山大·弗莱明">亚历山大·弗莱明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87%E9%9F%8B" title="羅伯特·里奇韋">羅伯特·里奇韋</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="J. B. S. 霍尔丹">J·B·S·霍尔丹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%E5%8E%84%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B5%96%E7%89%B9" title="休厄尔·赖特">赖特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E9%9B%AA" title="羅納德·愛爾默·費雪">羅納德·費雪</a></li> <li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="孟德尔遗传假定下的亲戚之间的相关性" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%81%87%E5%AE%9A%E4%B8%8B%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%B2%E6%88%9A%E4%B9%8B%E9%97%B4%E7%9A%84%E7%9B%B8%E5%85%B3%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="孟德尔遗传假定下的亲戚之间的相关性（页面不存在）">孟德尔遗传假定下的亲戚之间的相关性</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Correlation_between_Relatives_on_the_Supposition_of_Mendelian_Inheritance" class="extiw" title="en:The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">The Correlation between Relatives on the Supposition of Mendelian Inheritance</span></a></span>）</span></span>》</li> <li>《<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%91%BD%E6%98%AF%E4%BB%80%E4%B9%88" title="生命是什么">生命是什么?</a>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9" title="康拉德·洛伦兹">康拉德·洛伦兹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B" title="巴巴拉·麦克林托克">巴巴拉·麦克林托克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E5%B8%83%E7%84%B6%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="费奥多西·多布然斯基">费奥多西·多布然斯基</a> <ul><li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="遗传学与物种起源" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Genetics and the Origin of Species"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传学与物种起源（页面不存在）">遗传学与物种起源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetics_and_the_Origin_of_Species" class="extiw" title="en:Genetics and the Origin of Species"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Genetics and the Origin of Species</span></a></span>）</span></span>》</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94" title="恩斯特·瓦尔特·迈尔">恩斯特·瓦尔特·迈尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94" title="乔治·韦尔斯·比德尔">乔治·韦尔斯·比德尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%91%A9%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E6%B3%BD" title="西摩·本泽">西摩·本泽</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%8E%8E%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E5%AF%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97" title="羅莎琳·富蘭克林">羅莎琳·富蘭克林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%A8%81%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%A3%AE" title="詹姆斯·杜威·沃森">詹姆斯·沃森</a> 与 <a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B" title="弗朗西斯·克里克">弗朗西斯·克里克</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%B5%90%E6%A7%8B" title="核酸分子結構">核酸分子結構</a></li></ul></li> <li>《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="镰刀型红血球疾病，一种分子疾病" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%B0%E5%88%80%E5%9E%8B%E7%BA%A2%E8%A1%80%E7%90%83%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%EF%BC%8C%E4%B8%80%E7%A7%8D%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="镰刀型红血球疾病，一种分子疾病（页面不存在）">镰刀型红血球疾病，一种分子疾病</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sickle_Cell_Anemia,_a_Molecular_Disease" class="extiw" title="en:Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sickle Cell Anemia, a Molecular Disease</span></a></span>）</span></span>》</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E6%A0%BC" title="弗雷德里克·桑格">弗雷德里克·桑格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%B2%81%E8%8C%A8" title="马克斯·佩鲁茨">马克斯·佩鲁茨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81" title="约翰·肯德鲁">约翰·肯德鲁</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%A6%E7%BA%B3" title="西德尼·布伦纳">西德尼·布伦纳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E8%88%92%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="乔舒亚·莱德伯格">乔舒亚·莱德伯格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9" title="沃特·吉爾伯特">沃特·吉爾伯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%87%AF%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="凯利·穆利斯">凯利·穆利斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7" title="史蒂芬·古爾德">史蒂芬·杰伊·古尔德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%8F%A4%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="琳·馬古利斯">琳·馬古利斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="卡尔·乌斯">卡尔·乌斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94" title="珍·古道尔">珍·古道尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%8E%9B%E7%BA%BD%E5%9F%83%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%9E%E6%8D%B7" title="埃玛纽埃勒·沙尔庞捷">埃玛纽埃勒·沙尔庞捷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8F%8D%E5%A6%AE%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E5%BE%B7%E7%BA%B3" title="珍妮弗·道德纳">珍妮弗·道德纳</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关主题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="科学史">科学史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="医学史">医学史</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="傳染病歷史">傳染病歷史</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="生物學哲學">生物學哲學</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物学和有机化学的时间轴" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of biology and organic chemistry"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E8%BD%B4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物学和有机化学的时间轴（页面不存在）">生物学和有机化学的时间轴</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_biology_and_organic_chemistry" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of biology and organic chemistry"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of biology and organic chemistry</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="自然哲学">自然哲学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E7%A5%9E%E5%AD%A6" title="自然神学">自然神学</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="洪堡科学" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Humboldtian science"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B4%AA%E5%A0%A1%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="洪堡科学（页面不存在）">洪堡科学</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humboldtian_science" class="extiw" title="en:Humboldtian science"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Humboldtian science</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%97%E6%95%99%E4%B8%8E%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="宗教与科学">宗教与科学的关系</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%84%AA%E7%94%9F%E5%AD%B8" title="優生學">優生學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%B1%BB%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%BB%84%E8%AE%A1%E5%88%92" title="人类基因组计划">人类基因组计划</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="神创论史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of creationism"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%9B%E8%AE%BA%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神创论史（页面不存在）">神创论史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_creationism" class="extiw" title="en:History of creationism"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of creationism</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="神创论与演化论的争议史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of the creation–evolution controversy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A5%9E%E5%88%9B%E8%AE%BA%E4%B8%8E%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%BA%E7%9A%84%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="神创论与演化论的争议史（页面不存在）">神创论与演化论的争议史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_creation%E2%80%93evolution_controversy" class="extiw" title="en:History of the creation–evolution controversy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of the creation–evolution controversy</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="Category:生物學史">分类</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="傳染病与微生物学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="Template:传染病"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="Template talk:传染病"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:传染病"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="傳染病与微生物学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="傳染病">傳染病</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术领域<br />(<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%8E%9F%E4%BD%93" title="病原体">病原体</a>)<br />主要传染疾病</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%8E%9F%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="病原细菌">病原细菌</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E4%BA%82" title="霍亂">霍亂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E5%96%89" title="白喉">白喉</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E9%A3%8E%E7%97%85" title="麻风病">麻风病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BC%A0%E7%96%AB" title="鼠疫">鼠疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E6%AF%92" title="梅毒">梅毒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A0%B4%E4%BC%A4%E9%A3%8E" class="mw-redirect" title="破伤风">破伤风</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%A0%B8%E7%97%85" title="结核病">结核病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A4%E5%AF%92" title="伤寒">伤寒</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%AD%A6" title="病毒学">病毒学</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%8A%E6%AF%92%E9%AB%94" title="朊毒體">朊毒體</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E6%BB%8B%E7%97%85" title="艾滋病">AIDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E5%86%A0%E7%8A%B6%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E7%97%85" title="2019冠状病毒病">COVID-19</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E5%9E%8B%E8%82%9D%E7%82%8E" title="乙型肝炎">乙型肝炎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9F%E5%86%92" title="流行性感冒">流行性感冒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%BB%E7%96%B9" title="麻疹">麻疹</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%8A%E9%AB%93%E7%81%B0%E8%B3%AA%E7%82%8E" title="脊髓灰質炎">脊髓灰質炎</a>（小儿麻痺）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E8%8A%B1" title="天花">天花</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E6%80%A7%E6%B5%B7%E7%B6%BF%E7%8B%80%E8%85%A6%E7%97%85" title="傳染性海綿狀腦病">傳染性海綿狀腦病</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E7%97%85" title="真菌病">真菌病</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%B4%E7%97%85%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C" title="致病真菌">致病真菌</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%B4%E9%BB%B4%E5%B1%AC#麴黴症" title="麴黴屬">麴菌症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BF%B5%E7%8F%A0%E8%8F%8C%E7%97%87" title="念珠菌症">念珠菌症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E7%99%AC%E8%8F%8C%E7%97%85" title="皮癬菌病">皮癬菌病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B1%B1%E8%B0%B7%E7%83%AD" title="山谷热">山谷热</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%99%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="寄生虫学">寄生虫学</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E8%99%AB%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93" title="原虫传染">原生動物</a>, <a href="/wiki/%E8%A0%95%E8%99%AB%E7%97%85" title="蠕虫病">寄生蠕虫</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%B7%B4%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="阿米巴症">阿米巴症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%89%A4%E8%9F%B2%E7%97%87" title="鉤蟲症">鉤蟲症</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%9F%E7%96%BE" title="疟疾">疟疾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E5%90%B8%E8%99%AB%E7%97%85" title="血吸虫病">血吸虫病</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%BB%E7%94%A8%E6%98%86%E8%99%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="医用昆虫学">医用昆虫学</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal;">(<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%96%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="外寄生物感染">外寄生物</a>)</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9D%A8%E5%AD%90" class="mw-redirect" title="蝨子">蝨子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%99%E8%9A%8C%E5%B1%AC" title="糙蚌屬">糙蚌屬</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E6%9E%97" title="埃米尔·阿道夫·冯·贝林">贝林</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%8C" title="保罗·埃尔利希">埃尔利希</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%8E" title="亚历山大·弗莱明">弗莱明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E7%B4%8D" title="愛德華·詹納">詹納</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E8%B5%AB" title="罗伯特·科赫">科赫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%EF%BC%8C%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="约瑟夫·李斯特，第一代李斯特男爵">李斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E7%BE%85%E5%80%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%97%E4%B8%81%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE" title="弗羅倫斯·南丁格爾">南丁格尔</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">巴斯德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%8B" title="乔纳斯·索尔克">索尔克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%BA_(%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="约翰·斯诺 (医学家)">斯诺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E7%B4%8D%E8%8C%B2%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E9%BA%A5%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF" title="伊格納茲·塞麥爾維斯">塞麦尔维斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E9%87%8C%E6%9F%B4%E4%B8%89%E9%83%8E" title="北里柴三郎">北里柴三郎</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">相关议题</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px;;;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>医疗措施</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C%E8%8D%AF" title="抗细菌药">抗细菌药</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="抗生素">抗生素</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9" title="抗病毒药物">抗病毒药物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E7%94%BE%E4%BD%93%E6%8A%97%E7%82%8E%E8%8D%AF" title="非甾体抗炎药">非甾体抗炎药</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0%E6%8A%97%E8%97%A5%E6%80%A7" title="抗生素抗藥性">抗生素抗藥性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%AB%E8%8B%97%E6%8E%A5%E7%A8%AE" title="疫苗接種">疫苗接種</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="感染">感染</a></b>与<b><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84" title="传播途径">传播途径</a></b> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="感染源" data-lang-code="ja" data-lang-name="日语" data-foreign-title="感染源"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E6%BA%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感染源（页面不存在）">感染源</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">日语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E6%BA%90" class="extiw" title="ja:感染源"><span lang="ja" dir="auto">感染源</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E7%A4%BA%E7%97%85%E4%BE%8B" title="指示病例">指示病例</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82%E7%85%A7%E9%A1%A7%E7%9B%B8%E9%97%9C%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="醫療照顧相關感染">醫療照顧相關感染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB" title="宿主">宿主</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%AE%BF%E4%B8%BB" title="自然宿主">自然宿主</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="食血昆虫传染" data-lang-code="ru" data-lang-name="俄语" data-foreign-title="Трансмиссивные болезни"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A3%9F%E8%A1%80%E6%98%86%E8%99%AB%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="食血昆虫传染（页面不存在）">食血昆虫传染</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">俄语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Трансмиссивные болезни"><span lang="ru" dir="auto">Трансмиссивные болезни</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="传播模式" data-lang-code="de" data-lang-name="德语" data-foreign-title="Infektionsweg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%A0%E6%92%AD%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="传播模式（页面不存在）">传播模式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">德语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infektionsweg" class="extiw" title="de:Infektionsweg"><span lang="de" dir="auto">Infektionsweg</span></a></span>）</span></span> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="水平感染" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Horizontal transmission"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%B4%E5%B9%B3%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="水平感染（页面不存在）">水平感染</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal_transmission" class="extiw" title="en:Horizontal transmission"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Horizontal transmission</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="垂直感染" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vertically transmitted infection"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9E%82%E7%9B%B4%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="垂直感染（页面不存在）">垂直感染</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vertically_transmitted_infection" class="extiw" title="en:Vertically transmitted infection"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vertically transmitted infection</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E6%9C%AC%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E6%95%B0" title="基本传染数">基本传染数</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E5%82%B3%E6%92%AD%E8%80%85" title="超級傳播者">超級傳播者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%B6%E5%8E%9F%E8%80%85" title="帶原者">帶原者</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%9C%E4%BC%8F%E6%9C%9F" title="潜伏期">潜伏期</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E6%BD%9C%E4%BC%8F%E6%9C%9F" title="病毒潜伏期">病毒</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E8%87%A8%E5%BA%8A%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="亞臨床感染">亞臨床感染</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E7%97%87%E7%8A%B6" title="无症状">无症状</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%BA%E4%BC%9A%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="机会性感染">机会性感染</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%98%93%E6%84%9F%E4%B8%AA%E4%BD%93" title="易感个体">易感个体</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E7%A0%B4%E6%80%A7%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="突破性感染">突破性感染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E9%87%8D%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="二重感染">二重感染</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="二次感染" data-lang-code="pl" data-lang-name="波兰语" data-foreign-title="Infekcja wtórna"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E6%AC%A1%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二次感染（页面不存在）">二次感染</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">波兰语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infekcja_wt%C3%B3rna" class="extiw" title="pl:Infekcja wtórna"><span lang="pl" dir="auto">Infekcja wtórna</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><b><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="感染控制" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Infection control"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="感染控制（页面不存在）">感染控制</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Infection_control" class="extiw" title="en:Infection control"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Infection control</span></a></span>）</span></span>与<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E8%97%A5%E7%89%A9%E5%B9%B2%E9%A0%90" title="非藥物干預">非藥物干預</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%AF%92" title="消毒">消毒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AA%A2%E7%96%AB" title="檢疫">檢疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9A%94%E9%9B%A2_(%E9%86%AB%E7%99%82)" title="隔離 (醫療)">隔離</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A5%E8%A7%B8%E8%80%85%E8%BF%BD%E8%B9%A4" title="接觸者追蹤">接觸者追蹤</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85%E7%AF%A9%E6%AA%A2" title="疾病篩檢">筛查</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%AA%92%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="病媒控制">病媒控制</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E6%BA%90" title="控制传染源">控制传染源</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A4%E4%BD%93%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB" title="群体免疫">群体免疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AE%9A%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="法定傳染病">法定傳染病</a></li></ul></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E8%88%88%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="新興傳染病">新興傳染病</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E7%95%9C%E5%85%B1%E9%80%9A%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="人畜共通傳染病">人畜共通傳染病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E5%8E%9F%E6%BA%A2%E5%87%BA" title="病原溢出">病原溢出</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E7%89%A9%E7%A8%AE%E6%84%9F%E6%9F%93" title="跨物種感染">跨物種感染</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%B0%E5%85%B4%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="新兴病毒">新兴病毒</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E5%8E%9F%E8%BD%89%E8%AE%8A" title="抗原轉變">抗原轉變</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8A%97%E5%8E%9F%E6%BC%82%E8%AE%8A" title="抗原漂變">抗原漂變</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E7%96%BE%E7%97%85" title="X疾病">X疾病</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%98%E5%BC%82%E6%A0%AA" title="变异株">变异株</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="新兴传染病研究与发现的历史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Discovery of disease-causing pathogens"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%B0%E5%85%B4%E4%BC%A0%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E4%B8%8E%E5%8F%91%E7%8E%B0%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="新兴传染病研究与发现的历史（页面不存在）">新兴传染病研究与发现的历史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery_of_disease-causing_pathogens" class="extiw" title="en:Discovery of disease-causing pathogens"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Discovery of disease-causing pathogens</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="消灭传染病" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eradication of infectious diseases"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E6%BB%85%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="消滅傳染病">消灭</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eradication_of_infectious_diseases" class="extiw" title="en:Eradication of infectious diseases"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eradication of infectious diseases</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%98%9F%E7%96%AB" title="瘟疫">瘟疫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85%E5%AD%B8" title="傳染病學">傳染病學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85%E6%AD%B7%E5%8F%B2" title="傳染病歷史">傳染病歷史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A3%E5%80%99%E8%AE%8A%E5%8C%96%E8%88%87%E5%82%B3%E6%9F%93%E7%97%85" title="氣候變化與傳染病">氣候變化與傳染病</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="拉姆福德奖章获得者" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:拉姆福德奖章获得者"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:拉姆福德奖章获得者（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:拉姆福德奖章获得者"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="拉姆福德奖章获得者" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0" title="拉姆福德奖章">拉姆福德奖章</a>获得者</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1800年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1800年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%B0%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E6%99%AE%E6%A3%AE" title="拉姆福德伯爵本杰明·汤普森">本杰明·汤普森</a></li> <li>1802年：<i>未颁发</i></li> <li>1804年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9" title="约翰·莱斯利">约翰·莱斯利</a></li> <li>1806年：<i>未颁发</i></li> <li>1808年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·默多克 (1754年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Murdoch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%8B_(1754%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·默多克 (1754年)（页面不存在）">威廉·默多克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Murdoch" class="extiw" title="en:William Murdoch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Murdoch</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1810年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1810年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%92%82%E5%AE%89-%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%90%95%E6%96%AF" title="艾蒂安-路易·马吕斯">艾蒂安-路易·马吕斯</a></li> <li>1812年：<i>未颁发</i></li> <li>1814年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·查尔斯·威尔斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Charles Wells"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·查尔斯·威尔斯（页面不存在）">威廉·查尔斯·威尔斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Charles_Wells" class="extiw" title="en:William Charles Wells"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Charles Wells</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1816年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4" title="汉弗里·戴维">汉弗里·戴维</a></li> <li>1818年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%84%92%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="大卫·布儒斯特">大卫·布儒斯特</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1820年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1820年：<i>未颁发</i></li> <li>1822年：<i>未颁发</i></li> <li>1824年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E6%B6%85%E8%80%B3" title="奥古斯丁·菲涅耳">奥古斯丁·菲涅耳</a></li> <li>1826年：<i>未颁发</i></li> <li>1828年：<i>未颁发</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1830年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1830年：<i>未颁发</i></li> <li>1832年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·弗雷德里克·丹尼尔">约翰·弗雷德里克·丹尼尔</a></li> <li>1834年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="马切多尼奥·梅洛尼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Macedonio Melloni"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E5%88%87%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E6%B4%9B%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马切多尼奥·梅洛尼（页面不存在）">马切多尼奥·梅洛尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedonio_Melloni" class="extiw" title="en:Macedonio Melloni"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Macedonio Melloni</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1836年：<i>未颁发</i></li> <li>1838年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="詹姆斯·戴维·福布斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="James David Forbes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆斯·戴维·福布斯（页面不存在）">詹姆斯·戴维·福布斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_David_Forbes" class="extiw" title="en:James David Forbes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">James David Forbes</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1840年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1840年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E5%B7%B4%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E5%A5%A5" title="让-巴蒂斯特·毕奥">让-巴蒂斯特·毕奥</a></li> <li>1842年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%B9" title="威廉·福克斯·塔尔博特">威廉·福克斯·塔尔博特</a></li> <li>1844年：<i>未颁发</i></li> <li>1846年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC" title="麥可·法拉第">迈克尔·法拉第</a></li> <li>1848年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5" title="亨利·维克托·勒尼奥">亨利·维克托·勒尼奥</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1850年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1850年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E7%B4%A2%E7%93%A6%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%8B%89%E6%88%88" title="弗朗索瓦·阿拉戈">弗朗索瓦·阿拉戈</a></li> <li>1852年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="乔治·斯托克斯">乔治·斯托克斯</a></li> <li>1854年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼尔·阿诺特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Neil Arnott"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%AF%BA%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼尔·阿诺特（页面不存在）">尼尔·阿诺特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neil_Arnott" class="extiw" title="en:Neil Arnott"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Neil Arnott</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1856年：<a class="mw-selflink selflink">路易·巴斯德</a></li> <li>1858年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="朱尔·雅曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jules Jamin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%B1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="朱尔·雅曼（页面不存在）">朱尔·雅曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jules_Jamin" class="extiw" title="en:Jules Jamin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jules Jamin</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1860年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1860年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6" title="詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦">詹姆斯·克拉克·麦克斯韦</a></li> <li>1862年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB" title="古斯塔夫·基爾霍夫">古斯塔夫·基爾霍夫</a></li> <li>1864年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%B8%81%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·丁达尔">约翰·丁达尔</a></li> <li>1866年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%8A%92%C2%B7%E6%96%90%E7%B4%A2" title="阿尔芒·斐索">阿曼德·斐索</a></li> <li>1868年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鲍尔福·斯图亚特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Balfour Stewart"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B2%8D%E5%B0%94%E7%A6%8F%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%9B%BE%E4%BA%9A%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鲍尔福·斯图亚特（页面不存在）">鲍尔福·斯图亚特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balfour_Stewart" class="extiw" title="en:Balfour Stewart"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Balfour Stewart</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1870年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1870年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾尔弗雷德·德克卢泽" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alfred Des Cloizeaux"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%A2%E6%B3%BD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾尔弗雷德·德克卢泽（页面不存在）">艾尔弗雷德·德克卢泽</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Des_Cloizeaux" class="extiw" title="en:Alfred Des Cloizeaux"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alfred Des Cloizeaux</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1872年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%9C%97" title="安德斯·埃斯特朗">安德斯·埃格斯特朗</a></li> <li>1874年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E8%80%B6" title="约瑟夫·诺曼·洛克耶">约瑟夫·诺曼·洛克耶</a></li> <li>1875年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·威廉·德雷珀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John William Draper"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E7%8F%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·威廉·德雷珀（页面不存在）">约翰·威廉·德雷珀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Draper" class="extiw" title="en:John William Draper"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John William Draper</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1876年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%AE%A9%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="朱尔·让森">朱尔·让森</a></li> <li>1878年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿尔弗雷德·科尔尼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alfred Cornu"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔弗雷德·科尔尼（页面不存在）">阿尔弗雷德·科尔尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Cornu" class="extiw" title="en:Alfred Cornu"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alfred Cornu</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1880年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1880年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·哈金斯">威廉·哈金斯</a></li> <li>1882年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·德维弗莱斯·阿伯尼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William de Wiveleslie Abney"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%AF%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·德维弗莱斯·阿伯尼（页面不存在）">威廉·德维弗莱斯·阿伯尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Wiveleslie_Abney" class="extiw" title="en:William de Wiveleslie Abney"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William de Wiveleslie Abney</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1884年：<span style="display:none;">Thalen, Tobias Robertus</span><span class="vcard"><span class="fn"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tobias_Robertus%C2%B7Thalen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tobias Robertus·Thalen（页面不存在）">Tobias Robertus·Thalen</a></span></span></li> <li>1886年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%BC%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%88%A9" title="塞缪尔·兰利">塞缪尔·兰利</a></li> <li>1888年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彼得罗·塔奇尼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Pietro Tacchini"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%A5%87%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得罗·塔奇尼（页面不存在）">彼得罗·塔奇尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pietro_Tacchini" class="extiw" title="en:Pietro Tacchini"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Pietro Tacchini</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1890年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="海因里希·赫兹">海因里希·赫兹</a></li> <li>1892年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·克里斯托弗·杜奈尔">尼尔斯·克里斯托弗·杜奈尔</a></li> <li>1894年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E7%93%A6" title="詹姆斯·杜瓦">詹姆斯·杜瓦</a></li> <li>1896年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="菲利普·莱纳德">菲利普·莱纳德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%B4" title="威廉·伦琴">威廉·伦琴</a></li> <li>1898年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥利弗·洛奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Oliver Lodge"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥利弗·洛奇（页面不存在）">奥利弗·洛奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oliver_Lodge" class="extiw" title="en:Oliver Lodge"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Oliver Lodge</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1900年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92" title="亨利·貝克勒">亨利·贝可勒尔</a></li> <li>1902年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E6%9D%B0%E5%86%9C%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%B0%94%E6%A3%AE%E6%96%AF" title="查尔斯·阿尔杰农·帕尔森斯">查尔斯·阿尔格农·帕森斯</a></li> <li>1904年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E7%91%9F%E7%A6%8F" title="欧内斯特·卢瑟福">欧内斯特·卢瑟福</a></li> <li>1906年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="休·朗伯恩·卡伦德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hugh Longbourne Callendar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%91%C2%B7%E6%9C%97%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E4%BC%A6%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="休·朗伯恩·卡伦德（页面不存在）">休·朗伯恩·卡伦德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Longbourne_Callendar" class="extiw" title="en:Hugh Longbourne Callendar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hugh Longbourne Callendar</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1908年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E4%BC%A6%E5%85%B9" title="亨德里克·洛伦兹">亨德里克·洛伦兹</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1910年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E6%9C%AC%E6%96%AF" title="海因里希·鲁本斯">海因里希·鲁本斯</a></li> <li>1912年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%9C%AB%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E6%98%82%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF" title="海克·卡末林·昂內斯">海克·卡末林·昂内斯</a></li> <li>1914年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%91%9E%E5%88%A9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="第三代瑞利男爵約翰·斯特拉特">约翰·斯特拉特，第三代瑞利男爵</a></li> <li>1916年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC" title="威廉·亨利·布拉格">威廉·亨利·布拉格</a></li> <li>1918年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C" title="夏尔·法布里">夏尔·法布里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E7%BD%97" title="阿尔弗雷德·佩罗">阿尔弗雷德·佩罗</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1920年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗伯特·斯特拉特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert Strutt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伯特·斯特拉特（页面不存在）">罗伯特·斯特拉特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Strutt" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Strutt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert Strutt</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1922年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%9B%BC" title="彼得·塞曼">彼得·塞曼</a></li> <li>1924年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E5%87%A1%E8%80%8C%E5%84%82%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF" title="查理士·凡而儂·波伊斯">查理士·凡而侬·波伊斯</a></li> <li>1926年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚瑟·舒斯特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arthur Schuster"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚瑟·舒斯特（页面不存在）">亚瑟·舒斯特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" class="extiw" title="en:Arthur Schuster"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arthur Schuster</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1928年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E9%82%A2" title="弗里德里希·帕邢">弗里德里希·帕邢</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1930年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%9C" title="彼得·德拜">彼得·德拜</a></li> <li>1932年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%BC%AF" title="弗里茨·哈伯">弗里茨·哈伯</a></li> <li>1934年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%87%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%93%88%E6%96%AF" title="万德·约翰尼斯·德哈斯">万德·约翰尼斯·德哈斯</a></li> <li>1936年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧内斯特·乔治·科克尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ernest George Coker"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧内斯特·乔治·科克尔（页面不存在）">欧内斯特·乔治·科克尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_George_Coker" class="extiw" title="en:Ernest George Coker"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ernest George Coker</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1938年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7" title="罗伯特·威廉姆斯·伍德">罗伯特·威廉姆斯·伍德</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1940年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%86%85%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E6%A0%BC%E5%B7%B4%E6%81%A9" title="曼内·西格巴恩">曼内·西格巴恩</a></li> <li>1942年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="戈登·多布森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gordon Dobson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%88%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E5%B8%83%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戈登·多布森（页面不存在）">戈登·多布森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordon_Dobson" class="extiw" title="en:Gordon Dobson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gordon Dobson</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1944年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈利·里卡多" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Harry Ricardo"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈利·里卡多（页面不存在）">哈利·里卡多</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Ricardo" class="extiw" title="en:Harry Ricardo"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Harry Ricardo</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1946年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾尔弗雷德·伊格尔顿" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alfred Egerton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%8A%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾尔弗雷德·伊格尔顿（页面不存在）">艾尔弗雷德·伊格尔顿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Egerton" class="extiw" title="en:Alfred Egerton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alfred Egerton</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1948年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99" title="弗朗西斯·西蒙">弗朗西斯·西蒙</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1950年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94" title="弗兰克·惠特尔">弗兰克·惠特尔</a></li> <li>1952年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%B3%BD%E5%B0%94%E5%B0%BC%E5%85%8B" title="弗里茨·泽尔尼克">弗里茨·泽尔尼克</a></li> <li>1954年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塞西尔·雷金纳德·伯奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cecil Reginald Burch"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E9%87%91%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞西尔·雷金纳德·伯奇（页面不存在）">塞西尔·雷金纳德·伯奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Reginald_Burch" class="extiw" title="en:Cecil Reginald Burch"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cecil Reginald Burch</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1956年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗兰克·菲利普·鲍登" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Frank Philip Bowden"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E7%99%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗兰克·菲利普·鲍登（页面不存在）">弗兰克·菲利普·鲍登</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Philip_Bowden" class="extiw" title="en:Frank Philip Bowden"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Frank Philip Bowden</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1958年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="托马斯·拉尔夫·默顿" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thomas Ralph Merton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托马斯·拉尔夫·默顿（页面不存在）">托马斯·拉尔夫·默顿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Ralph_Merton" class="extiw" title="en:Thomas Ralph Merton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thomas Ralph Merton</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1960年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾尔弗雷德·戈登·盖登" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alfred Gordon Gaydon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E7%99%BB%C2%B7%E7%9B%96%E7%99%BB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾尔弗雷德·戈登·盖登（页面不存在）">艾尔弗雷德·戈登·盖登</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Gordon_Gaydon" class="extiw" title="en:Alfred Gordon Gaydon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alfred Gordon Gaydon</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1962年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="杜德利·莫里斯·纽伊特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dudley Maurice Newitt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%9C%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BA%BD%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="杜德利·莫里斯·纽伊特（页面不存在）">杜德利·莫里斯·纽伊特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley_Maurice_Newitt" class="extiw" title="en:Dudley Maurice Newitt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dudley Maurice Newitt</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1964年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7C%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%83%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="亨德里克·C·范德胡斯特">亨德里克·范德胡斯特</a></li> <li>1966年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·朋奈" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Penney"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%9C%8B%E5%A5%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·朋奈（页面不存在）">威廉·朋奈</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Penney" class="extiw" title="en:William Penney"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Penney</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1968年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%88%E4%BB%80" title="加博尔·德奈什">加博尔·德奈什</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1970年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克里斯托弗·辛顿" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Christopher Hinton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里斯托弗·辛顿（页面不存在）">克里斯托弗·辛顿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Hinton" class="extiw" title="en:Christopher Hinton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Christopher Hinton</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1972年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="巴兹尔·约翰·梅森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Basil John Mason"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%B9%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="巴兹尔·约翰·梅森（页面不存在）">巴兹尔·约翰·梅森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basil_John_Mason" class="extiw" title="en:Basil John Mason"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Basil John Mason</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1974年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿兰·科特雷尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alan Cottrell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%E9%9B%B7%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿兰·科特雷尔（页面不存在）">阿兰·科特雷尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Cottrell" class="extiw" title="en:Alan Cottrell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alan Cottrell</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1976年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E9%AB%98%E6%B4%A5" title="伊利亚·普里高津">伊利亚·普里高津</a></li> <li>1978年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9" title="乔治·波特">乔治·波特</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1980年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·弗兰克·维埃纳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Frank Vinen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%83%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·弗兰克·维埃纳（页面不存在）">威廉·弗兰克·维埃纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Frank_Vinen" class="extiw" title="en:William Frank Vinen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Frank Vinen</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1982年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查尔斯·戈里·韦恩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles Gorrie Wynne"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查尔斯·戈里·韦恩（页面不存在）">查尔斯·戈里·韦恩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Gorrie_Wynne" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Gorrie Wynne"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles Gorrie Wynne</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1984年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈罗德·霍普金斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Harold Hopkins (physicist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈罗德·霍普金斯（页面不存在）">哈罗德·霍普金斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Hopkins_(physicist)" class="extiw" title="en:Harold Hopkins (physicist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Harold Hopkins (physicist)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1986年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹尼斯·鲁克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Denis Rooke"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹尼斯·鲁克（页面不存在）">丹尼斯·鲁克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Rooke" class="extiw" title="en:Denis Rooke"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Denis Rooke</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1988年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菲利克斯·温伯格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Felix Weinberg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲利克斯·温伯格（页面不存在）">菲利克斯·温伯格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felix_Weinberg" class="extiw" title="en:Felix Weinberg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Felix Weinberg</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沃尔特·埃里克·斯皮尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Walter Eric Spear"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%9A%AE%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沃尔特·埃里克·斯皮尔（页面不存在）">沃尔特·埃里克·斯皮尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Eric_Spear" class="extiw" title="en:Walter Eric Spear"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Walter Eric Spear</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1992年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈罗德·内维尔·瓦泽尔·坦珀利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Harold Neville Vazeille Temperley"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%86%85%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E6%B3%BD%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%9D%A6%E7%8F%80%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈罗德·内维尔·瓦泽尔·坦珀利（页面不存在）">哈罗德·内维尔·瓦泽尔·坦珀利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Neville_Vazeille_Temperley" class="extiw" title="en:Harold Neville Vazeille Temperley"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Harold Neville Vazeille Temperley</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1994年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安德鲁·凯勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Andrew Keller"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安德鲁·凯勒（页面不存在）">安德鲁·凯勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Keller" class="extiw" title="en:Andrew Keller"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Andrew Keller</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1996年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格伦维尔·特纳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Grenville Turner"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E4%BC%A6%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格伦维尔·特纳（页面不存在）">格伦维尔·特纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grenville_Turner" class="extiw" title="en:Grenville Turner"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Grenville Turner</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1998年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理查德·弗兰德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Richard Friend"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理查德·弗兰德（页面不存在）">理查德·弗兰德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Friend" class="extiw" title="en:Richard Friend"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Richard Friend</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威尔逊·西贝特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wilson Sibbett"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%80%8A%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威尔逊·西贝特（页面不存在）">威尔逊·西贝特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilson_Sibbett" class="extiw" title="en:Wilson Sibbett"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wilson Sibbett</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>2002年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="戴维·金" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="David King"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E9%87%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戴维·金（页面不存在）">戴维·金</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_King" class="extiw" title="en:David King"><span lang="en" dir="auto">David King</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>2004年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理查德·狄克逊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Richard Dixon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%E5%85%8B%E9%80%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理查德·狄克逊（页面不存在）">理查德·狄克逊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Dixon" class="extiw" title="en:Richard Dixon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Richard Dixon</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>2006年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="让-皮埃尔·汉森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jean-Pierre Hansen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A9-%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B1%89%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="让-皮埃尔·汉森（页面不存在）">让-皮埃尔·汉森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre_Hansen" class="extiw" title="en:Jean-Pierre Hansen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jean-Pierre Hansen</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>2008年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="爱德华·海因兹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edward Hinds"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E5%85%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爱德华·海因兹（页面不存在）">爱德华·海因兹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Hinds" class="extiw" title="en:Edward Hinds"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edward Hinds</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉尔伯特·隆扎里奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gilbert Lonzarich"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%9A%86%E6%89%8E%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉尔伯特·隆扎里奇（页面不存在）">吉尔伯特·隆扎里奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Lonzarich" class="extiw" title="en:Gilbert Lonzarich"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gilbert Lonzarich</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>2012年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗伊·泰勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="J. Roy Taylor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伊·泰勒（页面不存在）">罗伊·泰勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._Roy_Taylor" class="extiw" title="en:J. Roy Taylor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">J. Roy Taylor</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>2014年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="杰里米·鲍姆伯格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jeremy Baumberg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%B0%E9%87%8C%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E5%A7%86%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="杰里米·鲍姆伯格（页面不存在）">杰里米·鲍姆伯格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeremy_Baumberg" class="extiw" title="en:Jeremy Baumberg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jeremy Baumberg</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>2016年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF" title="奥尔特温·赫斯">奥尔特温·赫斯</a></li> <li>2018年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊恩·瓦姆斯萊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ian Walmsley"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E8%90%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊恩·瓦姆斯萊（页面不存在）">伊恩·瓦姆斯萊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Walmsley" class="extiw" title="en:Ian Walmsley"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ian Walmsley</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Category:拉姆福德奖章获得者">Category:拉姆福德奖章获得者</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="列文虎克奖章获得者" 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navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%B1%80%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%80%AB%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" title="克里斯汀·戈特弗里德·埃倫伯格">克里斯汀·戈特弗里德·埃伦伯格</a><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1885年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%81%A9" title="费迪南德·科恩">费迪南德·科恩</a><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1895年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">路易·巴斯德</a><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1905年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%8B%9C%E8%80%B6%E6%9E%97%E5%85%8B" title="马丁努斯·威廉·拜耶林克">马丁努斯·威廉·拜耶林克</a><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%B7%E5%85%B0" title="荷兰">荷蘭</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:25%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1915年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF" title="戴维·布鲁斯">戴维·布鲁斯</a><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1925年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%8B%92" title="费利克斯·德雷勒">费利克斯·德雷勒</a><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%BF%E5%A4%A7" title="加拿大">加拿大</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1935年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E7%9B%96%C2%B7%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E8%80%B6%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E8%AF%BA%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E8%8C%A8%E5%9F%BA" title="谢尔盖·尼古拉耶维奇·维诺格拉茨基">谢尔盖·尼古拉耶维奇·维诺格拉茨基</a><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%9B%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E6%9B%BC" title="赛尔曼·瓦克斯曼">赛尔曼·瓦克斯曼</a><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:25%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%97%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E6%B2%83%E5%A4%AB" title="安德列·利沃夫">安德列·利沃夫</a><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/C%C2%B7B%C2%B7%E5%87%A1%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="C·B·凡尼尔">C·B·凡尼尔</a><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E6%9D%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="罗杰·斯塔尼尔">罗杰·斯塔尼尔</a><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="法國">法國</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1992年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF" title="卡尔·乌斯">卡尔·乌斯</a><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;;;;width:25%;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·施泰特尔">卡尔·施泰特尔</a><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E5%87%A1%E7%89%B9" title="克萊格·凡特">克雷格·文特尔</a><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD" title="美国">美国</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2023年</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%8E%89%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E7%8F%AD%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="吉莉安·班菲尔德">吉莉安·班菲尔德</a><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E6%BE%B3%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A" title="澳大利亚">澳大利亞</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1851年至1900年科普利獎章获得者" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1851%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31900%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1851年至1900年科普利奖章获得者"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:1851%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31900%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:1851年至1900年科普利奖章获得者（页面不存在）"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:1851%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31900%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:1851年至1900年科普利奖章获得者"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1851年至1900年科普利獎章获得者" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">1851年至1900年<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0" title="科普利獎章">科普利獎章</a>获得者</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1850年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1851年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87" title="理查德·欧文">理查德·欧文</a></li> <li>1852年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%B4%AA%E5%A0%A1" title="亚历山大·冯·洪堡">亚历山大·冯·洪堡</a></li> <li>1853年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海因里希·威廉·多费" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E8%B4%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海因里希·威廉·多费（页面不存在）">海因里希·威廉·多费</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove" class="extiw" title="en:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1854年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92" title="约翰内斯·彼得·米勒">约翰内斯·彼得·米勒</a></li> <li>1855年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E5%82%85%E7%A7%91" title="莱昂·傅科">莱昂·傅科</a></li> <li>1856年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亨利·米尔恩-爱德华兹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henri Milne-Edwards"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%81%A9-%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%85%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·米尔恩-爱德华兹（页面不存在）">亨利·米尔恩-爱德华兹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" class="extiw" title="en:Henri Milne-Edwards"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henri Milne-Edwards</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1857年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%AC%A7%E4%BB%81%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E5%BC%97%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%94" title="米歇尔·欧仁·谢弗勒尔">米歇尔·欧仁·谢弗勒尔</a></li> <li>1858年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%90%8A%E7%88%BE" title="查爾斯·萊爾">查尔斯·莱尔</a></li> <li>1859年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF" title="威廉·爱德华·韦伯">威廉·爱德华·韦伯</a></li> <li>1860年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F" title="罗伯特·威廉·本生">罗伯特·威廉·本生</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1860年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1861年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%A0%E8%A5%BF" title="路易·阿加西">路易斯·阿加西</a></li> <li>1862年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%A7%86" title="托馬斯·格雷姆">托马斯·格雷姆</a></li> <li>1863年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E5%A5%87%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B" title="亚当·塞奇威克">亚当·塞奇威克</a></li> <li>1864年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文">查爾斯·達爾文</a></li> <li>1865年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%8B%92" title="米歇尔·沙勒">米歇尔·沙勒</a></li> <li>1866年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%90%95%E5%85%8B" title="尤利乌斯·普吕克">尤利乌斯·普吕克</a></li> <li>1867年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·恩斯特·冯·贝尔">卡尔·恩斯特·冯·贝尔</a></li> <li>1868年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A" title="查爾斯·惠斯通">查尔斯·惠斯通</a></li> <li>1869年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5" title="亨利·维克托·勒尼奥">亨利·维克托·勒尼奥</a></li> <li>1870年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="詹姆斯·焦耳">詹姆斯·焦耳</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1870年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1871年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94" title="尤利乌斯·冯·迈尔">尤利乌斯·罗伯特·冯·迈尔</a></li> <li>1872年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%8B%92" title="弗里德里希·维勒">弗里德里希·维勒</a></li> <li>1873年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9" title="赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹">赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹</a></li> <li>1874年：<a class="mw-selflink selflink">路易·巴斯德</a></li> <li>1875年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E6%9B%BC" title="奧古斯特·威廉·馮·霍夫曼">奥古斯特·威廉·冯·霍夫曼</a></li> <li>1876年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3" title="克洛德·贝尔纳">克洛德·贝尔纳</a></li> <li>1877年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E7%BA%B3" title="詹姆斯·德怀特·丹纳">詹姆斯·德怀特·丹纳</a></li> <li>1878年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E5%B7%B4%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%A3%AE%E6%88%88" title="让-巴蒂斯特·布森戈">让-巴蒂斯特·布森戈</a></li> <li>1879年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="魯道夫·克勞修斯">鲁道夫·克劳修斯</a></li> <li>1880年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="詹姆斯·約瑟夫·西爾維斯特">詹姆斯·约瑟夫·西尔维斯特</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1880年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1881年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94-%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AD%A6%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8" title="夏尔-阿道夫·武尔茨">夏尔-阿道夫·武尔茨</a></li> <li>1882年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E8%90%8A" title="阿瑟·凱萊">阿瑟·凯莱</a></li> <li>1883年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5" title="开尔文勋爵">威廉·汤姆森</a></li> <li>1884年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C" title="卡尔·路德维希">卡尔·路德维希</a></li> <li>1885年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E5%BA%93%E5%8B%92" title="奥古斯特·凯库勒">奥古斯特·凯库勒</a></li> <li>1886年：<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗朗茨·恩斯特·諾伊曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Franz Ernst Neumann"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗朗茨·恩斯特·諾伊曼（页面不存在）">弗朗茨·恩斯特·諾伊曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" class="extiw" title="en:Franz Ernst Neumann"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Franz Ernst Neumann</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li>1887年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%85%8B" title="约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克">约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克</a></li> <li>1888年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E8%83%A5%E9%BB%8E" title="托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎">托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎</a></li> <li>1889年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E8%92%99" title="乔治·萨蒙">乔治·萨蒙</a></li> <li>1890年：<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E7%B4%90%E5%BA%B7" title="西蒙·紐康">西蒙·纽康</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1891年：<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%B3%C2%B7%E5%9D%8E%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%8E%E7%BD%97" title="斯坦尼斯劳·坎尼扎罗">斯坦尼斯劳·坎尼扎罗</a></li> <li>1892年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E5%B0%94%E8%82%96" title="鲁道夫·魏尔肖">鲁道夫·菲尔绍</a></li> <li>1893年：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="乔治·斯托克斯">乔治·斯托克斯</a></li> <li>1894年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="爱德华·弗兰克兰">爱德华·弗兰克兰</a></li> <li>1895年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E5%B0%94%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="卡尔·魏尔施特拉斯">卡尔·魏尔斯特拉斯</a></li> <li>1896年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%A0%B9%E6%A0%BC%E5%8C%85%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·根格包尔">卡尔·根格包尔</a></li> <li>1897年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B" title="阿尔贝特·冯·克利克">阿尔贝特·冯·克利克</a></li> <li>1898年：<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·哈金斯">威廉·哈金斯</a></li> <li>1899年：<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%91%9E%E5%88%A9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="第三代瑞利男爵約翰·斯特拉特">约翰·斯特拉特</a></li> <li>1900年：<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B" title="马塞兰·贝特洛">马塞兰·贝特洛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:1731%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31750%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1731年至1750年科普利奖章获得者">1731–1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1751%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31800%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1751年至1800年科普利奖章获得者">1751–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1801%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31850%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1801年至1850年科普利奖章获得者">1801–1850</a></li> <li>1851–1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1901%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31950%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%A5%96%E8%80%85" title="Template:1901年至1950年科普利奖章获奖者">1901–1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1951%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B32000%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1951年至2000年科普利奖章获得者">1951–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2001%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B32050%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:2001年至2050年科普利奖章获得者">2001年至今</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79005747">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r79005747"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="-&#123;zh-cn:规范控制;zh-tw:權威控制;&#125;--&#123;zh-cn:数据库;zh-tw:資料庫&#125;-_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=編輯維基數據鏈接&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;編輯維基數據鏈接" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/Help:%E8%A7%84%E8%8C%83%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6" title="Help:规范控制">规范控制数据库</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q529#identifiers" title="編輯維基數據鏈接"><img alt="編輯維基數據鏈接" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90089533">挪威</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/1083490">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000037962">智利</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1009166">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119187405">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119187405">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058513864806706">加泰罗尼亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118591959">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pasteur, Louis"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/IEIV012797">意大利</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007266347205171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14341790">比利时</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50050646">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/xv8bdz4g3jr57d5">瑞典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000188488&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00452240">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000720218&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35411315">澳大利亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.nlc.cn/F/?func=accref&acc_sequence=001863132">中国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record82445">希腊</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC199621158">韩国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000035315&local_base=nsk10">克罗地亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070896070">荷兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810597373605606">波兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/60030">葡萄牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000170148&CON_LNG=ENG">俄罗斯</a></span> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.rsl.ru/F?func=find-b&find_code=SYS&adjacent=Y&local_base=RSL11&request=000170149&CON_LNG=ENG">2</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/156603">梵蒂冈</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Pasteur">国际植物名称索引</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA00896050?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=294954">数学谱系计划</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">艺术家</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/62039">荷蘭藝術史研究所</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500105951">艺术家联合名录</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://opac.calis.edu.cn/aopac/ajsp/detail.jsp?actionfrom=1&actl=CAL++n2011379540">CALIS</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118591959.html?language=en">德意志传记</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/943111">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Pasteur, Louis, 1822-1895"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/conor/184517987">CONOR</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6q52tg1">SNAC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/027059898">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> 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