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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #DF2B6A; border-spacing:0.2em 0;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Gender-critical</span> or <span class="nowrap">trans-exclusionary</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xeno</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists and categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a 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plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A; border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A; font-weight:bold"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle">Women in society</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Venus symbol"><img alt="Venus symbol" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Society</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Legal_rights_of_women_in_history" title="Legal rights of women in history">legal rights</a>)</span></li></ul> <dl><dd></dd></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Woman" title="Woman">Woman</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_animal_advocacy" title="Women and animal advocacy">Animal advocacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_business" title="Women in business">Business</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_entrepreneurs" title="Female entrepreneurs">Female entrepreneurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_on_corporate_boards_of_directors" title="Gender representation on corporate boards of directors"><span class="wrap">Gender representation on corporate boards of directors</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_combat" title="Women in combat">Combat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_development" title="Women in development">Economic development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_explorers_and_travelers" title="List of women explorers and travelers">Explorers and travelers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Womyn">Womyn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Conservatives in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government">Heads of state or government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_legislatures_by_female_members" title="List of legislatures by female members">Legislators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of women monarchs">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_journalism" title="Women in journalism">Journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law" title="Women in law">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_law_enforcement" title="Women in law enforcement">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_military" title="Women in the military">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother" title="Mother">Mother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy" title="Women in piracy">Piracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_positions_of_power" title="Women in positions of power">Positions of power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_rights" title="Reproductive rights">Reproductive rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_segregation" title="Sex segregation">Sex segregation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">In Islam</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_venture_capital" title="Women in venture capital">Venture capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence and abuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Voting rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_women" title="Exchange of women">Exchange of women</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li><li>Technology</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_computing" title="Women in computing">Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_engineering" title="Women in engineering">Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_geology" title="Women in geology">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_medicine" title="Women in medicine">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry" title="Women in dentistry">dentistry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dentistry_in_the_United_States" title="Women in dentistry in the United States">in the United States</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_for_women_in_science" title="List of organizations for women in science">Organizations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_science" title="Women in science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_STEM_fields" title="Women in STEM fields"><span class="wrap">Science, technology, engineering and mathematics</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_space" title="Women in space">Space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_telegraphy" title="Women in telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li><li>Humanities</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_architecture" title="Women in architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_art_history_field" title="Women in the art history field">Art history field</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cinema" title="Women's cinema">Women's cinema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_dance" title="Women in dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">Film</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chick_flick" title="Chick flick">"Chick flicks"</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_artists" title="Women artists">Fine arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_writing_(literary_category)" title="Women's writing (literary category)">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_philosophy" title="Women in philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Feminist philosophy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_photographers" title="Women photographers">Photographers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_jazz" title="Women in jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_punk_rock" title="Women in punk rock">Punk rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Shakespeare%27s_works" title="Women in Shakespeare's works">In Shakespeare's works</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_religion" title="Women and religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_as_theological_figures" title="Women as theological figures">Theological figures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_gender_equality" title="Baháʼí Faith and gender equality">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Bible" title="Women in the Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Christianity" title="Women in Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Catholic_Church" title="Women in the Catholic Church">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mormonism_and_women" title="Mormonism and women">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Opus_Dei" title="Women in Opus Dei">Opus Dei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hinduism" title="Women in Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Islam" title="Women in Islam">Islam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_as_imams" title="Women as imams">Imams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_gender_segregation" title="Islam and gender segregation">Segregation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Status_of_women%27s_testimony_in_Islam" title="Status of women's testimony in Islam">Women's testimony</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Judaism" title="Women in Judaism">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sikhism" title="Women in Sikhism">Sikhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taoism" title="Women in Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Zoroastrianism" title="Women in Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)">Popular culture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal in American comics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_film" title="Women in film">Film industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_music" title="Women in music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_piracy#Pirate_women_in_fiction" title="Women in piracy">Fictional pirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_speculative_fiction" title="Women in speculative fiction">Speculative fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_and_video_games" title="Women and video games">Video games</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gender_representation_in_video_games" title="Gender representation in video games">Gender representation in video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_in_the_video_game_industry" title="List of women in the video game industry">Women in the video game industry</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_sports" title="Women's sports">Sports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Auto racing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_baseball" title="Women in baseball">Baseball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_basketball" title="Women's basketball">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_boxing" title="Women's boxing">Boxing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_cricket" title="Women's cricket">Cricket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curling" title="Curling">Curling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycle_sport" title="Cycle sport">Cycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fastpitch_softball" title="Fastpitch softball">Fastpitch softball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_association_football" title="Women's association football">Football / soccer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_major_golf_championships" title="Women's major golf championships">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">Gymnastics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">Ice hockey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_lacrosse" title="Women's lacrosse">Lacrosse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_mixed_martial_arts" title="Women's mixed martial arts">Mixed martial arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netball" title="Netball">Netball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li>Rodeo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roller_derby" title="Roller derby">Roller derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rowing" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's rowing">Rowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_surfing" title="Women's surfing">Surfing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">Swimming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_tennis" title="Women's tennis">Tennis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">Track and field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_sports" title="Winter sports">Winter sports</a><br /></li></ul> See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sports" title="List of sports">List of sports</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#e4daed;padding:0.15em 0 0 0.4em;text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Women_by_country" title="Category:Women by country">By country</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Afghanistan" title="Women in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Albania" title="Women in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Algeria" title="Women in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Andorra" title="Women in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Angola" title="Women in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Argentina" title="Women in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Armenia" title="Women in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Azerbaijan" title="Women in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bahrain" title="Women in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bangladesh" title="Women in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Belgium" title="Women in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Benin" title="Women in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bhutan" title="Women in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bolivia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Women in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Brunei" title="Women in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Bulgaria" title="Women in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cambodia" title="Women in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chad" title="Women in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Chile" title="Women in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_China" title="Women in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Colombia" title="Women in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Comoros" title="Women in the Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Croatia" title="Women in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cuba" title="Women in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Cyprus" title="Women in Cyprus">Cyprus</a> (<a href="/wiki/Women_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Women in Northern Cyprus">North</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Women in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">DR Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Women in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ecuador" title="Women in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Egypt" title="Women in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_El_Salvador" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ethiopia" title="Women in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Women in the Federated States of Micronesia">FS Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Fiji" title="Women in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Finland" title="Women in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_France" title="Women in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Women in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Germany" title="Women in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ghana" title="Women in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Greece" title="Women in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guatemala" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guyana" title="Women in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Haiti" title="Women in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iceland" title="Women in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iraq" title="Women in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Israel" title="Women in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Women in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Japan" title="Women in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Jordan" title="Women in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kazakhstan" title="Women in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kenya" title="Women in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kiribati" title="Women in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kuwait" title="Women in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Women in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Laos" title="Women in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Libya" title="Women in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Madagascar" title="Women in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Malaysia" title="Women in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Maldives" title="Women in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mali" title="Women in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Women in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritania" title="Women in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mauritius" title="Women in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mexico" title="Women in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Mongolia" title="Women in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Morocco" title="Women in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Myanmar" title="Women in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nepal" title="Women in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_New_Zealand" title="Women in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Niger" title="Women in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Nigeria" title="Women in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_North_Korea" title="Women in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Oman" title="Women in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Pakistan" title="Women in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Palau" title="Women in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Panama" title="Women in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Paraguay" title="Women in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Peru" title="Women in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Philippines" title="Women in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Poland" title="Women in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Portugal" title="Women in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Qatar" title="Women in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Russia" title="Women in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Senegal" title="Women in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Seychelles" title="Women in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Women in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Singapore" title="Women in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Spain" title="Women in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Somalia" title="Women in Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Africa" title="Women in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Korea" title="Women in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_South_Sudan" title="Women in South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sudan" title="Women in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Suriname" title="Women in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Sweden" title="Women in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Taiwan" title="Women in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tajikistan" title="Women in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Thailand" title="Women in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Timor-Leste" title="Women in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tonga" title="Women in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tunisia" title="Women in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkey" title="Women in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkmenistan" title="Women in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tuvalu" title="Women in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uganda" title="Women in Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Women in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States" title="Women in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uruguay" title="Women in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Uzbekistan" title="Women in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vanuatu" title="Women in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vatican_City" title="Women in Vatican City">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Venezuela" title="Women in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Yemen" title="Women in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Template:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Template talk:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women_in_society_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women in society sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Government in Australia</b> is elected by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> and <b>Australian women</b> participate in all levels of the government of the nation. In 1902, the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth of Australia">Commonwealth of Australia</a> became the first nation on earth to enact equal suffrage, enabling women to both vote and stand for election alongside men<sup id="cite_ref-First_women_in_parliament_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_women_in_parliament-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women have been represented in Australian state parliaments since 1921, and in the Federal Parliament since 1943. The first female leader of an Australian State or Territory was elected in 1989, and the first female Prime Minister took office in 2010. In 2019 for the first time, a majority of members of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Australian Senate</a> were women.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time of its foundation in 1901, and again from 1952 to 2022, Australia has had a female <a href="/wiki/Australian_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Monarchy">monarch</a> as ceremonial Head of State, while the first female Governor of an Australian State was appointed in 1991, and the first female <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General of Australia</a> took office in 2008. </p><p>Prior to the 1901 <a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation of Australia</a>, some of the self-governing British colonies of Australia had already enacted the right of women to vote or stand in elections. South Australian women achieved the right to stand for office in 1895 following the <i><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Amendment_(Adult_Suffrage)_Act_1894" title="Constitutional Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act 1894">Constitutional Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act 1894</a></i>, which was the first legislation in the world to permit women to stand for election for political office. In 1897, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Helen_Spence" title="Catherine Helen Spence">Catherine Helen Spence</a> became the first female political candidate for political office, unsuccessfully standing as a delegate to the Federal Convention on Australian Federation.<sup id="cite_ref-aec.gov.au_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-aec.gov.au-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women won the vote in Western Australia in 1900, with some restrictions based on race.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Australian_Aborigines" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Aborigines">Indigenous Australian</a> women could vote in some jurisdictions and circumstances from the outset, but did not achieve unqualified suffrage in all states and territories until 1962. Following Federation in 1901, the newly formed <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a> passed the <i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902</a></i> allowing most women to both vote and stand at the <a href="/wiki/1903_Australian_federal_election" title="1903 Australian federal election">1903 Federal election</a>. The <a href="/wiki/States_and_Territories_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="States and Territories of Australia">states</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victoria</a> passed legislation allowing women to participate in government at the state and local levels soon after Federation. The first woman to be elected to any Australian parliament was <a href="/wiki/Edith_Cowan" title="Edith Cowan">Edith Cowan</a> in 1921 (WA), but it was not until the <a href="/wiki/1943_Australian_federal_election" title="1943 Australian federal election">1943 election</a> that <a href="/wiki/Enid_Lyons" title="Enid Lyons">Enid Lyons</a> and Senator <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tangney" title="Dorothy Tangney">Dorothy Tangney</a> became the first women to be elected to the Federal Parliament. </p><p>The first female to lead a state or territory government was <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Follett" title="Rosemary Follett">Rosemary Follett</a> serving in 1989 and again between 1991 and 1995 as chief minister of the ACT. The first female premier was <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Lawrence" title="Carmen Lawrence">Carmen Lawrence</a>, leading <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a> for three years until 1993. <a href="/wiki/Joan_Kirner" title="Joan Kirner">Joan Kirner</a> was the first female premier of Victoria, serving from 1990 to 1992. In the Northern Territory, <a href="/wiki/Clare_Martin" title="Clare Martin">Clare Martin</a> became the first female chief minister in 2001 winning from opposition and was reelected in 2005 with an increased majority. In 2007, <a href="/wiki/Anna_Bligh" title="Anna Bligh">Anna Bligh</a> became the first female premier in Queensland after the retirement of Peter Beattie, and in 2009, Bligh became the first popularly elected woman premier. In NSW, <a href="/wiki/Kristina_Keneally" title="Kristina Keneally">Kristina Keneally</a> became the first female premier of the state in 2009 and was defeated at the 2011 state election. <a href="/wiki/Lara_Giddings" title="Lara Giddings">Lara Giddings</a> was the first female Premier of the state of Tasmania between January 2011 and March 2014. In Queensland, in 2015, <a href="/wiki/Annastacia_Palaszczuk" title="Annastacia Palaszczuk">Annastacia Palaszczuk</a> became the first woman to be elected premier from opposition and was the first female premier to be elected for a second term after winning the <a href="/wiki/2017_Queensland_state_election" title="2017 Queensland state election">2017 Queensland state election</a>. Despite being the earliest state to grant voting rights and allow women to stand in parliament since 1895, South Australia has never had a female premier. <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a> was <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime minister of Australia">prime minister of Australia</a> from 24 June 2010 to 27 June 2013, the first and only woman to have held the position. </p><p>Woman were allowed to vote and be stand for election in 1902 but many people thought that this was a bad idea so until 41 years later there were no women in parliament. The first 2 people were Edith Lyon in the house of representatives in Darwin (wife of prime minister Joseph lyon) and Dorothy tagney in the senate in Western Australia. Dorothy held the record for longest woman working in parliament until 2001 at 25 years.in 2014 research has showed that 28.2% of the house of representatives were woman while in the Senate was 32%. In 2022 we found out 39% of parliament was women. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Crown">The Crown</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_and_government_in_Australia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The Crown"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMQ_and_R_Menzies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/HMQ_and_R_Menzies.jpg/220px-HMQ_and_R_Menzies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="287" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/HMQ_and_R_Menzies.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="326" data-file-height="425" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> with her first Australian Prime Minister, Sir <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> in 1954</figcaption></figure> <p>Australia has been governed as a Federated <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Monarchy">Constitutional Monarchy</a> since 1901. There have been two female heads of state in the history of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy of Australia</a>. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>, who reigned from 1837 to 1901, and was the reigning monarch when the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution of Australia</a> came into force, on 1 January 1901, after she gave it Royal Assent.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a> reigned from 1952 to 2022, and from 1973 she was styled "Queen of Australia", to emphasise the separate constitutional status of the Australian Monarchy from the United Kingdom institution.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Queen Elizabeth celebrated her 70th jubilee in 2022 – the longest serving monarch in Australian history. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Gillard_and_Quentin_Bryce.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Julia_Gillard_and_Quentin_Bryce.jpg/220px-Julia_Gillard_and_Quentin_Bryce.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Julia_Gillard_and_Quentin_Bryce.jpg/330px-Julia_Gillard_and_Quentin_Bryce.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Julia_Gillard_and_Quentin_Bryce.jpg/440px-Julia_Gillard_and_Quentin_Bryce.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>Governor-General <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Bryce" title="Quentin Bryce">Quentin Bryce</a> (right) stands with Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a> – the first women to hold these respective offices in Australian history,</figcaption></figure> <p>The Monarch is represented in Australia by Governors at a state level, and by the Governor-General at a Federal government level. There have been fifteen <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_state_governors_in_Australia" title="List of female state governors in Australia">female state governors</a>, since 1991 when Dame <a href="/wiki/Roma_Mitchell" title="Roma Mitchell">Roma Mitchell</a> became the 31st <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a>. Dame <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Bryce" title="Quentin Bryce">Quentin Bryce</a> became the first female Governor–General in 2008 and served until 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women's_suffrage"><span id="Women.27s_suffrage"></span>Women's suffrage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_and_government_in_Australia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Women's suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Women's suffrage in Australia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catherine_Helen_Spence.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Catherine_Helen_Spence.jpg/250px-Catherine_Helen_Spence.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Catherine_Helen_Spence.jpg/330px-Catherine_Helen_Spence.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/74/Catherine_Helen_Spence.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="567" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australian</a> suffragette <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Helen_Spence" title="Catherine Helen Spence">Catherine Helen Spence</a> (1825–1910). Australia's first female political candidate.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Womanhood_Suffrage_League_of_New_South_Wales.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Womanhood_Suffrage_League_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/250px-Womanhood_Suffrage_League_of_New_South_Wales.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Womanhood_Suffrage_League_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/330px-Womanhood_Suffrage_League_of_New_South_Wales.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Womanhood_Suffrage_League_of_New_South_Wales.jpg/500px-Womanhood_Suffrage_League_of_New_South_Wales.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Womanhood Suffrage League of New South Wales, 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>During the 19th century, Britain's Australasian colonies were at the vanguard of achieving both male and female suffrage. Australia's first council elections were held with <a href="/wiki/Male_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Male suffrage">male suffrage</a> in 1840, while parliamentary elections were first conducted for the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council" title="New South Wales Legislative Council">New South Wales Legislative Council</a> in 1843, with voting rights (for males only) tied to property ownership or financial capacity. The <i>Australian Colonies Government Act</i>, passed in 1850, granted representative constitutions to New South Wales, Victoria, South Australia, and Tasmania and the colonies enthusiastically set about writing constitutions which produced democratically progressive parliaments – through the constitutions generally maintained the role of the colonial upper houses as representative of social and economic "interests" and all established <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional Monarchy">Constitutional Monarchies</a> with the <a href="/wiki/British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarch">British monarch</a> as the symbolic head of state.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 1855 also saw the granting of the right to vote to all male British subjects 21 years or over in <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>. This right was extended to Victoria in 1857 and New South Wales the following year. The other colonies followed until, in 1896, Tasmania became the last colony to grant universal <a href="/wiki/Male_suffrage" class="mw-redirect" title="Male suffrage">male suffrage</a>. </p><p>While the female descendants of the <a href="/wiki/Mutiny_on_the_Bounty" title="Mutiny on the Bounty">Bounty mutineers</a> who lived on <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a> could vote from 1838, and this right transferred with their resettlement to <a href="/wiki/Norfolk_Island" title="Norfolk Island">Norfolk Island</a> (now an <a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">Australian external territory</a>) in 1856, women in mainland Australia and New Zealand were next in the world to achieve such historic gains.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the successful establishment of voter rights for males, <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">women's suffrage</a> groups began to organise in Australia from the 1880s. The first was the Victorian Women's Suffrage Society, was formed by <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Dugdale" title="Henrietta Dugdale">Henrietta Dugdale</a> in 1884. The organisations involved in the suffrage movement varied across the colonies. A national body, the Australian Women's Suffrage Society, was formed in 1889, whose aims were to educate women and men about a woman's right to vote and stand for parliament. Key figures in the Australian suffrage movement included South Australians <a href="/wiki/Mary_Lee_(suffragist)" title="Mary Lee (suffragist)">Mary Lee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Helen_Spence" title="Catherine Helen Spence">Catherine Helen Spence</a>, Western Australian <a href="/wiki/Edith_Cowan" title="Edith Cowan">Edith Cowan</a>, New South Welsh <a href="/wiki/Maybanke_Anderson" title="Maybanke Anderson">Maybanke Anderson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisa_Lawson" title="Louisa Lawson">Louisa Lawson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dora_Montefiore" title="Dora Montefiore">Dora Montefiore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rose_Scott" title="Rose Scott">Rose Scott</a>, Tasmanians <a href="/wiki/Alicia_O%27Shea_Petersen" title="Alicia O'Shea Petersen">Alicia O'Shea Petersen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Rooke" title="Jessie Rooke">Jessie Rooke</a>, Queenslander <a href="/wiki/Emma_Miller_(suffragist)" title="Emma Miller (suffragist)">Emma Miller</a>, and Victorians <a href="/wiki/Annette_Bear-Crawford" title="Annette Bear-Crawford">Annette Bear-Crawford</a>, Henrietta Dugdale, <a href="/wiki/Vida_Goldstein" title="Vida Goldstein">Vida Goldstein</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Henry" title="Alice Henry">Alice Henry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Annie_Lowe" title="Annie Lowe">Annie Lowe</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In 1861 land-owning <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australian</a> women had a vote in local elections. In 1894, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Amendment_(Adult_Suffrage)_Act_1894" title="Constitutional Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act 1894">Constitutional Amendment (Adult Suffrage) Act 1894</a> in South Australia followed New Zealand in extending the franchise to women voters – but went further than New Zealand and allowed women to stand for the colonial Parliament. South Australian women voted for the first time at the <a href="/wiki/1896_South_Australian_colonial_election" title="1896 South Australian colonial election">1896 South Australian election</a>. In 1897 <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Helen_Spence" title="Catherine Helen Spence">Catherine Helen Spence</a> became the first woman political candidate when she ran for election to the National Australasian Convention as one of ten delegates, but came 22nd out of 33 candidates. In 1899 <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australian</a> women achieved voting rights for colonial elections but not the right to stand for the colonial Parliament. Women from both South Australia and Western Australia voted at the <a href="/wiki/1901_Australian_federal_election" title="1901 Australian federal election">1901 election</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On 12 June 1902 the <i>Commonwealth Franchise Act</i> came into effect, granting most Australian women the right to vote and stand in Commonwealth elections. Franchise of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous Australians</a> at the federal level was not universal until 1962, and voting by Indigenous Australians was not compulsory until 1984. The first election at which women used both the right to vote and stand for election was the <a href="/wiki/1903_Australian_federal_election" title="1903 Australian federal election">1903 election</a>, held on 16 December. </p><p>Following the inclusion of non-indigenous women in the 1903 election, many Australian women and the Australian government, led by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Deakin" title="Alfred Deakin">Alfred Deakin</a>, used their experience to promote <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women's suffrage in the United Kingdom</a> and elsewhere. 'Trust the Women Mother, As I Have Done', banner painted by <a href="/wiki/Dora_Meeson" title="Dora Meeson">Dora Meeson</a> was carried at the head of the Australian and New Zealand Women Voters' Committee contingent in the Women's Suffrage Coronation March in London on 17 June 1911. </p><p>New South Wales, Tasmania, Queensland and Victoria followed the lead of the other states in allowing women to vote, and later to stand for election. Victoria, the last state to grant women's suffrage, had briefly allowed women to vote when the <i>Electoral Act</i> 1863 enfranchised all ratepayers listed on local municipal rolls. Women in Victoria voted in the 1864 <a href="/wiki/General_election" title="General election">general election</a>. The legislative mistake was quickly repaired in 1865, and it took 19 private members' bills from 1889 until Victorian women gained the vote in 1908, and were able to exercise the vote in 1911. Women in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Australian Capital Territory">Australian Capital Territory</a> were, as federal subjects, eligible to vote at the federal level from their establishment. By the time the territories achieved self-government in 1978 and 1989 respectively, they did not need to enact specific legislation to enable the women's vote. </p><p>The right to vote in local government elections was granted later in most jurisdictions than it was at the state and federal levels. The right to vote in local elections was also not automatic, as property ownership qualifications limited the eligibility to vote and stand for local elections. </p><p>Significantly from 2010 to 2011 the city of <a href="/wiki/Sydney" title="Sydney">Sydney</a> was operating totally under female governance: from the Lord Mayor and State Member for Sydney <a href="/wiki/Clover_Moore" title="Clover Moore">Clover Moore</a>, to State Premier <a href="/wiki/Kristina_Keneally" title="Kristina Keneally">Kristina Keneally</a>, to State Governor <a href="/wiki/Marie_Bashir" title="Marie Bashir">Marie Bashir</a>, to Federal Member for Sydney <a href="/wiki/Tanya_Plibersek" title="Tanya Plibersek">Tanya Plibersek</a>, to Prime Minister of Australia <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a>, to Governor–General of Australia <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Bryce" title="Quentin Bryce">Quentin Bryce</a>, and of course, to the Australian Head of State, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II</a>. </p><p>The first women elected to Australian parliaments have generally been members of the non-Labor (i.e., conservative) parties. This was the case in every state except for Tasmania, where an independent, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_McIntyre" title="Margaret McIntyre">Margaret McIntyre</a>, was the first woman elected to parliament. The Labor Party first began to regularly nominate female candidates to parliament in the 1950s, generally only to the upper houses at first. </p><p>Since 2015, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_politicians" title="List of Indigenous Australian politicians">12 Indigenous women</a> have been elected to state, territory or commonwealth parliaments, with 5 of whom having been ministers in a government starting with <a href="/wiki/Marion_Scrymgour" title="Marion Scrymgour">Marion Scrymgour</a> in 2007. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>The introduction of women's political rights in Australia</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Parliament </th> <th>Right to vote (a) </th> <th>Right to stand </th></tr> <tr> <td>Commonwealth </td> <td>1902 (b) </td> <td>1902 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>State</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Australia </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>1894 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Western Australia </td> <td>1899 </td> <td>1920 </td></tr> <tr> <td>New South Wales </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>1918 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tasmania </td> <td>1903 </td> <td>1921 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Queensland </td> <td>1905 </td> <td>1915 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Victoria </td> <td>1908 </td> <td>1923 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><small>(a) The dates for the right to vote at State level refer to equal rights for women and men, but not necessarily universal rights; <br />(b) Women in SA and WA were able to vote in the <a href="/wiki/1901_Australian_federal_election" title="1901 Australian federal election">1901 federal election</a>.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women_in_politics">Women in politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_and_government_in_Australia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Women in politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Female participation in political life</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Parliament </th> <th>Right to stand </th> <th>First elected to lower house </th> <th>First elected to upper house </th></tr> <tr> <td>Commonwealth </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>1943, <a href="/wiki/Enid_Lyons" title="Enid Lyons">Enid Lyons</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">UAP</a>) </td> <td>1943, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tangney" title="Dorothy Tangney">Dorothy Tangney</a> (<a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">ALP</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><b>State</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Australia </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>1959, <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Steele" title="Joyce Steele">Joyce Steele</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_and_Country_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberal and Country League">LCL</a>) </td> <td>1959, <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Cooper" title="Jessie Cooper">Jessie Cooper</a> (LCL) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Western Australia </td> <td>1920 </td> <td>1921, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Cowan" title="Edith Cowan">Edith Cowan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nationalist Party of Australia">Nationalist</a>) </td> <td>1954, <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Hutchison" title="Ruby Hutchison">Ruby Hutchison</a> (ALP) </td></tr> <tr> <td>New South Wales </td> <td>1918 </td> <td>1925, <a href="/wiki/Millicent_Preston-Stanley" title="Millicent Preston-Stanley">Millicent Preston-Stanley</a> (Nationalist) </td> <td>1952, <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Melville" title="Gertrude Melville">Gertrude Melville</a> (ALP) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Tasmania </td> <td>1921 </td> <td>1955, <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Miller" title="Mabel Miller">Mabel Miller</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Amelia_Best" title="Amelia Best">Amelia Best</a> (both <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a>) </td> <td>1948, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_McIntyre" title="Margaret McIntyre">Margaret McIntyre</a> (independent) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Queensland </td> <td>1915 </td> <td>1929, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Longman" title="Irene Longman">Irene Longman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Country_and_Progressive_National_Party" title="Country and Progressive National Party">CPNP</a>) </td> <td>n.a. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Victoria </td> <td>1923 </td> <td>1933, <a href="/wiki/Millie_Peacock" title="Millie Peacock">Millie Peacock</a> (UAP) </td> <td>1979, <a href="/wiki/Gracia_Baylor" title="Gracia Baylor">Gracia Baylor</a> (Liberal)<br />and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Coxsedge" title="Joan Coxsedge">Joan Coxsedge</a> (ALP) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5"><small>Two women, <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Green_(Australian_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine Green (Australian politician)">Catherine Green</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Webster" title="Ellen Webster">Ellen Webster</a>, were appointed to the NSW Legislative Council in 1931.</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Commonwealth_government">Commonwealth government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_and_government_in_Australia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Commonwealth government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Menzies_Lyons_Harrison_Holt_AAF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Menzies_Lyons_Harrison_Holt_AAF.jpg/220px-Menzies_Lyons_Harrison_Holt_AAF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Menzies_Lyons_Harrison_Holt_AAF.jpg/330px-Menzies_Lyons_Harrison_Holt_AAF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Menzies_Lyons_Harrison_Holt_AAF.jpg/440px-Menzies_Lyons_Harrison_Holt_AAF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3748" /></a><figcaption>Dame <a href="/wiki/Enid_Lyons" title="Enid Lyons">Enid Lyons</a> with other senior figures in the newly created <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a> in 1946. Lyons would later serve as Australia's first female cabinet member in the <a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">Menzies government</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Early Parliamentary Candidates</b> </p><p>In 1902, Australia became the first nation in the world to introduce equal federal suffrage with the enactment of the <i><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902</a></i>, which enabled women to both vote and stand in federal elections.<sup id="cite_ref-First_women_in_parliament_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-First_women_in_parliament-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, it would be four decades before female candidates were elected to serve in the Federal <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament of Australia</a>. Nevertheless, four women stood for election at the <a href="/wiki/1903_Australian_federal_election" title="1903 Australian federal election">1903 federal election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were <a href="/wiki/Mary_Moore-Bentley" title="Mary Moore-Bentley">Mary Moore-Bentley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Martel" title="Nellie Martel">Nellie Martel</a> from New South Wales, and <a href="/wiki/Vida_Goldstein" title="Vida Goldstein">Vida Goldstein</a> from Victoria, all of whom stood for the Senate, and <a href="/wiki/Selina_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Selina Anderson">Selina Anderson</a> who contested the Sydney House of Representatives seat of <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Dalley" title="Division of Dalley">Dalley</a>. All failed to get major party endorsement and stood as independents, and all were unsuccessful. Goldstein stood for the Senate again in 1910, 1913, 1914 and 1917, all without success. <a href="/wiki/Eva_Seery" title="Eva Seery">Eva Seery</a> contested <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor Party</a> preselection for the Senate in 1916 but was unsuccessful. She and <a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Greville" title="Henrietta Greville">Henrietta Greville</a> were endorsed Labor candidates at the <a href="/wiki/1917_Australian_federal_election" title="1917 Australian federal election">1917 federal election</a>, though for safe conservative seats. Though unsuccessful they were the first women to stand for the Australian Parliament with major party endorsement. </p><p><b>First Members, Senators & Ministers</b> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/1943_Australian_federal_election" title="1943 Australian federal election">1943 federal election</a>, two women were elected to Parliament - Dame <a href="/wiki/Enid_Lyons" title="Enid Lyons">Enid Lyons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Tangney" title="Dorothy Tangney">Dorothy Tangney</a>. With <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> endorsement, Tangney was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Senate" title="Australian Senate">Senate</a> representing <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>, an office she held until 1968. With the backing of the <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a>, Lyons was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Australian House of Representatives">House of Representatives</a> as the member for the <a href="/wiki/Division_of_Darwin" title="Division of Darwin">Division of Darwin</a>, which was located in <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmania</a>. In 1949 she became the first female member of cabinet, when Liberal Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> appointed her Minister without Portfolio to enable her appointment to the honorary office of <a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_the_Executive_Council" title="Vice-President of the Executive Council">Vice-President of the Executive Council</a>, an office she held until her retirement from parliament in 1951. </p><p>Dame <a href="/wiki/Annabelle_Rankin" title="Annabelle Rankin">Annabelle Rankin</a> won election for the Liberal Party representing Queensland at the 1946 Election and became Australia's second female Senator. She served as <a href="/wiki/Government_Whip" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Whip">Government Whip</a> from 1951 to 1966 in the <a href="/wiki/Menzies_government_(1949%E2%80%931966)" title="Menzies government (1949–1966)">Menzies government</a>, and was appointed <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Social_Services_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Social Services (Australia)">Minister for Housing</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Holt_government" title="Holt government">Holt government</a> in 1966, the first woman to head a government department.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1975, Liberal Senator Dame <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Guilfoyle" title="Margaret Guilfoyle">Margaret Guilfoyle</a> became the first female cabinet minister with a portfolio, following her appointment as <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Education_(Australia)" title="Minister for Education (Australia)">Minister for Education</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Fraser_government" title="Fraser government">Fraser government</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Robertson_Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Agnes Robertson Robertson">Agnes Robertson</a> was elected as the fourth female Senator in 1949, and was elected as the first Country Party (now <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National Party</a>) Senator at the 1955 election, after losing endorsement for the Liberals and switching allegiance. She went on to be appointed as the first female member of the Joint Committee on Foreign Affairs in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Further milestones</b> </p><p>In 1983 Labor MP <a href="/wiki/Ros_Kelly" title="Ros Kelly">Ros Kelly</a> became the first woman to give birth while an MP. <a href="/wiki/Florence_Bjelke-Petersen" title="Florence Bjelke-Petersen">Florence Bjelke-Petersen</a> became Deputy Leader of the National Party in the Senate in 1985 and remained in the role until 1990.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1986 there were two firsts, <a href="/wiki/Joan_Child" title="Joan Child">Joan Child</a> became the first female <a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Speaker of the Australian House of Representatives">Speaker of the House of Representatives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Janine_Haines" title="Janine Haines">Janine Haines</a> became the first woman to lead a parliamentary party when she became head of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Democrats" title="Australian Democrats">Australian Democrats</a>. <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Reid_(politician)" title="Margaret Reid (politician)">Margaret Reid</a> became the first female <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Australian_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Australian Senate">President of the Senate</a> in 1996. <a href="/wiki/Nova_Peris" title="Nova Peris">Nova Peris</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Lambie" title="Jacqui Lambie">Jacqui Lambie</a> were the first two <a href="/wiki/List_of_Indigenous_Australian_politicians" title="List of Indigenous Australian politicians">indigenous women</a> to enter federal politics in 2014. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kathy_Sullivan_(Australian_politician)" title="Kathy Sullivan (Australian politician)">Kathy Sullivan</a> was the first woman to have <a href="/wiki/People_who_have_served_in_both_Houses_of_the_Australian_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="People who have served in both Houses of the Australian Parliament">served in both the Senate and the House of Representatives</a>. </p><p><b>First Woman Prime Minister</b><br /> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Julia_Gillard_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Julia_Gillard_2010.jpg/220px-Julia_Gillard_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Julia_Gillard_2010.jpg/330px-Julia_Gillard_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Julia_Gillard_2010.jpg/440px-Julia_Gillard_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="627" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> is currently the only woman to have served as <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister of Australia</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 June 2010, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a> became the first woman to lead one of the major political parties at the federal level as Leader of the Australian Labor Party, as well as the first female Prime Minister of Australia. </p><p><b>Ongoing developments</b> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Julie_Bishop" title="Julie Bishop">Julie Bishop</a> had become the first female Deputy Leader of the Liberal Party in 2007, and with the election of the <a href="/wiki/Abbott_government" title="Abbott government">Abbott government</a> in 2013, became Australia's first female <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Foreign_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Minister for Foreign Affairs (Australia)">Minister for Foreign Affairs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bishop was replaced by Senator <a href="/wiki/Marise_Payne" title="Marise Payne">Marise Payne</a>, who had served as Australia's first female Defence Minister. All Australian Foreign Ministers since Bishop have been female. The National Party also had its first female Deputy Leader over the period in <a href="/wiki/Fiona_Nash" title="Fiona Nash">Fiona Nash</a>, who held the position from 2008 to 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 2014, Liberal MP <a href="/wiki/Bronwyn_Bishop" title="Bronwyn Bishop">Bronwyn Bishop</a> eclipsed Kathy Sullivan's earlier record of 27 years to become the longest-serving female Member of the Australian Federal Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was nominated Speaker of the House of Representatives by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Tony_Abbott" title="Tony Abbott">Tony Abbott</a>, and served in the role from 2013 to 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the <a href="/wiki/2016_Australian_federal_election" title="2016 Australian federal election">2016 Australian federal election</a> there were 73 women members of both Houses of the Australian Parliament, representing 32% of all seats in the Senate and House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/2019_Australian_federal_election" title="2019 Australian federal election">2019 federal election</a>, of the 68 members of the Labor Party in the House of Representatives 28 were women (41.2%). In the Liberal Party, of the 61 members, 13 were women (21.3%). For the Nationals, it had 2 women among 16 members (12.5%). Of the Independents there were 3 women among 6 members (50.0%). Overall, there were 45 women among 151 members (29.8%).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Liberal–National government's <a href="/wiki/Second_Morrison_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Morrison Ministry">Second Morrison Ministry</a> reached an historic high of seven women in Cabinet, including Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Marise_Payne" title="Marise Payne">Marise Payne</a>, who previously served as Australia's first female Defence Minister, and became the longest-serving female senator in Australian history, as well as the longest current serving female member of federal parliament in 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the <a href="/wiki/2022_Australian_federal_election" title="2022 Australian federal election">2022 Australian federal election</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Albanese_Government" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanese Government">Albanese Government</a> surpassed the record set by the <a href="/wiki/Morrison_government" title="Morrison government">Morrison government</a> with the appointment of ten women parliamentarians to cabinet.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This election also saw a number of female "<a href="/wiki/Teal_independents" title="Teal independents">teal independents</a>" elected to parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commonwealth_Public_Service">Commonwealth Public Service</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_and_government_in_Australia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Commonwealth Public Service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Commonwealth Public Service Act 1902</i> provided that every female officer was "deemed to have retired from the Commonwealth service upon her marriage",<sup id="cite_ref-ABS_Women_Government_in_Australia_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABS_Women_Government_in_Australia-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with the exception of women working in agencies transferred from a state to the Commonwealth. The very great majority of women were effectively blocked from non-secretarial positions in the Commonwealth Public Service. In 1949 women were allowed into the clerical division of the service but they remained restricted by the <a href="/wiki/Marriage_bar" title="Marriage bar">marriage bar</a>. In November 1966, Australia became the last democratic country to lift the legislated marriage bar which had prevented married women from holding permanent positions in the public service.<sup id="cite_ref-ABS_Women_Government_in_Australia_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ABS_Women_Government_in_Australia-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="State_and_territory_governments">State and territory governments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_and_government_in_Australia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: State and territory governments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edith_Cowan,_1921.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Edith_Cowan%2C_1921.jpg/170px-Edith_Cowan%2C_1921.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Edith_Cowan%2C_1921.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="319" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edith_Cowan" title="Edith Cowan">Edith Cowan</a> in 1921, the year she was elected to parliament</figcaption></figure> <p>The first woman elected to a state parliament was <a href="/wiki/Edith_Cowan" title="Edith Cowan">Edith Cowan</a>, when she was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Western_Australian_Legislative_Assembly" title="Western Australian Legislative Assembly">Western Australian Legislative Assembly</a> in 1921. <a href="/wiki/Millicent_Preston-Stanley" title="Millicent Preston-Stanley">Millicent Preston-Stanley</a> was elected to the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly" title="New South Wales Legislative Assembly">New South Wales Legislative Assembly</a> in 1925, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Longman" title="Irene Longman">Irene Longman</a> was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Queensland" title="Legislative Assembly of Queensland">Legislative Assembly of Queensland</a> in 1929 and <a href="/wiki/Millie_Peacock" title="Millie Peacock">Millie Peacock</a> was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Legislative_Assembly" title="Victorian Legislative Assembly">Victorian Legislative Assembly</a> in 1933. Ironically, South Australia as the first state to allow women to sit in state parliament, was also the last to have a female sitting member when <a href="/wiki/Joyce_Steele" title="Joyce Steele">Joyce Steele</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Cooper" title="Jessie Cooper">Jessie Cooper</a> were elected on the same day in 1959. Both the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Capital_Territory_Legislative_Assembly" title="Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly">Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_Legislative_Assembly" title="Northern Territory Legislative Assembly">Northern Territory Legislative Assembly</a> had women in their inaugural Parliaments. Women were not elected to the upper house of state parliaments until after World War II; no woman was elected to the Victorian upper house until 1979, when <a href="/wiki/Gracia_Baylor" title="Gracia Baylor">Gracia Baylor</a> (Liberal) and <a href="/wiki/Joan_Coxsedge" title="Joan Coxsedge">Joan Coxsedge</a> (ALP) were elected. </p><p>In 1989 <a href="/wiki/Rosemary_Follett" title="Rosemary Follett">Rosemary Follett</a> became the first female head of government in Australia, as <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory">Chief Minister of the Australian Capital Territory</a>. <a href="/wiki/Carmen_Lawrence" title="Carmen Lawrence">Carmen Lawrence</a> was the first female premier of an Australian state when she took the office of <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Western_Australia" title="Premier of Western Australia">Premier of Western Australia</a> in February 1990. She was followed by the appointment of <a href="/wiki/Joan_Kirner" title="Joan Kirner">Joan Kirner</a> as <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Victoria" title="Premier of Victoria">Premier of Victoria</a>, in which position she served from 1990 to <a href="/wiki/1992_Victorian_state_election" title="1992 Victorian state election">1992</a>, when her party was swept from office by <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Kennett" title="Jeff Kennett">Jeff Kennett</a>'s conservatives. <a href="/wiki/Clare_Martin" title="Clare Martin">Clare Martin</a> was <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Chief Minister of the Northern Territory">Chief Minister of the Northern Territory</a> from <a href="/wiki/2001_Northern_Territory_general_election" title="2001 Northern Territory general election">2001</a> to 2007. <a href="/wiki/Anna_Bligh" title="Anna Bligh">Anna Bligh</a> became <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Queensland" title="Premier of Queensland">Premier of Queensland</a> in 2007 when <a href="/wiki/Peter_Beattie" title="Peter Beattie">Peter Beattie</a> retired. In <a href="/wiki/2009_Queensland_state_election" title="2009 Queensland state election">2009</a>, she became the first woman in Australia to be elected Premier, though she subsequently suffered a landslide loss to <a href="/wiki/Campbell_Newman" title="Campbell Newman">Campbell Newman</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">LNP</a> in <a href="/wiki/2012_Queensland_state_election" title="2012 Queensland state election">2012</a>. On 4 December 2009, <a href="/wiki/Kristina_Keneally" title="Kristina Keneally">Kristina Keneally</a> replaced <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Rees" title="Nathan Rees">Nathan Rees</a> to become the first female <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_New_South_Wales" title="Premier of New South Wales">Premier of New South Wales</a>. As <a href="/wiki/Carmel_Tebbutt" title="Carmel Tebbutt">Carmel Tebbutt</a> retained the role of <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_New_South_Wales" title="Deputy Premier of New South Wales">Deputy Premier</a>, Keneally also led the first executive in Australia to be led by two women.<sup id="cite_ref-smh4_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smh4-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Keneally would also go on to suffer a crushing defeat at the hands of <a href="/wiki/Barry_O%27Farrell" title="Barry O'Farrell">Barry O'Farrell</a> in <a href="/wiki/2011_New_South_Wales_state_election" title="2011 New South Wales state election">2011</a>. In 2011 <a href="/wiki/Lara_Giddings" title="Lara Giddings">Lara Giddings</a> became the first female <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Tasmania" title="Premier of Tasmania">Premier of Tasmania</a>, serving until <a href="/wiki/2014_Tasmanian_state_election" title="2014 Tasmanian state election">2014</a> when she likewise suffered a crushing loss to conservative leader <a href="/wiki/Will_Hodgman" title="Will Hodgman">Will Hodgman</a>. This again leaves South Australia as the only state or territory not to have had a female head of government. <a href="/wiki/Marion_Scrymgour" title="Marion Scrymgour">Marion Scrymgour</a> is to date the highest ranked <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian">Indigenous woman</a> in a government in Australia when she was <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Chief_Minister_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Deputy Chief Minister of the Northern Territory">Deputy Chief Minister of the Northern Territory</a> from 2007 until 2009. </p><p>Prior to Labor's massive loss in 2012 the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Queensland" title="Legislative Assembly of Queensland">Legislative Assembly of Queensland</a> had the highest female parliamentary representation in Australia and the third highest in the world, with 30 out of 89 Members having been women.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the <a href="/wiki/2015_Queensland_state_election" title="2015 Queensland state election">next state election</a> resulted in <a href="/wiki/Annastacia_Palaszczuk" title="Annastacia Palaszczuk">Annastacia Palaszczuk</a> becoming the first woman to become <a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Queensland" title="Premier of Queensland">Premier</a> from <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Queensland)" title="Opposition (Queensland)">opposition</a>. The subsequent <a href="/wiki/First_Palaszczuk_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="First Palaszczuk Ministry">government</a> would become the second in Australia to be headed by two women and the first ministry in Australia to have a female majority.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 3 March 2018, Australia passed another milestone when, at the <a href="/wiki/2018_Tasmanian_state_election" title="2018 Tasmanian state election">2018 Tasmanian election</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tasmania" title="Tasmania">Tasmanians</a> elected a majority of women to the <a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_House_of_Assembly" title="Tasmanian House of Assembly">Tasmanian House of Assembly</a>, with 13 women and 12 men.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Seven of the ten Labor members are women, four of the 13 Liberals and both of the Greens. </p><p>As at 27 November 2018, following the <a href="/wiki/2018_Victorian_state_election" title="2018 Victorian state election">2018 Victorian state election</a>, 50% of Ministers in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Andrews_Ministry" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Andrews Ministry">second Victorian Andrews Government</a> were female,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and following cabinet changes on 23 March 2020, a majority of the cabinet was female. </p><p>Dame <a href="/wiki/Roma_Mitchell" title="Roma Mitchell">Roma Mitchell</a> was made the first female Justice of the Supreme Court of South Australia in 1965, at the recommendation of <a href="/wiki/Don_Dunstan" title="Don Dunstan">Don Dunstan</a>, South Australia's 38th Attorney-General.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was still the only female judge in South Australia when she retired 18 years later in 1983 although Justices <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Evatt" title="Elizabeth Evatt">Elizabeth Evatt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Gaudron" title="Mary Gaudron">Mary Gaudron</a> had been appointed to federal courts by the <a href="/wiki/Gough_Whitlam" title="Gough Whitlam">Whitlam</a> Government. It was not until 1993 that the second woman was appointed to the court, Mitchell's former student, Margaret Nyland. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_and_government_in_Australia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Local government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Susan_Grace_Benny_SLSA_B-60835.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Susan_Grace_Benny_SLSA_B-60835.jpeg/220px-Susan_Grace_Benny_SLSA_B-60835.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Susan_Grace_Benny_SLSA_B-60835.jpeg/330px-Susan_Grace_Benny_SLSA_B-60835.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Susan_Grace_Benny_SLSA_B-60835.jpeg/440px-Susan_Grace_Benny_SLSA_B-60835.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grace_Benny" title="Grace Benny">Grace Benny</a>, the first woman elected to a local government authority in Australia.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first woman elected to a local government authority in Australia was <a href="/wiki/Grace_Benny" title="Grace Benny">Grace Benny</a>, who was elected to the Brighton Council in South Australia in 1919. In 1920 <a href="/wiki/Mary_Rogers_(politician)" title="Mary Rogers (politician)">Mary Rogers</a> was elected to Richmond City Council, Victoria and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Clapham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Clapham (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Clapham</a> was elected to Western Australia's <a href="/wiki/Town_of_Cottesloe" title="Town of Cottesloe">Cottesloe Municipal Council</a>. Queensland's first female councillor was Dr <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Kent_Hughes" title="Ellen Kent Hughes">Ellen Kent-Hughes</a>, elected to Kingaroy Shire Council in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New South Wales' first female alderman was <a href="/wiki/Lilian_Fowler" title="Lilian Fowler">Lilian Fowler</a>, elected in 1928 to Newtown Municipal Council; she was later to become Australia's first woman mayor. <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Edwards_(mayor)" title="Dorothy Edwards (mayor)">Dorothy Edwards</a>, Tasmania's first female alderman, was elected to Launceston City Council in 1950 and became the first female mayor of an Australian city in 1955.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia's first female lord mayor, <a href="/wiki/Joy_Cummings" title="Joy Cummings">Joy Cummings</a>, was elected to Newcastle City Council in 1974. </p><p>In 1951 the Australian Local Government Women's Association (ALGWA) was formed. The ALGWA is an association of local government women helping other women to join them. </p><p>In 1975 Western Australia and the Northern Territory elected their first women mayors, Councillor <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evelyn_H._Parker&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evelyn H. Parker (page does not exist)">Evelyn H. Parker</a> of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Subiaco" title="City of Subiaco">City of Subiaco</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Dr <a href="/wiki/Ella_Stack" title="Ella Stack">Ella Stack</a> of the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Darwin" title="City of Darwin">City of Darwin</a> respectively. </p><p>In the 1980s women began to hold the position of Lord Mayor in the capital cities for the first time, including: </p> <ul><li>Adelaide – <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Chapman" title="Wendy Chapman">Wendy Chapman</a> (1983–1985)</li> <li>Brisbane – <a href="/wiki/Sallyanne_Atkinson" title="Sallyanne Atkinson">Sallyanne Atkinson</a> (1985–1991)</li> <li>Hobart – <a href="/wiki/Doone_Kennedy" title="Doone Kennedy">Doone Kennedy</a> (1986–1996), <a href="/wiki/Sue_Hickey" title="Sue Hickey">Sue Hickey</a> (2014–2018) and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Reynolds_(mayor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anna Reynolds (mayor)">Anna Reynolds</a> (2018–present)</li> <li>Melbourne – <a href="/wiki/Lecki_Ord" class="mw-redirect" title="Lecki Ord">Lecki Ord</a> (1987–1988), <a href="/wiki/Winsome_McCaughey" title="Winsome McCaughey">Winsome McCaughey</a> (1988–1989) and <a href="/wiki/Sally_Capp" title="Sally Capp">Sally Capp</a> (2018–2024)</li> <li>Sydney – <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Turnbull" title="Lucy Turnbull">Lucy Turnbull</a> (2003–2004) and <a href="/wiki/Clover_Moore" title="Clover Moore">Clover Moore</a> (2004–present)</li> <li>Perth – <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Scaffidi" title="Lisa Scaffidi">Lisa Scaffidi</a> (2007–2018)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><b>Women's participation in local government in Australia</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Right to vote (a) </th> <th>Right to stand </th> <th>First elected </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>State</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>South Australia </td> <td>1861 </td> <td>1914 </td> <td>1919, <a href="/wiki/Grace_Benny" title="Grace Benny">Grace Benny</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Western Australia </td> <td>1876 </td> <td>1919 </td> <td>1920, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Elizabeth_Clapham&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Elizabeth Clapham (page does not exist)">Elizabeth Clapham</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Victoria </td> <td>1903 </td> <td>1914 </td> <td>1920, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Rogers_(politician)" title="Mary Rogers (politician)">Mary Rogers</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Queensland </td> <td>1879 </td> <td>1920 </td> <td>1923, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Kent_Hughes" title="Ellen Kent Hughes">Ellen Kent-Hughes</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>City of Brisbane </td> <td>1924 </td> <td>1924 </td> <td>1949, <a href="/wiki/Petronel_White" title="Petronel White">Petronel White</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>Tasmania</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Rural </td> <td>1893 </td> <td>1911 </td> <td>1957, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Florence_Vivien_Pendrigh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Florence Vivien Pendrigh (page does not exist)">Florence Vivien Pendrigh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hobart City Council </td> <td>1893 </td> <td>1902 </td> <td>1952, <a href="/wiki/Mabel_Miller" title="Mabel Miller">Mabel Miller</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Launceston City Council </td> <td>1894 </td> <td>1945 </td> <td>1950, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Edwards_(mayor)" title="Dorothy Edwards (mayor)">Dorothy Edwards</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><b>New South Wales</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Sydney City Council </td> <td>1900 </td> <td>1918 </td> <td>1965, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joan_Mercia_Pilone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joan Mercia Pilone (page does not exist)">Joan Mercia Pilone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Municipalities and Shires </td> <td>1906 </td> <td>1918 </td> <td>1928, <a href="/wiki/Lilian_Fowler" title="Lilian Fowler">Lilian Fowler</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4"><small>(a)The right to vote in local elections was not necessarily universal since there were property ownership restrictions on the right to vote in many local jurisdictions.</small><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_milestones">Other milestones</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_and_government_in_Australia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Other milestones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010, Australia had female leaders occupying every major political office, with <a href="/wiki/Clover_Moore" title="Clover Moore">Clover Moore</a> as Lord Mayor, <a href="/wiki/Kristina_Keneally" title="Kristina Keneally">Kristina Keneally</a> as Premier of New South Wales, <a href="/wiki/Marie_Bashir" title="Marie Bashir">Marie Bashir</a> as Governor of New South Wales, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Gillard" title="Julia Gillard">Julia Gillard</a> as prime minister, <a href="/wiki/Quentin_Bryce" title="Quentin Bryce">Quentin Bryce</a> as <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General of Australia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> as <a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Australia">Queen of Australia</a>. </p><p>As of April 2023: The <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_New_South_Wales" title="Governor of New South Wales">Governor of New South Wales</a> <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Beazley" title="Margaret Beazley">Margaret Beazley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Queensland" title="Governor of Queensland">Governor of Queensland</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Young" title="Jeannette Young">Jeannette Young</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_South_Australia" title="Governor of South Australia">Governor of South Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Frances_Adamson" title="Frances Adamson">Frances Adamson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Tasmania" title="Governor of Tasmania">Governor of Tasmania</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Baker" title="Barbara Baker">Barbara Baker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Victoria" title="Governor of Victoria">Governor of Victoria</a> <a href="/wiki/Linda_Dessau" title="Linda Dessau">Linda Dessau</a> are women. Meaning that out of 6 Governors, 5 are women. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_and_government_in_Australia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_and_government_in_Australia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-First_women_in_parliament-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-First_women_in_parliament_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-First_women_in_parliament_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nma.gov.au/defining-moments/resources/first-women-in-parliament">First women in parliament</a>; Australian National Museum; online 30 June 2022</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/FlagPost/2022/April/Trends-gender-parliament">Trends in the gender composition of the Australian parliament</a>; aph.gov.au</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-aec.gov.au-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-aec.gov.au_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aec.gov.au/Voting/indigenous_vote/indigenous.htm">"AEC.gov.au"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 June</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stirrers+With+Style%3A+Presidents+of+the+National+Council+of+Women+of+Australia+and+its+Predecessors&rft.atitle=Dorothy+Edwards&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenaustralia.info%2Fexhib%2Fncwa%2Fpresidents-10.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+and+government+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.slwa.wa.gov.au/record=b1827522~S2">"[Interview with Evelyn Helena Parker, Mayor of Subiaco] [sound recording] / [interviewed by Gail O'Hanlon]"</a>. <i>State Library of Western Australia</i>. 1992<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=State+Library+of+Western+Australia&rft.atitle=%5BInterview+with+Evelyn+Helena+Parker%2C+Mayor+of+Subiaco%5D+%5Bsound+recording%5D+%2F+%5Binterviewed+by+Gail+O%27Hanlon%5D.&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.slwa.wa.gov.au%2Frecord%3Db1827522~S2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+and+government+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTowns" class="citation web cs1">Towns, Deborah. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenaustralia.info/leaders/biogs/WLE0568b.htm">"Parker, Evelyn Helena (1907 - 1993)"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Women & Leadership in Twentieth Century Australia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Women+%26+Leadership+in+Twentieth+Century+Australia&rft.atitle=Parker%2C+Evelyn+Helena+%281907+-+1993%29&rft.aulast=Towns&rft.aufirst=Deborah&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenaustralia.info%2Fleaders%2Fbiogs%2FWLE0568b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen+and+government+in+Australia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Modified from Sawer, 2001</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li>Commonwealth Office of the Status of Women. 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050703083304/http://www.ofw.facs.gov.au/downloads/pdfs/centenary_suffrage_brochure_booklet.pdf">Our Centenary of Women's Suffrage</a></li> <li>Haines, J. 1993. <i>Suffrage to Sufferance</i>. Allen and Unwin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-365-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86373-365-5">1-86373-365-5</a></li> <li>Parliament of New South Wales. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051210181152/http://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/prod/web/common.nsf/key/HistoryWomeninParliament">Women in Parliament</a></li> <li>Sawer, M. 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/94713ad445ff1425ca25682000192af2/3067a337a2f2c855ca2569de001fb2dc!OpenDocument">Women and government in Australia</a>, In <i>Year Book of Australia</i>, 2001, Australia Bureau of Statistics, Catalogue #1301.01</li> <li>Sawer, M. and Simms, M. 1993. <i>A woman's place</i>. Allen and Unwin. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86373-169-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-86373-169-5">1-86373-169-5</a></li> <li>Scott, M. 2003. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060208085628/http://ofw.facs.gov.au/downloads/pdfs/meeson_suffrage04.pdf">How Australia led the way: Dora Meeson Coates and British Suffrage</a>. Commonwealth Office of the Status of Women <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-877042-40-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-877042-40-4">1-877042-40-4</a></li> <li>Walsh, K. Ed. 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050719083040/http://www.aph.gov.au/Senate/pubs/pops/pop41/pop41.pdf">One Hundred Years of Women's Suffrage in Australia</a>, Papers on Parliament No. 41. Department of the Senate</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_and_government_in_Australia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_and_government_in_Australia&action=edit&section=9"><i>Why politics is toxic for Australia’s women</i> by Frances Mao, BBC News, May, 16, 2019</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Template:Women and government in Australia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Template talk:Women and government in Australia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women_and_government_in_Australia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women and government in Australia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women_and_government_in_Australia100" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women and government in Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">List of female heads of government in Australia</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Cabinet ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the Australian House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Australian_Senate" title="Women in the Australian Senate">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>NSW <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_New_South_Wales_Legislative_Assembly" title="Women in the New South Wales Legislative Assembly">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_New_South_Wales_Legislative_Council" title="Women in the New South Wales Legislative Council">LC</a></li></ul></li> <li>VIC <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Victorian_Legislative_Assembly" title="Women in the Victorian Legislative Assembly">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Victorian_Legislative_Council" title="Women in the Victorian Legislative Council">LC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Queensland_Legislative_Assembly" title="Women in the Queensland Legislative Assembly">QLD LA</a></li> <li>WA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Western_Australian_Legislative_Assembly" title="Women in the Western Australian Legislative Assembly">LA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Western_Australian_Legislative_Council" title="Women in the Western Australian Legislative Council">LC</a></li></ul></li> <li>SA <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_South_Australian_House_of_Assembly" title="Women in the South Australian House of Assembly">HA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_South_Australian_Legislative_Council" title="Women in the South Australian Legislative Council">LC</a></li></ul></li> <li>TAS <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Tasmanian_House_of_Assembly" title="Women in the Tasmanian House of Assembly">HA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Tasmanian_Legislative_Council" title="Women in the Tasmanian Legislative Council">LC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women_in_Oceania111" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Oceania topic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women_in_Oceania111" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Oceania" title="Women in Oceania">Women in Oceania </a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Women in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Fiji" title="Women in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indonesia" title="Women in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kiribati" title="Women in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Women in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Nauru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Nauru (page does not exist)">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_New_Zealand" title="Women in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Palau" title="Women in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Papua_New_Guinea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Papua New Guinea (page does not exist)">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Samoa (page does not exist)">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Solomon_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Solomon Islands (page does not exist)">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Timor-Leste" title="Women in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tonga" title="Women in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Tuvalu" title="Women in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vanuatu" title="Women in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states<br />of New Zealand</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Women in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Niue" title="Women in Niue">Niue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies<br />and other territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_American_Samoa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in American Samoa (page does not exist)">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Christmas_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Women in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_French_Polynesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in French Polynesia (page does not exist)">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Guam" title="Women in Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Hawaii" title="Women in Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_New_Caledonia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in New Caledonia (page does not exist)">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Women in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Australia_articles726" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Australia_topics" title="Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Australia_topics" title="Template talk:Australia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Australia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Australia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Australia_articles726" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> <a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia" title="History of Australia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Australian_history" title="Timeline of Australian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Australia" title="Prehistory of Australia">Prehistory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Australia" title="Archaeology of Australia">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_land_exploration_of_Australia" title="European land exploration of Australia">European exploration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Australia" title="Territorial evolution of Australia">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1788%E2%80%931850)" title="History of Australia (1788–1850)">1788–1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1851%E2%80%931900)" title="History of Australia (1851–1900)">1851–1900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1901%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Australia (1901–1945)">1901–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Australia_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Australia (1945–present)">Since 1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Asian_Australians" title="History of Asian Australians">Asian Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Australia" title="Constitutional history of Australia">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_Australia" title="Diplomatic history of Australia">Diplomatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Australia" title="Economic history of Australia">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Australia" title="Federation of Australia">Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_history_of_Australia" title="Immigration history of Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indigenous_Australians" title="History of Indigenous Australians">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Australia" title="History of monarchy in Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Australia" title="History of rail transport in Australia">Railway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Australia" title="Geography of Australia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Australia" title="Climate of Australia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Australia" title="Climate change in Australia">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia_(continent)" title="Australia (continent)">Continent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deserts_of_Australia" title="Deserts of Australia">Deserts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Australia" title="Environment of Australia">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Australia" title="Environmental issues in Australia">issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Australia" title="List of earthquakes in Australia">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Australia" title="Flora of Australia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Australia" title="Fauna of Australia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Australia" title="Forests of Australia">Forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Australia" title="Geology of Australia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Australia" title="List of islands of Australia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Australia" title="List of mountains in Australia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Australia" title="List of regions of Australia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Reserve_System" title="National Reserve System">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Australia" title="List of rivers of Australia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Australia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Australia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Australia">Subdivisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">States and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_capital_cities" title="List of Australian capital cities">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Australia" title="List of cities in Australia">Cities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia" title="Politics of Australia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asylum_in_Australia" title="Asylum in Australia">Asylum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Australia" title="Constitution of Australia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_court_hierarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian court hierarchy">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Australia" title="Elections in Australia">Elections</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Political_funding_in_Australia" title="Political funding in Australia">Donations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia" title="Electoral system of Australia">Electoral system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Parties</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_federal_budget" title="Australian federal budget">Federal budget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Australia" title="Foreign relations of Australia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Australia" title="Human rights in Australia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersex_rights_in_Australia" title="Intersex rights in Australia">Intersex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Australia" title="LGBTQ rights in Australia">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Australia" title="Transgender rights in Australia">Transgender</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Intelligence_Community" title="Australian Intelligence Community">Intelligence and security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_legal_system" title="Australian legal system">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_constitutional_law" title="Australian constitutional law">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Australia" title="Judiciary of Australia">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Australia" title="Law enforcement in Australia">Enforcement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_government_debt" title="Australian government debt">National debt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Australia" title="Parliament of Australia">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Australia#Ideology_in_Australian_politics" title="Politics of Australia">Political ideology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Australia" title="Anarchism in Australia">Anarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_politics_in_Australia" title="Christian politics in Australia">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Australia" title="Conservatism in Australia">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics_in_Australia" title="Far-right politics in Australia">Far-right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Australia" title="Liberalism in Australia">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Australia" title="Republicanism in Australia">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Socialism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Public_Service" title="Australian Public Service">Public Service</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Government leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of female cabinet ministers of Australia">Government ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">Shadow Cabinet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australian_Government" title="Australian Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Australia" title="Cabinet of Australia">Cabinet of Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_ministries" title="List of Australian ministries">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors-general_of_Australia" title="List of governors-general of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Australia" title="List of prime ministers of Australia">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Australia" title="Economy of Australia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Australia" title="Agriculture in Australia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_dollar" title="Australian dollar">Dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Australia" title="Energy in Australia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_and_territories_by_gross_state_product" title="List of Australian states and territories by gross state product">Gross state product</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_ownership_in_Australia" title="Home ownership in Australia">Home ownership</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Public_housing_in_Australia" title="Public housing in Australia">Public housing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_household_income_in_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Median household income in Australia and New Zealand">Household income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manufacturing_in_Australia" title="Manufacturing in Australia">Manufacturing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Australia" title="Mass media in Australia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Australia" title="Mining in Australia">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Australia" title="Poverty in Australia">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_Australia" title="Reserve Bank of Australia">Reserve Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Securities_Exchange" title="Australian Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superannuation_in_Australia" title="Superannuation in Australia">Superannuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Australia" title="Taxation in Australia">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Australia" title="Tourism in Australia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Australia" title="Transport in Australia">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_security_in_Australia" title="Social security in Australia">Welfare system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Australia" title="Category:Society of Australia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Australia" title="Abortion in Australia">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aged_care_in_Australia" title="Aged care in Australia">Aged care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Australia" title="Censorship in Australia">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationality_law" title="Australian nationality law">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Australia" title="Crime in Australia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Australia" title="Education in Australia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_dying_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Assisted dying in Australia">Euthanasia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Australia" title="Health care in Australia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Australia" title="Homelessness in Australia">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Australia" title="Human trafficking in Australia">Human trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Australia" title="Immigration to Australia">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Australia" title="Irreligion in Australia">Irreligion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Australia" title="Languages of Australia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Australian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">People</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Australia" title="Demographics of Australia">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Australia" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Australia">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Australia" title="Prostitution in Australia">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Australia" title="Racism in Australia">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Australia" title="Religion in Australia">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Squatting_in_Australia" title="Squatting in Australia">Squatting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waste_management_in_Australia" title="Waste management in Australia">Waste management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Australia" title="Women in Australia">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Australia" title="Culture of Australia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Australia" title="Architecture of Australia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_art" title="Australian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arts_in_Australia" title="Arts in Australia">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Australia" title="Cinema of Australia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_cuisine" title="Australian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_in_Australia" title="Dance in Australia">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_literature" title="Australian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia" title="Music of Australia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Australia" title="Public holidays in Australia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Australia" title="List of radio stations in Australia">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Australia" title="Sport in Australia">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Australia" title="National symbols of Australia">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Australia" title="Theatre of Australia">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglosphere" title="Anglosphere">Anglosphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_studies" title="Australian studies">Australian studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Australia" title="Outline of Australia">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Australia-related_articles" title="Index of Australia-related articles">Index</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Australian_history" title="Bibliography of Australian history">Bibliography</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australia" title="Category:Australia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Australia" title="Portal:Australia">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Women_in_government114" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Women_in_government" title="Template:Women in government"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Women_in_government" title="Template talk:Women in government"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Women_in_government" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Women in government"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Women_in_government114" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_government" title="Women in government">Women in government</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lists of female holders of political office</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_constituent_and_dependent_territory_leaders" title="List of female constituent and dependent territory leaders">Constituent and dependent territory leaders</a></li> <li>Elected or appointed national leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of elected and appointed female heads of state and government">heads of state and government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_women_heads_of_state_and_government" title="List of Muslim women heads of state and government">Muslim heads of state and government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_deputy_heads_of_state" title="List of elected and appointed female deputy heads of state">deputy heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_elected_and_appointed_female_deputy_heads_of_government" title="List of elected and appointed female deputy heads of government">deputy heads of government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_first_women_holders_of_political_offices" title="List of the first women holders of political offices">First women holders of political offices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_women_governors_and_chief_ministers" title="List of first women governors and chief ministers">first governors and chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_first_female_members_of_parliament_by_country" title="List of the first female members of parliament by country">first members of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_first_women_mayors" title="List of first women mayors">first mayors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_first_women_heads_of_state_and_government_in_Muslim-majority_countries" title="List of the first women heads of state and government in Muslim-majority countries">first heads of state and government in Muslim-majority countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_hereditary_monarchs" title="List of female hereditary monarchs">Hereditary monarchs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_queens_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="List of queens regnant">queens regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ministers and secretaries <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_defence_ministers" title="List of female defence ministers">defence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_finance_ministers" title="List of female finance ministers">finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_foreign_ministers" title="List of female foreign ministers">foreign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_interior_ministers" title="List of female interior ministers">interior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_justice_ministers" title="List of female justice ministers">justice</a></li></ul></li> <li>Speakers of national and territorial legislatures <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_speakers_of_national_and_territorial_lower_houses" title="List of female speakers of national and territorial lower houses">lower houses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_speakers_of_national_and_territorial_unicameral_parliaments" title="List of female speakers of national and territorial unicameral parliaments">unicameral parliaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_speakers_of_national_and_territorial_upper_houses" title="List of female speakers of national and territorial upper houses">upper houses</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National politics/government/legislatures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Afghanistan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Parliament_of_Afghanistan" title="Women in the Parliament of Afghanistan">Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Australian_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the Australian House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Australian_Senate" title="Women in the Australian Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_government_in_Australia" title="List of female heads of government in Australia">Premiers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Canadian_politics" title="Women in Canadian politics">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_elected_to_Canadian_Parliament" title="List of women elected to Canadian Parliament">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_appointed_to_the_Canadian_Senate" title="List of women appointed to the Canadian Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_first_ministers_in_Canada" title="List of female first ministers in Canada">First ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li>France <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_National_Assembly" title="Women in the French National Assembly">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Senate" title="Women in the French Senate">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_political_participation_in_India" title="Women's political participation in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_governors_in_India" title="List of female governors in India">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_lieutenant_governors_and_administrators_in_India" title="List of female lieutenant governors and administrators in India">Lieutenant governors and administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_chief_ministers_in_India" title="List of female chief ministers in India">Chief ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_deputy_chief_ministers_in_India" title="List of female deputy chief ministers in India">Deputy chief ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li>Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_members_of_the_Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="List of female members of the Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li>Ireland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_members_of_D%C3%A1il_%C3%89ireann" title="List of female members of Dáil Éireann">Dáil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_members_of_Seanad_%C3%89ireann" title="List of female members of Seanad Éireann">Seanad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_cabinet_ministers_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of female cabinet ministers of the Republic of Ireland">Cabinet ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_ministers_of_state_of_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="List of female ministers of state of the Republic of Ireland">Junior ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_governments_of_Israel" title="Women in governments of Israel">Israel</a></li> <li>Jamaica <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_House_of_Representatives_of_Jamaica" title="Women in the House of Representatives of Jamaica">House</a></li></ul></li> <li>Malaysia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Dewan_Rakyat" title="Women in the Dewan Rakyat">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Dewan_Negara" title="Women in the Dewan Negara">Senate</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mongolia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Mongolian_Parliament" title="Women in the Mongolian Parliament">Mongolia</a></li></ul></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_representation_in_the_Parliament_of_Nepal" title="Women's representation in the Parliament of Nepal">Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li>Papua New Guinea <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_National_Parliament_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Women in the National Parliament of Papua New Guinea">Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li>Philippines <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Members_of_the_House_of_Representatives_of_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="List of female Members of the House of Representatives of the Philippines">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_senators_of_the_Philippines" title="List of female senators of the Philippines">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_governors_in_the_Philippines" title="List of female governors in the Philippines">Governors</a></li></ul></li> <li>Russia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_heads_of_federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="List of female heads of federal subjects of Russia">Heads of federal subjects</a></li></ul></li> <li>Sri Lanka <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Sri_Lankan_Parliament" title="Women in the Sri Lankan Parliament">Parliament</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Turkish_politics" title="Women in Turkish politics">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_ministers_of_Turkey" title="List of female ministers of Turkey">Ministers</a></li></ul></li> <li>United Kingdom <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women in the House of Commons of the United Kingdom">Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_House_of_Lords" title="Women in the House of Lords">Lords</a></li></ul></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_women_in_American_politics" title="Black women in American politics">Black women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_United_States_Cabinet_members" title="List of female United States Cabinet members">Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Women in the United States House of Representatives">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Senate" title="Women in the United States Senate">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_governors_in_the_United_States" title="List of female governors in the United States">Governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_lieutenant_governors_in_the_United_States" title="List of female lieutenant governors in the United States">Lieutenant governors</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-women_shortlist" title="All-women shortlist">All-women shortlist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Women_World_Leaders" title="Council of Women World Leaders">Council of Women World Leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_power_gap" title="Gender power gap">Gender power gap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_women_political_leaders" title="Muslim women political leaders">Muslim women political leaders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_Political_Leaders" title="Women Political Leaders">Women Political Leaders</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_and_government_in_Australia&oldid=1273760676">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women_and_government_in_Australia&oldid=1273760676</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_history_of_Australia" title="Category:Political history of Australia">Political history of Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Australian_women_in_politics" title="Category:Australian women in 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