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<span>Revolution (1789–1793)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Revolution_(1789–1793)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Revolution (1789–1793) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Revolution_(1789–1793)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_service" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_service"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Military service</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_service-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exile_(1793–1815)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exile_(1793–1815)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Exile (1793–1815)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Exile_(1793–1815)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Exile (1793–1815) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Exile_(1793–1815)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Travel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Travel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Travel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Travel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Marriage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bourbon_Restoration_(1815–1830)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bourbon_Restoration_(1815–1830)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bourbon Restoration (1815–1830)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bourbon_Restoration_(1815–1830)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_the_French_(1830–1848)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_the_French_(1830–1848)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>King of the French (1830–1848)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-King_of_the_French_(1830–1848)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Rule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination_attempts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination_attempts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Assassination attempts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assassination_attempts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Abdication_and_death_(1848–1850)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abdication_and_death_(1848–1850)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Abdication and death (1848–1850)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abdication_and_death_(1848–1850)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Honours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Honours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Honours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Honours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-National" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>National</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Foreign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>Arms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>Territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Issue</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Issue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancestry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancestry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Ancestry</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancestry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Namesakes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Namesakes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12.1</span> <span>Namesakes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Namesakes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14.2</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Louis Philippe I</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%B0wic-Philippus_Francena_Cyning" title="Loðwic-Philippus Francena Cyning – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Loðwic-Philippus Francena Cyning" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%84" title="لويس فيليب الأول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس فيليب الأول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lluis_Felipe_I_de_Francia" title="Lluis Felipe I de Francia – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lluis Felipe I de Francia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/I_Lui-Filipp" title="I Lui-Filipp – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="I Lui-Filipp" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="لوئی فیلیپ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لوئی فیلیپ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96-%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF_I" title="Луі-Філіп I – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Луі-Філіп I" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8-%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Луи-Филип – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луи-Филип" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luj-Filip,_kralj_Francuza" title="Luj-Filip, kralj Francuza – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Luj-Filip, kralj Francuza" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loeiz-Fulup_Ia%C3%B1" title="Loeiz-Fulup Iañ – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Loeiz-Fulup Iañ" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llu%C3%ADs_Felip_I_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Lluís Felip I de França – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lluís Felip I de França" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludv%C3%ADk_Filip" title="Ludvík Filip – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ludvík Filip" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I,_brenin_Ffrainc" title="Louis Philippe I, brenin Ffrainc – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Louis Philippe I, brenin Ffrainc" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig-Filip_af_Frankrig" title="Ludvig-Filip af Frankrig – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ludvig-Filip af Frankrig" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_I." title="Louis-Philippe I. – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Louis-Philippe I." data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_I" title="Louis-Philippe I – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Louis-Philippe I" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B2%CE%AF%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%A6%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CF%80%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Λουδοβίκος Φίλιππος της Γαλλίας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λουδοβίκος Φίλιππος της Γαλλίας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Felipe_I_de_Francia" title="Luis Felipe I de Francia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Luis Felipe I de Francia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludoviko-Filipo_(Francio)" title="Ludoviko-Filipo (Francio) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ludoviko-Filipo (Francio)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Filipe_Frantziakoa" title="Luis Filipe Frantziakoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Luis Filipe Frantziakoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="لوئی فیلیپ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئی فیلیپ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_Ier" title="Louis-Philippe Ier – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis-Philippe Ier" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lois_Filipe_I_de_Francia" title="Lois Filipe I de Francia – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lois Filipe I de Francia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_%ED%95%84%EB%A6%AC%ED%94%84_1%EC%84%B8" title="루이 필리프 1세 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이 필리프 1세" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB_%D5%96%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BA_I" title="Լուի Ֆիլիպ I – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուի Ֆիլիպ I" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE" title="लुई फिलिप प्रथम – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुई फिलिप प्रथम" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luj_Filip,_kralj_Francuza" title="Luj Filip, kralj Francuza – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Luj Filip, kralj Francuza" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_la_1ma_di_Francia" title="Louis Philippe la 1ma di Francia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Louis Philippe la 1ma di Francia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Louis Philippe I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%B0v%C3%ADk_Filippus" title="Loðvík Filippus – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Loðvík Filippus" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Filippo_di_Francia" title="Luigi Filippo di Francia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Luigi Filippo di Francia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A4,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%94%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%9D" title="לואי פיליפ, מלך הצרפתים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואי פיליפ, מלך הצרפתים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ლუი-ფილიპ ორლეანელი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუი-ფილიპ ორლეანელი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF" title="Луи Филипп – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Луи Филипп" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_I_(gazik_ke_Franca)" title="Louis-Philippe I (gazik ke Franca) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Louis-Philippe I (gazik ke Franca)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8-%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF_I" title="Луи-Филипп I – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Луи-Филипп I" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_Philippus" title="Ludovicus Philippus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovicus Philippus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luijs_Filips" title="Luijs Filips – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luijs Filips" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_I._vu_Frankr%C3%A4ich" title="Louis-Philippe I. vu Frankräich – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Louis-Philippe I. vu Frankräich" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liudvikas_Pilypas" title="Liudvikas Pilypas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Liudvikas Pilypas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I._Lajos_F%C3%BCl%C3%B6p_francia_kir%C3%A1ly" title="I. Lajos Fülöp francia király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="I. Lajos Fülöp francia király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98-%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF" title="Луј-Филип – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луј-Филип" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Louis Philippe I" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98-%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%9E_I" title="ლუი-ფილიპ I – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლუი-ფილიპ I" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="لويس فيليب الاول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويس فيليب الاول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="لویی فیلیپ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لویی فیلیپ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Louis Philippe I" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodewijk_Filips_I_van_Frankrijk" title="Lodewijk Filips I van Frankrijk – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lodewijk Filips I van Frankrijk" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%83%83%E3%83%97_(%E3%83%95%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B9%E7%8E%8B)" title="ルイ・フィリップ (フランス王) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイ・フィリップ (フランス王)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_Filip_av_Frankrike" title="Ludvig Filip av Frankrike – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ludvig Filip av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_Filip_av_Frankrike" title="Ludvig Filip av Frankrike – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ludvig Filip av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C3%ADs-Felip_I" title="Loís-Felip I – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Loís-Felip I" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%8A_%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%BE" title="لومړی لوئي فیلیپ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لومړی لوئي فیلیپ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludwik_Filip_I" title="Ludwik Filip I – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ludwik Filip I" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Filipe_I_de_Fran%C3%A7a" title="Luís Filipe I de França – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Luís Filipe I de França" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovic-Filip_al_Fran%C8%9Bei" title="Ludovic-Filip al Franței – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ludovic-Filip al Franței" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8-%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BF_I" title="Луи-Филипп I – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Луи-Филипп I" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luiggi_Filippu_I" title="Luiggi Filippu I – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Luiggi Filippu I" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I" title="Louis Philippe I – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Louis Philippe I" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BDudov%C3%ADt_Filip_Orle%C3%A1nsky" title="Ľudovít Filip Orleánsky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ľudovít Filip Orleánsky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvik-Filip_I._Francoski" title="Ludvik-Filip I. Francoski – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ludvik-Filip I. Francoski" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%98_%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BF_I" title="Луј Филип I – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луј Филип I" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_I_od_Francuske" title="Louis-Philippe I od Francuske – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Louis-Philippe I od Francuske" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_Filip_I" title="Ludvig Filip I – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ludvig Filip I" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludvig_Filip_I_av_Frankrike" title="Ludvig Filip I av Frankrike – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ludvig Filip I av Frankrike" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AA" title="พระเจ้าหลุยส์-ฟีลิปที่ 1 แห่งฝรั่งเศส – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พระเจ้าหลุยส์-ฟีลิปที่ 1 แห่งฝรั่งเศส" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe" title="Louis-Philippe – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Louis-Philippe" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97-%D0%A4%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BF%D0%BF_I" title="Луї-Філіпп I – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луї-Філіпп I" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C_%D9%81%D9%84%D9%BE_%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84" title="لوئی فلپ اول – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوئی فلپ اول" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luigi_Fi%C5%82ipo_de_Fransa" title="Luigi Fiłipo de Fransa – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Luigi Fiłipo de Fransa" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis-Philippe_I_c%E1%BB%A7a_Ph%C3%A1p" title="Louis-Philippe I của Pháp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Louis-Philippe I của Pháp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93-%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%E4%B8%80%E4%B8%96" title="路易-菲利普一世 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="路易-菲利普一世" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">King of the French from 1830 to 1848</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Louis Philippe" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Louis Philippe (disambiguation)">Louis Philippe (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Louis Philippe I</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:1841_portrait_painting_of_Louis_Philippe_I_(King_of_the_French)_by_Winterhalter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portrait of Louis Philippe aged 68" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1841_portrait_painting_of_Louis_Philippe_I_%28King_of_the_French%29_by_Winterhalter.jpg/220px-1841_portrait_painting_of_Louis_Philippe_I_%28King_of_the_French%29_by_Winterhalter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1841_portrait_painting_of_Louis_Philippe_I_%28King_of_the_French%29_by_Winterhalter.jpg/330px-1841_portrait_painting_of_Louis_Philippe_I_%28King_of_the_French%29_by_Winterhalter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/1841_portrait_painting_of_Louis_Philippe_I_%28King_of_the_French%29_by_Winterhalter.jpg/440px-1841_portrait_painting_of_Louis_Philippe_I_%28King_of_the_French%29_by_Winterhalter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1940" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Winterhalter" title="Franz Xaver Winterhalter">Franz Xaver Winterhalter</a>, 1841</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_French" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the French">King of the French</a> <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal" class="noprint">(<a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_French_sovereign" title="Style of the French sovereign">more...</a>) </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">9 August 1830 – <span class="nowrap">24 February 1848</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Proclamation</th><td class="infobox-data">9 August 1830</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> <br />(as King of France)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte</a><br />(as President of France)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_France" title="List of prime ministers of France">Prime ministers</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><i>See list</i></span></div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte" title="Jacques Laffitte">Jacques Laffitte</a><br />(1830–1831) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Casimir_Pierre_P%C3%A9rier" title="Casimir Pierre Périer">Casimir-Pierre Périer</a><br />(1831–1832) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">The Duke of Dalmatia</a><br />(1832–1834) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Maurice_G%C3%A9rard" title="Étienne Maurice Gérard">Étienne Maurice Gérard</a><br />(1834–1834) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Hugues-Bernard_Maret,_duc_de_Bassano" title="Hugues-Bernard Maret, duc de Bassano">The Duke of Bassano</a><br />(1834–1834) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">The Duke of Trévise</a><br />(1834–1835) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Victor_de_Broglie_(1785-1870)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor de Broglie (1785-1870)">The Duke of Broglie</a><br />(1835–1836) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Thiers" title="Adolphe Thiers">Adolphe Thiers</a> <br />(1836–1836) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> <a href="/wiki/Louis-Mathieu_Mol%C3%A9" title="Louis-Mathieu Molé">Louis-Mathieu Molé</a><br />(1836–1839) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> The Duke of Dalmatia<br />(1839–1840) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Adolphe Thiers<br />(1840–1840) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0">The Duke of Dalmatia<br />(1840–1847) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a><br />(1847–1848) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> Louis-Mathieu Molé<br />(1848–1848)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Steward_(office)" title="Steward (office)">Lieutenant-General of the Realm</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">1 August – 11 August 1830</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles Phillipe, Count of Artois</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Position abolished</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_France#July_Monarchy_(1830–1848)" title="List of prime ministers of France">1st President of the Council of Ministers</a> of <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1 August – 2 November 1830</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data">Himself <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Steward_(office)" title="Steward (office)">Lieutenant-General of the Realm</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Himself <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Paris_Municipal_Commission_Ministry_of_1830" title="Paris Municipal Commission Ministry of 1830">Paris Municipal Commission Ministry of 1830</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Laffitte" title="Jacques Laffitte">Jacques Laffitte</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1773-10-06</span>)</span>6 October 1773<br /><a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 August 1850<span style="display:none">(1850-08-26)</span> (aged 76)<br /><a href="/wiki/Claremont_(country_house)" title="Claremont (country house)">Claremont</a>, Surrey, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Burial</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>St. Charles Borromeo Chapel, <a href="/wiki/Weybridge" title="Weybridge">Weybridge</a> (1850–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapelle_royale_de_Dreux" title="Chapelle royale de Dreux">Chapelle royale de Dreux</a> (since 1876)</li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily">Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily</a></div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1809)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a><br /><span style="font-weight:normal"><i><a href="#Issue">see detail...</a></i></span></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louise of Orléans">Louise, Queen of the Belgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1813%E2%80%931839)" title="Princess Marie of Orléans (1813–1839)">Marie, Duchess of Württemberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours">Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Princess Clémentine of Orléans">Clémentine, Princess of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha-Koháry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois,_Prince_of_Joinville" class="mw-redirect" title="François, Prince of Joinville">François, Prince of Joinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles,_Duke_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Charles, Duke of Penthièvre">Prince Charles, Duke of Penthièvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henri,_Duke_of_Aumale" title="Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale">Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Antoine,_Duke_of_Montpensier" title="Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier">Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">Bourbon-Orléans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Louise_Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_de_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon">Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="notpageimage infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_of_Louis_Philippe_I.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Louis Philippe I's signature"><img alt="Louis Philippe I's signature" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Signature_of_Louis_Philippe_I.svg/125px-Signature_of_Louis_Philippe_I.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="36" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Signature_of_Louis_Philippe_I.svg/188px-Signature_of_Louis_Philippe_I.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Signature_of_Louis_Philippe_I.svg/250px-Signature_of_Louis_Philippe_I.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="149" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">Kingdom of France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">French First Republic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">French Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1785–1793</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general" title="Lieutenant general">Lieutenant general</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Governor of <a href="/wiki/Strasbourg" title="Strasbourg">Strasbourg</a></li><li>4th Brigade of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_North" title="Army of the North">Army of the North</a></li><li>14th Dragoons Regiment</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Battle of Valmy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Battle of Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Louis Philippe I</b> (6 October 1773 – 26 August 1850), nicknamed <b>the Citizen King</b>, was <a href="/wiki/King_of_the_French" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the French">King of the French</a> from 1830 to 1848, and the penultimate <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs#House_of_Bourbon-Orléans,_July_Monarchy_(1830–1848)" title="List of French monarchs">monarch of France</a>. He abdicated from his throne during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a>, which led to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">French Second Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As Louis Philippe, Duke of Chartres, he distinguished himself commanding troops during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> and was promoted to lieutenant general by the age of nineteen, but he broke with the <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">Republic</a> over its decision to execute King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>. He fled to Switzerland in 1793 after being connected with a plot to restore France's monarchy. His father <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a> (Philippe Égalité), fell under suspicion and was executed during the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a>. </p><p>Louis Philippe remained in exile for 21 years until the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>. He was proclaimed king in 1830 after his cousin <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> was forced to abdicate by the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a>. The reign of Louis Philippe is known as the <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> and was dominated by wealthy industrialists and bankers. During the period 1840–1848, he followed conservative policies, especially under the influence of French statesman <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a>. He also promoted friendship with Great Britain and sponsored colonial expansion, notably the <a href="/wiki/French_conquest_of_Algeria" title="French conquest of Algeria">French conquest of Algeria</a>. His popularity faded as economic conditions in France deteriorated in 1847, and he was forced to abdicate after the outbreak of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">French Revolution of 1848</a>. </p><p>He lived for the remainder of his life in exile in the United Kingdom. His supporters were known as <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanists</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Legitimist" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimist">Legitimists</a> supported the main line of the House of Bourbon, and the <a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartists</a> supported the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">Bonaparte family</a>. Among his grandchildren were the monarchs <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Belgium" title="Leopold II of Belgium">Leopold II of Belgium</a>, Empress <a href="/wiki/Carlota_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlota of Mexico">Carlota of Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_Bulgaria" title="Ferdinand I of Bulgaria">Ferdinand I of Bulgaria</a>, and Queen <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Mercedes of Orléans">Mercedes of Spain</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Before_the_Revolution_(1773–1789)"><span id="Before_the_Revolution_.281773.E2.80.931789.29"></span>Before the Revolution (1773–1789)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Before the Revolution (1773–1789)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Philippe_d%E2%80%99Orl%C3%A9ans_1787.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Louis-Philippe_d%E2%80%99Orl%C3%A9ans_1787.jpg/220px-Louis-Philippe_d%E2%80%99Orl%C3%A9ans_1787.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Louis-Philippe_d%E2%80%99Orl%C3%A9ans_1787.jpg/330px-Louis-Philippe_d%E2%80%99Orl%C3%A9ans_1787.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Louis-Philippe_d%E2%80%99Orl%C3%A9ans_1787.jpg/440px-Louis-Philippe_d%E2%80%99Orl%C3%A9ans_1787.jpg 2x" data-file-width="540" data-file-height="718" /></a><figcaption>Profile of the 13-year-old Louis Philippe d’Orléans, drawn by <a href="/wiki/Carle_Vernet" title="Carle Vernet">Carle Vernet</a> (27 August 1787)</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis Philippe was born in the <a href="/wiki/Palais-Royal" title="Palais-Royal">Palais-Royal</a>, the residence of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">Orléans family</a> in Paris, to <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe, Duke of Chartres</a> (<a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Duke of Orléans">Duke of Orléans</a>, upon the death of his father <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orleans" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orleans">Louis Philippe I</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Louise_Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_de_Bourbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon">Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon</a>. As a member of the reigning <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>, he was a <a href="/wiki/Prince_du_Sang" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince du Sang">Prince of the Blood</a>, which entitled him the use of the style "<a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">Serene Highness</a>". His mother was an extremely wealthy heiress who was descended from <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a> through a legitimized line.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Louis Philippe was the eldest of three sons and a daughter, a family that was to have erratic fortunes from the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The elder branch of the House of Bourbon, to which the kings of France belonged, deeply distrusted the intentions of the cadet branch, which would succeed to the throne of France should the senior branch die out. Louis Philippe's father was exiled from the royal court, and the Orléans confined themselves to studies of the literature and sciences emerging from the <a href="/wiki/French_Enlightenment" class="mw-redirect" title="French Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Louis Philippe was tutored by the <a href="/wiki/St%C3%A9phanie_F%C3%A9licit%C3%A9_Ducrest_de_St-Albin,_comtesse_de_Genlis" class="mw-redirect" title="Stéphanie Félicité Ducrest de St-Albin, comtesse de Genlis">Countess of Genlis</a>, beginning in 1782. She instilled in him a fondness for <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> thought; it is probably during this period that Louis Philippe picked up his slightly <a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltairean</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (February 2009)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> brand of Catholicism. When Louis Philippe's grandfather died in 1785, his father succeeded him as Duke of Orléans and Louis Philippe succeeded his father as Duke of Chartres. </p><p>In 1788, with the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> looming, the young Louis Philippe showed his liberal sympathies when he helped break down the door of a prison cell in <a href="/wiki/Mont_Saint-Michel" class="mw-redirect" title="Mont Saint-Michel">Mont Saint-Michel</a>, during a visit there with the Countess of Genlis. From October 1788 to October 1789, the <i>Palais Royal</i> was a meeting-place for the revolutionaries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution_(1789–1793)"><span id="Revolution_.281789.E2.80.931793.29"></span>Revolution (1789–1793)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Revolution (1789–1793)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Louis Philippe grew up in a period that changed Europe as a whole and, following his father's strong support for the Revolution, he involved himself completely in those changes. In his diary, he reports that he took the initiative to join the <a href="/wiki/Jacobin_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacobin Club">Jacobin Club</a>, a move that his father supported. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_service">Military service</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military service"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:L%C3%A9on_Cogniet_-_Louis_Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_duc_de_Chartres_(1792).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/L%C3%A9on_Cogniet_-_Louis_Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_duc_de_Chartres_%281792%29.jpg/220px-L%C3%A9on_Cogniet_-_Louis_Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_duc_de_Chartres_%281792%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="310" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/L%C3%A9on_Cogniet_-_Louis_Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_duc_de_Chartres_%281792%29.jpg/330px-L%C3%A9on_Cogniet_-_Louis_Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_duc_de_Chartres_%281792%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/L%C3%A9on_Cogniet_-_Louis_Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_duc_de_Chartres_%281792%29.jpg/440px-L%C3%A9on_Cogniet_-_Louis_Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_duc_de_Chartres_%281792%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1419" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Louis Philippe, Duke of Chartres, in 1792 by <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Cogniet" title="Léon Cogniet">Léon Cogniet</a> (1834)</figcaption></figure> <p>In June 1791, Louis Philippe got his first opportunity to become involved in the affairs of France. In 1785, he had been given the hereditary appointment of Colonel of the Chartres Dragoons (renamed 14th Dragoons in 1791).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With war imminent in 1791, all proprietary colonels were ordered to join their regiments. Louis Philippe was a model officer, and demonstrated his personal bravery in two famous instances. First, three days after Louis XVI's <a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">flight to Varennes</a>, a quarrel between two local priests and one of the new constitutional vicars became heated. A crowd surrounded the inn where the priests were staying, demanding blood. The young colonel broke through the crowd and extricated the two priests, who fled. At a river crossing on the same day, another crowd threatened to harm the priests. Louis Philippe put himself between a peasant armed with a <a href="/wiki/Carbine" title="Carbine">carbine</a> and the priests, saving their lives. The next day, Louis Philippe dived into a river to save a drowning local engineer. For this action, he received a <a href="/wiki/Civic_crown" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic crown">civic crown</a> from the local municipality. His regiment was moved north to <a href="/wiki/Flanders" title="Flanders">Flanders</a> at the end of 1791 after the 27 August 1791 <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a>. </p><p>Louis Philippe served under his father's crony, <a href="/wiki/Armand_Louis_de_Gontaut" title="Armand Louis de Gontaut">Armand Louis de Gontaut</a> the Duke of Biron, along with several officers who later gained distinction. These included Colonel <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre_Berthier" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Alexandre Berthier">Louis Alexandre Berthier</a> and Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a> (husband of the future <a href="/wiki/Empress_Jos%C3%A9phine" class="mw-redirect" title="Empress Joséphine">Empress Joséphine</a>). </p><p>After the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Kingdom of France</a> declared war on the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg monarchy</a> on 20 April 1792, Louis Philippe first participated in what became known as the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="French Revolutionary Wars">French Revolutionary Wars</a> within the French-occupied <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Netherlands" title="Austrian Netherlands">Austrian Netherlands</a> at <a href="/wiki/Boussu" title="Boussu">Boussu</a> on about 28 April 1792. He was next engaged at <a href="/wiki/Quaregnon" title="Quaregnon">Quaregnon</a> on about 29 April 1792, and then at <a href="/wiki/Qui%C3%A9vrain" title="Quiévrain">Quiévrain</a> near <a href="/wiki/Jemappes" title="Jemappes">Jemappes</a> on about 30 April 1792. There he was instrumental in rallying a unit of retreating soldiers after French forces had been victorious at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Qui%C3%A9vrain_(1792)" title="Battle of Quiévrain (1792)">Battle of Quiévrain (1792)</a> two days earlier on 28 April 1792. The Duke of Biron wrote to War Minister <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_de_Grave" title="Pierre Marie de Grave">Pierre Marie de Grave</a>, praising the young colonel, who was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a>; he commanded the 4th Brigade of cavalry in <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Luckner" title="Nicolas Luckner">Nicolas Luckner</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_North_(France)" title="Army of the North (France)">Army of the North</a>. </p><p>In the Army of the North, Louis Philippe served with four future Marshals of France: <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre_MacDonald" class="mw-redirect" title="Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald">Étienne-Jacques-Joseph-Alexandre MacDonald</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Adolphe_Casimir_Joseph_Mortier" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier">Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier</a> (who would later be killed in an <a href="#Assassination_attempts">assassination attempt on Louis Philippe</a>), <a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a> was appointed to command the Army of the North in August 1792. Louis Philippe continued to command his brigade under him in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a> campaign. </p><p>At the 20 September 1792 Battle of Valmy, Louis Philippe was ordered to place a battery of artillery on the crest of the hill of Valmy. The battle was apparently inconclusive, but the Austrian-<a href="/wiki/Prussia" title="Prussia">Prussian</a> army, short of supplies, was forced back across the <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a>. Dumouriez praised Louis Philippe's performance in a letter after the battle. Louis Philippe was recalled to Paris to give an account of the Battle at Valmy to the French government. He had a rather trying interview with <a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a>, the Minister of Justice, which he later told his children about. Shortly thereafter, he was made Governor of Strasbourg. </p><p>While in Paris, he was promoted to the rank of lieutenant general. In October Louis Philippe returned to the Army of the North, where Dumouriez had begun a march into the Austrian Netherlands (now <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>). Louis Philippe again commanded a brigade, even though he held the rank of lieutenant general. On 6 November 1792, Dumouriez chose to attack an Austrian force in a strong position on the heights of Cuesmes and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a> to the west of <a href="/wiki/Mons,_Belgium" title="Mons, Belgium">Mons</a>. Louis Philippe's division sustained heavy casualties as it attacked through a wood, and retreated in disorder. Lt. General Louis Philippe rallied a group of units, dubbing them "the battalion of Mons", and pushed forward along with other French units, finally overwhelming the outnumbered Austrians. </p><p>Events in Paris undermined his budding military career. The incompetence of <a href="/wiki/Jean-Nicolas_Pache" title="Jean-Nicolas Pache">Jean-Nicolas Pache</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/Girondist" class="mw-redirect" title="Girondist">Girondist</a> appointee of 3 October 1792, left the Army of the North almost without supplies. Soon thousands of troops were deserting the army. Louis Philippe was alienated by the more radical policies of the <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> decided to put <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">the deposed King</a> to death, Louis Philippe began to consider leaving France. He was dismayed that his own father, known then as <i>Philippe Égalité</i>, voted in favour of the execution. </p><p>Louis Philippe was willing to stay to fulfill his duties in the army, but he became implicated in the plot Dumouriez had planned to ally with the Austrians, march his army on Paris, and restore the <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">Constitution of 1791</a>. Dumouriez had met with Louis Philippe on 22 March 1793 and urged his subordinate to join in the attempt. </p><p>With the French government falling into the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> about the time of the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> earlier in March 1793, Louis Philippe decided to leave France to save his life. On 4 April, Dumouriez and Louis Philippe left for the Austrian camp. They were intercepted by Lieutenant-Colonel Louis-Nicolas Davout, who had served at the Battle of Jemappes with Louis Philippe. As Dumouriez ordered the Colonel back to the camp, some of his soldiers cried out against the General, now declared a traitor by the National Convention. Shots rang out as the two men fled toward the Austrian camp. The next day, Dumouriez again tried to rally soldiers against the convention; however, he found that the artillery had declared itself in favour of the Republic. He and Louis Philippe had no choice but to go into exile when Philippe Égalité was arrested. </p><p>At the age of nineteen, and already ranked as a Lieutenant General, Louis Philippe left France. He did not return for twenty-one years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exile_(1793–1815)"><span id="Exile_.281793.E2.80.931815.29"></span>Exile (1793–1815)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Exile (1793–1815)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Winterhalter_-_Louis-Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_duc_de_Chartres_(futur_roi_Louis-Philippe)_%C3%A0_Reichenau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Winterhalter_-_Louis-Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_duc_de_Chartres_%28futur_roi_Louis-Philippe%29_%C3%A0_Reichenau.jpg/290px-Winterhalter_-_Louis-Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_duc_de_Chartres_%28futur_roi_Louis-Philippe%29_%C3%A0_Reichenau.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="446" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Winterhalter_-_Louis-Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_duc_de_Chartres_%28futur_roi_Louis-Philippe%29_%C3%A0_Reichenau.jpg/435px-Winterhalter_-_Louis-Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_duc_de_Chartres_%28futur_roi_Louis-Philippe%29_%C3%A0_Reichenau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Winterhalter_-_Louis-Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_duc_de_Chartres_%28futur_roi_Louis-Philippe%29_%C3%A0_Reichenau.jpg/580px-Winterhalter_-_Louis-Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_duc_de_Chartres_%28futur_roi_Louis-Philippe%29_%C3%A0_Reichenau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="659" data-file-height="1014" /></a><figcaption>Early in his exile, Louis Philippe was a teacher of geography, history, mathematics and modern languages, at a boys' boarding school in <a href="/wiki/Reichenau,_Switzerland" title="Reichenau, Switzerland">Reichenau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The reaction in Paris to Louis Philippe's involvement in Dumouriez's treason inevitably resulted in misfortunes for the Orléans family. Philippe Égalité spoke in the <a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a>, condemning his son for his actions, asserting that he would not spare his son, much akin to the Roman consul <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Junius_Brutus" title="Lucius Junius Brutus">Brutus</a> and his sons. However, letters from Louis Philippe to his father were discovered in transit and were read out to the Convention. Philippe Égalité was then put under continuous surveillance. Shortly thereafter, the <a href="/wiki/Girondists" class="mw-redirect" title="Girondists">Girondists</a> moved to arrest him and the two younger brothers of Louis Philippe, <a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles,_Count_of_Beaujolais" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Charles, Count of Beaujolais">Louis-Charles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Philippe,_Duke_of_Montpensier" title="Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier">Antoine Philippe</a>; the latter had been serving in the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Italy_(France)" title="Army of Italy (France)">Army of Italy</a>. The three were interned in <a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint-Jean_(Marseille)" title="Fort Saint-Jean (Marseille)">Fort Saint-Jean (Marseille)</a>. </p><p>Meanwhile, Louis Philippe was forced to live in the shadows, avoiding both pro-Republican revolutionaries and <a href="/wiki/Legitimist" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimist">Legitimist</a> French <i><a href="/wiki/French_emigration_(1789%E2%80%931815)" title="French emigration (1789–1815)">émigré</a></i> centres in various parts of Europe and also in the Austrian army. He first moved to <a href="/wiki/Old_Swiss_Confederacy" title="Old Swiss Confederacy">Switzerland</a> under an assumed name, and met up with the Countess of Genlis and his sister <a href="/wiki/Louise_Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_Eug%C3%A9nie_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise Marie Adélaïde Eugénie d'Orléans">Adélaïde</a> at <a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>. From there they went to <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCrich" class="mw-redirect" title="Zürich">Zürich</a>, where the Swiss authorities decreed that to protect Swiss neutrality, Louis Philippe would have to leave the city. They went to <a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a>, where Louis Philippe was discovered by a group of <i>émigrés</i>. </p><p>It became quite apparent that for the women to settle peacefully anywhere, they would have to separate from Louis Philippe. He then left with his faithful valet Baudouin for the heights of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>, and then to <a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, where he sold all but one of his horses. Now moving from town to town throughout Switzerland, he and Baudouin found themselves very much exposed to all the distresses of extended travelling. They were refused entry to a monastery by monks who believed them to be young vagabonds. Another time, he woke up after spending a night in a barn to find himself at the far end of a musket, confronted by a man attempting to keep away thieves. </p><p>Throughout this period, he never stayed in one place more than 48 hours. Finally, in October 1793, Louis Philippe was appointed a teacher of geography, history, mathematics and modern languages, at a boys' boarding school. The school, owned by a Monsieur Jost, was in <a href="/wiki/Reichenau,_Switzerland" title="Reichenau, Switzerland">Reichenau</a>, a village on the upper Rhine in the then independent <a href="/wiki/Three_Leagues" title="Three Leagues">Grisons league</a> state, now part of Switzerland. His salary was 1,400 francs and he taught under the name <i>Monsieur Chabos</i>. He had been at the school for a month when he heard the news from Paris: his father had been <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotined</a> on 6 November 1793 after a trial before the Revolutionary Tribunal. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Travel">Travel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Travel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Philippe_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Sharpless_(1797).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Louis-Philippe_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Sharpless_%281797%29.jpg/220px-Louis-Philippe_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Sharpless_%281797%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Louis-Philippe_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Sharpless_%281797%29.jpg/330px-Louis-Philippe_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Sharpless_%281797%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Louis-Philippe_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Sharpless_%281797%29.jpg/440px-Louis-Philippe_duc_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_d%27apr%C3%A8s_Sharpless_%281797%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="998" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Louis Philippe (age 25) at the time of his stay in New York City (1797), originally painted by <a href="/wiki/James_Sharples_(portrait_painter)" title="James Sharples (portrait painter)">James Sharples</a></figcaption></figure> <p>After Louis Philippe left Reichenau, he separated the now sixteen-year-old Adélaïde from the Countess of Genlis, who had fallen out with Louis Philippe. Adélaïde went to live with her great-aunt the <a href="/wiki/Maria_Fortunata_d%27Este" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Fortunata d'Este">Princess of Conti</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, then to <a href="/wiki/Electorate_of_Bavaria" title="Electorate of Bavaria">Bavaria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary_(1526-1867)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hungary (1526-1867)">Hungary</a> and, finally, to her mother, who was exiled in Spain. </p><p>Louis Philippe travelled extensively. He visited Scandinavia in 1795 and then moved on to Finland. For about a year he stayed in <a href="/wiki/Muonio" title="Muonio">Muonio</a>, a remote village in the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Tornio_river" class="mw-redirect" title="Tornio river">Tornio river</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(Finland)" title="Lapland (Finland)">Lapland</a>. He lived in the <a href="/wiki/Rectory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rectory">rectory</a> under the name Müller, as a guest of the local <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutheran</a> vicar. While visiting Muonio, he supposedly fathered a child with Beata Caisa Wahlborn (1766–1830) called Erik Kolstrøm (1796–1879).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somerindyke_estate_on_Bloomingdale_Road,_near_75th_St;_Interior_of_Somerindyke_House,_in_which_Louis_Philippe_(late_king_of_the_French)_taught_school_(NYPL_b13476048-422069).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Somerindyke_estate_on_Bloomingdale_Road%2C_near_75th_St%3B_Interior_of_Somerindyke_House%2C_in_which_Louis_Philippe_%28late_king_of_the_French%29_taught_school_%28NYPL_b13476048-422069%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Somerindyke_estate_on_Bloomingdale_Road%2C_near_75th_St%3B_Interior_of_Somerindyke_House%2C_in_which_Louis_Philippe_%28late_king_of_the_French%29_taught_school_%28NYPL_b13476048-422069%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Somerindyke_estate_on_Bloomingdale_Road%2C_near_75th_St%3B_Interior_of_Somerindyke_House%2C_in_which_Louis_Philippe_%28late_king_of_the_French%29_taught_school_%28NYPL_b13476048-422069%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4260" /></a><figcaption>Somerindyke estate on Bloomingdale Road, near 75th St.</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis Philippe visited the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1796</span> to 1798), staying in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> (where his brothers <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Philippe,_Duke_of_Montpensier" title="Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier">Antoine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles,_Count_of_Beaujolais" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Charles, Count of Beaujolais">Louis Charles</a> were in exile), <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> (where he most likely stayed at the <a href="/wiki/Somerindyck_House" title="Somerindyck House">Somerindyck family estate</a> on Broadway and 75th Street with other exiled princes), and <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>. In Boston, he taught French for a time and lived in lodgings over what is now the <a href="/wiki/Union_Oyster_House" title="Union Oyster House">Union Oyster House</a>, Boston's oldest restaurant. During his time in the United States, Louis Philippe met with American politicians and people of high society, including <a href="/wiki/George_Clinton_(vice_president)" title="George Clinton (vice president)">George Clinton</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">John Jay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>. </p><p>His visit to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Cod" title="Cape Cod">Cape Cod</a> in 1797 coincided with the division of the town of Eastham into two towns, one of which took the name of Orleans, possibly in his honour. During their sojourn, the Orléans princes travelled throughout the country, as far south as <a href="/wiki/Nashville,_Tennessee" title="Nashville, Tennessee">Nashville</a> and as far north as <a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a>. The brothers were even held in Philadelphia briefly during an outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_fever" title="Yellow fever">yellow fever</a>. Louis Philippe is also thought to have met Isaac Snow of <a href="/wiki/Orleans,_Massachusetts" title="Orleans, Massachusetts">Orleans</a>, Massachusetts, who had escaped to France from a British <a href="/wiki/Prison_ship" title="Prison ship">prison hulk</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. In 1839, while reflecting on his visit to the United States, Louis Philippe explained in a letter to <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a> that his three years there had a large influence on his political beliefs and judgments when he became king. </p><p>In Boston, Louis Philippe learned of the <a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">coup of 18 Fructidor</a> (4 September 1797) and of the exile of his mother to Spain. He and his brothers then decided to return to Europe. They went to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a>, planning to sail to <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a> and thence to Spain. This, however, was a troubled journey, as Spain and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> were then <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Spanish_War_(1796%E2%80%931808)" title="Anglo-Spanish War (1796–1808)">at war</a>. While in <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_Spain)" title="Louisiana (New Spain)">colonial Louisiana</a> in 1798, they were entertained by <a href="/wiki/Julien_de_Lallande_Poydras" title="Julien de Lallande Poydras">Julien Poydras</a> in the town of <a href="/wiki/Point_Coupee,_Louisiana" title="Point Coupee, Louisiana">Pointe Coupée</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as by the <a href="/wiki/Bernard_de_Marigny#Early_life" title="Bernard de Marigny">Marigny de Mandeville</a> family in New Orleans. </p><p>They sailed for Havana in an American <a href="/wiki/Corvette" title="Corvette">corvette</a>, but a British warship intercepted their ship in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a>. The British seized the three brothers, but took them to Havana anyway. Unable to find passage to Europe, the three brothers spent a year in Cuba (from spring 1798 to autumn 1799), until they were unexpectedly expelled by the Spanish authorities. They sailed via <a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">the Bahamas</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, where they were received by the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Duke of Kent</a>, son of King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> and (later) father of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>. Louis Philippe struck up a lasting friendship with the British prince. Eventually, the brothers sailed back to New York, and in January 1800, they arrived in England, where they stayed for the next fifteen years. During these years, Louis Philippe taught mathematics and geography at the now-defunct <a href="/wiki/Great_Ealing_School" title="Great Ealing School">Great Ealing School</a>, reckoned, in its 19th-century heyday, to be "the best private school in England".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage">Marriage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marriage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Am%C3%A9lie,_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_with_her_son_the_Duke_of_Chartres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Marie_Am%C3%A9lie%2C_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_with_her_son_the_Duke_of_Chartres.jpg/220px-Marie_Am%C3%A9lie%2C_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_with_her_son_the_Duke_of_Chartres.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="307" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Marie_Am%C3%A9lie%2C_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_with_her_son_the_Duke_of_Chartres.jpg/330px-Marie_Am%C3%A9lie%2C_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_with_her_son_the_Duke_of_Chartres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Marie_Am%C3%A9lie%2C_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_with_her_son_the_Duke_of_Chartres.jpg/440px-Marie_Am%C3%A9lie%2C_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_with_her_son_the_Duke_of_Chartres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="644" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily">Maria Amalia, Duchess of Orléans</a>, with her son <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Ferdinand Philippe</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1808, Louis Philippe proposed to <a href="/wiki/Princess_Elizabeth_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Princess Elizabeth of the United Kingdom">Princess Elizabeth</a>, daughter of King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>. His Catholicism and the opposition of her mother <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz" title="Charlotte of Mecklenburg-Strelitz">Queen Charlotte</a> meant the Princess reluctantly declined the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-odnb_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odnb-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1809, Louis Philippe married Princess <a href="/wiki/Maria_Amalia_of_Naples_and_Sicily" title="Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily">Maria Amalia of Naples and Sicily</a>, daughter of King <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_IV_of_Naples" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand IV of Naples">Ferdinand IV of Naples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maria_Carolina_of_Austria" title="Maria Carolina of Austria">Maria Carolina of Austria</a>. The ceremony was celebrated in Palermo 25 November 1809. The marriage was controversial because her mother's younger sister was Queen <a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a>, and Louis Philippe's father was considered to have a role in Marie Antoinette's execution. The Queen of Naples was opposed to the match for this reason. She had been very close to her sister and devastated by her execution, but she had given her consent after Louis Philippe had convinced her that he was determined to compensate for the mistakes of his father, and after having agreed to answer all her questions regarding his father.<sup id="cite_ref-Marie_Amelie_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marie_Amelie-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bourbon_Restoration_(1815–1830)"><span id="Bourbon_Restoration_.281815.E2.80.931830.29"></span>Bourbon Restoration (1815–1830)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bourbon Restoration (1815–1830)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bourbon_Restoration_in_France" title="Bourbon Restoration in France">Bourbon Restoration in France</a></div> <p>After the abdication of Napoleon, Louis Philippe, known as <i>Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans</i>, returned to France during the reign of his cousin <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a>, at the time of the <a href="/wiki/First_Restoration" title="First Restoration">Bourbon Restoration</a>. Louis Philippe had reconciled the Orléans family with Louis XVIII in exile, and was once more to be found in the elaborate royal court. However, his resentment at the treatment of his family, the cadet branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> under the <i><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></i>, caused friction between him and Louis XVIII, and he openly sided with the liberal opposition. </p><p>Upon his return to Paris in May 1814, the Duke of Orléans was restored to the rank of lieutenant-general in the army by Louis XVIII. He was denied the title of <i>Altesse Royale</i> (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Highness" title="Royal Highness">Royal Highness</a>), although it was accorded to his wife. Louis Philippe had to settle for the lesser <i>Altesse Serenissime</i> (<a href="/wiki/Serene_Highness" title="Serene Highness">Serene Highness</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Less than a year after returning to France, he and his family were uprooted by the return of Napoléon from Elba, known as the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days" title="Hundred Days">Hundred Days</a>. On 6 March 1815, after the news of Napoléon's return to France reached Paris, Louis Philippe was dispatched to <a href="/wiki/Lyon" title="Lyon">Lyon</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Comte d'Artois</a> (the future Charles X) to organize a defense against the Emperor, but the hopelessness of the situation soon became apparent and he was back in the capital by the 12th. Thereafter, Louis XVIII made him commander of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_North_(France)" title="Army of the North (France)">Army of the North</a>. In the days after Napoléon entered Paris (March 20), Louis XVIII fled to Belgium and Louis Philippe resigned his commission, choosing to join his family in exile in England. This brought him further scorn from royalists because he did not join Louis XVIII in Belgium.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Napoléon was soon defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a> and Louis XVIII was restored to power, but Louis Philippe and his family only returned to France in 1817, after the wave of repression and recriminations had faded. </p><p>Louis Philippe was on far friendlier terms with Louis XVIII's brother and successor, Charles X, who acceded to the throne in 1824, and with whom he socialized. Charles X granted him the <i>Altesse Royale</i> title, and permitted <a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a> to make Louis Philippe's fourth son, <a href="/wiki/Henri_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duke_of_Aumale" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale">Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale</a>, heir to the domaine of <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chantilly" title="Château de Chantilly">Chantilly</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Louis Philippe's opposition to the policies of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">Joseph de Villèle</a> and later of <a href="/wiki/Jules_de_Polignac" title="Jules de Polignac">Jules de Polignac</a> caused him to be viewed as a constant threat to the stability of Charles' government. This soon proved to be to his advantage. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_the_French_(1830–1848)"><span id="King_of_the_French_.281830.E2.80.931848.29"></span>King of the French (1830–1848)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: King of the French (1830–1848)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vernet_-_31_juillet_1830_-_Louis-Philippe_quitte_le_Palais-Royal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vernet_-_31_juillet_1830_-_Louis-Philippe_quitte_le_Palais-Royal.jpg/220px-Vernet_-_31_juillet_1830_-_Louis-Philippe_quitte_le_Palais-Royal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vernet_-_31_juillet_1830_-_Louis-Philippe_quitte_le_Palais-Royal.jpg/330px-Vernet_-_31_juillet_1830_-_Louis-Philippe_quitte_le_Palais-Royal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Vernet_-_31_juillet_1830_-_Louis-Philippe_quitte_le_Palais-Royal.jpg/440px-Vernet_-_31_juillet_1830_-_Louis-Philippe_quitte_le_Palais-Royal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1396" data-file-height="1164" /></a><figcaption>Louis Philippe d'Orléans leaving the Palais-Royal to go to the city hall, 31 July 1830, two days after the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-Philippe_serment_1830.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Louis-Philippe_serment_1830.jpg/220px-Louis-Philippe_serment_1830.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Louis-Philippe_serment_1830.jpg/330px-Louis-Philippe_serment_1830.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Louis-Philippe_serment_1830.jpg/440px-Louis-Philippe_serment_1830.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="609" /></a><figcaption>King Louis Philippe I taking the oath to keep the Charter of 1830 on 9 August 1830</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_philippe_1835_par_desnos.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Louis_philippe_1835_par_desnos.jpeg/220px-Louis_philippe_1835_par_desnos.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Louis_philippe_1835_par_desnos.jpeg/330px-Louis_philippe_1835_par_desnos.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Louis_philippe_1835_par_desnos.jpeg/440px-Louis_philippe_1835_par_desnos.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="1605" data-file-height="1983" /></a><figcaption>King Louis Philippe, Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Louise_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_Desnos" title="Louise Adélaïde Desnos">Louise Adélaïde Desnos</a> (1838)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1830, the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> overthrew Charles X, who abdicated in favour of his 10-year-old grandson, <a href="/wiki/Henri,_comte_de_Chambord" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri, comte de Chambord">Henri, Duke of Bordeaux</a>. Charles X named Louis Philippe <i>Lieutenant général du royaume</i>, and charged him to announce his desire to have his grandson succeed him to the popularly elected <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of France">Chamber of Deputies</a>. Louis Philippe did not do this, in order to increase his own chances of succession. As a consequence, because the chamber was aware of his liberal policies and of his popularity with the masses, they proclaimed Louis Philippe as the new French king, displacing the senior branch of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a>. For the prior eleven days Louis Philippe had been acting as the <a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">regent</a> for the young Henri. </p><p>Charles X and his family, including his grandson, went into exile in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>. The young ex-king, the Duke of Bordeaux, in exile took the title of <i>Comte de Chambord</i>. Later he became the <a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">pretender</a> to the throne of France and was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimists</a>. </p><p>Louis Philippe was sworn in as King Louis Philippe I on 9 August 1830.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon his accession to the throne, Louis Philippe assumed the title of <i>King of the French</i>, a title previously adopted by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a> in the short-lived <a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">Constitution of 1791</a>. Linking the <a href="/wiki/Popular_monarchy" title="Popular monarchy">monarchy to a people</a> instead of a territory (as the previous designation <i>King of France and of Navarre</i>) was aimed at undercutting the Legitimist claims of Charles X and his family. </p><p>By an ordinance he signed on 13 August 1830,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the new king defined the manner in which his children, as well as his "beloved" sister, would continue to bear the surname "d'Orléans" and the arms of Orléans, declared that his eldest son, as <i><a href="/wiki/Crown_Prince" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown Prince">Prince Royal</a></i> (not <i><a href="/wiki/Dauphin_of_France" title="Dauphin of France">Dauphin</a></i>), would bear the title <i><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Duke of Orléans">Duke of Orléans</a></i>, that the younger sons would continue to have their previous titles, and that his sister and daughters would be styled <i>Princesses of Orléans</i>, not <i>of France</i>. </p><p>His ascent to the title of King of the French was seen as a betrayal by Emperor <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Nicholas I of Russia</a>. Nicholas ended their friendship. </p><p>In 1832, Louis' daughter, Princess <a href="/wiki/Louise-Marie_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louise-Marie of France">Louise-Marie</a>, married the first ruler of Belgium, King <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I</a>. Their descendants include all subsequent Kings of the Belgians, and Empress <a href="/wiki/Carlota_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Carlota of Mexico">Carlota of Mexico</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Rule">Rule</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Rule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis-philippe.lami.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Louis-philippe.lami.jpg/220px-Louis-philippe.lami.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="251" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Louis-philippe.lami.jpg/330px-Louis-philippe.lami.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Louis-philippe.lami.jpg 2x" data-file-width="427" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption><i>Louis Philippe (1773–1850), Roi Bourgeois</i> by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Lami" title="Eugène Lami">Eugène Lami</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eug%C3%A8ne-Louis_Lami_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eug%C3%A8ne-Louis_Lami_001.jpg/220px-Eug%C3%A8ne-Louis_Lami_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eug%C3%A8ne-Louis_Lami_001.jpg/330px-Eug%C3%A8ne-Louis_Lami_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Eug%C3%A8ne-Louis_Lami_001.jpg/440px-Eug%C3%A8ne-Louis_Lami_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1932" data-file-height="1110" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> arrives at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_d%27Eu" title="Château d'Eu">Château d'Eu</a> during her visit in 1843</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Philippe_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Louis_Philippe_I.jpg/220px-Louis_Philippe_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Louis_Philippe_I.jpg/330px-Louis_Philippe_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Louis_Philippe_I.jpg/440px-Louis_Philippe_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1014" data-file-height="1283" /></a><figcaption>Louis Philippe I is the only French king to be the subject of a photograph (1842 <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Louis Philippe ruled in an unpretentious fashion, avoiding the pomp and lavish spending of his predecessors. Despite this outward appearance of simplicity, his support came from the wealthy <i><a href="/wiki/Bourgeoisie" title="Bourgeoisie">bourgeoisie</a></i>. At first, he was much loved and called the "Citizen King" and the "bourgeois monarch", but his popularity suffered as his government was perceived as increasingly conservative and monarchical. Because he owed his elevation to a revolution in Paris and a faction of liberal deputies in the parliament of Charles X, Louis Philippe's rule "lacked...the mystical appeal of its <a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine Right</a> predecessor. Support for it was to a much greater degree conditional."<sup id="cite_ref-Price,_1993;_p._168_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price,_1993;_p._168-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike his predecessor, he did not have a dynastic legacy to draw on, so he turned to the glories of Napoleon I to prop up his own regime. He supported the <a href="/wiki/Retour_des_cendres" title="Retour des cendres">return of Napoleon's remains</a> to France and his son, the <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Prince_of_Joinville" title="François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville">Duke of Joinville</a>, brought the remains from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena" title="Saint Helena">Saint Helena</a> for reinterment at <a href="/wiki/Les_Invalides" title="Les Invalides">Les Invalides</a>. The statue of Napoleon was returned to its spot atop the <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me_Column" class="mw-redirect" title="Vendôme Column">Vendôme Column</a> in 1833, and the <a href="/wiki/Arc_de_Triomphe" title="Arc de Triomphe">Arc de Triomphe</a>, a monument to Napoleon's victories, was inaugurated in 1836. Louis Philippe also commissioned the creation of a <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_l%27Histoire_de_France_(Versailles)" title="Musée de l'Histoire de France (Versailles)">national history museum</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Palace_of_Versailles" title="Palace of Versailles">Palace of Versailles</a>, where famous Napoleonic battles were painted by important artists.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In parliament, the narrow, property-qualified electorate of the time (only about 1 in every 170 citizens was enfranchised at the beginning of the reign) provided Louis Philippe with consistent support.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under his management, the conditions of the working classes deteriorated, and the <a href="/wiki/Income_gap" class="mw-redirect" title="Income gap">income gap</a> widened considerably.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> According to William Fortescue, "Louis Philippe owed his throne to a popular revolution in Paris, he was the 'King of the Barricades', yet he went on to preside over a regime which rapidly gained notoriety for political repression of the left, class oppression of the poor and rule in the interests of the rich."<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In foreign affairs it was a quiet period, with friendship with Great Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 1844 he paid a visit to <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a>. This made him the first reigning French king to set foot on English soil since <a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">Jean II</a> was imprisoned there after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Poitiers" title="Battle of Poitiers">Battle of Poitiers</a> in 1356.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Throughout his reign, Louis Philippe faced domestic opposition from various factions, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimists</a>, who supported the senior branch of the Bourbons over the Orléans branch, to <a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicans</a>. This opposition, however, was weak and fragmented.<sup id="cite_ref-Price,_1993;_p._168_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Price,_1993;_p._168-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the spring of 1832, a terrible outbreak of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> in Paris fueled resentment against the July Monarchy and reignited revolutionary fervor. Many Parisians blamed Louis Philippe and his government for their perceived inaction in the face of the epidemic. This resentment culminated in the short-lived Republican uprising called the <a href="/wiki/June_Rebellion" title="June Rebellion">June Rebellion</a>, in which insurrectionists took over a portion of central Paris. The rebellion was quickly crushed by a huge force of soldiers and <a href="/wiki/National_Guard_(France)" title="National Guard (France)">National Guards</a> who descended on the city. Louis Philippe showed a cool resolve throughout the crisis, coming to Paris as soon as he was informed of the disturbances, greeting the troops, and going amongst the people.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An industrial and agricultural depression in 1846 led to the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in France">1848 Revolutions</a>, and Louis Philippe's abdication.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The dissonance between his positive early reputation and his late unpopularity was epitomized by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Les_Mis%C3%A9rables" title="Les Misérables">Les Misérables</a></i> as an oxymoron describing his reign as "Prince Equality", in which Hugo states: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>[Louis Philippe had to] bear in his own person the contradiction of the Restoration and the Revolution, to have that disquieting side of the revolutionary which becomes reassuring in governing power ... He had been proscribed, a wanderer, poor. He had lived by his own labor. In Switzerland, this heir to the richest princely domains in France had sold an old horse in order to obtain bread. At Reichenau, he gave lessons in mathematics, while his sister Adelaide did wool work and sewed. These souvenirs connected with a king rendered the bourgeoisie enthusiastic. He had, with his own hands, demolished the iron cage of <a href="/wiki/Mont-Saint-Michel" title="Mont-Saint-Michel">Mont-Saint-Michel</a>, built by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a>, and used by <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a>. He was the companion of Dumouriez, he was the friend of <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a>; he had belonged to the Jacobins' club; <a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a> had slapped him on the shoulder; <a href="/wiki/Danton" class="mw-redirect" title="Danton">Danton</a> had said to him: "Young man!" <br /><br /> What is there against him? That throne. Take away Louis Philippe the king, there remains the man. And the man is good. He is good at times even to the point of being admirable. Often, in the midst of his gravest souvenirs, after a day of conflict with the whole diplomacy of the continent, he returned at night to his apartments, and there, exhausted with fatigue, overwhelmed with sleep, what did he do? <i>He took a death sentence and passed the night in revising a criminal suit</i>, considering it something to hold his own against Europe, but that it was a still greater matter to rescue a man from the executioner.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination_attempts">Assassination attempts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Assassination attempts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Attentat_de_Fieschi_-_28.07.1835_-_2_(Eug%C3%A8ne_Lami).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Attentat_de_Fieschi_-_28.07.1835_-_2_%28Eug%C3%A8ne_Lami%29.jpg/570px-Attentat_de_Fieschi_-_28.07.1835_-_2_%28Eug%C3%A8ne_Lami%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="570" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Attentat_de_Fieschi_-_28.07.1835_-_2_%28Eug%C3%A8ne_Lami%29.jpg/855px-Attentat_de_Fieschi_-_28.07.1835_-_2_%28Eug%C3%A8ne_Lami%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Attentat_de_Fieschi_-_28.07.1835_-_2_%28Eug%C3%A8ne_Lami%29.jpg/1140px-Attentat_de_Fieschi_-_28.07.1835_-_2_%28Eug%C3%A8ne_Lami%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3005" data-file-height="585" /></a><figcaption><i>Review of the National Guard, attack of <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mario_Fieschi" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuseppe Mario Fieschi">Fieschi</a>, 28 July 1835</i> by <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_Lami" title="Eugène Lami">Eugène Lami</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Louis Philippe survived seven assassination attempts. </p><p>On 28 July 1835, Louis Philippe survived an assassination attempt by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mario_Fieschi" class="mw-redirect" title="Giuseppe Mario Fieschi">Giuseppe Mario Fieschi</a> and two other conspirators in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>. During the king's annual review of the Paris National Guard commemorating the revolution, Louis Philippe was passing along the <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_du_Temple" title="Boulevard du Temple">Boulevard du Temple</a>, which connected <a href="/wiki/Place_de_la_R%C3%A9publique" title="Place de la République">Place de la République</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Bastille" title="Bastille">Bastille</a>, accompanied by three of his sons, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours">Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Prince_of_Joinville" title="François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville">François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville</a>, and numerous staff. </p><p>Fieschi, a Corsican ex-soldier, attacked the procession with a weapon he built himself, a <a href="/wiki/Volley_gun" title="Volley gun">volley gun</a> that later became known as the <a href="/wiki/Infernal_machine_(weapon)" title="Infernal machine (weapon)"><i>Machine infernale</i></a>. This consisted of 25 gun barrels fastened to a wooden frame that could be fired simultaneously.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The device was fired from the third level of n° 50 Boulevard du Temple (a <a href="/wiki/Commemorative_plaque" title="Commemorative plaque">commemorative plaque</a> has since been engraved there), which had been rented by Fieschi. A ball only grazed the King's forehead. Eighteen people were killed, including Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Rieussec&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Rieussec (page does not exist)">Joseph Rieussec</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Rieussec" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph Rieussec">fr</a>]</span> of the 8th Legion together with eight other officers, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Adolphe_Casimir_Joseph_Mortier" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph Mortier">Marshal Mortier, duc de Trévise</a>, and Colonel Raffet, General Girard, Captain Villate, General La Chasse de Vérigny, a woman, a 14-year-old girl and two men. A further 22 people were injured.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The King and the princes escaped essentially unharmed. <a href="/wiki/Horace_Vernet" title="Horace Vernet">Horace Vernet</a>, the King's painter, was ordered to make a drawing of the event.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several of the gun barrels of Fieschi's weapon burst when it was fired; he was badly injured and was quickly captured. He was executed by <a href="/wiki/Guillotine" title="Guillotine">guillotine</a> together with his two co-conspirators the following year. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Abdication_and_death_(1848–1850)"><span id="Abdication_and_death_.281848.E2.80.931850.29"></span>Abdication and death (1848–1850)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Abdication and death (1848–1850)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Les_Poires_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Les_Poires_cropped.jpg/220px-Les_Poires_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Les_Poires_cropped.jpg/330px-Les_Poires_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Les_Poires_cropped.jpg/440px-Les_Poires_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3122" data-file-height="3210" /></a><figcaption>1834 caricature of Louis Philippe turning into a pear mirrored the deterioration of his popularity (<a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Daumier" title="Honoré Daumier">Honoré Daumier</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Charles_Philipon" title="Charles Philipon">Charles Philipon</a>, who was jailed for the original)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Philippoteaux_-_Lamartine_in_front_of_the_Town_Hall_of_Paris_rejects_the_red_flag.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Philippoteaux_-_Lamartine_in_front_of_the_Town_Hall_of_Paris_rejects_the_red_flag.jpg/220px-Philippoteaux_-_Lamartine_in_front_of_the_Town_Hall_of_Paris_rejects_the_red_flag.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Philippoteaux_-_Lamartine_in_front_of_the_Town_Hall_of_Paris_rejects_the_red_flag.jpg/330px-Philippoteaux_-_Lamartine_in_front_of_the_Town_Hall_of_Paris_rejects_the_red_flag.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Philippoteaux_-_Lamartine_in_front_of_the_Town_Hall_of_Paris_rejects_the_red_flag.jpg/440px-Philippoteaux_-_Lamartine_in_front_of_the_Town_Hall_of_Paris_rejects_the_red_flag.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5619" data-file-height="2900" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alphonse_de_Lamartine" title="Alphonse de Lamartine">Alphonse de Lamartine</a> in front of the Town Hall of Paris rejects the red flag on 25 February 1848, during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in France">February 1848 Revolution</a></figcaption></figure> <p>On 24 February 1848, during the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1848_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutions of 1848 in France">February 1848 Revolution</a>, King Louis Philippe abdicated in favour of his nine-year-old grandson, <a href="/wiki/Philippe,_comte_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippe, comte de Paris">Philippe, comte de Paris</a>. Fearful of what had happened to the deposed Louis XVI, Louis Philippe quickly left Paris under disguise. He rode in an ordinary cab under the name of "Mr. Smith". He fled to England with his wife on board a <a href="/wiki/Packet_boat" title="Packet boat">packet boat</a> offered to him by the British consul at <a href="/wiki/Le_Havre" title="Le Havre">Le Havre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly of France">National Assembly of France</a> initially planned to accept young Philippe as king, but the strong current of public opinion rejected that. On 26 February, the <a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Second Republic</a> was proclaimed. Louis Napoléon Bonaparte was elected president on 10 December 1848; on 2 December 1851, he declared himself <a href="/wiki/President_for_life" title="President for life">president for life</a> and then Emperor <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a> in 1852. </p><p>Louis Philippe and his family remained in exile in Great Britain in <a href="/wiki/Claremont_(country_house)" title="Claremont (country house)">Claremont</a>, Surrey, though a plaque on Angel Hill, <a href="/wiki/Bury_St_Edmunds" title="Bury St Edmunds">Bury St Edmunds</a>, claims that he spent some time there, possibly due to a friendship with the <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Hervey,_1st_Marquess_of_Bristol" title="Frederick Hervey, 1st Marquess of Bristol">Marquess of Bristol</a>, who lived nearby at <a href="/wiki/Ickworth_House" title="Ickworth House">Ickworth House</a>. The royal couple spent some time by the sea at <a href="/wiki/St_Leonards-on-Sea" title="St Leonards-on-Sea">St. Leonards</a><sup id="cite_ref-historymap.info-_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-historymap.info--32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later at the Marquess's home in <a href="/wiki/Brighton" title="Brighton">Brighton</a>. Louis Philippe died at Claremont on 26 August 1850. He was first buried at St. Charles Borromeo Chapel in <a href="/wiki/Weybridge" title="Weybridge">Weybridge</a>, Surrey. In 1876, his remains and those of his wife were taken to France and buried at the <i><a href="/wiki/Chapelle_royale_de_Dreux" title="Chapelle royale de Dreux">Chapelle royale de Dreux</a></i>, the Orléans family <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> his mother had built in 1816, and which he had enlarged and embellished after her death. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honours">Honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="National">National</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: National"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="border: 1px #cccccc solid; border-collapse: collapse; background: #f9f9f9; float:right; clear:right; margin:0.3em 0 0.3em 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="width:216px;padding:2px;">Silver coin of Louis Philippe I, struck 1834 </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0px; border: 1px #cccccc solid;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_Philippe_Silver_Coin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Louis_Philippe_Silver_Coin.jpg/220px-Louis_Philippe_Silver_Coin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Louis_Philippe_Silver_Coin.jpg/330px-Louis_Philippe_Silver_Coin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/19/Louis_Philippe_Silver_Coin.jpg/440px-Louis_Philippe_Silver_Coin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="488" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr style="font-size: 85%; vertical-align: top;"> <td style="width:106px;padding:2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><small>Obverse: (French) <i>LOUIS PHILIPPE I, ROI DES FRANÇAIS</i>, in English: "Louis Philippe I, King of the French"</small> </td> <td style="width:106px;padding:2px 1px 2px 2px; border: 1px #cccccc solid; line-height: 1.5em;"><small>Reverse: 5 FRANCS, 1834</small> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Holy_Spirit" title="Order of the Holy Spirit">Knight of the Holy Spirit</a>, <i>2 February 1789</i><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, <i>3 July 1816</i>;<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Grand Master, <i>9 August 1830</i></li> <li>Grand Cross of the Military <a href="/wiki/Order_of_St._Louis" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of St. Louis">Order of St. Louis</a>, <i>10 July 1816</i><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Founder and Grand Master of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Cross_of_July" title="Order of the Cross of July">Order of the Cross of July</a>, <i>13 December 1830</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign">Foreign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Foreign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Leopold_(Belgium)" title="Order of Leopold (Belgium)">Grand Cordon of the Order of Leopold</a>, <i>10 March 1833</i><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/20px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/31px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Flag_of_Denmark.svg/40px-Flag_of_Denmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="387" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Elephant" title="Order of the Elephant">Knight of the Elephant</a>, <i>30 April 1846</i><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha"><img alt="Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281911-1920%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Saxe-Altenburg" title="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg"><img alt="Duchy of Saxe-Altenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saxe-Altenburg_%281893-1918%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Saxe-Meiningen" title="Saxe-Meiningen"><img alt="Saxe-Meiningen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/23px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/35px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg/45px-Flagge_Herzogtum_Sachsen-Coburg-Gotha_%281826-1911%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Ernestine_duchies" title="Ernestine duchies">Ernestine duchies</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Saxe-Ernestine_House_Order" title="Saxe-Ernestine House Order">Saxe-Ernestine House Order</a>, <i>March 1840</i><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>: Grand Cross of the <a href="/wiki/Military_William_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Military William Order">Military William Order</a>, <i>22 March 1842</i><sup id="cite_ref-Databank_dapperheidsonderscheidingen_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Databank_dapperheidsonderscheidingen-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Golden_Fleece" title="Order of the Golden Fleece">Knight of the Golden Fleece</a>, <i>21 February 1834</i><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Tunisia_%281959%E2%80%931999%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Beylik of Tunis</a>: Husainid Family Order<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies_%281816%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a>:<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Januarius" title="Order of Saint Januarius">Knight of St. Januarius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Ferdinand_and_of_Merit" title="Order of Saint Ferdinand and of Merit">Grand Cross of St. Ferdinand and Merit</a></li></ul></li> <li><span data-sort-value="United Kingdom"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a></span>: <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Garter" title="Order of the Garter">Stranger Knight of the Garter</a>, <i>11 October 1844</i><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Arms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_Louis-Philippe_I_of_France_(1830%E2%80%931848).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Standard of Louis Philippe I"><img alt="Standard of Louis Philippe I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Royal_Standard_of_Louis-Philippe_I_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931848%29.svg/120px-Royal_Standard_of_Louis-Philippe_I_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931848%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Royal_Standard_of_Louis-Philippe_I_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931848%29.svg/180px-Royal_Standard_of_Louis-Philippe_I_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931848%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Royal_Standard_of_Louis-Philippe_I_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931848%29.svg/240px-Royal_Standard_of_Louis-Philippe_I_of_France_%281830%E2%80%931848%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Standard of Louis Philippe I</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_the_July_Monarchy_(1831-48).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Louis Philippe I"><img alt="Coat of arms of Louis Philippe I" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_July_Monarchy_%281831-48%29.svg/98px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_July_Monarchy_%281831-48%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="98" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_July_Monarchy_%281831-48%29.svg/147px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_July_Monarchy_%281831-48%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Coat_of_Arms_of_the_July_Monarchy_%281831-48%29.svg/196px-Coat_of_Arms_of_the_July_Monarchy_%281831-48%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1092" data-file-height="1339" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coat of arms of Louis Philippe I</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Territory">Territory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Akaroa-ViewOfHarbour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Akaroa-ViewOfHarbour.jpg/220px-Akaroa-ViewOfHarbour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Akaroa-ViewOfHarbour.jpg/330px-Akaroa-ViewOfHarbour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Akaroa-ViewOfHarbour.jpg/440px-Akaroa-ViewOfHarbour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption> View of Port Louis Philippe, the oldest <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colony</a> in the South Pacific, referred to nowadays by its <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">indigenous</a> name Akaroa</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Akaroa" title="Akaroa">Port Louis Philippe (Akaroa)</a>, the oldest <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French colony</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pacific Ocean">South Pacific</a> and the oldest town in the <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Region" title="Canterbury Region">Canterbury Region</a> of the New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/South_Island" title="South Island">South Island</a> was named in honour of Louis Philippe who reigned as King of the French at the time the colony was established on 18 August 1840.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Louis Philippe had been instrumental in <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">supporting</a> the settlement project. The <a href="/wiki/Nanto-Bordelaise_Company" title="Nanto-Bordelaise Company">company</a> responsible for the endeavour received Louis Philippe's signature on 11 December 1839 as well as his permission to carry out the voyage in line with his policy of supporting colonial expansion and the construction of a <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire#Second_French_colonial_empire_(post-1830)" title="French colonial empire">second empire</a> which had first commenced under him in <a href="/wiki/French_rule_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="French rule in Algeria">Algeria</a> around a decade earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-The_French_at_Akaroa_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_French_at_Akaroa-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British Lieutenant-Governor Captain William Hobson subsequently went on to claim sovereignty over Port Louis Philippe. </p><p>As a further honorific gesture to Louis Philippe and his <a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a> branch of the Bourbons, the ship on which the settlers sailed to found the eponymous colony of Port Louis Philippe was named the <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Paris_(ship)" title="Comte de Paris (ship)"><i>Comte de Paris</i></a> after Louis Philippe's beloved infant grandson, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Prince Philippe d'Orléans, Count of Paris</a> who was born on 24 August 1838.<sup id="cite_ref-The_French_at_Akaroa_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-The_French_at_Akaroa-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issue">Issue</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Issue"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Picture</th> <th>Birth</th> <th>Death</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_posthumous_portrait_Winterhalter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_posthumous_portrait_Winterhalter.jpg/100px-Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_posthumous_portrait_Winterhalter.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_posthumous_portrait_Winterhalter.jpg/150px-Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_posthumous_portrait_Winterhalter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_posthumous_portrait_Winterhalter.jpg/200px-Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_posthumous_portrait_Winterhalter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="1892" /></a></span></td> <td>3 September 1810</td> <td>13 July 1842</td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Duchess_Helene_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin" title="Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin">Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a>, had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Louise_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louise of Orléans">Louise d'Orléans</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_reine_des_Belges.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_reine_des_Belges.jpg/100px-Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_reine_des_Belges.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_reine_des_Belges.jpg/150px-Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_reine_des_Belges.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_reine_des_Belges.jpg/200px-Louise_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_reine_des_Belges.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3664" data-file-height="5720" /></a></span></td> <td>3 April 1812</td> <td>11 October 1850</td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <a href="/wiki/Leopold_I_of_Belgium" title="Leopold I of Belgium">Leopold I of Belgium</a>, had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1813%E2%80%931839)" title="Princess Marie of Orléans (1813–1839)">Princess Marie d'Orléans</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duchess_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Marie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duchess_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/100px-Marie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duchess_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Marie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duchess_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/150px-Marie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duchess_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Marie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duchess_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg/200px-Marie_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duchess_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="651" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></td> <td>12 April 1813</td> <td>6 January 1839</td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Duke_Alexander_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg_(1804%E2%80%931881)" title="Duke Alexander of Württemberg (1804–1881)">Duke Alexander of Württemberg</a>, had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours">Louis, Duke of Nemours</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Louis_of_Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duke_of_Nemours_by_Winterhalter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Prince_Louis_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duke_of_Nemours_by_Winterhalter.jpg/100px-Prince_Louis_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duke_of_Nemours_by_Winterhalter.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Prince_Louis_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duke_of_Nemours_by_Winterhalter.jpg/150px-Prince_Louis_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duke_of_Nemours_by_Winterhalter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Prince_Louis_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duke_of_Nemours_by_Winterhalter.jpg/200px-Prince_Louis_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duke_of_Nemours_by_Winterhalter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1256" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td> <td>25 October 1814</td> <td>26 June 1896</td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Princess_Victoria_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Princess Victoria of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>, had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td>Princess Françoise Louise Caroline d'Orléans</td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:FrancoiseLouise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/FrancoiseLouise.jpg/100px-FrancoiseLouise.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/FrancoiseLouise.jpg/150px-FrancoiseLouise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/FrancoiseLouise.jpg/200px-FrancoiseLouise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="421" /></a></span></td> <td>26 March 1816</td> <td>20 May 1818</td> <td>Died aged two. Baptised on 20 July 1816, with <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Francis I of Austria">Emperor Francis I of Austria</a> as her godfather. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Princess Clémentine of Orléans">Clémentine d'Orléans</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg/100px-Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg/150px-Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg/200px-Princess_Cl%C3%A9mentine_of_Orl%C3%A9ans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span></td> <td>6 March 1817</td> <td>16 February 1907</td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Prince_August_of_Saxe-Coburg_and_Gotha" title="Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha">Prince August of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha</a>, had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Prince_of_Joinville" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince François, Prince of Joinville">François, Prince of Joinville</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:1843_portrait_of_Prince_Francois_of_Orl%C3%A9ans,_Prince_of_Joinville_by_Winterhalter_(Versailles).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1843_portrait_of_Prince_Francois_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Prince_of_Joinville_by_Winterhalter_%28Versailles%29.jpg/100px-1843_portrait_of_Prince_Francois_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Prince_of_Joinville_by_Winterhalter_%28Versailles%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1843_portrait_of_Prince_Francois_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Prince_of_Joinville_by_Winterhalter_%28Versailles%29.jpg/150px-1843_portrait_of_Prince_Francois_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Prince_of_Joinville_by_Winterhalter_%28Versailles%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/1843_portrait_of_Prince_Francois_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Prince_of_Joinville_by_Winterhalter_%28Versailles%29.jpg/200px-1843_portrait_of_Prince_Francois_of_Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Prince_of_Joinville_by_Winterhalter_%28Versailles%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1302" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></td> <td>14 August 1818</td> <td>16 June 1900</td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Princess_Francisca_of_Brazil" title="Princess Francisca of Brazil">Princess Francisca of Brazil</a>, had issue. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles,_Duke_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Charles, Duke of Penthièvre">Charles d'Orléans</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CharlesOrl%C3%A9ans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/CharlesOrl%C3%A9ans.jpg/100px-CharlesOrl%C3%A9ans.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/CharlesOrl%C3%A9ans.jpg/150px-CharlesOrl%C3%A9ans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/CharlesOrl%C3%A9ans.jpg/200px-CharlesOrl%C3%A9ans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="472" data-file-height="640" /></a></span></td> <td>1 January 1820</td> <td>25 July 1828</td> <td>Died aged eight. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Henri_d%27Orleans,_duke_of_Aumale" class="mw-redirect" title="Henri d'Orleans, duke of Aumale">Henri, Duke of Aumale</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Henri_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duc_D%27Aumale,_Studio_of_Franz-Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Henri_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duc_D%27Aumale%2C_Studio_of_Franz-Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg/100px-Henri_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duc_D%27Aumale%2C_Studio_of_Franz-Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Henri_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duc_D%27Aumale%2C_Studio_of_Franz-Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg/150px-Henri_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duc_D%27Aumale%2C_Studio_of_Franz-Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Henri_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duc_D%27Aumale%2C_Studio_of_Franz-Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg/200px-Henri_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans%2C_Duc_D%27Aumale%2C_Studio_of_Franz-Xaver_Winterhalter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1809" data-file-height="2781" /></a></span></td> <td>16 January 1822</td> <td>7 May 1897</td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Princess_Maria_Carolina_of_Bourbon-Two_Sicilies_(1822%E2%80%931869)" title="Princess Maria Carolina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies (1822–1869)">Princess Caroline Auguste of the Two Sicilies</a>, had issue-but no descendants survive. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antoine,_Duke_of_Montpensier" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine, Duke of Montpensier">Antoine, Duke of Montpensier</a></td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Antoine_d%27Orleans,_Duc_de_Montpensier,_1844.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Antoine_d%27Orleans%2C_Duc_de_Montpensier%2C_1844.jpg/100px-Antoine_d%27Orleans%2C_Duc_de_Montpensier%2C_1844.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Antoine_d%27Orleans%2C_Duc_de_Montpensier%2C_1844.jpg/150px-Antoine_d%27Orleans%2C_Duc_de_Montpensier%2C_1844.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Antoine_d%27Orleans%2C_Duc_de_Montpensier%2C_1844.jpg/200px-Antoine_d%27Orleans%2C_Duc_de_Montpensier%2C_1844.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="1782" /></a></span></td> <td>31 July 1824</td> <td>4 February 1890</td> <td>Married <a href="/wiki/Infanta_Luisa_Fernanda,_Duchess_of_Montpensier" class="mw-redirect" title="Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier">Infanta Luisa Fernanda, Duchess of Montpensier</a>, had issue. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ancestry">Ancestry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ancestry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886387087">.mw-parser-output table.ahnentafel{border-collapse:separate;border-spacing:0;line-height:130%}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel tr{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-t{border-top:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}.mw-parser-output .ahnentafel-b{border-bottom:#000 solid 1px;border-left:#000 solid 1px}</style><div class="noresize"><table class="collapsible collapsed" style="margin:0.3em auto;clear:none;min-width:60em;width:auto;font-size:88%;border:1px solid #aaa"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.3em 0.2em 4.3em;background:none;color:inherit;width:auto">Ancestors of Louis Philippe I</th></tr><tr><td style="text-align:center"><table class="ahnentafel" style="margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><tbody><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">8. <a href="/wiki/Louis_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_(1703-1752)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis d'Orléans (1703-1752)">Louis d'Orléans</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">4. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">9. <a href="/wiki/Auguste_of_Baden-Baden" title="Auguste of Baden-Baden">Auguste of Baden-Baden</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">2. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">10. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armand_II,_Prince_of_Conti" title="Louis Armand II, Prince of Conti">Louis Armand II, Prince of Conti</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">5. <a href="/wiki/Louise_Henriette_de_Bourbon" title="Louise Henriette de Bourbon">Louise Henriette de Bourbon-Conti</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">11. <a href="/wiki/Louise_%C3%89lisabeth_de_Bourbon" title="Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon">Louise Élisabeth de Bourbon-Condé</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fcc;">1. Louis Philippe I of France</td><td rowspan="2" colspan="11"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="28" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="15" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="14" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">12. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alexandre,_Count_of_Toulouse" title="Louis Alexandre, Count of Toulouse">Louis-Alexandre de Bourbon</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">6. <a href="/wiki/Louis_Jean_Marie_de_Bourbon,_Duke_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre" title="Louis Jean Marie de Bourbon, Duke of Penthièvre">Louis-Jean-Marie de Bourbon</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">13. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Victoire_de_Noailles" title="Marie Victoire de Noailles">Marie Victoire de Noailles</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #fb9;">3. <a href="/wiki/Louise_Marie_Ad%C3%A9la%C3%AFde_de_Bourbon,_Duchess_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louise Marie Adélaïde de Bourbon, Duchess of Orléans">Marie-Adélaïde de Bourbon</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="7"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="13"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="12" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="7" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="6" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">14. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_III_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Modena" class="mw-redirect" title="Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena">Francesco III d'Este, Duke of Modena</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-t"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #ffc;">7. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Teresa_Felicitas_d%27Este" title="Maria Teresa Felicitas d'Este">Maria Teresa Felicitas d'Este</a></td><td rowspan="2" colspan="3"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="5"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="4" colspan="2"> </td><td rowspan="3" class="ahnentafel-b"> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4"> </td></tr><tr><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td rowspan="2" colspan="4" style="border:1px solid black;height:0.5em; padding:0 0.2em;background-color: #bfc;">15. <a href="/wiki/Charlotte-Agla%C3%A9_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Charlotte-Aglaé d'Orléans">Charlotte-Aglaé d'Orléans</a></td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td></tr><tr><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_style" title="Louis Philippe style">Louis Philippe style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_James_Pradier" title="List of works by James Pradier">List of works by James Pradier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_under_Louis-Philippe" title="Paris under Louis-Philippe">Paris under Louis Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant-General_(France)" title="Lieutenant-General (France)">Lieutenant-General (France)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_French_Foreign_Legion" title="Origins of the French Foreign Legion">Origins of the French Foreign Legion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akaroa" title="Akaroa">Port Louis Philippe (Akaroa)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Namesakes">Namesakes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Namesakes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe,_Crown_Prince_of_Belgium" title="Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium">Louis Philippe, Crown Prince of Belgium</a> (1833–1834), grandson by his daughter Queen Louise of the Belgians</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Filipe,_Prince_Royal_of_Portugal" title="Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal">Luís Filipe, Prince Royal of Portugal</a> (1887–1908), great-great-grandson and heir to the Portuguese Throne</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Louis Philippe's 13 August 1830 Ordinance</i>, relative to the surname (<i>nom</i>) and titles of his children and of his sister: Ordonnance du roi qui <i>détermine les noms et titres</i> des princes et princesses de la famille royale. <dl><dd>LOUIS PHILIPPE ROI DES FRANÇAIS, à tous présens et à venir, salut.</dd></dl> Notre avènement à la couronne ayant rendu nécessaire de déterminer les noms et les titres que devaient porter à l'avenir les princes et princesses nos enfans, ainsi que notre bien-aimée sœur, Nous avons ordonné et ordonnons ce qui suit : Les princes et princesses nos bien-aimés enfans, ainsi que notre bien-aimée sœur, <i>continueront à porter le nom et les armes d'Orléans.</i> <dl><dd>Notre bien-aimé fils aîné, le duc de Chartres, portera, comme prince royal, le titre de duc d'Orléans.</dd></dl> Nos bien-aimés fils puînés conserveront les titres qu'ils ont portés jusqu'à ce jour. Nos bien-aimées filles et notre bien-aimée sœur ne porteront d'autre titre que celui de <i>princesses d'Orléans</i>, en se distinguant entre elles par leurs prénoms. <dl><dd>Il sera fait, en conséquence, sur les registres de l'état civil de la Maison royale, dans les archives de la Chambre des Pairs, toutes les rectifications qui résultent des dispositions ci-dessus [...]</dd></dl> </span></li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Since 9 August 1830 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Until 9 August 1830 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFSpencer" class="citation web cs1">Spencer, Erika Hope. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://guides.loc.gov/women-in-the-french-revolution/revolutions-rebellions/1789-1830-1848">"Research Guides: France: Women in the Revolution: Revolutions in France: 1789, 1830, 1848"</a>. <i>guides.loc.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 September</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=guides.loc.gov&rft.atitle=Research+Guides%3A+France%3A+Women+in+the+Revolution%3A+Revolutions+in+France%3A+1789%2C+1830%2C+1848&rft.aulast=Spencer&rft.aufirst=Erika+Hope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fguides.loc.gov%2Fwomen-in-the-french-revolution%2Frevolutions-rebellions%2F1789-1830-1848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBukhari1976" class="citation book cs1">Bukhari, Emir (1976). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/napoleonsdragoon00bukh"><i>Napoleon's Dragoons and Lancers</i></a></span>. Bloomsbury USA. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/napoleonsdragoon00bukh/page/n34">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8504-5088-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8504-5088-8"><bdi>0-8504-5088-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Napoleon%27s+Dragoons+and+Lancers&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+USA&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-8504-5088-8&rft.aulast=Bukhari&rft.aufirst=Emir&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnapoleonsdragoon00bukh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tv.nrk.no/serie/kom-inn/FUHA02006881/12-09-1981#t=8m39s">"Kom Inn! (NRK-TV Norsk Rikskringkasting)"</a>. <i>tv.nrk.no</i>. 12 September 1981.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tv.nrk.no&rft.atitle=Kom+Inn%21+%28NRK-TV+Norsk+Rikskringkasting%29&rft.date=1981-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftv.nrk.no%2Fserie%2Fkom-inn%2FFUHA02006881%2F12-09-1981%23t%3D8m39s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaucier1943" class="citation book cs1">Saucier, Corinne L. (1943). <i>History of Avoyelles Parish</i>. p. 27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Avoyelles+Parish&rft.pages=27&rft.date=1943&rft.aulast=Saucier&rft.aufirst=Corinne+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/middx/vol7/pp162-170">"Ealing and Brentford: Education - British History Online"</a>. <i>www.british-history.ac.uk</i>. <q>Great Ealing school was founded in 1698. [...] A Mr. Pierce was succeeded as master in 1768 by his son-in-law the Revd. Richard Badcock Shury, rector of Perivale, whose son-in-law the Revd. David Nicholas became headmaster in 1791. Nicholas (d. 1829) and his sons the Revd. George, who left in 1837, and the Revd. Francis Nicholas spent large sums on buildings and achieved a wide reputation. [...] The curriculum was that of a public school, [...] and Louis-Philippe, later king of the French, taught geography and mathematics there in the early 19th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.british-history.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Ealing+and+Brentford%3A+Education+-+British+History+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.british-history.ac.uk%2Fvch%2Fmiddx%2Fvol7%2Fpp162-170&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdkins2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lesley_Adkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesley Adkins">Adkins, Lesley</a> (2004) [2003]. <i>Empires of the Plain: Henry Rawlinson and the Lost Languages of Babylon</i>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3123-3002-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3123-3002-6"><bdi>978-0-3123-3002-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL9691791M">9691791M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+of+the+Plain%3A+Henry+Rawlinson+and+the+Lost+Languages+of+Babylon&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL9691791M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-3123-3002-6&rft.aulast=Adkins&rft.aufirst=Lesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-odnb-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-odnb_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marie_Amelie-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marie_Amelie_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dyson. C.C, <i>The Life of Marie Amelie Last Queen of the French, 1782–1866</i>, BiblioBazaar, LLC, 2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Flers, 1891; pp. 75–76, 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Flers, 1891; pp. 78–81</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">de Flers, 1891; p. 88</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biography.com/people/louis-philippe-9387069">"Louis-Philippe Biography"</a>. The Biography.com Website<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Louis-Philippe+Biography&rft.pub=The+Biography.com+Website&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biography.com%2Fpeople%2Flouis-philippe-9387069&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Price,_1993;_p._168-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Price,_1993;_p._168_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Price,_1993;_p._168_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Price, 1993; p. 168</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fortescue, 2005; p. 29</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fortescue, 2005; p. 28</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice1993" class="citation book cs1">Price, Roger (1993). <i>A Concise History of France</i>. 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Vol. 1. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p35NAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA37">37</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanach+royal+officiel%2C+publi%C3%A9%2C+ex%C3%A9cution+d%27un+arr%C3%AAte+du+roi&rft.pages=37&rft.date=1854&rft.au=H.+Tarlier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJørgen_Pedersen2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jørgen Pedersen (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=glw-AQAAIAAJ"><i>Riddere af Elefantordenen, 1559–2009</i></a> (in Danish). Syddansk Universitetsforlag. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-7767-4434-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-7767-4434-2"><bdi>978-8-7767-4434-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Riddere+af+Elefantordenen%2C+1559%E2%80%932009&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Syddansk+Universitetsforlag&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8-7767-4434-2&rft.au=J%C3%B8rgen+Pedersen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dglw-AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zs.thulb.uni-jena.de/rsc/viewer/jportal_derivate_00243961/Sachsen_Coburg_Gotha_165771801_1843_0043.tif?logicalDiv=jportal_jparticle_00473415">"Herzogliche Sachsen-Ernestinischer Hausorden"</a>, <i>Adreß-Handbuch des Herzogthums Sachsen-Coburg und Gotha</i> (in German), Coburg, Gotha: Meusel, 1843, p. 6<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 March</span> 2020</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herzogliche+Sachsen-Ernestinischer+Hausorden&rft.btitle=Adre%C3%9F-Handbuch+des+Herzogthums+Sachsen-Coburg+und+Gotha&rft.place=Coburg%2C+Gotha&rft.pages=6&rft.pub=Meusel&rft.date=1843&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzs.thulb.uni-jena.de%2Frsc%2Fviewer%2Fjportal_derivate_00243961%2FSachsen_Coburg_Gotha_165771801_1843_0043.tif%3FlogicalDiv%3Djportal_jparticle_00473415&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Databank_dapperheidsonderscheidingen-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Databank_dapperheidsonderscheidingen_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.defensie.nl/onderwerpen/onderscheidingen/dapperheidsonderscheidingen/databank-dapperheidsonderscheidingen/1842/03/22/bourbon-louis-phillip-prince-de">Militaire Willems-Orde: Bourbon, Louis Phillip prince de</a></i> (in Dutch)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Caballeros existentes en la insignie Orden del Toison de Oro". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000936054&search=&lang=en"><i>Guía de forasteros en Madrid para el año de 1835</i></a> (in Spanish). En la Imprenta Nacional. 1835. p. 73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Caballeros+existentes+en+la+insignie+Orden+del+Toison+de+Oro&rft.btitle=Gu%C3%ADa+de+forasteros+en+Madrid+para+el+a%C3%B1o+de+1835&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=En+la+Imprenta+Nacional&rft.date=1835&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhemerotecadigital.bne.es%2Fissue.vm%3Fid%3D0000936054%26search%3D%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.beaussant-lefevre.com/lot/86924/8138236?">"Nichan ad-Dam, ou ordre du Sang, institué... – Lot 198"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nichan+ad-Dam%2C+ou+ordre+du+Sang%2C+institu%C3%A9...+%E2%80%93+Lot+198&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.beaussant-lefevre.com%2Flot%2F86924%2F8138236%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VIKNAmxqdWMC&pg=PA459"><i>Almanacco reale del Regno delle Due Sicilie per l'anno ...</i></a> dalla Real Tipografia del Ministero di Stato della Cancelleria Generale. pp. 459, 463.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Almanacco+reale+del+Regno+delle+Due+Sicilie+per+l%27anno+...&rft.pages=459%2C+463&rft.pub=dalla+Real+Tipografia+del+Ministero+di+Stato+della+Cancelleria+Generale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVIKNAmxqdWMC%26pg%3DPA459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) <i>The Knights of England</i>, volume=I, London, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n145/mode/2up">p. 57</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReed2010" class="citation book cs1">Reed, A. W. (2010). Peter Dowling (ed.). <i>Place Names of New Zealand</i>. Rosedale, North Shore: Raupo. p. 19. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1432-0410-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1432-0410-7"><bdi>978-0-1432-0410-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Place+Names+of+New+Zealand&rft.place=Rosedale%2C+North+Shore&rft.pages=19&rft.pub=Raupo&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-1432-0410-7&rft.aulast=Reed&rft.aufirst=A.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_French_at_Akaroa-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_French_at_Akaroa_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_French_at_Akaroa_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBuick1928" class="citation book cs1">Buick, T. Lindsay (1928). <i>The French at Akaroa</i>. p. 51.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+French+at+Akaroa&rft.pages=51&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Buick&rft.aufirst=T.+Lindsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAston1988" class="citation journal cs1">Aston, Nigel (October 1988). "Orleanism, 1780–1830". <i>History Today</i>. <b>38</b> (10): 41–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+Today&rft.atitle=Orleanism%2C+1780%E2%80%931830&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=41-47&rft.date=1988-10&rft.aulast=Aston&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBastide1927" class="citation journal cs1">Bastide, Charles (1927). "The Anglo-French Entente under Louis Philippe". <i>Economica</i> (19): 91–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2548358">10.2307/2548358</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2548358">2548358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Economica&rft.atitle=The+Anglo-French+Entente+under+Louis+Philippe&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=91-98&rft.date=1927&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2548358&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2548358%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Bastide&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeik1965" class="citation book cs1">Beik, Paul Harold (1965). <i>Louis Philippe and the July Monarchy</i>. Van Nostrand. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4420-0077-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4420-0077-6"><bdi>978-0-4420-0077-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL40215892M">40215892M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Louis+Philippe+and+the+July+Monarchy&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand&rft.date=1965&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL40215892M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-0-4420-0077-6&rft.aulast=Beik&rft.aufirst=Paul+Harold&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinghamAlexander1988" class="citation book cs1">Collingham, H.A.C.; Alexander, R. S. (1988). <i>The July Monarchy: A Political History of France, 1830–1848</i>. Longman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-5820-2186-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-5820-2186-3"><bdi>0-5820-2186-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2394831M">2394831M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+July+Monarchy%3A+A+Political+History+of+France%2C+1830%E2%80%931848&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1988&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2394831M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=0-5820-2186-3&rft.aulast=Collingham&rft.aufirst=H.A.C.&rft.au=Alexander%2C+R.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Flers1891" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Flers" title="Robert de Flers">de Flers, Robert</a> (1891). <i>Le Roi Louis Philippe: Vie Anecdotique 1773–1850</i> (in French). Paris: Librairie de La Société des Gens de Lettres. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3741283">3741283</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6918316M">6918316M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Roi+Louis+Philippe%3A+Vie+Anecdotique+1773%E2%80%931850&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Librairie+de+La+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+des+Gens+de+Lettres&rft.date=1891&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3741283&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6918316M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.aulast=de+Flers&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFortescue2005" class="citation book cs1">Fortescue, William (2005). <i>France and 1848: The End of Monarchy</i>. Routledge. p. 27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4153-1462-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4153-1462-6"><bdi>978-0-4153-1462-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=France+and+1848%3A+The+End+of+Monarchy&rft.pages=27&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-4153-1462-6&rft.aulast=Fortescue&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Howarth, T.E.B. <i>Citizen-King: The Life of Louis Philippe, King of the French</i> (1962).</li> <li>Jardin, Andre, and Andre-Jean Tudesq. <i>Restoration and Reaction 1815–1848</i> (The Cambridge History of Modern France) (1988).</li> <li>Lucas-Dubreton, J. <i>The Restoration and the July Monarchy</i> (1929).</li> <li>Newman, Edgar Leon, and Robert Lawrence Simpson. <i>Historical Dictionary of France from the 1815 Restoration to the Second Empire</i> (Greenwood Press, 1987) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15387751">online edition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628212816/http://www.questia.com/PM.qst?a=o&d=15387751">Archived</a> 28 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li>Porch, Douglas. "The French Army Law of 1832." <i>Historical Journal</i> 14, no. 4 (1971): 751–69. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2638105">online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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<i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Louis_Philippe_I" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louis_Philippe_I" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Louis Philippe I">Louis Philippe I</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Encyclopædia Britannica, Ninth Edition/Louis-Philippe"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica,_Ninth_Edition/Louis-Philippe">"Louis-Philippe" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. XV (9th ed.). 1883.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Louis-Philippe&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=9th&rft.date=1883&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+Philippe+I" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greatcaricatures.com/articles_galleries/la_caricature/html/01_la_caricature.html">Caricatures of Louis Philippe and others</a>, published in <i><a href="/wiki/La_Caricature_(1830%E2%80%931843)" title="La Caricature (1830–1843)">La Caricature</a></i> 1830–1835 (La Caricature Gallery)</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFD700; text-align:center;"><div>Louis Philippe I </div><div><b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a></b></div><div style="font-size:90%">Cadet branch of the <b><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a></b></div><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"><b>Born:</b> 6 October 1773</span><span style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:90%; margin:2em"> <b>Died:</b> 26 August 1850</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of France</a> </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of the French</a> </b><br />9 August 1830 – 24 February 1848 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Vacant</b><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution_of_1848" title="French Revolution of 1848">Monarchy abolished</a></div><div style="font-size:90%">Title next held by</div><b><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon III of France">Napoleon III</a> </b><br /><small><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_the_French" title="Emperor of the French">Emperor of the French</a> </b></i></small> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X of France</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Co-Princes of Andorra">Co-Prince of Andorra</a><br /><i>with <a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%B3_de_Guardiola_y_Hortoneda" class="mw-redirect" title="Simó de Guardiola y Hortoneda">Simó de Guardiola</a></i> </b><br />9 August 1830 – 24 February 1848 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis-Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte">Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/French_nobility" title="French nobility">French nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe II</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Duke of Orléans">Duke of Orléans</a> </b><br />6 November 1793 – 9 August 1830 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Ferdinand Philippe</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/French_Head_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="French Head of State">French Head of State</a> </b><br />9 August 1830 – 24 February 1848 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Charles_Dupont_de_l%27Eure" title="Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure">Jacques-Charles Dupont de l'Eure</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #79DBFF;"><a href="/wiki/Pretender" title="Pretender">Titles in pretence</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>Loss of title</b><br /><div style="font-size:90%"><a href="/wiki/French_Second_Republic" title="French Second Republic">Republic declared</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><small><b>— TITULAR —</b></small><br /><i><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">King of the French</a> </b></i><br />24 February 1848<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Louis-Philippe,_Comte_de_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis-Philippe, Comte de Paris">Louis Philippe II</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Dukes of Orléans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philip, Duke of Orléans">Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis I, Duke of Orléans">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Charles, Duke of Orléans">Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II_de_Valois,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Charles II de Valois, Duke of Orléans">Charles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_of_Valois_(1549%E2%80%931550)" title="Louis of Valois (1549–1550)">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles Maximilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Alexandre Édouard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Henri,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolas Henri, Duke of Orléans">Nicolas Henri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1703%E2%80%931752)" title="Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)">Louis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe Joseph</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Ferdinand Philippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Philippe</a></li> <li>François</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg/75px-Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg/113px-Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg/150px-Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Current claimants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Jacques</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Counts/Countesses_and_Dukes/Duchesses_of_Chartres" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Dukes_of_Chartres" title="Template:Dukes of Chartres"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Dukes_of_Chartres" title="Template talk:Dukes of Chartres"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes_of_Chartres" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Dukes of Chartres"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Counts/Countesses_and_Dukes/Duchesses_of_Chartres" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counts_and_dukes_of_Chartres" title="List of counts and dukes of Chartres">Counts/Countesses and Dukes/Duchesses of Chartres</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Counts and countesses of Chartres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hastein" title="Hastein">Hastein</a> (882–886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_I,_Count_of_Blois" title="Theobald I, Count of Blois">Theobald I of Blois</a> (960–975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_I,_Count_of_Blois" title="Odo I, Count of Blois">Odo I of Blois</a> (975–995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_II_of_Blois" title="Theobald II of Blois">Theobald II of Blois</a> (995–1004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_II,_Count_of_Blois" title="Odo II, Count of Blois">Odo II of Blois</a> (1004–1037)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_III,_Count_of_Blois" title="Theobald III, Count of Blois">Theobald III of Blois</a> (1037–1089)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen,_Count_of_Blois" title="Stephen, Count of Blois">Stephen of Blois</a> (1089–1102)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_II,_Count_of_Champagne" title="Theobald II, Count of Champagne">Theobald IV of Blois</a> (1102–1151)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_V,_Count_of_Blois" title="Theobald V, Count of Blois">Theobald V of Blois</a> (1151–1191)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Count_of_Blois" title="Louis I, Count of Blois">Louis I of Blois</a> (1191–1205)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theobald_VI,_Count_of_Blois" title="Theobald VI, Count of Blois">Theobald VI of Blois</a> (1205–1218)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabelle_of_Chartres" title="Isabelle of Chartres">Isabelle of Chartres</a> (1218–1248)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_of_Amboise" title="Matilda of Amboise">Matilda of Amboise</a> (1248–1256)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I,_Count_of_Blois" title="John I, Count of Blois">John I of Blois</a> (1256–1280)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan,_Countess_of_Blois" title="Joan, Countess of Blois">Joan of Blois</a> (1280–1286)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_lands_of_France" title="Crown lands of France">Crown lands of France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV of France</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Valois" title="Charles, Count of Valois">Charles of Valois</a> (1290–1302)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_of_Valois_(1302-1310)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John of Valois (1302-1310) (page does not exist)">John of Valois (1302-1310)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Valois" title="Charles, Count of Valois">Charles of Valois</a> (1310–1325)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_of_Valois,_Count_of_Chartres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis of Valois, Count of Chartres (page does not exist)">Louis of Valois, Count of Chartres</a> (1325–1328)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_II,_Count_of_Alen%C3%A7on" title="Charles II, Count of Alençon">Charles II of Alençon</a> (1328–1346)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_lands_of_France" title="Crown lands of France">Crown lands of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_of_France" title="Renée of France">Renée of France</a> (1510–1528)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blason_Chartres.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Blason_Chartres.svg/70px-Blason_Chartres.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Blason_Chartres.svg/105px-Blason_Chartres.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Blason_Chartres.svg/140px-Blason_Chartres.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Dukes and duchesses of Chartres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9e_of_France" title="Renée of France">Renée of France</a> (1528–1574)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfonso_II_d%27Este,_Duke_of_Ferrara" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonso II d'Este, Duke of Ferrara">Alfonso II d'Este</a> (1574–1597)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_lands_of_France" title="Crown lands of France">Crown lands of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Gaston, Duke of Orléans">Gaston</a> (1626–1660)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe I</a> (1661–1674)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe II</a> (1674–1701)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1703%E2%80%931752)" title="Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)">Louis</a> (1703–1723)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe I</a> (1725–1752)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe II</a> (1752–1785)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis Philippe</a> (1785–1793)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Ferdinand Philippe</a> (1814–1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Robert,_Duke_of_Chartres" title="Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres">Robert</a> (1840–1910)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Duke as a courtesy title</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles-Louis_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles-Louis d'Orléans (page does not exist)">Charles-Louis d'Orléans</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles-Louis_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" class="extiw" title="fr:Charles-Louis d'Orléans">fr</a>]</span> (1996)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_of_Orléans" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Princes_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Template:Princes of Orléans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Princes_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Template talk:Princes of Orléans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Princes_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Princes of Orléans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_of_Orléans" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">Princes of Orléans</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Philippe I, Duke of Orléans</a>^</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg/75px-Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg/113px-Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg/150px-Arms_of_Gaston_dOrleans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="478" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Charles,_Duke_of_Valois" title="Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois">Prince Philippe Charles, Duke of Valois</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a>^</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1703%E2%80%931752)" title="Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)">Louis I, Duke of Orléans</a>^</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans</a>^</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans</a>^</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis Philippe I of the French</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Philippe,_Duke_of_Montpensier" title="Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier">Prince Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles,_Count_of_Beaujolais" title="Louis Charles, Count of Beaujolais">Prince Louis Charles, Count of Beaujolais</a>^</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Ferdinand Philippe, Prince Royal of France and Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours">Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Prince_of_Joinville" title="François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville">François, Prince of Joinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duke_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre" title="Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Penthièvre">Prince Charles, Duke of Penthièvre</a>^</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henri,_Duke_of_Aumale" title="Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale">Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Antoine,_Duke_of_Montpensier" title="Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier">Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Prince Philippe, Count of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Robert,_Duke_of_Chartres" title="Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres">Prince Robert, Duke of Chartres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaston,_Count_of_Eu" title="Gaston, Count of Eu">Gaston, Prince Imperial Consort of Brazil and Count of Eu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Alen%C3%A7on" title="Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Alençon">Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Alençon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre,_Duke_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre" title="Pierre, Duke of Penthièvre">Prince Pierre, Duke of Penthièvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis d'Orléans, Prince of Condé">Louis, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans_(1854%E2%80%931872)" title="François d'Orléans (1854–1872)">François, Duke of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Antonio,_Duke_of_Galliera" title="Infante Antonio, Duke of Galliera">Prince Antonio, Duke of Galliera</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Montpensier" title="Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Montpensier">Prince Ferdinand, Duke of Montpensier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henri_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Prince Henri of Orléans">Prince Henri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Jean,_Duke_of_Guise" title="Prince Jean, Duke of Guise">Prince Jean, Duke of Guise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Emmanuel,_Duke_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Vendôme">Prince Emmanuel, Duke of Vendôme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso,_Duke_of_Galliera" title="Infante Alfonso, Duke of Galliera">Prince Alfonso, Duke of Galliera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_Luis_Fernando_of_Spain" title="Infante Luis Fernando of Spain">Prince Luis Fernando</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Paris_(1908%E2%80%931999)" title="Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999)">Prince Henri, Count of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infante_%C3%81lvaro,_Duke_of_Galliera" title="Infante Álvaro, Duke of Galliera">Prince Álvaro, Duke of Galliera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ata%C3%BAlfo_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Prince Ataúlfo of Orléans">Prince Ataúlfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_Philippe,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Prince Charles Philippe, Duke of Nemours">Prince Charles Philippe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">11th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Paris_(1933%E2%80%932019)" title="Henri, Count of Paris (1933–2019)">Prince Henri, Count of Paris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">12th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Count_of_Clermont" title="Prince François, Count of Clermont">Prince François, Count of Clermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean,_Count_of_Paris" title="Jean, Count of Paris">Prince Jean, Count of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Charles-Philippe d'Orléans">Prince Charles Philippe, Duke of Anjou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><span style="font-size:85%;">^<i>never styled Prince of Orléans</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Princes_of_the_Blood" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prince_of_the_Blood_(House_of_Bourbon)" title="Template:Prince of the Blood (House of Bourbon)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prince_of_the_Blood_(House_of_Bourbon)" title="Template talk:Prince of the Blood (House of Bourbon)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prince_of_the_Blood_(House_of_Bourbon)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prince of the Blood (House of Bourbon)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Princes_of_the_Blood" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prince_du_sang" title="Prince du sang">Princes of the Blood</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Generations are numbered by descent from <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Duke_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Charles, Duke of Vendôme">Charles de Bourbon, Duke of Vendôme</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1st generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_of_Navarre" title="Antoine of Navarre">Antoine, King of Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis,_Count_of_Enghien" title="Francis, Count of Enghien">Francis, Count of Enghien</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Cardinal_de_Bourbon_(born_1523)" title="Charles, Cardinal de Bourbon (born 1523)">Charles de Bourbon</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_I,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis I, Prince of Condé">Louis, Prince of Condé</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Crown_of_a_Prince_of_the_Blood_of_France_(variant).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Coronet of a Prince of the Blood"><img alt="The Coronet of a Prince of the Blood" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Crown_of_a_Prince_of_the_Blood_of_France_%28variant%29.svg/100px-Crown_of_a_Prince_of_the_Blood_of_France_%28variant%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Crown_of_a_Prince_of_the_Blood_of_France_%28variant%29.svg/150px-Crown_of_a_Prince_of_the_Blood_of_France_%28variant%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Crown_of_a_Prince_of_the_Blood_of_France_%28variant%29.svg/200px-Crown_of_a_Prince_of_the_Blood_of_France_%28variant%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="328" data-file-height="155" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2nd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_I,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Henri I, Prince of Condé">Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Bourbon,_Prince_of_Conti" title="François de Bourbon, Prince of Conti">François, Prince of Conti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles,_Count_of_Soissons" title="Charles, Count of Soissons">Charles, Count of Soissons</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">3rd generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_II,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Henri II, Prince of Condé">Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Soissons" title="Louis, Count of Soissons">Louis, Count of Soissons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">4th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Grand_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis, Grand Condé">Louis, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armand_de_Bourbon,_Prince_of_Conti" title="Armand de Bourbon, Prince of Conti">Armand, Prince of Conti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Louis, Duke of Vendôme">Louis, Duke of Vendôme</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">5th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Jules,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Henri Jules, Prince of Condé">Henri Jules, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armand_I,_Prince_of_Conti" title="Louis Armand I, Prince of Conti">Louis Armand, Prince of Conti</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Louis,_Prince_of_Conti" title="François Louis, Prince of Conti">François Louis, Prince of Conti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Duke_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme">Louis Joseph, Duke of Vendôme</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe,_Duke_of_Vend%C3%B4me" title="Philippe, Duke of Vendôme">Philippe, Duke of Vendôme</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">6th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans_(1703%E2%80%931752)" title="Louis, Duke of Orléans (1703–1752)">Louis, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_III,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis III, Prince of Condé">Louis, Duke of Bourbon, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armand_II,_Prince_of_Conti" title="Louis Armand II, Prince of Conti">Louis Armand, Prince of Conti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">7th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_I,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe I, Duke of Orléans">Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Duke_of_Bourbon" title="Louis Henri, Duke of Bourbon">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Bourbon,_Count_of_Charolais" title="Charles de Bourbon, Count of Charolais">Charles, Count of Charolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis,_Count_of_Clermont" title="Louis, Count of Clermont">Louis, Count of Clermont</a>*</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois,_Prince_of_Conti" title="Louis François, Prince of Conti">Louis François, Prince of Conti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">8th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph,_Prince_of_Conti" title="Louis François Joseph, Prince of Conti">Louis François Joseph, Prince of Conti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">9th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Philippe,_Duke_of_Montpensier" title="Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier">Prince Antoine Philippe, Duke of Montpensier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Charles,_Count_of_Beaujolais" title="Louis Charles, Count of Beaujolais">Louis Charles, Count of Beaujolais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">10th generation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Ferdinand_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Prince Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Louis,_Duke_of_Nemours" title="Prince Louis, Duke of Nemours">Louis, Duke of Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Prince_of_Joinville" title="François d'Orléans, Prince of Joinville">François, Prince of Joinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_d%27Orl%C3%A9ans,_Duke_of_Penthi%C3%A8vre" title="Charles d'Orléans, Duke of Penthièvre">Charles, Duke of Penthièvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Henri,_Duke_of_Aumale" title="Prince Henri, Duke of Aumale">Henri, Duke of Aumale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Antoine,_Duke_of_Montpensier" title="Prince Antoine, Duke of Montpensier">Antoine, Duke of Montpensier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine Henri, Duke of Enghien</a>*</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*<small><i>died without issue</i></small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchs_of_France" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchs_of_France" title="Template talk:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs_of_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchs of France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchs_of_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Monarchs of France</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs" title="Family tree of French monarchs">Detailed family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_tree_of_French_monarchs_(simple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family tree of French monarchs (simple)">Simplified family tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Frankish_kings" title="List of Frankish kings">List of Frankish kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">List of French monarchs</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Merovingian_dynasty" title="Merovingian dynasty">Merovingians</a> (509–751)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_I" title="Clovis I">Clovis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_I" title="Childebert I">Childebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_I" title="Chlothar I">Chlothar I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charibert_I" title="Charibert I">Charibert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guntram" title="Guntram">Guntram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_I" title="Chilperic I">Chilperic I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_I" title="Sigebert I">Sigebert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_II" title="Childebert II">Childebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_II" title="Chlothar II">Chlothar II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_I" title="Dagobert I">Dagobert I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigebert_II" title="Sigebert II">Sigebert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_II" title="Clovis II">Clovis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_III" title="Chlothar III">Chlothar III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_II" title="Childeric II">Childeric II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_III" title="Theuderic III">Theuderic III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_IV" title="Clovis IV">Clovis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childebert_III" title="Childebert III">Childebert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_III" title="Dagobert III">Dagobert III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilperic_II" title="Chilperic II">Chilperic II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlothar_IV" title="Chlothar IV">Chlothar IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theuderic_IV" title="Theuderic IV">Theuderic IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Childeric_III" title="Childeric III">Childeric III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Carolingian_dynasty" title="Carolingian dynasty">Carolingians</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Robertians" title="Robertians">Robertians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosonids" title="Bosonids">Bosonids</a> (751–987)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_I" title="Carloman I">Carloman I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> (Charles I)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Bald" title="Charles the Bald">Charles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Stammerer" title="Louis the Stammerer">Louis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_III_of_France" title="Louis III of France">Louis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carloman_II" title="Carloman II">Carloman II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Fat" title="Charles the Fat">Charles the Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odo_of_France" title="Odo of France">Odo</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_the_Simple" title="Charles the Simple">Charles III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_I_of_France" title="Robert I of France">Robert I</a><sup><i>R</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolph_of_France" title="Rudolph of France">Rudolph</a><sup><i>B</i></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IV_of_France" title="Louis IV of France">Louis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothair_of_France" title="Lothair of France">Lothair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_V_of_France" title="Louis V of France">Louis V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Capet" title="House of Capet">House of Capet</a> (987–1328)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Capet" title="Hugh Capet">Hugh Capet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_II_of_France" title="Robert II of France">Robert II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_I_of_France" title="Henry I of France">Henry I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_France" title="Philip I of France">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VI_of_France" title="Louis VI of France">Louis VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VII_of_France" title="Louis VII of France">Louis VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_France" title="Philip II of France">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_VIII_of_France" title="Louis VIII of France">Louis VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_France" title="Philip III of France">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_France" title="Philip IV of France">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_X_of_France" title="Louis X of France">Louis X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_I_of_France" title="John I of France">John I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_France" title="Philip V of France">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IV_of_France" title="Charles IV of France">Charles IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Valois" title="House of Valois">House of Valois</a> (1328–1589)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_VI_of_France" title="Philip VI of France">Philip VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_II_of_France" title="John II of France">John II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_V_of_France" title="Charles V of France">Charles V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VI_of_France" title="Charles VI of France">Charles VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VII_of_France" title="Charles VII of France">Charles VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XI" title="Louis XI">Louis XI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XII" title="Louis XII">Louis XII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_France" title="Henry II of France">Henry II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_II_of_France" title="Francis II of France">Francis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_IX_of_France" title="Charles IX of France">Charles IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_III_of_France" title="Henry III of France">Henry III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><i><a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a></i> <i>(1422–1453)</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Henry_VI_of_England" title="Henry VI of England">Henry VI of England</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1589–1792)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_IV_of_France" title="Henry IV of France">Henry IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIII" title="Louis XIII">Louis XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XV" title="Louis XV">Louis XV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1804–1814; 1815)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoleon II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">House of Bourbon</a> (1814–1815; 1815–1830)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henry V</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="House of Orléans">House of Orléans</a> (1830–1848)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Louis Philippe II</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/House_of_Bonaparte" title="House of Bonaparte">House of Bonaparte</a> (1852–1870)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoleon III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_Revolution" title="Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:French_Revolution" title="Template talk:French Revolution"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:French_Revolution" title="Special:EditPage/Template:French Revolution"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="French_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Causes of the French Revolution">Causes</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Timeline of the French Revolution">Timeline</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Ancien_R%C3%A9gime" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancien Régime">Ancien Régime</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France_(1791%E2%80%9392)" title="Kingdom of France (1791–92)">Constitutional monarchy</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">Republic</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directory</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Glossary of the French Revolution">Glossary</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/List_of_journals_appearing_under_the_French_Revolution" title="List of journals appearing under the French Revolution">Journals</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_de_la_R%C3%A9volution_fran%C3%A7aise" title="Musée de la Révolution française">Museum</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Significant_civil_and_political_events_by_year" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Significant civil and political events by year</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1788</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Day_of_the_Tiles" title="Day of the Tiles">Day of the Tiles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(7 Jun 1788)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Vizille" title="Assembly of Vizille">Assembly of Vizille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jul 1788)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1789</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/What_Is_the_Third_Estate%3F" title="What Is the Third Estate?">What Is the Third Estate?</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jan 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9veillon_riots" title="Réveillon riots">Réveillon riots</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Apr 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estates_General_of_1789" title="Estates General of 1789">Convocation of the Estates General</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 May 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Dauphin_of_France#Illness" title="Louis Joseph, Dauphin of France">Death of the Dauphin</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 June 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(French_Revolution)" title="National Assembly (French Revolution)">National Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jun – 9 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennis_Court_Oath" title="Tennis Court Oath">Tennis Court Oath</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jun 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Constituent_Assembly_(France)" title="National Constituent Assembly (France)">National Constituent Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Jul – 30 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storming_of_the_Bastille" title="Storming of the Bastille">Storming of the Bastille</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jul 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fear" title="Great Fear">Great Fear</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Jul – 5 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_feudalism_in_France" title="Abolition of feudalism in France">Abolition of Feudalism</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–11 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Aug 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_March_on_Versailles" title="Women's March on Versailles">Women's March on Versailles</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Oct 1789)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biens_nationaux" title="Biens nationaux">Nationalization of the Church properties</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Nov 1789)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1790</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parlement#Abolition" title="Parlement">Abolition of the Parlements</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Feb–Jul 1790)</span></li> <li>Abolition of the <a href="/wiki/French_nobility#The_abolition_of_privileges_during_the_French_Revolution" title="French nobility">Nobility</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Jun 1790)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Constitution_of_the_Clergy" title="Civil Constitution of the Clergy">Civil Constitution of the Clergy</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Jul 1790)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte_de_la_F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration" title="Fête de la Fédération">Fête de la Fédération</a></i> <small>(14 Jul 1790)</small></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1791</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flight_to_Varennes" title="Flight to Varennes">Flight to Varennes</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Jun 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champ_de_Mars_massacre" title="Champ de Mars massacre">Champ de Mars massacre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Jul 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Pillnitz" title="Declaration of Pillnitz">Declaration of Pillnitz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Aug 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Constitution_of_1791" title="French Constitution of 1791">The Constitution of 1791</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1791)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_(France)" title="Legislative Assembly (France)">National Legislative Assembly</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Oct 1791 – Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1792</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">France declares war</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Apr 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Manifesto" title="Brunswick Manifesto">Brunswick Manifesto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jul 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris_Commune_(1789%E2%80%931795)" title="Paris Commune (1789–1795)">Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Jun 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_10_August_1792" title="Insurrection of 10 August 1792">10th of August</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Aug 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/September_Massacres" title="September Massacres">September Massacres</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sep 1792)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Convention" title="National Convention">National Convention</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Sep 1792 – 26 Oct 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">First republic declared</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Sep 1792)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1793</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Louis_XVI" title="Execution of Louis XVI">Execution of Louis XVI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Jan 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Tribunal" title="Revolutionary Tribunal">Revolutionary Tribunal</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Mar 1793 – 31 May 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jun 1793 – 27 Jul 1794)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Public_Safety" title="Committee of Public Safety">Committee of Public Safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_General_Security" title="Committee of General Security">Committee of General Security</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_31_May_%E2%80%93_2_June_1793" title="Insurrection of 31 May – 2 June 1793">Fall of the Girondists</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Jun 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat#Death" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Assassination of Marat</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jul 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev%C3%A9e_en_masse" title="Levée en masse">Levée en masse</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 Aug 1793)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_Marat" title="The Death of Marat">The Death of Marat</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(painting)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Suspects" title="Law of Suspects">Law of Suspects</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Sep 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette#Trial_and_execution_(14–16_October_1793)" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette is guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(16 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dechristianization_of_France_during_the_French_Revolution#The_Revolution_and_the_Church" title="Dechristianization of France during the French Revolution">Anti-clerical laws</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(throughout the year)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1794</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton#Life" title="Georges Danton">Danton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins#Trial_and_execution" title="Camille Desmoulins">Desmoulins guillotined</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Prairial" title="Law of 22 Prairial">Law of 22 Prairial</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(10 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thermidorian_Reaction" title="Thermidorian Reaction">Thermidorian Reaction</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Robespierre</a> guillotined <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 Jul 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_White_Terror" title="First White Terror">White Terror</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Fall 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins#Fall_from_power" title="Jacobins">Closing of the Jacobin Club</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Nov 1794)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1795–6</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Insurrection_of_12_Germinal_Year_III" title="Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III">Insurrection of 12 Germinal Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Apr 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_III" title="Constitution of the Year III">Constitution of the Year III</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Aug 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Directory" title="French Directory">Directoire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1795–99)</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Five_Hundred" title="Council of Five Hundred">Council of Five Hundred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ancients" title="Council of Ancients">Council of Ancients</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13_Vend%C3%A9miaire" title="13 Vendémiaire">13 Vendémiaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">5 Oct 1795</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_of_the_Equals" title="Conspiracy of the Equals">Conspiracy of the Equals</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(May 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1797</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Fructidor" title="Coup of 18 Fructidor">Coup of 18 Fructidor</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congress_of_Rastatt" title="Second Congress of Rastatt">Second Congress of Rastatt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1798</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_22_Flor%C3%A9al_Year_VI" title="Law of 22 Floréal Year VI">Law of 22 Floréal Year VI</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 May 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1799</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_30_Prairial_VII" title="Coup of 30 Prairial VII">Coup of 30 Prairial VII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coup_of_18_Brumaire" title="Coup of 18 Brumaire">Coup of 18 Brumaire</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Nov 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Year_VIII" title="Constitution of the Year VIII">Constitution of the Year VIII</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Dec 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Consulate" title="French Consulate">Consulate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Revolutionary_campaigns" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Revolutionary campaigns</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1792_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1792 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1792</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Verdun_(1792)" title="Battle of Verdun (1792)">Verdun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thionville_(1792)" title="Siege of Thionville (1792)">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valmy" title="Battle of Valmy">Valmy</a></li> <li>Royalist Revolts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">Vendée</a></li> <li>Dauphiné</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Column_of_the_Goddess" title="Column of the Goddess">Lille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1792)" title="Siege of Mainz (1792)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jemappes" title="Battle of Jemappes">Jemappes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Namur_(1792)" title="Siege of Namur (1792)">Namur</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Namur_(1792)" class="extiw" title="fr:Siège de Namur (1792)">fr</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1793_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1793 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1793</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_First_Coalition" title="War of the First Coalition">First Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_in_the_Vend%C3%A9e" title="War in the Vendée">War in the Vendée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neerwinden_(1793)" title="Battle of Neerwinden (1793)">Battle of Neerwinden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Famars" title="Battle of Famars">Battle of Famars</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Sardinia" title="French expedition to Sardinia">Expedition to Sardinia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiserslautern" title="Battle of Kaiserslautern">Battle of Kaiserslautern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mainz_(1793)" title="Siege of Mainz (1793)">Siege of Mainz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wattignies" title="Battle of Wattignies">Battle of Wattignies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hondschoote" title="Battle of Hondschoote">Battle of Hondschoote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bellegarde_(1793)" title="Siege of Bellegarde (1793)">Siege of Bellegarde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Peyrestortes" title="Battle of Peyrestortes">Battle of Peyrestortes (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Toulon" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Toulon">Siege of Toulon</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Sep – 18 Dec 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">First Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Oct 1793)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Truillas" title="Battle of Truillas">Battle of Truillas (Pyrenees)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Wissembourg_(1793)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Battle of Wissembourg (1793)">Second Battle of Wissembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26–27 Dec 1793)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1794_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1794 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1794</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Villers-en-Cauchies" title="Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies">Battle of Villers-en-Cauchies</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Apr 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Boulou" title="Second Battle of Boulou">Second Battle of Boulou</a> (Pyrenees) <span style="font-size:85%;">(30 Apr – 1 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tourcoing" title="Battle of Tourcoing">Battle of Tourcoing</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tournay_(1794)" title="Battle of Tournay (1794)">Battle of Tournay</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 May 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorious_First_of_June" title="Glorious First of June">Glorious First of June</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1794)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1794)">Battle of Fleurus</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Jun 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouannerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Aldenhoven_(1794)" title="Battle of Aldenhoven (1794)">Battle of Aldenhoven</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2 Oct 1794)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1795_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1795 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1795</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Luxembourg_(1794-95)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Luxembourg (1794-95)">Siege of Luxembourg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(22 Nov 1794 - 7 Jun 1795)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Basel" title="Peace of Basel">Peace of Basel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1796_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1796 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1796</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796%E2%80%931797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796–1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lonato" title="Battle of Lonato">Battle of Lonato</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3–4 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Castiglione" title="Battle of Castiglione">Battle of Castiglione</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Theiningen" title="Battle of Theiningen">Battle of Theiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neresheim" title="Battle of Neresheim">Battle of Neresheim</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(11 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Amberg" title="Battle of Amberg">Battle of Amberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(24 Aug 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_W%C3%BCrzburg" title="Battle of Würzburg">Battle of Würzburg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rovereto" title="Battle of Rovereto">Battle of Rovereto</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bassano" title="Battle of Bassano">First Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Sep 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Emmendingen" title="Battle of Emmendingen">Battle of Emmendingen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(19 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Schliengen" title="Battle of Schliengen">Battle of Schliengen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(26 Oct 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bassano" title="Second Battle of Bassano">Second Battle of Bassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calliano" title="Battle of Calliano">Battle of Calliano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(6–7 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arcole" title="Battle of Arcole">Battle of Arcole</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15–17 Nov 1796)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_expedition_to_Ireland_(1796)" title="French expedition to Ireland (1796)">Ireland expedition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(Dec 1796)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1797_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1797 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1797</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_of_1796-1797" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign of 1796-1797">Italian campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_13_January_1797" title="Action of 13 January 1797">Naval Engagement off Brittany</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(13 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rivoli" title="Battle of Rivoli">Battle of Rivoli</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14–15 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_25_January_1797" title="Action of 25 January 1797">Battle of the Bay of Cádiz</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jan 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Leoben" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Leoben">Treaty of Leoben</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neuwied_(1797)" title="Battle of Neuwied (1797)">Battle of Neuwied</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Apr 1797)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Campo_Formio" title="Treaty of Campo Formio">Treaty of Campo Formio</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17 Oct 1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1798_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1798 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1798</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_invasion_of_Switzerland" title="French invasion of Switzerland">French invasion of Switzerland</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(28 January – 17 May 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_campaign_in_Egypt_and_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="French campaign in Egypt and Syria">French Invasion of Egypt</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798#French_landing" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">Irish Rebellion of 1798</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(23 May – 23 Sep 1798)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quasi-War" title="Quasi-War">Quasi-War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasants%27_War_(1798)" title="Peasants' War (1798)">Peasants' War</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(12 Oct – 5 Dec 1798)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1799_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="Campaigns of 1799 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1799</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Second_Coalition" title="War of the Second Coalition">Second Coalition</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1798–1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1799)" title="Siege of Acre (1799)">Siege of Acre</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20 Mar – 21 May 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ostrach" title="Battle of Ostrach">Battle of Ostrach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(20–21 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stockach_(1799)" title="Battle of Stockach (1799)">Battle of Stockach</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Magnano" title="Battle of Magnano">Battle of Magnano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(5 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cassano_(1799)" title="Battle of Cassano (1799)">Battle of Cassano</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(27–28 Apr 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Zurich" title="First Battle of Zurich">First Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(4–7 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trebbia_(1799)" title="Battle of Trebbia (1799)">Battle of Trebbia</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(17–20 Jun 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Novi_(1799)" title="Battle of Novi (1799)">Battle of Novi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Aug 1799)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Zurich" title="Second Battle of Zurich">Second Battle of Zurich</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25–26 Sep 1799)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1800_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1800 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1800</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marengo" title="Battle of Marengo">Battle of Marengo</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(14 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Alessandria" title="Convention of Alessandria">Convention of Alessandria</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(15 Jun 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hohenlinden" title="Battle of Hohenlinden">Battle of Hohenlinden</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3 Dec 1800)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_League_of_Armed_Neutrality" title="Second League of Armed Neutrality">League of Armed Neutrality</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1800–02)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Campaigns_of_1801_in_the_French_Revolutionary_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Campaigns of 1801 in the French Revolutionary Wars">1801</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lun%C3%A9ville" title="Treaty of Lunéville">Treaty of Lunéville</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(9 Feb 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Florence" title="Treaty of Florence">Treaty of Florence</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(18 Mar 1801)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeciras_campaign" title="Algeciras campaign">Algeciras campaign</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(8 Jul 1801)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1802</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amiens" title="Treaty of Amiens">Treaty of Amiens</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Mar 1802)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1802)" title="Treaty of Paris (1802)">Treaty of Paris</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(25 Jun 1802)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Military leaders</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic"><img alt="French First Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/23px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/35px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Flag_of_France_official.svg/45px-Flag_of_France_official.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/French_First_Republic" title="French First Republic">France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Revolutionary_Army" title="French Revolutionary Army">French Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustache_Charles_d%27Aoust" title="Eustache Charles d'Aoust">Eustache Charles d'Aoust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Augereau" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Augereau">Pierre Augereau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre_de_Beauharnais" title="Alexandre de Beauharnais">Alexandre de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_XIV_John" title="Charles XIV John">Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Alexandre_Berthier" title="Louis-Alexandre Berthier">Louis-Alexandre Berthier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Bessi%C3%A8res" title="Jean-Baptiste Bessières">Jean-Baptiste Bessières</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume_Brune" title="Guillaume Brune">Guillaume Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Fran%C3%A7ois_Carteaux" title="Jean François Carteaux">Jean François Carteaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Championnet" title="Jean-Étienne Championnet">Jean-Étienne Championnet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Bertin_Gaston_Chapuis_de_Tourville" title="Charles Bertin Gaston Chapuis de Tourville">Chapuis de Tourville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Philippe,_Comte_de_Custine" title="Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine">Adam Philippe, Comte de Custine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Nicolas_Davout" title="Louis-Nicolas Davout">Louis-Nicolas Davout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Desaix" title="Louis Desaix">Louis Desaix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dugommier" title="Jacques François Dugommier">Jacques François Dugommier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas-Alexandre_Dumas" title="Thomas-Alexandre Dumas">Thomas-Alexandre Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Fran%C3%A7ois_Dumouriez" title="Charles François Dumouriez">Charles François Dumouriez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Marie_Barth%C3%A9lemy_Ferino" title="Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino">Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Charles_de_Flers" title="Louis-Charles de Flers">Louis-Charles de Flers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Grenier" title="Paul Grenier">Paul Grenier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_de_Grouchy,_marquis_de_Grouchy" title="Emmanuel de Grouchy, marquis de Grouchy">Emmanuel de Grouchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Maurice_Hatry" title="Jacques Maurice Hatry">Jacques Maurice Hatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Hoche" title="Lazare Hoche">Lazare Hoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Jourdan" title="Jean-Baptiste Jourdan">Jean-Baptiste Jourdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Christophe_de_Kellermann" title="François Christophe de Kellermann">François Christophe de Kellermann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Kl%C3%A9ber" title="Jean-Baptiste Kléber">Jean-Baptiste Kléber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Choderlos_de_Laclos" title="Pierre Choderlos de Laclos">Pierre Choderlos de Laclos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Lannes" title="Jean Lannes">Jean Lannes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Leclerc_(general,_born_1772)" title="Charles Leclerc (general, born 1772)">Charles Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Lecourbe" title="Claude Lecourbe">Claude Lecourbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Lefebvre" title="François Joseph Lefebvre">François Joseph Lefebvre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Macdonald" title="Étienne Macdonald">Étienne Macdonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Marbot" title="Jean-Antoine Marbot">Jean-Antoine Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcellin_Marbot" title="Marcellin Marbot">Marcellin Marbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9verin_Marceau" title="François Séverin Marceau">François Séverin Marceau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auguste_de_Marmont" title="Auguste de Marmont">Auguste de Marmont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Mass%C3%A9na" title="André Masséna">André Masséna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bon-Adrien_Jeannot_de_Moncey" title="Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey">Bon-Adrien Jeannot de Moncey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Victor_Marie_Moreau" title="Jean Victor Marie Moreau">Jean Victor Marie Moreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89douard_Mortier,_Duke_of_Tr%C3%A9vise" class="mw-redirect" title="Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise">Édouard Mortier, Duke of Trévise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michel_Ney" title="Michel Ney">Michel Ney</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierre-Jacques_Osten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierre-Jacques Osten (page does not exist)">Pierre-Jacques Osten</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre-Jacques_Osten" class="extiw" title="fr:Pierre-Jacques Osten">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Oudinot" title="Nicolas Oudinot">Nicolas Oudinot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine-Dominique_de_P%C3%A9rignon" title="Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon">Catherine-Dominique de Pérignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Poniatowski" title="Józef Poniatowski">Józef Poniatowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurent_de_Gouvion_Saint-Cyr" title="Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr">Laurent de Gouvion Saint-Cyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barth%C3%A9lemy_Louis_Joseph_Sch%C3%A9rer" title="Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer">Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Mathieu-Philibert_S%C3%A9rurier" title="Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier">Jean-Mathieu-Philibert Sérurier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Souham" title="Joseph Souham">Joseph Souham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-de-Dieu_Soult" title="Jean-de-Dieu Soult">Jean-de-Dieu Soult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Gabriel_Suchet" title="Louis-Gabriel Suchet">Louis-Gabriel Suchet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Henri_Belgrand_de_Vaubois" title="Claude-Henri Belgrand de Vaubois">Belgrand de Vaubois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude-Victor_Perrin" title="Claude-Victor Perrin">Claude Victor-Perrin, Duc de Belluno</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/French_Navy#18th_century" title="French Navy">French Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Alexandre_L%C3%A9on_Durand_Linois" title="Charles-Alexandre Léon Durand Linois">Charles-Alexandre Linois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Coalition Wars">Opposition</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire"><img alt="Austrian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Alvinczi" title="József Alvinczi">József Alvinczi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archduke_Charles,_Duke_of_Teschen" title="Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen">Archduke Charles, Duke of Teschen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_S%C3%A9bastien_Charles_Joseph_de_Croix,_Count_of_Clerfayt" title="François Sébastien Charles Joseph de Croix, Count of Clerfayt">Count of Clerfayt <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Aloys_zu_F%C3%BCrstenberg" title="Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg">Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Freiherr_von_Hotze" title="Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze">Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze <span style="font-size:85%;">(Swiss)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Adolf,_Count_von_Kalckreuth" title="Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth">Friedrich Adolf, Count von Kalckreuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Kray" title="Paul Kray">Pál Kray <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Eugene,_Prince_of_Lambesc" title="Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc">Charles Eugene, Prince of Lambesc <span style="font-size:85%;">(French)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maximilian_Anton_Karl,_Count_Baillet_de_Latour" title="Maximilian Anton Karl, Count Baillet de Latour">Maximilian Baillet de Latour <span style="font-size:85%;">(Walloon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Mack_von_Leiberich" title="Karl Mack von Leiberich">Karl Mack von Leiberich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Ritter_von_Otto" title="Rudolf Ritter von Otto">Rudolf Ritter von Otto <span style="font-size:85%;">(Saxon)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Josias_of_Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld" title="Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld">Prince Josias of Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Vitus_von_Quosdanovich" title="Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich">Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_XV_of_Reuss-Plauen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen">Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss-Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_M%C3%A9sz%C3%A1ros_von_Szoboszl%C3%B3" title="Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló">Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló <span style="font-size:85%;">(Hungarian)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Philipp_Sebottendorf" title="Karl Philipp Sebottendorf">Karl Philipp Sebottendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagobert_Sigmund_von_Wurmser" title="Dagobert Sigmund von Wurmser">Dagobert von Wurmser</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain"><img alt="Kingdom of Great Britain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir" title="Sir">Sir</a> <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Abercromby" title="Ralph Abercromby">Ralph Abercromby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Saumarez,_1st_Baron_de_Saumarez" title="James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez">James Saumarez, 1st Baron de Saumarez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Pellew,_1st_Viscount_Exmouth" title="Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth">Edward Pellew, 1st Viscount Exmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Frederick,_Duke_of_York_and_Albany" title="Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany">Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic"><img alt="Dutch Republic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/23px-Statenvlag.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/35px-Statenvlag.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Statenvlag.svg/45px-Statenvlag.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Netherlands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_V,_Prince_of_Orange" title="William V, Prince of Orange">William V, Prince of Orange</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia"><img alt="Kingdom of Prussia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Prussia_%281803-1892%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_William_Ferdinand,_Duke_of_Brunswick" title="Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick">Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Louis,_Prince_of_Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen">Frederick Louis, Prince of Hohenlohe-Ingelfingen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire"><img alt="Russian Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Korsakov" title="Alexander Korsakov">Alexander Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Suvorov" title="Alexander Suvorov">Alexander Suvorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Rosenberg" title="Andrei Rosenberg">Andrei Rosenberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Spain_(1700%E2%80%931810)#Charles_IV,_decline_and_fall_(1788–1808)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Spain (1700–1810)">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Firm%C3%ADn_de_Carvajal,_Conde_de_la_Uni%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="Luis Firmín de Carvajal, Conde de la Unión">Luis Firmin de Carvajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Ricardos" title="Antonio Ricardos">Antonio Ricardos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Other_significant_figures_and_factions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other significant figures and factions</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Patriotic_Society_of_1789" title="Patriotic Society of 1789">Patriotic Society of 1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Alexandre_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric,_duc_de_la_Rochefoucauld-Liancourt" class="mw-redirect" title="François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt">François Alexandre Frédéric, duc de la Rochefoucauld-Liancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Ren%C3%A9_Guy_le_Chapelier" title="Isaac René Guy le Chapelier">Isaac René Guy le Chapelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Nicolas de Condorcet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Feuillant_(political_group)" title="Feuillant (political group)">Feuillants</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Club_de_Clichy" title="Club de Clichy">monarchiens</a></i></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Elliott" title="Grace Elliott">Grace Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaud_II_de_La_Porte" title="Arnaud II de La Porte">Arnaud de La Porte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Sifrein_Maury" title="Jean-Sifrein Maury">Jean-Sifrein Maury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Marie,_marquis_de_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy">François-Marie, marquis de Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Mathieu_Dumas" title="Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas">Guillaume-Mathieu Dumas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Barnave" title="Antoine Barnave">Antoine Barnave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandre-Th%C3%A9odore-Victor,_comte_de_Lameth" title="Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth">Alexandre-Théodore-Victor, comte de Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Malo_Fran%C3%A7ois_Lameth" title="Charles Malo François Lameth">Charles Malo François Lameth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Ch%C3%A9nier" title="André Chénier">André Chénier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Rewbell" title="Jean-François Rewbell">Jean-François Rewbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Jordan_(politician)" title="Camille Jordan (politician)">Camille Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germaine_de_Sta%C3%ABl" title="Germaine de Staël">Madame de Staël</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Antoine_de_Boissy_d%27Anglas" title="François Antoine de Boissy d'Anglas">Boissy d'Anglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Charles_Pichegru" title="Jean-Charles Pichegru">Jean-Charles Pichegru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_Royer-Collard" title="Pierre Paul Royer-Collard">Pierre Paul Royer-Collard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Girondins" title="Girondins">Girondins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Pierre_Brissot" title="Jacques Pierre Brissot">Jacques Pierre Brissot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Roland_de_la_Plati%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière">Jean-Marie Roland de la Platière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Roland" title="Madame Roland">Madame Roland</a></li> <li>Father <a href="/wiki/Henri_Gr%C3%A9goire" title="Henri Grégoire">Henri Grégoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Clavi%C3%A8re" title="Étienne Clavière">Étienne Clavière</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Condorcet" title="Marquis de Condorcet">Marquis de Condorcet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Corday" title="Charlotte Corday">Charlotte Corday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie-Jean_H%C3%A9rault_de_S%C3%A9chelles" title="Marie-Jean Hérault de Séchelles">Marie Jean Hérault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Treilhard" title="Jean Baptiste Treilhard">Jean Baptiste Treilhard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Victurnien_Vergniaud" title="Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud">Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_P%C3%A9tion_de_Villeneuve" title="Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve">Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Debry" title="Jean Debry">Jean Debry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympe_de_Gouges" title="Olympe de Gouges">Olympe de Gouges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Robert_Lindet" title="Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet">Jean-Baptiste Robert Lindet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Marie_de_La_R%C3%A9velli%C3%A8re-L%C3%A9peaux" title="Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux">Louis Marie de La Révellière-Lépeaux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Plain" title="The Plain">The Plain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Jacques_R%C3%A9gis_de_Cambac%C3%A9r%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Jacques Régis de Cambacérès">de Cambacérès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lebrun" title="Charles-François Lebrun">Charles-François Lebrun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre-Joseph_Cambon" title="Pierre-Joseph Cambon">Pierre-Joseph Cambon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Bar%C3%A8re" title="Bertrand Barère">Bertrand Barère</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazare_Carnot" title="Lazare Carnot">Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Philippe_II,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Louis Philippe II, Duke of Orléans">Philippe Égalité</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_Gabriel_Riqueti,_comte_de_Mirabeau" title="Honoré Gabriel Riqueti, comte de Mirabeau">Mirabeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Merlin" title="Antoine Christophe Merlin">Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Joseph_Mounier" title="Jean Joseph Mounier">Jean Joseph Mounier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Samuel_du_Pont_de_Nemours" title="Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours">Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_de_Neufch%C3%A2teau" class="mw-redirect" title="François de Neufchâteau">François de Neufchâteau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain" title="The Mountain">Montagnards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maximilien_Robespierre" title="Maximilien Robespierre">Maximilien Robespierre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Danton" title="Georges Danton">Georges Danton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Marat" title="Jean-Paul Marat">Jean-Paul Marat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camille_Desmoulins" title="Camille Desmoulins">Camille Desmoulins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine_de_Saint-Just" title="Louis Antoine de Saint-Just">Louis Antoine de Saint-Just</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Barras" title="Paul Barras">Paul Barras</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis Philippe I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis-Michel_le_Peletier,_marquis_de_Saint-Fargeau" title="Louis-Michel le Peletier, marquis de Saint-Fargeau">Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint-Fargeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Louis_David" title="Jacques-Louis David">Jacques-Louis David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marquis_de_Sade" title="Marquis de Sade">Marquis de Sade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Couthon" title="Georges Couthon">Georges Couthon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Ducos" title="Roger Ducos">Roger Ducos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Collot_d%27Herbois" title="Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois">Jean-Marie Collot d'Herbois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Henri_Voulland" title="Jean-Henri Voulland">Jean-Henri Voulland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Antoine_Merlin_de_Douai" title="Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai">Philippe-Antoine Merlin de Douai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Quentin_Fouquier-Tinville" title="Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville">Antoine Quentin Fouquier-Tinville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe-Fran%C3%A7ois-Joseph_Le_Bas" title="Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas">Philippe-François-Joseph Le Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc-Guillaume_Alexis_Vadier" title="Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier">Marc-Guillaume Alexis Vadier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Pierre-Andr%C3%A9_Amar" title="Jean-Pierre-André Amar">Jean-Pierre-André Amar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Antoine,_comte_Prieur-Duvernois" title="Claude Antoine, comte Prieur-Duvernois">Prieur de la Côte-d'Or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Prieur de la Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Romme" title="Gilbert Romme">Gilbert Romme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bon_Saint-Andr%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean Bon Saint-André">Jean Bon Saint-André</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Lambert_Tallien" title="Jean-Lambert Tallien">Jean-Lambert Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Louis_Prieur" title="Pierre Louis Prieur">Pierre Louis Prieur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Christophe_Saliceti" title="Antoine Christophe Saliceti">Antoine Christophe Saliceti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9bertists" title="Hébertists">Hébertists</a><br />and <i><a href="/wiki/Enrag%C3%A9s" title="Enragés">Enragés</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_H%C3%A9bert" title="Jacques Hébert">Jacques Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Nicolas_Billaud-Varenne" title="Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne">Jacques-Nicolas Billaud-Varenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Gaspard_Chaumette" title="Pierre Gaspard Chaumette">Pierre Gaspard Chaumette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine-Fran%C3%A7ois_Momoro" title="Antoine-François Momoro">Antoine-François Momoro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Nicolas_Vincent" title="François-Nicolas Vincent">François-Nicolas Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Chabot" title="François Chabot">François Chabot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_No%C3%ABl_Bouchotte" title="Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte">Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste-Joseph_Gobel" title="Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel">Jean-Baptiste-Joseph Gobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hanriot" title="François Hanriot">François Hanriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Roux" title="Jacques Roux">Jacques Roux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislas-Marie_Maillard" title="Stanislas-Marie Maillard">Stanislas-Marie Maillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Philippe_Ronsin" title="Charles-Philippe Ronsin">Charles-Philippe Ronsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois_Varlet" title="Jean-François Varlet">Jean-François Varlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Th%C3%A9ophile_Victor_Leclerc" title="Jean Théophile Victor Leclerc">Theophile Leclerc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claire_Lacombe" title="Claire Lacombe">Claire Lacombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_L%C3%A9on" title="Pauline Léon">Pauline Léon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Gracchus Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvain_Mar%C3%A9chal" title="Sylvain Maréchal">Sylvain Maréchal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Figures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Enghien" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien">Louis Antoine, Duke of Enghien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Henri,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Henri, Prince of Condé">Louis Henri, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Joseph,_Prince_of_Cond%C3%A9" title="Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé">Louis Joseph, Prince of Condé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette" title="Marie Antoinette">Marie Antoinette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucien_Bonaparte" title="Lucien Bonaparte">Lucien Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph Bonaparte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Fesch" title="Joseph Fesch">Joseph Fesch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phine_de_Beauharnais" title="Joséphine de Beauharnais">Joséphine de Beauharnais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Murat" title="Joachim Murat">Joachim Murat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Sylvain_Bailly" title="Jean Sylvain Bailly">Jean Sylvain Bailly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques-Donatien_Le_Ray_de_Chaumont" title="Jacques-Donatien Le Ray de Chaumont">Jacques-Donatien Le Ray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guillaume-Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Lamoignon_de_Malesherbes" title="Guillaume-Chrétien de Lamoignon de Malesherbes">Guillaume-Chrétien de Malesherbes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurice_de_Talleyrand-P%C3%A9rigord" title="Charles Maurice de Talleyrand-Périgord">Talleyrand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9sa_Tallien" title="Thérésa Tallien">Thérésa Tallien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gui-Jean-Baptiste_Target" title="Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target">Gui-Jean-Baptiste Target</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Th%C3%A9ot" title="Catherine Théot">Catherine Théot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Th%C3%A9r%C3%A8se_Louise_of_Savoy,_Princesse_de_Lamballe" title="Marie Thérèse Louise of Savoy, Princesse de Lamballe">Madame de Lamballe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_du_Barry" title="Madame du Barry">Madame du Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Auguste_Le_Tonnelier_de_Breteuil" title="Louis Auguste Le Tonnelier de Breteuil">Louis de Breteuil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_Chateaubriand" title="François-René de Chateaubriand">de Chateaubriand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chouan" title="Jean Chouan">Jean Chouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Charles_de_Lom%C3%A9nie_de_Brienne" title="Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne">Loménie de Brienne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Alexandre_de_Calonne" title="Charles Alexandre de Calonne">Charles Alexandre de Calonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Necker" title="Jacques Necker">Jacques Necker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Duval_d%27Epr%C3%A9mesnil" title="Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil">Jean-Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_associated_with_the_French_Revolution" title="List of people associated with the French Revolution">List of people associated with the French Revolution</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Factions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacobins" title="Jacobins">Jacobins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cordeliers" title="Cordeliers">Cordeliers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on_Club" title="Panthéon Club">Panthéon Club</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Friends_of_Truth" title="Society of the Friends of Truth">Social Club</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Influential_thinkers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Influential thinkers</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Les Lumières</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Burke" title="Edmund Burke">Edmund Burke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anacharsis_Cloots" title="Anacharsis Cloots">Anacharsis Cloots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Augustin_de_Coulomb" title="Charles-Augustin de Coulomb">Charles-Augustin de Coulomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Claude_Fran%C3%A7ois_Daunou" title="Pierre Claude François Daunou">Pierre Claude François Daunou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Diderot" title="Denis Diderot">Diderot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Benjamin Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine Lavoisier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montesquieu" title="Montesquieu">Montesquieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_Joseph_Siey%C3%A8s" title="Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès">Abbé Sieyès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voltaire" title="Voltaire">Voltaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Wollstonecraft" title="Mary Wollstonecraft">Mary Wollstonecraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Cultural_impact" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cultural impact</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/La_Marseillaise" title="La Marseillaise">La Marseillaise</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_France" title="Cockade of France">Cockade of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_France" title="Flag of France">Flag of France</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Libert%C3%A9,_%C3%A9galit%C3%A9,_fraternit%C3%A9" title="Liberté, égalité, fraternité">Liberté, égalité, fraternité</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne" title="Marianne">Marianne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscadin" title="Muscadin">Muscadin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Panth%C3%A9on" title="Panthéon">Panthéon</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metric_system" title="Metric system">Metric system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Rights_of_Man_and_of_the_Citizen" title="Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen">Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_the_Supreme_Being" title="Cult of the Supreme Being">Cult of the Supreme Being</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cult_of_Reason" title="Cult of Reason">Cult of Reason</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Reason" title="Temple of Reason">Temple of Reason</a></li></ul></li> <li><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr"><a href="/wiki/Sans-culottes" title="Sans-culottes">Sans-culottes</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygian_cap" title="Phrygian cap">Phrygian cap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Women in the French Revolution">Women in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incroyables_and_merveilleuses" title="Incroyables and merveilleuses">Incroyables and merveilleuses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symbolism_in_the_French_Revolution" title="Symbolism in the French Revolution">Symbolism in the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Historiography of the French Revolution">Historiography of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Influence_of_the_French_Revolution" title="Influence of the French Revolution">Influence of the French Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_set_during_the_French_Revolution_and_French_Revolutionary_Wars" title="List of films set during the French Revolution and French Revolutionary Wars">Films</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pretenders_to_the_French_throne_since_1792" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pretenders_to_the_French_throne" title="Template:Pretenders to the French throne"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li 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href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li>1793 <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVII" title="Louis XVII">Louis XVII</a></li> <li>1795 1814 1815 <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVIII" title="Louis XVIII">Louis XVIII</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of the House of Capet"><img alt="Coat of arms of the House of Capet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="694" /></a><figcaption>Coat of arms of the House of Capet</figcaption></figure><br /><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte"><img alt="Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg/80px-Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg/120px-Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg/160px-Arms_of_the_French_Empire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption>Imperial Eagle of the House of Bonaparte</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Legitimists" title="Legitimists">Legitimist</a> (1830–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1830 <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a></li> <li>1836 <a href="/wiki/Louis_Antoine,_Duke_of_Angoul%C3%AAme" title="Louis Antoine, Duke of Angoulême">Louis XIX</a></li> <li>1844 <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Chambord" title="Henri, Count of Chambord">Henri V</a></li> <li>1883 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Juan,_Count_of_Montiz%C3%B3n" title="Infante Juan, Count of Montizón">Jean III</a></li> <li>1887 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Carlos,_Duke_of_Madrid" title="Infante Carlos, Duke of Madrid">Charles XI</a></li> <li>1909 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Madrid" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Madrid">Jacques I</a></li> <li>1931 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Alfonso_Carlos,_Duke_of_San_Jaime" title="Infante Alfonso Carlos, Duke of San Jaime">Charles XII</a></li> <li>1936 <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_XIII" title="Alfonso XIII">Alphonse I</a></li> <li>1941 <a href="/wiki/Infante_Jaime,_Duke_of_Segovia" title="Infante Jaime, Duke of Segovia">Jacques II</a></li> <li>1975 <a href="/wiki/Alfonso,_Duke_of_Anjou_and_C%C3%A1diz" title="Alfonso, Duke of Anjou and Cádiz">Alphonse II</a></li> <li>1989 <a href="/wiki/Louis_Alphonse_de_Bourbon" title="Louis Alphonse de Bourbon">Louis XX</a> (present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Orl%C3%A9anist" title="Orléanist">Orléanist</a> (1848–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1848 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Count_of_Paris" title="Prince Philippe, Count of Paris">Louis Philippe II</a></li> <li>1894 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philippe,_Duke_of_Orl%C3%A9ans" title="Prince Philippe, Duke of Orléans">Philippe VIII</a></li> <li>1926 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Jean,_Duke_of_Guise" title="Prince Jean, Duke of Guise">Jean III</a></li> <li>1940 <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Paris_(1908%E2%80%931999)" title="Henri, Count of Paris (1908–1999)">Henri VI</a></li> <li>1999 <a href="/wiki/Henri,_Count_of_Paris_(1933%E2%80%932019)" title="Henri, Count of Paris (1933–2019)">Henri VII</a></li> <li>2019 <a href="/wiki/Jean,_Count_of_Paris" title="Jean, Count of Paris">Jean IV</a> (present)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bonapartism" title="Bonapartism">Bonapartist</a> (1814–present)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1814 1815 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoléon I</a></li> <li>1821 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_II" title="Napoleon II">Napoléon II</a></li> <li>1832 <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Bonaparte" title="Joseph Bonaparte">Joseph</a></li> <li>1844 <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte" title="Louis Bonaparte">Louis</a></li> <li>1846 <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_III" title="Napoleon III">Napoléon III</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">Emperor 1852–1870</a>)</small></li> <li>1873 <a href="/wiki/Louis-Napol%C3%A9on,_Prince_Imperial" title="Louis-Napoléon, Prince Imperial">Napoléon IV</a></li> <li>1879 <a href="/wiki/Prince_Napol%C3%A9on-J%C3%A9r%C3%B4me_Bonaparte" title="Prince Napoléon-Jérôme Bonaparte">Napoléon V Jérôme</a> / 1891 <a href="/wiki/Victor,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Victor, Prince Napoléon">Napoléon V Victor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_Bonaparte_(1864%E2%80%931932)" title="Louis Bonaparte (1864–1932)">Louis</a></li> <li>1926 <a href="/wiki/Louis,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Louis, Prince Napoléon">Napoléon VI</a></li> <li>1997 <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Charles, Prince Napoléon">Napoléon VII Charles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Christophe,_Prince_Napol%C3%A9on" title="Jean-Christophe, Prince Napoléon">Napoléon VII Jean-Christophe</a> present (<a href="/wiki/Line_of_succession_to_the_French_throne_(Bonapartist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Line of succession to the French throne (Bonapartist)">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div><small>*Unionist pretender from 1883-1894 as Philippe VII</small></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7771#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7771#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7771#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000122112626">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2238151778208518130001">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/19565/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJcwCM8wT7FtTYb348wt8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/11864064X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50080625">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120083455">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb120083455">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Louis Philippe I <re dei Francesi>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V359944">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn20000701084&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1008742">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070684545">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90575635">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=144476">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogo.bn.gov.ar/F/?func=direct&local_base=BNA10&doc_number=000058326">Argentina</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/75kmnxqr377b540">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810646493705606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/131967">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007264734205171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000157152">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058507848906706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14233973">Belgium</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14288153">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA12042132?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500236304">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/427832">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/7996dfff-be63-44e5-a183-b603a32ebc08">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd11864064X.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/11864064X">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028200004">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6hn60jg">SNAC</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6jh3p9d">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.tepapa.govt.nz/agent/67185">Te Papa (New Zealand)</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/168129">RISM</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Abdicated on the same day</span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&oldid=1253624618">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_Philippe_I&oldid=1253624618</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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