CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><meta charSet="utf-8"/><title>Blog - IBM Research</title><meta name="description" content="The IBM Research blog is the home for stories told by the researchers, scientists, and engineers inventing What’s Next in science and technology."/><meta name="robots" content="index,follow"/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"/><link rel="canonical" href="https://research.ibm.com/blog"/><link rel="icon" href="//www.ibm.com/favicon.ico"/><meta name="dcterms.date" content="2021-02-09"/><meta name="dcterms.rights" content="© Copyright IBM Corp. 2021"/><meta name="geo.country" content="US"/><meta name="google-site-verification" content="O1nsbg1J1iAeYJK6HneffI0_RiLebmSPxfs5ESYNnwI"/><meta property="og:title" content="Blog"/><meta property="og:type" content="website"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://research.ibm.com/blog"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="IBM Research"/><meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/><meta property="og:description" content="The IBM Research blog is the home for stories told by the researchers, scientists, and engineers inventing What’s Next in science and technology."/><meta property="og:image" content="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=1200&q=85"/><meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"/><meta property="og:image:height" content="675"/><meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/><meta name="twitter:creator" content="@IBMResearch"/><meta name="twitter:site" content="@IBMResearch"/><meta name="twitter:title" content="Blog"/><meta name="twitter:description" content="The IBM Research blog is the home for stories told by the researchers, scientists, and engineers inventing What’s Next in science and technology."/><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=1200&q=85"/><meta name="next-head-count" content="26"/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/69c0d6333f8b5ae9.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/69c0d6333f8b5ae9.css" data-n-g=""/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/e55b4a04717392e9.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/e55b4a04717392e9.css" data-n-p=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" nomodule="" src="/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-78c92fac7aa8fdd8.js"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/webpack-b765418ed6c7eb51.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/framework-a435b9ecada0512e.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/main-9293d76ef0c62f18.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/_app-b9582ab63018b5c6.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/fc20e1c4-9a05893726f58348.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/1c920f04-7653b20eb77a41aa.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/5f6bb6fb-d8768b4c13987830.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/2f37a77d-c2f4953213066bda.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/cfc6b023-9266c81195427c94.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/c2ec1d10-a6c9db93ac609649.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/e51a3977-d8e768c753798eed.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/262b3caa-3d6180fef50adf11.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/da011f70-5f6024be6c4e7c77.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/42e09a2c-39aeabb415052c30.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/761cb607-a1b6fdc8a243c1fe.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/2fb713ed-780651db29d294a3.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/79eb02f1-42fd67a4ceac70b7.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/8f19d780-43022da21c4157b5.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/8edc3fe5-3c658903c761796a.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/9834-4d5a72b7844c9fa4.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/2131-d9b4cb5317eebcae.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/2860-6f2f096e239654f6.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/3061-1eaaa564aa41acf9.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/9755-4a5976c8ec7f097e.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/5071-4a74e7be77a5d037.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/1527-32861ac0bb15d3aa.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/4897-1c982ea37cb2d575.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/1235-ae7bb02e277fe668.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/1666-d81be63b2c0c107f.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/pages/blog-b76eb54ed4122f4f.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/nsOKJ8TNHANkJjjZX9MS_/_buildManifest.js" defer=""></script><script src="/_next/static/nsOKJ8TNHANkJjjZX9MS_/_ssgManifest.js" defer=""></script></head><body><script>0</script><div id="__next"><div class="bx--masthead "><div class="bx--masthead__l0"><header aria-label="IBM" data-autoid="dds--masthead" class="bx--header"><a class="bx--skip-to-content" href="#main-content" tabindex="0">Skip to main content</a><button data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-menu" aria-label="Open menu" class="bx--masthead__platform bx--header__action bx--header__menu-trigger bx--header__menu-toggle bx--header__menu-toggle__hidden" title="Open menu" type="button"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M2 14.8H18V16H2zM2 11.2H18V12.399999999999999H2zM2 7.6H18V8.799999999999999H2zM2 4H18V5.2H2z"></path></svg></button><div class="bx--side-nav__overlay"></div><nav aria-hidden="true" class="bx--side-nav__navigation bx--side-nav bx--side-nav--ux bx--side-nav--hidden" aria-label="Side navigation"><nav data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0"><a data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-productname" href="/" aria-haspopup="true" class="bx--side-nav__submenu bx--side-nav__submenu-platform">Research</a><ul class="bx--side-nav__items"><div class="bx--side-nav__header-navigation"><div><div aria-hidden="false" class="bx--side-nav__menu-section bx--side-nav__menu-section--expanded" id="panel__(-1,-1)"><li class="bx--side-nav__item"><button aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-selected="" class="bx--side-nav__submenu" data-title="focus-areas" type="button"><div class="bx--side-nav__submenu-content"><span class="bx--side-nav__submenu-title" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-nav0">Focus areas</span><div class="bx--side-nav__icon bx--side-nav__icon--small bx--side-nav__submenu-chevron"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 22L6 12 7.4 10.6 16 19.2 24.6 10.6 26 12z"></path></svg></div></div></button></li><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu--selected"><a href="/blog" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-nav1" class="bx--side-nav__link"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">Blog</span></a></li><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item"><a href="/publications" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-nav2" class="bx--side-nav__link"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">Publications</span></a></li><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item"><a href="https://www.ibm.com/careers/us-en/teams/research/" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-nav3" class="bx--side-nav__link"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">Careers</span></a></li><li class="bx--side-nav__item"><button aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-selected="" class="bx--side-nav__submenu" data-title="about" type="button"><div class="bx--side-nav__submenu-content"><span class="bx--side-nav__submenu-title" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-nav4">About</span><div class="bx--side-nav__icon bx--side-nav__icon--small bx--side-nav__submenu-chevron"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 22L6 12 7.4 10.6 16 19.2 24.6 10.6 26 12z"></path></svg></div></div></button></li><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="bx--side-nav__menu-section bx--side-nav__menu-section-submenu" id="panel__(0,-1)"><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-back"><button class="bx--side-nav__link" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-back" isbackbutton="true"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 16L20 6 21.4 7.4 12.8 16 21.4 24.6 20 26z"></path></svg>Back</span></button></li><li class="bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-title">Focus areas</li><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item"><a href="/semiconductors" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-nav0-list0" class="bx--side-nav__link"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">Semiconductors</span></a></li><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item"><a href="/artificial-intelligence" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-nav0-list1" class="bx--side-nav__link"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">Artificial Intelligence</span></a></li><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item"><a href="/quantum-computing" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-nav0-list2" class="bx--side-nav__link"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">Quantum Computing</span></a></li><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item"><a href="/hybrid-cloud" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-nav0-list3" class="bx--side-nav__link"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">Hybrid Cloud</span></a></li><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="bx--side-nav__menu-section bx--side-nav__menu-section-submenu" id="panel__(4,-1)"><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-back"><button class="bx--side-nav__link" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-back" isbackbutton="true"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 16L20 6 21.4 7.4 12.8 16 21.4 24.6 20 26z"></path></svg>Back</span></button></li><li class="bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-title">About</li><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item"><a href="/about" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-nav4-list0" class="bx--side-nav__link"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">Overview</span></a></li><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item"><a href="/labs" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-nav4-list1" class="bx--side-nav__link"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">Labs</span></a></li><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item"><a href="/people" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-nav4-list2" class="bx--side-nav__link"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">People</span></a></li><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="bx--side-nav__menu-section bx--side-nav__menu-section-submenu" id="panel__(0,0)"><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-back"><button class="bx--side-nav__link" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-back" isbackbutton="true"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 16L20 6 21.4 7.4 12.8 16 21.4 24.6 20 26z"></path></svg>Back</span></button></li><li class="bx--side-nav__item"><a href="/semiconductors" class="bx--side-nav__link bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-section-title"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">Semiconductors<div class="bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-section-title__icon"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M11.8 2.8L10.8 3.8 16.2 9.3 1 9.3 1 10.7 16.2 10.7 10.8 16.2 11.8 17.2 19 10z"></path></svg></div></span></a></li><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="bx--side-nav__menu-section bx--side-nav__menu-section-submenu" id="panel__(0,1)"><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-back"><button class="bx--side-nav__link" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-back" isbackbutton="true"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 16L20 6 21.4 7.4 12.8 16 21.4 24.6 20 26z"></path></svg>Back</span></button></li><li class="bx--side-nav__item"><a href="/artificial-intelligence" class="bx--side-nav__link bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-section-title"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">Artificial Intelligence<div class="bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-section-title__icon"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M11.8 2.8L10.8 3.8 16.2 9.3 1 9.3 1 10.7 16.2 10.7 10.8 16.2 11.8 17.2 19 10z"></path></svg></div></span></a></li><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="bx--side-nav__menu-section bx--side-nav__menu-section-submenu" id="panel__(0,2)"><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-back"><button class="bx--side-nav__link" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-back" isbackbutton="true"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 16L20 6 21.4 7.4 12.8 16 21.4 24.6 20 26z"></path></svg>Back</span></button></li><li class="bx--side-nav__item"><a href="/quantum-computing" class="bx--side-nav__link bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-section-title"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">Quantum Computing<div class="bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-section-title__icon"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M11.8 2.8L10.8 3.8 16.2 9.3 1 9.3 1 10.7 16.2 10.7 10.8 16.2 11.8 17.2 19 10z"></path></svg></div></span></a></li><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="bx--side-nav__menu-section bx--side-nav__menu-section-submenu" id="panel__(0,3)"><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-back"><button class="bx--side-nav__link" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-back" isbackbutton="true"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 16L20 6 21.4 7.4 12.8 16 21.4 24.6 20 26z"></path></svg>Back</span></button></li><li class="bx--side-nav__item"><a href="/hybrid-cloud" class="bx--side-nav__link bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-section-title"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">Hybrid Cloud<div class="bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-section-title__icon"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M11.8 2.8L10.8 3.8 16.2 9.3 1 9.3 1 10.7 16.2 10.7 10.8 16.2 11.8 17.2 19 10z"></path></svg></div></span></a></li><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="bx--side-nav__menu-section bx--side-nav__menu-section-submenu" id="panel__(4,0)"><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-back"><button class="bx--side-nav__link" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-back" isbackbutton="true"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 16L20 6 21.4 7.4 12.8 16 21.4 24.6 20 26z"></path></svg>Back</span></button></li><li class="bx--side-nav__item"><a href="/about" class="bx--side-nav__link bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-section-title"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">Overview<div class="bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-section-title__icon"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M11.8 2.8L10.8 3.8 16.2 9.3 1 9.3 1 10.7 16.2 10.7 10.8 16.2 11.8 17.2 19 10z"></path></svg></div></span></a></li><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="bx--side-nav__menu-section bx--side-nav__menu-section-submenu" id="panel__(4,1)"><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-back"><button class="bx--side-nav__link" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-back" isbackbutton="true"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 16L20 6 21.4 7.4 12.8 16 21.4 24.6 20 26z"></path></svg>Back</span></button></li><li class="bx--side-nav__item"><a href="/labs" class="bx--side-nav__link bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-section-title"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">Labs<div class="bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-section-title__icon"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M11.8 2.8L10.8 3.8 16.2 9.3 1 9.3 1 10.7 16.2 10.7 10.8 16.2 11.8 17.2 19 10z"></path></svg></div></span></a></li><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button></div><div aria-hidden="true" class="bx--side-nav__menu-section bx--side-nav__menu-section-submenu" id="panel__(4,2)"><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button><li class="bx--side-nav__menu-item bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-back"><button class="bx--side-nav__link" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco-sidenav__l0-back" isbackbutton="true"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M10 16L20 6 21.4 7.4 12.8 16 21.4 24.6 20 26z"></path></svg>Back</span></button></li><li class="bx--side-nav__item"><a href="/people" class="bx--side-nav__link bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-section-title"><span class="bx--side-nav__link-text">People<div class="bx--masthead__side-nav--submemu-section-title__icon"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 20 20" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M11.8 2.8L10.8 3.8 16.2 9.3 1 9.3 1 10.7 16.2 10.7 10.8 16.2 11.8 17.2 19 10z"></path></svg></div></span></a></li><button class="bx--masthead__focus" aria-hidden="true"></button></div></div></div></ul></nav></nav><div class="bx--header__logo"><a aria-label="IBM®" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-logo" href="https://www.ibm.com"><img src="/_next/static/media/IBM-8bar-logo--h23.8bbea713.svg" alt="IBM logo"/></a></div><div class="bx--header__search bx--masthead__platform"><div class="bx--masthead__platform-name"><a data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-ecosystemname" class="bx--header__name" href="/">Research</a></div><div class="bx--header__nav-container"><div class="bx--header__nav-content"><div class="bx--sub-content-left"></div><div class="bx--sub-content-right"></div><nav data-autoid="dds--masthead__l0-nav" aria-label="IBM" class="bx--header__nav"><ul aria-label="IBM" class="bx--header__menu-bar"><li class="bx--header__submenu" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-nav0"><a aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" class="bx--header__menu-item bx--header__menu-title" data-title="focus-areas" href="#" role="menuitem" tabindex="0" aria-selected="false" aria-label="Focus areas">Focus areas<svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="bx--header__menu-arrow"><path d="M16 22L6 12 7.4 10.6 16 19.2 24.6 10.6 26 12z"></path></svg></a><ul aria-label="Focus areas" class="bx--header__menu"><li><a data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-nav0--subnav-col0-item0" class="bx--header__menu-item" tabindex="0" href="/semiconductors"><span class="bx--text-truncate--end">Semiconductors</span></a></li><li><a data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-nav0--subnav-col0-item1" class="bx--header__menu-item" tabindex="0" href="/artificial-intelligence"><span class="bx--text-truncate--end">Artificial Intelligence</span></a></li><li><a data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-nav0--subnav-col0-item2" class="bx--header__menu-item" tabindex="0" href="/quantum-computing"><span class="bx--text-truncate--end">Quantum Computing</span></a></li><li><a data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-nav0--subnav-col0-item3" class="bx--header__menu-item" tabindex="0" href="/hybrid-cloud"><span class="bx--text-truncate--end">Hybrid Cloud</span></a></li></ul></li><li><a aria-selected="true" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-nav1" class="bx--header__menu-item" tabindex="0" href="/blog"><span class="bx--text-truncate--end">Blog</span></a></li><li><a aria-selected="false" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-nav2" class="bx--header__menu-item" tabindex="0" href="/publications"><span class="bx--text-truncate--end">Publications</span></a></li><li><a aria-selected="false" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-nav3" class="bx--header__menu-item" tabindex="0" href="https://www.ibm.com/careers/us-en/teams/research/"><span class="bx--text-truncate--end">Careers</span></a></li><li class="bx--header__submenu" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-nav4"><a aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" class="bx--header__menu-item bx--header__menu-title" data-title="about" href="#" role="menuitem" tabindex="0" aria-selected="false" aria-label="About">About<svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="bx--header__menu-arrow"><path d="M16 22L6 12 7.4 10.6 16 19.2 24.6 10.6 26 12z"></path></svg></a><ul aria-label="About" class="bx--header__menu"><li><a data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-nav4--subnav-col0-item0" class="bx--header__menu-item" tabindex="0" href="/about"><span class="bx--text-truncate--end">Overview</span></a></li><li><a data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-nav4--subnav-col0-item1" class="bx--header__menu-item" tabindex="0" href="/labs"><span class="bx--text-truncate--end">Labs</span></a></li><li><a data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-nav4--subnav-col0-item2" class="bx--header__menu-item" tabindex="0" href="/people"><span class="bx--text-truncate--end">People</span></a></li></ul></li></ul></nav></div><div class="bx--header__nav-caret-left-container" hidden=""><button class="bx--header__nav-caret-left" aria-label="Masthead left caret" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M20 24L10 16 20 8z"></path></svg></button><div class="bx--header__nav-caret-left-gradient"></div></div><div class="bx--header__nav-caret-right-container" hidden=""><div class="bx--header__nav-caret-right-gradient"></div><button class="bx--header__nav-caret-right" aria-label="Masthead right caret" tabindex="-1" aria-hidden="true"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M12 8L22 16 12 24z"></path></svg></button></div></div><div class="bx--masthead__overlay"></div><div data-autoid="dds--masthead__search" class="bx--masthead__search"><div class="bx--header__search--actions"><button data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-search" aria-label="Open IBM search field" tabindex="0" class="bx--header__search--search bx--header__action bx--btn bx--btn--primary bx--btn--icon-only bx--tooltip__trigger bx--tooltip--a11y bx--btn--icon-only--bottom bx--tooltip--align-center" type="button"><div class="bx--assistive-text">Open IBM search field</div><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M29,27.5859l-7.5521-7.5521a11.0177,11.0177,0,1,0-1.4141,1.4141L27.5859,29ZM4,13a9,9,0,1,1,9,9A9.01,9.01,0,0,1,4,13Z"></path></svg></button><button data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-search--close" aria-label="Close" tabindex="0" class="bx--header__search--close bx--header__action bx--btn bx--btn--primary bx--btn--icon-only bx--tooltip__trigger bx--tooltip--a11y bx--btn--icon-only--bottom bx--tooltip--align-center" type="button"><div class="bx--assistive-text">Close</div><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M24 9.4L22.6 8 16 14.6 9.4 8 8 9.4 14.6 16 8 22.6 9.4 24 16 17.4 22.6 24 24 22.6 17.4 16 24 9.4z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><div class="bx--header__global bx--header__profile"><button class="bx--header__action bx--overflow-menu" data-autoid="dds--masthead-eco__l0-account" style="width:3rem" type="button" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false" aria-label="User Profile"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="20" height="20" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M16 4a5 5 0 11-5 5 5 5 0 015-5m0-2a7 7 0 107 7A7 7 0 0016 2zM26 30H24V25a5 5 0 00-5-5H13a5 5 0 00-5 5v5H6V25a7 7 0 017-7h6a7 7 0 017 7z"></path></svg></button></div></header></div></div><main id="main-content" class="_95E0P"><section class="_7qY2j"><h1 class="e176S">Blog</h1><div class="xcYWO"><div class="cMuKc _0efzH SXHmt"><nav aria-label="breadcrumbs" class="_5uiw_ _8qVsv r3uz9"><ol><li><a class="bx--link" href="/">Home</a></li><li><span class="aEWzI" aria-hidden="true">↳ </span><a aria-current="location" href="/blog">Blog</a></li></ol></nav><section class="_5uiw_ O_Jhh"><h2 class="_1isWb">Categories</h2><ul class="_4fQbS XBsQU qcmp9 _1PgYZ uvfUZ _0CM3a o0Z_b" style="--gap-sm:0.5rem;--gap-md:0.5rem;--gap-lg:0.5rem;--gap-xlg:0.5rem;--gap-max:0.5rem"><li class="iHbnT X4Y7w mBUmN FbtRo _8UAmi bL2oU"><button class="bx--tag ZvHdV MmH7c _9ckLP bx--tag--high-contrast bx--tag--interactive" id="1"><span title="News">News</span></button></li><li class="iHbnT X4Y7w mBUmN FbtRo _8UAmi bL2oU"><button class="bx--tag ZvHdV MmH7c _9ckLP bx--tag--high-contrast bx--tag--interactive" id="2"><span title="Research">Research</span></button></li><li class="iHbnT X4Y7w mBUmN FbtRo _8UAmi bL2oU"><button class="bx--tag ZvHdV MmH7c _9ckLP bx--tag--high-contrast bx--tag--interactive" id="3"><span title="Technical notes">Technical notes</span></button></li><li class="iHbnT X4Y7w mBUmN FbtRo _8UAmi bL2oU"><button class="bx--tag ZvHdV MmH7c _9ckLP bx--tag--high-contrast bx--tag--interactive" id="6"><span title="Releases">Releases</span></button></li><li class="iHbnT X4Y7w mBUmN FbtRo _8UAmi bL2oU"><button class="bx--tag ZvHdV MmH7c _9ckLP bx--tag--high-contrast bx--tag--interactive" id="8"><span title="Explainers">Explainers</span></button></li><li class="iHbnT X4Y7w mBUmN FbtRo _8UAmi bL2oU"><button class="bx--tag ZvHdV MmH7c _9ckLP bx--tag--high-contrast bx--tag--interactive" id="42"><span title="Q & As">Q & As</span></button></li></ul></section><section class="_5uiw_ O_Jhh"><h2 class="_1isWb">Popular topics</h2><ul class="_4fQbS"><ul class="_4fQbS XBsQU qcmp9 _1PgYZ uvfUZ _0CM3a o0Z_b" style="--gap-sm:0.5rem;--gap-md:0.5rem;--gap-lg:0.5rem;--gap-xlg:0.5rem;--gap-max:0.5rem"><li class="iHbnT X4Y7w mBUmN FbtRo _8UAmi bL2oU"><button class="bx--tag ZvHdV Srru3 _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="5"><span title="AI">AI</span></button></li><li class="iHbnT X4Y7w mBUmN FbtRo _8UAmi bL2oU"><button class="bx--tag ZvHdV Srru3 _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="7"><span title="Quantum">Quantum</span></button></li><li class="iHbnT X4Y7w mBUmN FbtRo _8UAmi bL2oU"><button class="bx--tag ZvHdV Srru3 _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="341"><span title="Open Source">Open Source</span></button></li><li class="iHbnT X4Y7w mBUmN FbtRo _8UAmi bL2oU"><button class="bx--tag ZvHdV Srru3 _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="51"><span title="Semiconductors">Semiconductors</span></button></li><li class="iHbnT X4Y7w mBUmN FbtRo _8UAmi bL2oU"><button class="bx--tag ZvHdV Srru3 _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="6"><span title="Science">Science</span></button></li><li class="iHbnT X4Y7w mBUmN FbtRo _8UAmi bL2oU"><button class="bx--tag ZvHdV Srru3 _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="1"><span title="Hybrid Cloud">Hybrid Cloud</span></button></li></ul></ul></section></div><article class="AsoKT px54D Ow9mh dQjMV"><h2 class="aIhdd R94tk"><a class="QEnIV nJRyQ" href="/blog/how-ibm-research-helped-prepare-the-ibm-z17-for-tomorrows-workloads"><span class="yYIUz">How IBM Research helped prepare the IBM z17 for tomorrow’s workloads</span><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="Hubs8 uny_d"><path d="M18 6L16.57 7.393 24.15 15 4 15 4 17 24.15 17 16.57 24.573 18 26 28 16 18 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><div class="_1wKk7 YTp_w"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover"/><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover" sizes="(min-width: 99rem) calc((99rem - 50rem) * 0.875 + 39rem), (min-width: 82rem) calc((100vw - 50rem) * 0.875 + 39rem), (min-width: 66rem) calc((100vw - 49rem) * 0.8125 + 36rem), (min-width: 42rem) calc((100vw - 27rem) * 1 + 21rem), calc((100vw - 5rem) * 1 + 3rem)" srcSet="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=16&q=85 16w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=32&q=85 32w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=48&q=85 48w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=64&q=85 64w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=96&q=85 96w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=128&q=85 128w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=256&q=85 256w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=384&q=85 384w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=640&q=85 640w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=750&q=85 750w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=828&q=85 828w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=1080&q=85 1080w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=1200&q=85 1200w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=1920&q=85 1920w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=2048&q=85 2048w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=3840&q=85 3840w" src="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fz17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png&w=3840&q=85"/></noscript></span></div><div class="_5Cpod _6qhNt XW7Yr"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M19 10H26V12H19zM19 15H26V17H19zM19 20H26V22H19z"></path><path d="M28,5H4A2.002,2.002,0,0,0,2,7V25a2.0023,2.0023,0,0,0,2,2H28a2.0027,2.0027,0,0,0,2-2V7A2.0023,2.0023,0,0,0,28,5ZM4,7H15V25H4ZM17,25V7H28l.002,18Z"></path></svg>News</div><div class="fmKT7 _oib8"><div class="undefined"><div class="hr37V Mgv_p">Peter Hess</div><div><time dateTime="2025-04-08T04:01:00.000Z">08 Apr 2025</time></div></div></div><ul class="BdcFk XBsQU tIdYx H_THJ pFSjT _2bQNq sOAT8" style="--gap-sm:0.5rem;--gap-md:0.5rem;--gap-lg:0.5rem;--gap-xlg:0.5rem;--gap-max:0.5rem"><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4132--tag-8" href="/topics/ai-hardware"><span title="AI Hardware">AI Hardware</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4132--tag-50" href="/semiconductors"><span title="Hardware Technology">Hardware Technology</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4132--tag-51" href="/semiconductors"><span title="Semiconductors">Semiconductors</span></a></li></ul></article></div><div class="ukvEO t_Uew O6Fnh"><div class="N9sLh"><div class="wT9kM"><div role="search" aria-label="Search in blog"><div class="tEbfX"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="_hZsJ"><path d="M29,27.5859l-7.5521-7.5521a11.0177,11.0177,0,1,0-1.4141,1.4141L27.5859,29ZM4,13a9,9,0,1,1,9,9A9.01,9.01,0,0,1,4,13Z"></path></svg><input placeholder="Search topics, titles and authors" type="text" role="searchbox" class="t9GPq" value=""/><div class="yR99Q N0vFR"></div><button aria-label="Clear input" class="_2egOn fFsRH bx--btn bx--btn--ghost bx--btn--icon-only" type="button"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Clear input" style="--cds-icon-size-01:1.5rem" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" role="img" class="bx--btn__icon"><path d="M24 9.4L22.6 8 16 14.6 9.4 8 8 9.4 14.6 16 8 22.6 9.4 24 16 17.4 22.6 24 24 22.6 17.4 16 24 9.4z"></path></svg></button></div></div></div><div class="CoCy7"><div class="_owfA"><div class="aQpJ_"><div class="bx--dropdown__wrapper bx--list-box__wrapper"><label class="bx--label bx--visually-hidden" id="dropdown-toggle-label" for="dropdown-toggle-toggle-button">Filter by</label><div id="dropdown-toggle" class="bx--dropdown bsu3u EcQGl bx--list-box"><button type="button" class="bx--list-box__field" aria-disabled="false" id="dropdown-toggle-toggle-button" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-expanded="false" aria-labelledby="dropdown-toggle-label dropdown-toggle-toggle-button"><span class="bx--list-box__label">Filter by</span><div class="bx--list-box__menu-icon"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" name="chevron--down" aria-label="Open menu" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" role="img"><path d="M8 11L3 6 3.7 5.3 8 9.6 12.3 5.3 13 6z"></path><title>Open menu</title></svg></div></button><div id="dropdown-toggle-menu" class="bx--list-box__menu" role="listbox" aria-labelledby="dropdown-toggle-label" tabindex="-1"></div></div></div><div class="yR99Q gzeE0"></div></div></div></div></div></div><div class="ppNfj"><article class="dr9Jp px54D Afm2C dQjMV"><h2 class="aIhdd _3mw1c"><a class="QEnIV azT5a" href="/blog/granite-guardian-tops-guardbench"><span class="yYIUz">IBM’s safety checkers top a new AI benchmark</span><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="Hubs8"><path d="M18 6L16.57 7.393 24.15 15 4 15 4 17 24.15 17 16.57 24.573 18 26 28 16 18 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><div class="_1wKk7 Lu97o"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover"/><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover" sizes="(min-width: 99rem) calc((99rem - 50rem) * 0.5625 + 24rem), (min-width: 82rem) calc((100vw - 50rem) * 0.5625 + 24rem), (min-width: 66rem) calc((100vw - 49rem) * 0.5625 + 24rem), (min-width: 42rem) calc((100vw - 27rem) * 1 + 21rem), calc((100vw - 5rem) * 1 + 3rem)" srcSet="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=16&q=85 16w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=32&q=85 32w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=48&q=85 48w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=64&q=85 64w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=96&q=85 96w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=128&q=85 128w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=256&q=85 256w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=384&q=85 384w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=640&q=85 640w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=750&q=85 750w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=828&q=85 828w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=1080&q=85 1080w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=1200&q=85 1200w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=1920&q=85 1920w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=2048&q=85 2048w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=3840&q=85 3840w" src="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2Fdco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png&w=3840&q=85"/></noscript></span></div><div class="_5Cpod _6qhNt vv9P1"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M19 10H26V12H19zM19 15H26V17H19zM19 20H26V22H19z"></path><path d="M28,5H4A2.002,2.002,0,0,0,2,7V25a2.0023,2.0023,0,0,0,2,2H28a2.0027,2.0027,0,0,0,2-2V7A2.0023,2.0023,0,0,0,28,5ZM4,7H15V25H4ZM17,25V7H28l.002,18Z"></path></svg>News</div><div class="fmKT7 VZumR"><div class="undefined"><div class="hr37V qfwZv">Kim Martineau</div><div><time dateTime="2025-04-09T14:00:00.000Z">09 Apr 2025</time></div></div></div><ul class="KzdTT XBsQU tIdYx H_THJ pFSjT _2bQNq sOAT8" style="--gap-sm:0.5rem;--gap-md:0.5rem;--gap-lg:0.5rem;--gap-xlg:0.5rem;--gap-max:0.5rem"><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4134--tag-5" href="/artificial-intelligence"><span title="AI">AI</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4134--tag-14" href="/topics/trustworthy-ai"><span title="AI Transparency">AI Transparency</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4134--tag-11" href="/topics/fairness-accountability-transparency"><span title="Fairness, Accountability, Transparency">Fairness, Accountability, Transparency</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4134--tag-270" href="/topics/generative-ai"><span title="Generative AI">Generative AI</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4134--tag-25" href="/topics/natural-language-processing"><span title="Natural Language Processing">Natural Language Processing</span></a></li></ul></article><ul class="WHz7C _9G5_"><li class="dmjRV" style="--delay:0ms"><article class="WVmBd px54D dQjMV"><h2 class="aIhdd"><a class="QEnIV" href="/blog/revolutionizing-industries-with-ai-powered-digital-twins"><span class="yYIUz">Revolutionizing industries with AI-powered digital twins</span><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="Hubs8"><path d="M18 6L16.57 7.393 24.15 15 4 15 4 17 24.15 17 16.57 24.573 18 26 28 16 18 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><div class="_1wKk7"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0"><img alt="Conceptual illustration of a battery digital twin. The left side shows a black and white grid representation of a cylinder, and the righthand image shows a more polished version of the same cylinder in a shiny blue." src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover"/><noscript><img alt="Conceptual illustration of a battery digital twin. The left side shows a black and white grid representation of a cylinder, and the righthand image shows a more polished version of the same cylinder in a shiny blue." loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover" sizes="(min-width: 99rem) calc((99rem - 50rem) * 0.25 + 9rem), (min-width: 82rem) calc((100vw - 50rem) * 0.25 + 9rem), (min-width: 66rem) calc((100vw - 49rem) * 0.5 + 21rem), (min-width: 42rem) calc((100vw - 27rem) * 0.5 + 9rem), calc((100vw - 5rem) * 1 + 3rem)" srcSet="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=16&q=85 16w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=32&q=85 32w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=48&q=85 48w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=64&q=85 64w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=96&q=85 96w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=128&q=85 128w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=256&q=85 256w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=384&q=85 384w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=640&q=85 640w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=750&q=85 750w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=828&q=85 828w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=1080&q=85 1080w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=1200&q=85 1200w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=1920&q=85 1920w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=2048&q=85 2048w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=3840&q=85 3840w" src="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FDigital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png&w=3840&q=85"/></noscript></span></div><div class="_5Cpod _6qhNt"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M26 6v4H6V6H26m0-2H6A2 2 0 004 6v4a2 2 0 002 2H26a2 2 0 002-2V6a2 2 0 00-2-2zM10 16V26H6V16h4m0-2H6a2 2 0 00-2 2V26a2 2 0 002 2h4a2 2 0 002-2V16a2 2 0 00-2-2zM26 16V26H16V16H26m0-2H16a2 2 0 00-2 2V26a2 2 0 002 2H26a2 2 0 002-2V16a2 2 0 00-2-2z"></path></svg>Case study</div><div class="fmKT7"><div class=""><div class="hr37V">Peter Hess</div><div><time dateTime="2025-04-10T10:00:00.000Z">10 Apr 2025</time></div></div></div><ul class="XBsQU tIdYx H_THJ pFSjT _2bQNq sOAT8" style="--gap-sm:0.5rem;--gap-md:0.5rem;--gap-lg:0.5rem;--gap-xlg:0.5rem;--gap-max:0.5rem"><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4133--tag-5" href="/artificial-intelligence"><span title="AI">AI</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4133--tag-167" href="/topics/foundation-models"><span title="Foundation Models">Foundation Models</span></a></li></ul></article></li><li class="dmjRV" style="--delay:100ms"><article class="WVmBd px54D dQjMV"><h2 class="aIhdd"><a class="QEnIV" href="/blog/qiskit-2-0-release-summary"><span class="yYIUz">Release News: Qiskit SDK v2.0 is here!</span><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="Hubs8"><path d="M18 6L16.57 7.393 24.15 15 4 15 4 17 24.15 17 16.57 24.573 18 26 28 16 18 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><div class="_1wKk7"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover"/><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover" sizes="(min-width: 99rem) calc((99rem - 50rem) * 0.25 + 9rem), (min-width: 82rem) calc((100vw - 50rem) * 0.25 + 9rem), (min-width: 66rem) calc((100vw - 49rem) * 0.5 + 21rem), (min-width: 42rem) calc((100vw - 27rem) * 0.5 + 9rem), calc((100vw - 5rem) * 1 + 3rem)" srcSet="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=16&q=75 16w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=32&q=75 32w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=48&q=75 48w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=64&q=75 64w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=96&q=75 96w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=128&q=75 128w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=256&q=75 256w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=384&q=75 384w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=640&q=75 640w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=750&q=75 750w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=828&q=75 828w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=1080&q=75 1080w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=1200&q=75 1200w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=1920&q=75 1920w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=2048&q=75 2048w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=3840&q=75 3840w" src="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif&w=3840&q=75"/></noscript></span></div><div class="_5Cpod _6qhNt"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M6.34 19H17.65V21H6.34z" transform="rotate(-45 11.995 20.002)"></path><path d="M17,30a1,1,0,0,1-.37-.07,1,1,0,0,1-.62-.79l-1-7,2-.28.75,5.27L21,24.52V17a1,1,0,0,1,.29-.71l4.07-4.07A8.94,8.94,0,0,0,28,5.86V4H26.14a8.94,8.94,0,0,0-6.36,2.64l-4.07,4.07A1,1,0,0,1,15,11H7.48L4.87,14.26l5.27.75-.28,2-7-1a1,1,0,0,1-.79-.62,1,1,0,0,1,.15-1l4-5A1,1,0,0,1,7,9h7.59l3.77-3.78A10.92,10.92,0,0,1,26.14,2H28a2,2,0,0,1,2,2V5.86a10.92,10.92,0,0,1-3.22,7.78L23,17.41V25a1,1,0,0,1-.38.78l-5,4A1,1,0,0,1,17,30Z"></path></svg>Release</div><div class="fmKT7"><div class=""><div class="hr37V">Qiskit Team</div><div><time dateTime="2025-04-03T14:00:00.000Z">03 Apr 2025</time></div></div></div><ul class="XBsQU tIdYx H_THJ pFSjT _2bQNq sOAT8" style="--gap-sm:0.5rem;--gap-md:0.5rem;--gap-lg:0.5rem;--gap-xlg:0.5rem;--gap-max:0.5rem"><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4131--tag-344" href="/quantum-computing"><span title="Qiskit">Qiskit</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4131--tag-347" href="/quantum-computing"><span title="Quantum Software Updates">Quantum Software Updates</span></a></li></ul></article></li><li class="dmjRV" style="--delay:200ms"><article class="WVmBd px54D dQjMV A3mrQ"><h2 class="aIhdd"><a class="QEnIV _Cq8x MPlkq" href="/blog/simplifying-geospatial-ai-with-terra-torch-1-0"><span class="yYIUz">Simplifying geospatial AI with TerraTorch 1.0</span><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="Hubs8"><path d="M18 6L16.57 7.393 24.15 15 4 15 4 17 24.15 17 16.57 24.573 18 26 28 16 18 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><div class="_5Cpod _6qhNt"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M29.707,19.293l-3-3a.9994.9994,0,0,0-1.414,0L16,25.5859V30h4.4141l9.2929-9.293A.9994.9994,0,0,0,29.707,19.293ZM19.5859,28H18V26.4141l5-5L24.5859,23ZM26,21.5859,24.4141,20,26,18.4141,27.5859,20Z"></path><path d="M17 15H21V17H17z" transform="rotate(-90 19 16)"></path><path d="M12 14H18V16H12z" transform="rotate(-90 15 15)"></path><path d="M6 12H16V14H6z" transform="rotate(-90 11 13)"></path><path d="M12,30H6a2.0021,2.0021,0,0,1-2-2V4A2.0021,2.0021,0,0,1,6,2H22a2.0021,2.0021,0,0,1,2,2V14H22V4H6V28h6Z"></path></svg>Technical note</div><div class="fmKT7"><div class="undefined"><div class="hr37V">Romeo Kienzler, Juan Bernabé-Moreno, Paolo Fraccaro, Bianca Zadrozny, Campbell Watson, Benedikt Blumenstiel, Joao Lucas de Sousa Almeida, Michael Johnston, Christian Pinto, and Michal Muszynski</div><div><time dateTime="2025-04-03T12:00:44.677Z">03 Apr 2025</time></div></div></div><ul class="XBsQU tIdYx H_THJ pFSjT _2bQNq sOAT8" style="--gap-sm:0.5rem;--gap-md:0.5rem;--gap-lg:0.5rem;--gap-xlg:0.5rem;--gap-max:0.5rem"><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4130--tag-5" href="/artificial-intelligence"><span title="AI">AI</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4130--tag-82" href="/topics/climate-and-sustainability"><span title="Climate and Sustainability">Climate and Sustainability</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4130--tag-167" href="/topics/foundation-models"><span title="Foundation Models">Foundation Models</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4130--tag-341" href="/artificial-intelligence"><span title="Open Source">Open Source</span></a></li></ul></article></li><li class="dmjRV" style="--delay:300ms"><article class="WVmBd px54D dQjMV A3mrQ"><h2 class="aIhdd"><a class="QEnIV _Cq8x MPlkq" href="/blog/japan-korea-us-quantum-education"><span class="yYIUz">Progress toward bringing quantum education to 40,000 students in Japan, Korea, and the United States</span><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="Hubs8"><path d="M18 6L16.57 7.393 24.15 15 4 15 4 17 24.15 17 16.57 24.573 18 26 28 16 18 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><div class="_5Cpod _6qhNt"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M19 10H26V12H19zM19 15H26V17H19zM19 20H26V22H19z"></path><path d="M28,5H4A2.002,2.002,0,0,0,2,7V25a2.0023,2.0023,0,0,0,2,2H28a2.0027,2.0027,0,0,0,2-2V7A2.0023,2.0023,0,0,0,28,5ZM4,7H15V25H4ZM17,25V7H28l.002,18Z"></path></svg>News</div><div class="fmKT7"><div class="undefined"><div class="hr37V">Kifumi Numata, Boseong Kim, Yuri Kobayashi, and Robert Davis</div><div><time dateTime="2025-03-27T12:30:00.000Z">27 Mar 2025</time></div></div></div><ul class="XBsQU tIdYx H_THJ pFSjT _2bQNq sOAT8" style="--gap-sm:0.5rem;--gap-md:0.5rem;--gap-lg:0.5rem;--gap-xlg:0.5rem;--gap-max:0.5rem"><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4128--tag-40" href="/topics/quantum-community"><span title="Quantum Community">Quantum Community</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4128--tag-345" href="/quantum-computing"><span title="Quantum Network">Quantum Network</span></a></li></ul></article></li><li class="dmjRV" style="--delay:400ms"><article class="WVmBd px54D dQjMV"><h2 class="aIhdd"><a class="QEnIV" href="/blog/udes-quantum-research-chairs"><span class="yYIUz">IBM and Université de Sherbrooke announce two quantum research chairs</span><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="Hubs8"><path d="M18 6L16.57 7.393 24.15 15 4 15 4 17 24.15 17 16.57 24.573 18 26 28 16 18 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><div class="_1wKk7"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover"/><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover" sizes="(min-width: 99rem) calc((99rem - 50rem) * 0.25 + 9rem), (min-width: 82rem) calc((100vw - 50rem) * 0.25 + 9rem), (min-width: 66rem) calc((100vw - 49rem) * 0.5 + 21rem), (min-width: 42rem) calc((100vw - 27rem) * 0.5 + 9rem), calc((100vw - 5rem) * 1 + 3rem)" srcSet="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=16&q=75 16w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=32&q=75 32w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=48&q=75 48w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=64&q=75 64w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=96&q=75 96w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=128&q=75 128w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=256&q=75 256w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=384&q=75 384w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=640&q=75 640w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=750&q=75 750w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=828&q=75 828w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=1080&q=75 1080w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=1200&q=75 1200w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=1920&q=75 1920w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=2048&q=75 2048w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=3840&q=75 3840w" src="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg&w=3840&q=75"/></noscript></span></div><div class="_5Cpod _6qhNt"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M27 25H21a3 3 0 00-3 3v2h2V28a1 1 0 011-1h6a1 1 0 011 1v2h2V28A3 3 0 0027 25zM20 20a4 4 0 104-4A4 4 0 0020 20zm6 0a2 2 0 11-2-2A2 2 0 0126 20zM6 21V20H4v1a7 7 0 007 7h3V26H11A5 5 0 016 21zM19 10H26V12H19zM19 6H29V8H19zM19 2H29V4H19zM11 11H5a3 3 0 00-3 3v2H4V14a1 1 0 011-1h6a1 1 0 011 1v2h2V14A3 3 0 0011 11zM8 10A4 4 0 104 6 4 4 0 008 10zM8 4A2 2 0 116 6 2 2 0 018 4z"></path></svg>Q & A</div><div class="fmKT7"><div class=""><div class="hr37V">Alexandre Choquette</div><div><time dateTime="2025-03-24T12:00:00.000Z">24 Mar 2025</time></div></div></div><ul class="XBsQU tIdYx H_THJ pFSjT _2bQNq sOAT8" style="--gap-sm:0.5rem;--gap-md:0.5rem;--gap-lg:0.5rem;--gap-xlg:0.5rem;--gap-max:0.5rem"><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4035--tag-39" href="/topics/computer-science"><span title="Computer Science">Computer Science</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4035--tag-40" href="/topics/quantum-community"><span title="Quantum Community">Quantum Community</span></a></li></ul></article></li><li class="dmjRV" style="--delay:500ms"><article class="WVmBd px54D dQjMV"><h2 class="aIhdd"><a class="QEnIV" href="/blog/multiagent-bee-ai"><span class="yYIUz">BeeAI now has multiple agents, and a standardized way for them to talk</span><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="Hubs8"><path d="M18 6L16.57 7.393 24.15 15 4 15 4 17 24.15 17 16.57 24.573 18 26 28 16 18 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><div class="_1wKk7"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover"/><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover" sizes="(min-width: 99rem) calc((99rem - 50rem) * 0.25 + 9rem), (min-width: 82rem) calc((100vw - 50rem) * 0.25 + 9rem), (min-width: 66rem) calc((100vw - 49rem) * 0.5 + 21rem), (min-width: 42rem) calc((100vw - 27rem) * 0.5 + 9rem), calc((100vw - 5rem) * 1 + 3rem)" srcSet="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=16&q=75 16w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=32&q=75 32w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=48&q=75 48w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=64&q=75 64w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=96&q=75 96w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=128&q=75 128w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=256&q=75 256w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=384&q=75 384w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=640&q=75 640w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=750&q=75 750w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=828&q=75 828w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=1080&q=75 1080w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=1200&q=75 1200w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=1920&q=75 1920w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=2048&q=75 2048w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=3840&q=75 3840w" src="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FIBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg&w=3840&q=75"/></noscript></span></div><div class="_5Cpod _6qhNt"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M22 24H18V22h4V18h2v4A2.0021 2.0021 0 0122 24zM10 14H8V10a2.0022 2.0022 0 012-2h4v2H10z"></path><path d="M28,8H24V4a2.0023,2.0023,0,0,0-2-2H4A2.0023,2.0023,0,0,0,2,4V22a2.0023,2.0023,0,0,0,2,2H8v4a2.0023,2.0023,0,0,0,2,2H28a2.0023,2.0023,0,0,0,2-2V10A2.0023,2.0023,0,0,0,28,8Zm0,20H10V24h4V22H10V18H8v4H4V4H22V8H18v2h4v4h2V10h4Z"></path></svg>Research</div><div class="fmKT7"><div class=""><div class="hr37V">Kim Martineau</div><div><time dateTime="2025-03-17T04:00:00.000Z">17 Mar 2025</time></div></div></div><ul class="XBsQU tIdYx H_THJ pFSjT _2bQNq sOAT8" style="--gap-sm:0.5rem;--gap-md:0.5rem;--gap-lg:0.5rem;--gap-xlg:0.5rem;--gap-max:0.5rem"><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4127--tag-5" href="/artificial-intelligence"><span title="AI">AI</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4127--tag-270" href="/topics/generative-ai"><span title="Generative AI">Generative AI</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4127--tag-25" href="/topics/natural-language-processing"><span title="Natural Language Processing">Natural Language Processing</span></a></li></ul></article></li><li class="dmjRV" style="--delay:600ms"><article class="WVmBd px54D dQjMV"><h2 class="aIhdd"><a class="QEnIV" href="/blog/ibm-research-sxsw-quantum-ai"><span class="yYIUz">AI and quantum computing: How IBM showed up at SXSW 2025</span><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="Hubs8"><path d="M18 6L16.57 7.393 24.15 15 4 15 4 17 24.15 17 16.57 24.573 18 26 28 16 18 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><div class="_1wKk7"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover"/><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover" sizes="(min-width: 99rem) calc((99rem - 50rem) * 0.25 + 9rem), (min-width: 82rem) calc((100vw - 50rem) * 0.25 + 9rem), (min-width: 66rem) calc((100vw - 49rem) * 0.5 + 21rem), (min-width: 42rem) calc((100vw - 27rem) * 0.5 + 9rem), calc((100vw - 5rem) * 1 + 3rem)" srcSet="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=16&q=75 16w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=32&q=75 32w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=48&q=75 48w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=64&q=75 64w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=96&q=75 96w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=128&q=75 128w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=256&q=75 256w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=384&q=75 384w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=640&q=75 640w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=750&q=75 750w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=828&q=75 828w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=1080&q=75 1080w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=1200&q=75 1200w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=1920&q=75 1920w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=2048&q=75 2048w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=3840&q=75 3840w" src="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FAK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg&w=3840&q=75"/></noscript></span></div><div class="_5Cpod _6qhNt"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M19 10H26V12H19zM19 15H26V17H19zM19 20H26V22H19z"></path><path d="M28,5H4A2.002,2.002,0,0,0,2,7V25a2.0023,2.0023,0,0,0,2,2H28a2.0027,2.0027,0,0,0,2-2V7A2.0023,2.0023,0,0,0,28,5ZM4,7H15V25H4ZM17,25V7H28l.002,18Z"></path></svg>News</div><div class="fmKT7"><div class=""><div class="hr37V">Mike Murphy</div><div><time dateTime="2025-03-15T09:00:00.000Z">15 Mar 2025</time></div></div></div><ul class="XBsQU tIdYx H_THJ pFSjT _2bQNq sOAT8" style="--gap-sm:0.5rem;--gap-md:0.5rem;--gap-lg:0.5rem;--gap-xlg:0.5rem;--gap-max:0.5rem"><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4126--tag-5" href="/artificial-intelligence"><span title="AI">AI</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4126--tag-270" href="/topics/generative-ai"><span title="Generative AI">Generative AI</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4126--tag-7" href="/quantum-computing"><span title="Quantum">Quantum</span></a></li></ul></article></li><li class="dmjRV" style="--delay:700ms"><article class="WVmBd px54D dQjMV"><h2 class="aIhdd"><a class="QEnIV" href="/blog/japanese-quantum-ecosystem"><span class="yYIUz">Growing the global quantum ecosystem</span><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="Hubs8"><path d="M18 6L16.57 7.393 24.15 15 4 15 4 17 24.15 17 16.57 24.573 18 26 28 16 18 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><div class="_1wKk7"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover"/><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover" sizes="(min-width: 99rem) calc((99rem - 50rem) * 0.25 + 9rem), (min-width: 82rem) calc((100vw - 50rem) * 0.25 + 9rem), (min-width: 66rem) calc((100vw - 49rem) * 0.5 + 21rem), (min-width: 42rem) calc((100vw - 27rem) * 0.5 + 9rem), calc((100vw - 5rem) * 1 + 3rem)" srcSet="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=16&q=85 16w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=32&q=85 32w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=48&q=85 48w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=64&q=85 64w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=96&q=85 96w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=128&q=85 128w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=256&q=85 256w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=384&q=85 384w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=640&q=85 640w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=750&q=85 750w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=828&q=85 828w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=1080&q=85 1080w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=1200&q=85 1200w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=1920&q=85 1920w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=2048&q=85 2048w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=3840&q=85 3840w" src="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FSupply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png&w=3840&q=85"/></noscript></span></div><div class="_5Cpod _6qhNt"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M12,21H4V4H22v8h2V4a2,2,0,0,0-2-2H4A2,2,0,0,0,2,4V21a2,2,0,0,0,2,2h8Z"></path><path d="M30,28.58l-3.11-3.11a6,6,0,1,0-1.42,1.42L28.58,30ZM22,26a4,4,0,1,1,4-4A4,4,0,0,1,22,26Z"></path></svg>Explainer</div><div class="fmKT7"><div class=""><div class="hr37V">Daiju Nakano, Kouichi Semba (University of Tokyo), and Jerry Chow</div><div><time dateTime="2025-03-11T14:30:00.000Z">11 Mar 2025</time></div></div></div><ul class="XBsQU tIdYx H_THJ pFSjT _2bQNq sOAT8" style="--gap-sm:0.5rem;--gap-md:0.5rem;--gap-lg:0.5rem;--gap-xlg:0.5rem;--gap-max:0.5rem"><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4125--tag-40" href="/topics/quantum-community"><span title="Quantum Community">Quantum Community</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4125--tag-345" href="/quantum-computing"><span title="Quantum Network">Quantum Network</span></a></li></ul></article></li><li class="dmjRV" style="--delay:800ms"><article class="WVmBd px54D dQjMV"><h2 class="aIhdd"><a class="QEnIV" href="/blog/quantum-safe-nist-signatures"><span class="yYIUz">IBM’s quantum-safe signature schemes advance in NIST’s PQC process</span><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="Hubs8"><path d="M18 6L16.57 7.393 24.15 15 4 15 4 17 24.15 17 16.57 24.573 18 26 28 16 18 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><div class="_1wKk7"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover"/><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover" sizes="(min-width: 99rem) calc((99rem - 50rem) * 0.25 + 9rem), (min-width: 82rem) calc((100vw - 50rem) * 0.25 + 9rem), (min-width: 66rem) calc((100vw - 49rem) * 0.5 + 21rem), (min-width: 42rem) calc((100vw - 27rem) * 0.5 + 9rem), calc((100vw - 5rem) * 1 + 3rem)" srcSet="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=16&q=85 16w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=32&q=85 32w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=48&q=85 48w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=64&q=85 64w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=96&q=85 96w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=128&q=85 128w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=256&q=85 256w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=384&q=85 384w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=640&q=85 640w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=750&q=85 750w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=828&q=85 828w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=1080&q=85 1080w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=1200&q=85 1200w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=1920&q=85 1920w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=2048&q=85 2048w, https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=3840&q=85 3840w" src="https://research.ibm.com/_next/image?url=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud%2FQSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png&w=3840&q=85"/></noscript></span></div><div class="_5Cpod _6qhNt"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M29.707,19.293l-3-3a.9994.9994,0,0,0-1.414,0L16,25.5859V30h4.4141l9.2929-9.293A.9994.9994,0,0,0,29.707,19.293ZM19.5859,28H18V26.4141l5-5L24.5859,23ZM26,21.5859,24.4141,20,26,18.4141,27.5859,20Z"></path><path d="M17 15H21V17H17z" transform="rotate(-90 19 16)"></path><path d="M12 14H18V16H12z" transform="rotate(-90 15 15)"></path><path d="M6 12H16V14H6z" transform="rotate(-90 11 13)"></path><path d="M12,30H6a2.0021,2.0021,0,0,1-2-2V4A2.0021,2.0021,0,0,1,6,2H22a2.0021,2.0021,0,0,1,2,2V14H22V4H6V28h6Z"></path></svg>Technical note</div><div class="fmKT7"><div class=""><div class="hr37V">Ward Beullens and Luca De Feo</div><div><time dateTime="2025-03-06T05:00:00.000Z">06 Mar 2025</time></div></div></div><ul class="XBsQU tIdYx H_THJ pFSjT _2bQNq sOAT8" style="--gap-sm:0.5rem;--gap-md:0.5rem;--gap-lg:0.5rem;--gap-xlg:0.5rem;--gap-max:0.5rem"><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4123--tag-236" href="/topics/quantum-safe-cryptography-and-migration"><span title="Quantum Safe">Quantum Safe</span></a></li><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4123--tag-6" href="/topics/science"><span title="Science">Science</span></a></li></ul></article></li><li class="dmjRV" style="--delay:900ms"><article class="WVmBd px54D dQjMV"><h2 class="aIhdd"><a class="QEnIV" href="/blog/ibm-qualcomm-cloud-edge-ai"><span class="yYIUz">AI from deep cloud to far-edge: A flawless end-to-end experience</span><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="Hubs8"><path d="M18 6L16.57 7.393 24.15 15 4 15 4 17 24.15 17 16.57 24.573 18 26 28 16 18 6z"></path></svg></a></h2><div class="_1wKk7"><span style="box-sizing:border-box;display:block;overflow:hidden;width:initial;height:initial;background:none;opacity:1;border:0;margin:0;padding:0;position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0"><img src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAIAAAAAAAP///yH5BAEAAAAALAAAAAABAAEAAAIBRAA7" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover"/><noscript><img loading="lazy" decoding="async" data-nimg="fill" style="position:absolute;top:0;left:0;bottom:0;right:0;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0;border:none;margin:auto;display:block;width:0;height:0;min-width:100%;max-width:100%;min-height:100%;max-height:100%;object-fit:cover" src="https://d35x6597f7j1wm.cloudfront.net/Feature_Illustration_Line_Style_R02_2022_12_01_786465a060.svg"/></noscript></span></div><div class="_5Cpod _6qhNt"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M29.707,19.293l-3-3a.9994.9994,0,0,0-1.414,0L16,25.5859V30h4.4141l9.2929-9.293A.9994.9994,0,0,0,29.707,19.293ZM19.5859,28H18V26.4141l5-5L24.5859,23ZM26,21.5859,24.4141,20,26,18.4141,27.5859,20Z"></path><path d="M17 15H21V17H17z" transform="rotate(-90 19 16)"></path><path d="M12 14H18V16H12z" transform="rotate(-90 15 15)"></path><path d="M6 12H16V14H6z" transform="rotate(-90 11 13)"></path><path d="M12,30H6a2.0021,2.0021,0,0,1-2-2V4A2.0021,2.0021,0,0,1,6,2H22a2.0021,2.0021,0,0,1,2,2V14H22V4H6V28h6Z"></path></svg>Technical note</div><div class="fmKT7"><div class=""><div class="hr37V">Siddhika Nevrekar, Andreas Kuhmichel, Gaurav Garg, Eric Dulkeith, and Rojan Jose</div><div><time dateTime="2025-03-05T17:00:00.000Z">05 Mar 2025</time></div></div></div><ul class="XBsQU tIdYx H_THJ pFSjT _2bQNq sOAT8" style="--gap-sm:0.5rem;--gap-md:0.5rem;--gap-lg:0.5rem;--gap-xlg:0.5rem;--gap-max:0.5rem"><li class="iHbnT vRTEX l8Im1 er023 EOn_C MtRtY"><a class="bx--tag ZvHdV sCEvD _7_FxK _9ckLP bx--tag--green bx--tag--interactive" id="post-4124--tag-5" href="/artificial-intelligence"><span title="AI">AI</span></a></li></ul></article></li></ul><nav aria-label="pagination" class="fYDdH mbGgE"><ul class="tgnrU"><li><a aria-current="location" class="QCIlI" href="/blog">1</a></li><li><a class="QCIlI" href="/blog?page=2">2</a></li><li><div class="JGYxh">...</div></li><li><a class="QCIlI" href="/blog?page=41">41</a></li><li><a class="mTtGB" aria-label="Next page" href="/blog?page=2"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="24" height="24" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true"><path d="M22 16L12 26 10.6 24.6 19.2 16 10.6 7.4 12 6z"></path></svg></a></li></ul></nav></div><footer class="Wf7VO"><div class="_9_ExQ"><a class="_3TJyT p_HAm" href="https://www.ibm.com/account/reg/us-en/signup?formid=news-urx-53237"><div class="i3ES9">Subscribe to our Future Forward newsletter and stay up to date on the latest research news<svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="32" height="32" viewBox="0 0 32 32" aria-hidden="true" class="Ptkl_ _5eCA3"><path d="M18 6L16.57 7.393 24.15 15 4 15 4 17 24.15 17 16.57 24.573 18 26 28 16 18 6z"></path></svg></div><div class="_7vYZG MSZxi"><span>Subscribe to our newsletter</span></div></a></div></footer></section></main><footer data-autoid="dds--footer" class="bx--footer"><section class="bx--footer__main"><div class="bx--footer__main-container"><div data-autoid="dds--footer-logo" class="bx--footer-logo"><a data-autoid="dds--footer-logo__link" class="bx--footer-logo__link" href="https://www.ibm.com/"><svg width="157" height="65" class="bx--footer-logo__logo" viewBox="0 0 157 65" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><title>IBM Logo</title><path d="M30.444 60.208v4.03H0v-4.03h30.444zm78.291-.001v4.03H86.983v-4.03h21.752zm47.858 0v4.03H134.84v-4.03h21.753zm-33.416 0l-1.398 4.03-1.38-4.03h2.778zm-88.384 0h42.775c-2.797 2.426-6.39 3.925-10.327 4.025l-.423.006H34.793v-4.03h42.775zm-4.35-8.46v4.03H0v-4.03h30.444zm52.402 0c-.332 1.248-.8 2.44-1.389 3.555l-.259.474H34.793v-4.029h48.052zm73.748-.005v4.031H134.84v-4.03h21.753zm-47.858 0v4.031H86.983v-4.03h21.752zm17.375 0l-1.398 4.031h-5.85l-1.395-4.03h8.643zM21.745 43.285v4.03H8.698v-4.03h13.047zm61.195 0a17.32 17.32 0 0 1 .476 3.51l.008.52H68.796v-4.03H82.94zm-26.401 0v4.03H43.491v-4.03H56.54zm72.502-.007l-1.396 4.03H115.93l-1.397-4.03h14.507zm18.85 0v4.03h-13.05v-4.03h13.05zm-39.156 0v4.03H95.684v-4.03h13.051zm-86.99-8.454v4.03H8.698v-4.03h13.047zm56.117 0a16.945 16.945 0 0 1 2.926 3.582l.264.447h-37.56v-4.03h34.37zm30.873-.01v4.03H95.684v-4.03h13.051zm39.157 0v4.03H134.84v-4.03h13.052zm-15.919 0l-1.396 4.03h-17.579l-1.396-4.03h20.371zm-50.778-8.452a16.963 16.963 0 0 1-2.82 3.674l-.37.355H43.49v-4.029h37.704zm-59.45 0v4.03H8.698v-4.03h13.047zm126.147-.013v4.031H134.84v-3.839l-1.33 3.839h-11.456l1.373-4.03h24.465zm-27.743 0l1.372 4.031h-11.456l-1.33-3.839v3.84H95.684v-4.032h24.465zm-98.404-8.448v4.03H8.698V17.9h13.047zm61.68 0c0 1.215-.134 2.399-.375 3.542l-.11.487H68.796V17.9h14.628zM56.538 17.9v4.03H43.491V17.9H56.54zm91.352-.015v4.03h-22.954l1.37-4.03h21.584zm-30.624 0l1.372 4.03H95.684v-4.03h21.583zM30.444 9.437v4.03H0v-4.03h30.444zm50.753 0a17.048 17.048 0 0 1 1.498 3.499l.15.531H34.794v-4.03h46.403zm75.396-.018v4.03h-28.776l1.373-4.03h27.403zm-42.207 0l1.372 4.031H86.982V9.42h27.404zM30.444.978v4.03H0V.977h30.444zm36.374 0c3.96 0 7.594 1.415 10.448 3.772l.303.257H34.794V.977h32.024zm89.775-.022v4.031h-25.894l1.372-4.03h24.522zm-45.098 0l1.372 4.03H86.982V.955h24.513z"></path></svg></a></div><nav data-autoid="dds--footer-nav" class="bx--footer-nav"><ul class="bx--accordion bx--footer-nav__container bx--accordion--end"><li class="bx--accordion__item bx--footer-nav-group" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group"><button type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="bx--accordion__heading"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true" class="bx--accordion__arrow"><path d="M11 8L6 13 5.3 12.3 9.6 8 5.3 3.7 6 3z"></path></svg><div class="bx--accordion__title">Focus areas</div></button><div class="bx--accordion__content"><h2 class="bx--footer-nav-group__title">Focus areas</h2><ul><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="/semiconductors">Semiconductors</a></li><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="/artificial-intelligence">Artificial Intelligence</a></li><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="/quantum-computing">Quantum Computing</a></li><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="/hybrid-cloud">Hybrid Cloud</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="bx--accordion__item bx--footer-nav-group" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group"><button type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="bx--accordion__heading"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true" class="bx--accordion__arrow"><path d="M11 8L6 13 5.3 12.3 9.6 8 5.3 3.7 6 3z"></path></svg><div class="bx--accordion__title">Quick links</div></button><div class="bx--accordion__content"><h2 class="bx--footer-nav-group__title">Quick links</h2><ul><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="/about">About</a></li><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="/publications">Publications</a></li><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="/blog">Blog</a></li><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="/events">Events</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="bx--accordion__item bx--footer-nav-group" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group"><button type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="bx--accordion__heading"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true" class="bx--accordion__arrow"><path d="M11 8L6 13 5.3 12.3 9.6 8 5.3 3.7 6 3z"></path></svg><div class="bx--accordion__title">Work with us</div></button><div class="bx--accordion__content"><h2 class="bx--footer-nav-group__title">Work with us</h2><ul><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="https://www.ibm.com/careers/us-en/teams/research/">Careers</a></li><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="/contact">Contact Research</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="bx--accordion__item bx--footer-nav-group" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group"><button type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="bx--accordion__heading"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true" class="bx--accordion__arrow"><path d="M11 8L6 13 5.3 12.3 9.6 8 5.3 3.7 6 3z"></path></svg><div class="bx--accordion__title">Directories</div></button><div class="bx--accordion__content"><h2 class="bx--footer-nav-group__title">Directories</h2><ul><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="/topics">Topics</a></li><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="/people">People</a></li><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="/projects">Projects</a></li></ul></div></li><li class="bx--accordion__item bx--footer-nav-group" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group"><button type="button" aria-expanded="false" class="bx--accordion__heading"><svg focusable="false" preserveAspectRatio="xMidYMid meet" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="currentColor" width="16" height="16" viewBox="0 0 16 16" aria-hidden="true" class="bx--accordion__arrow"><path d="M11 8L6 13 5.3 12.3 9.6 8 5.3 3.7 6 3z"></path></svg><div class="bx--accordion__title">Follow us</div></button><div class="bx--accordion__content"><h2 class="bx--footer-nav-group__title">Follow us</h2><ul><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="https://www.ibm.com/account/reg/us-en/signup?formid=news-urx-53237">Newsletter</a></li><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="https://twitter.com/ibmresearch">X</a></li><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="https://www.linkedin.com/showcase/ibm-research/">LinkedIn</a></li><li class="bx--footer-nav-group__item"><a class="bx--link bx--footer-nav-group__link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-nav-group__link" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/IBMLabs">YouTube</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></nav></div></section><aside data-autoid="dds--footer-legal-nav" class="bx--legal-nav__container"><nav class="bx--legal-nav"><div class="bx--legal-nav__list "><ul class="bx--legal-nav__holder"><li class="bx--legal-nav__list-item"><a href="https://www.ibm.com/contact/us/en/?lnk=flg-cont-usen" class="bx--link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-legal-nav__link-null">Contact IBM</a></li><li class="bx--legal-nav__list-item"><a href="https://www.ibm.com/privacy/us/en/?lnk=flg-priv-usen" class="bx--link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-legal-nav__link-null">Privacy</a></li><li class="bx--legal-nav__list-item"><a href="https://www.ibm.com/us-en/legal?lnk=flg-tous-usen" class="bx--link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-legal-nav__link-null">Terms of use</a></li><li class="bx--legal-nav__list-item"><a href="https://www.ibm.com/accessibility/us/en/?lnk=flg-acce-usen" class="bx--link bx--footer__link" data-autoid="dds--footer-legal-nav__link-null">Accessibility</a></li><li class="bx--legal-nav__list-item" data-autoid="dds--privacy-cp"></li></ul></div></nav></aside></footer></div><script id="__NEXT_DATA__" type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"initialApolloState":{"ComponentSharedSeo:2":{"__typename":"ComponentSharedSeo","canonicalURL":null,"metaDescription":"The IBM Research blog is the home for stories told by the researchers, scientists, and engineers inventing What’s Next in science and technology.","id":"2","metaImage":null,"metaRobots":null,"metaSocial":[],"metaTitle":"Blog"},"BlogCategory:1":{"__typename":"BlogCategory","id":"1","name":"News","slug":"news","name_plural":"News"},"UploadFile:6232":{"__typename":"UploadFile","id":"6232","url":"https://research-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud/z17_Spyre_Leadspace_7b408515fc.png","alternativeText":null,"width":2400,"height":1350},"Tag:8":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"8","name":"AI Hardware","topic":{"__typename":"Team","slug":"ai-hardware"}},"Tag:50":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"50","name":"Hardware Technology","topic":{"__typename":"FocusArea","slug":"semiconductors"}},"Tag:51":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"51","name":"Semiconductors","topic":{"__typename":"FocusArea","slug":"semiconductors"},"slug":"semiconductors"},"BlogAuthor:1744":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"1744","name":"Peter Hess"},"BlogPost:4132":{"__typename":"BlogPost","id":"4132","slug":"how-ibm-research-helped-prepare-the-ibm-z17-for-tomorrows-workloads","title":"How IBM Research helped prepare the IBM z17 for tomorrow’s workloads","blog_category":{"__ref":"BlogCategory:1"},"cover_image":{"__ref":"UploadFile:6232"},"publish_at":"2025-04-08T04:01:00.000Z","read_duration":null,"tags":[{"__ref":"Tag:8"},{"__ref":"Tag:50"},{"__ref":"Tag:51"}],"blog_authors":[{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:1744"}]},"UploadFile:6250":{"__typename":"UploadFile","id":"6250","url":"https://research-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud/dco_granite_1920x1080_1_26b2df51bb.png","alternativeText":null,"width":1920,"height":1080},"Tag:5":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"5","name":"AI","topic":{"__typename":"FocusArea","slug":"artificial-intelligence"},"slug":"artificial-intelligence"},"Tag:14":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"14","name":"AI Transparency","topic":{"__typename":"TeamCollection","slug":"trustworthy-ai"}},"Tag:11":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"11","name":"Fairness, Accountability, Transparency","topic":{"__typename":"Team","slug":"fairness-accountability-transparency"}},"Tag:25":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"25","name":"Natural Language Processing","topic":{"__typename":"Team","slug":"natural-language-processing"}},"Tag:270":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"270","name":"Generative AI","topic":{"__typename":"Team","slug":"generative-ai"}},"BlogAuthor:889":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"889","name":"Kim Martineau"},"BlogPost:4134":{"__typename":"BlogPost","id":"4134","slug":"granite-guardian-tops-guardbench","title":"IBM’s safety checkers top a new AI benchmark","blog_category":{"__ref":"BlogCategory:1"},"cover_image":{"__ref":"UploadFile:6250"},"publish_at":"2025-04-09T14:00:00.000Z","read_duration":null,"tags":[{"__ref":"Tag:5"},{"__ref":"Tag:14"},{"__ref":"Tag:11"},{"__ref":"Tag:25"},{"__ref":"Tag:270"}],"blog_authors":[{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:889"}]},"BlogCategory:2":{"__typename":"BlogCategory","id":"2","name_plural":"Research","slug":"research","name":"Research"},"BlogCategory:3":{"__typename":"BlogCategory","id":"3","name_plural":"Technical notes","slug":"technical-notes","name":"Technical note"},"BlogCategory:6":{"__typename":"BlogCategory","id":"6","name_plural":"Releases","slug":"releases","name":"Release"},"BlogCategory:8":{"__typename":"BlogCategory","id":"8","name_plural":"Explainers","slug":"explainers","name":"Explainer"},"BlogCategory:42":{"__typename":"BlogCategory","id":"42","name_plural":"Q \u0026 As","slug":"questions-and-answers","name":"Q \u0026 A"},"Tag:7":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"7","name":"Quantum","slug":"quantum-computing","topic":{"__typename":"FocusArea","slug":"quantum-computing"}},"Tag:341":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"341","name":"Open Source","slug":"open-source","topic":{"__typename":"FocusArea","slug":"artificial-intelligence"}},"Tag:6":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"6","name":"Science","slug":"science","topic":{"__typename":"TeamCollection","slug":"science"}},"Tag:1":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"1","name":"Hybrid Cloud","slug":"hybrid-cloud"},"Blog:1":{"__typename":"Blog","id":"1","seo":{"__ref":"ComponentSharedSeo:2"},"featured_post":{"__ref":"BlogPost:4132"},"featured_post_second":{"__ref":"BlogPost:4134"},"categories":[{"__ref":"BlogCategory:1"},{"__ref":"BlogCategory:2"},{"__ref":"BlogCategory:3"},{"__ref":"BlogCategory:6"},{"__ref":"BlogCategory:8"},{"__ref":"BlogCategory:42"}],"tags":[{"__ref":"Tag:5"},{"__ref":"Tag:7"},{"__ref":"Tag:341"},{"__ref":"Tag:51"},{"__ref":"Tag:6"},{"__ref":"Tag:1"}]},"ROOT_QUERY":{"__typename":"Query","blog":{"__ref":"Blog:1"},"blogPostsSearch({\"ignoreIDs\":[\"4132\",\"4134\"],\"limit\":10,\"listAllOnEmptyQuery\":false,\"start\":0})":{"__typename":"BlogPostsSearchConnection","totalCount":640,"nodes":[{"__ref":"BlogPost:4133"},{"__ref":"BlogPost:4131"},{"__ref":"BlogPost:4130"},{"__ref":"BlogPost:4128"},{"__ref":"BlogPost:4035"},{"__ref":"BlogPost:4127"},{"__ref":"BlogPost:4126"},{"__ref":"BlogPost:4125"},{"__ref":"BlogPost:4123"},{"__ref":"BlogPost:4124"}],"isEmptyQuery":false}},"BlogCategory:4":{"__typename":"BlogCategory","id":"4","name":"Case study","slug":"case-studies"},"UploadFile:6226":{"__typename":"UploadFile","id":"6226","url":"https://research-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud/Digital_Twin_2x_ef24a333eb.png","alternativeText":"Conceptual illustration of a battery digital twin. The left side shows a black and white grid representation of a cylinder, and the righthand image shows a more polished version of the same cylinder in a shiny blue.","width":2041,"height":1149},"Tag:167":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"167","name":"Foundation Models","topic":{"__typename":"Team","slug":"foundation-models"}},"BlogPost:4133":{"__typename":"BlogPost","id":"4133","slug":"revolutionizing-industries-with-ai-powered-digital-twins","title":"Revolutionizing industries with AI-powered digital twins","blog_category":{"__ref":"BlogCategory:4"},"cover_image":{"__ref":"UploadFile:6226"},"publish_at":"2025-04-10T10:00:00.000Z","read_duration":null,"tags":[{"__ref":"Tag:5"},{"__ref":"Tag:167"}],"blog_authors":[{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:1744"}]},"UploadFile:6223":{"__typename":"UploadFile","id":"6223","url":"https://research-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud/Qiskit_2_0_Thumbnail_Final_86ef34e0eb.gif","alternativeText":null,"width":1920,"height":1080},"Tag:347":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"347","name":"Quantum Software Updates","topic":{"__typename":"FocusArea","slug":"quantum-computing"}},"Tag:344":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"344","name":"Qiskit","topic":{"__typename":"FocusArea","slug":"quantum-computing"}},"BlogAuthor:1695":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"1695","name":"Qiskit Team"},"BlogPost:4131":{"__typename":"BlogPost","id":"4131","slug":"qiskit-2-0-release-summary","title":"Release News: Qiskit SDK v2.0 is here!","blog_category":{"__ref":"BlogCategory:6"},"cover_image":{"__ref":"UploadFile:6223"},"publish_at":"2025-04-03T14:00:00.000Z","read_duration":null,"tags":[{"__ref":"Tag:347"},{"__ref":"Tag:344"}],"blog_authors":[{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:1695"}]},"UploadFile:6208":{"__typename":"UploadFile","id":"6208","url":"https://research-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud/terratorch_leadspace_172aeab813.jpg","alternativeText":"Satellite image showing glacier shrinkage in the Alps over time","width":1920,"height":1431},"Tag:82":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"82","name":"Climate and Sustainability","topic":{"__typename":"Team","slug":"climate-and-sustainability"}},"BlogAuthor:1757":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"1757","name":"Romeo Kienzler"},"BlogAuthor:2066":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"2066","name":"Juan Bernabé-Moreno"},"BlogAuthor:1151":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"1151","name":"Paolo Fraccaro"},"BlogAuthor:297":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"297","name":"Bianca Zadrozny"},"BlogAuthor:296":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"296","name":"Campbell Watson"},"BlogAuthor:2222":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"2222","name":"Benedikt Blumenstiel"},"BlogAuthor:2223":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"2223","name":"Joao Lucas de Sousa Almeida"},"BlogAuthor:1504":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"1504","name":"Michael Johnston"},"BlogAuthor:1502":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"1502","name":"Christian Pinto"},"BlogAuthor:2224":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"2224","name":"Michal Muszynski"},"BlogPost:4130":{"__typename":"BlogPost","id":"4130","slug":"simplifying-geospatial-ai-with-terra-torch-1-0","title":"Simplifying geospatial AI with TerraTorch 1.0","blog_category":{"__ref":"BlogCategory:3"},"cover_image":{"__ref":"UploadFile:6208"},"publish_at":"2025-04-03T12:00:44.677Z","read_duration":null,"tags":[{"__ref":"Tag:5"},{"__ref":"Tag:82"},{"__ref":"Tag:167"},{"__ref":"Tag:341"}],"blog_authors":[{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:1757"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:2066"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:1151"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:297"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:296"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:2222"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:2223"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:1504"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:1502"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:2224"}]},"UploadFile:6205":{"__typename":"UploadFile","id":"6205","url":"https://research-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud/Education_Blog_02_2_992a7f2ad5.png","alternativeText":null,"width":5760,"height":3240},"Tag:40":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"40","name":"Quantum Community","topic":{"__typename":"Team","slug":"quantum-community"}},"Tag:345":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"345","name":"Quantum Network","topic":{"__typename":"FocusArea","slug":"quantum-computing"}},"BlogAuthor:510":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"510","name":"Kifumi Numata"},"BlogAuthor:2221":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"2221","name":"Boseong Kim"},"BlogAuthor:511":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"511","name":"Yuri Kobayashi"},"BlogAuthor:617":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"617","name":"Robert Davis"},"BlogPost:4128":{"__typename":"BlogPost","id":"4128","slug":"japan-korea-us-quantum-education","title":"Progress toward bringing quantum education to 40,000 students in Japan, Korea, and the United States","blog_category":{"__ref":"BlogCategory:1"},"cover_image":{"__ref":"UploadFile:6205"},"publish_at":"2025-03-27T12:30:00.000Z","read_duration":null,"tags":[{"__ref":"Tag:40"},{"__ref":"Tag:345"}],"blog_authors":[{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:510"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:2221"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:511"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:617"}]},"UploadFile:4249":{"__typename":"UploadFile","id":"4249","url":"https://research-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud/IBM_PINQ_Unveil_Utility_Scale_Image_0a678cbe64.jpg","alternativeText":null,"width":2520,"height":1418},"Tag:39":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"39","name":"Computer Science","topic":{"__typename":"Team","slug":"computer-science"}},"BlogAuthor:2134":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"2134","name":"Alexandre Choquette"},"BlogPost:4035":{"__typename":"BlogPost","id":"4035","slug":"udes-quantum-research-chairs","title":"IBM and Université de Sherbrooke announce two quantum research chairs","blog_category":{"__ref":"BlogCategory:42"},"cover_image":{"__ref":"UploadFile:4249"},"publish_at":"2025-03-24T12:00:00.000Z","read_duration":null,"tags":[{"__ref":"Tag:40"},{"__ref":"Tag:39"}],"blog_authors":[{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:2134"}]},"UploadFile:6195":{"__typename":"UploadFile","id":"6195","url":"https://research-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud/IBM_Blog_0317_1_998a256637.jpg","alternativeText":null,"width":2520,"height":1419},"BlogPost:4127":{"__typename":"BlogPost","id":"4127","slug":"multiagent-bee-ai","title":"BeeAI now has multiple agents, and a standardized way for them to talk","blog_category":{"__ref":"BlogCategory:2"},"cover_image":{"__ref":"UploadFile:6195"},"publish_at":"2025-03-17T04:00:00.000Z","read_duration":null,"tags":[{"__ref":"Tag:270"},{"__ref":"Tag:25"},{"__ref":"Tag:5"}],"blog_authors":[{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:889"}]},"UploadFile:6188":{"__typename":"UploadFile","id":"6188","url":"https://research-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud/AK_SXSW_1_3ee2966c7c.jpg","alternativeText":null,"width":4000,"height":2668},"BlogAuthor:514":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"514","name":"Mike Murphy"},"BlogPost:4126":{"__typename":"BlogPost","id":"4126","slug":"ibm-research-sxsw-quantum-ai","title":"AI and quantum computing: How IBM showed up at SXSW 2025","blog_category":{"__ref":"BlogCategory:1"},"cover_image":{"__ref":"UploadFile:6188"},"publish_at":"2025-03-15T09:00:00.000Z","read_duration":null,"tags":[{"__ref":"Tag:5"},{"__ref":"Tag:7"},{"__ref":"Tag:270"}],"blog_authors":[{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:514"}]},"UploadFile:6185":{"__typename":"UploadFile","id":"6185","url":"https://research-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud/Supply_Chain_Blog_Image_7eb803b819.png","alternativeText":null,"width":5760,"height":3240},"BlogAuthor:2219":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"2219","name":"Daiju Nakano"},"BlogAuthor:2220":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"2220","name":"Kouichi Semba (University of Tokyo)"},"BlogAuthor:5":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"5","name":"Jerry Chow"},"BlogPost:4125":{"__typename":"BlogPost","id":"4125","slug":"japanese-quantum-ecosystem","title":"Growing the global quantum ecosystem","blog_category":{"__ref":"BlogCategory:8"},"cover_image":{"__ref":"UploadFile:6185"},"publish_at":"2025-03-11T14:30:00.000Z","read_duration":null,"tags":[{"__ref":"Tag:40"},{"__ref":"Tag:345"}],"blog_authors":[{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:2219"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:2220"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:5"}]},"UploadFile:6196":{"__typename":"UploadFile","id":"6196","url":"https://research-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud/QSAFE_Blog_2025_03_17_Final_eb9bea1dae.png","alternativeText":null,"width":3840,"height":2160},"Tag:236":{"__typename":"Tag","id":"236","name":"Quantum Safe","topic":{"__typename":"Team","slug":"quantum-safe-cryptography-and-migration"}},"BlogAuthor:1036":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"1036","name":"Ward Beullens"},"BlogAuthor:262":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"262","name":"Luca De Feo"},"BlogPost:4123":{"__typename":"BlogPost","id":"4123","slug":"quantum-safe-nist-signatures","title":"IBM’s quantum-safe signature schemes advance in NIST’s PQC process","blog_category":{"__ref":"BlogCategory:3"},"cover_image":{"__ref":"UploadFile:6196"},"publish_at":"2025-03-06T05:00:00.000Z","read_duration":null,"tags":[{"__ref":"Tag:236"},{"__ref":"Tag:6"}],"blog_authors":[{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:1036"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:262"}]},"UploadFile:6182":{"__typename":"UploadFile","id":"6182","url":"https://research-website-prod-cms-uploads.s3.us.cloud-object-storage.appdomain.cloud/Feature_Illustration_Line_Style_R02_2022_12_01_786465a060.svg","alternativeText":null,"width":1216,"height":684},"BlogAuthor:2214":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"2214","name":"Siddhika Nevrekar"},"BlogAuthor:2215":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"2215","name":"Andreas Kuhmichel"},"BlogAuthor:2216":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"2216","name":"Gaurav Garg"},"BlogAuthor:2217":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"2217","name":"Eric Dulkeith"},"BlogAuthor:2218":{"__typename":"BlogAuthor","id":"2218","name":"Rojan Jose"},"BlogPost:4124":{"__typename":"BlogPost","id":"4124","slug":"ibm-qualcomm-cloud-edge-ai","title":"AI from deep cloud to far-edge: A flawless end-to-end experience","blog_category":{"__ref":"BlogCategory:3"},"cover_image":{"__ref":"UploadFile:6182"},"publish_at":"2025-03-05T17:00:00.000Z","read_duration":null,"tags":[{"__ref":"Tag:5"}],"blog_authors":[{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:2214"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:2215"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:2216"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:2217"},{"__ref":"BlogAuthor:2218"}]}}},"__N_SSP":true},"page":"/blog","query":{},"buildId":"nsOKJ8TNHANkJjjZX9MS_","isFallback":false,"gssp":true,"locale":"en-US","locales":["en-US"],"defaultLocale":"en-US","scriptLoader":[]}</script></body></html>