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<span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cretan_Muslim_popular_culture_in_Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cretan_Muslim_popular_culture_in_Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Cretan Muslim popular culture in Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cretan_Muslim_popular_culture_in_Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diaspora_in_Lebanon_and_Syria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diaspora_in_Lebanon_and_Syria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diaspora in Lebanon and Syria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diaspora_in_Lebanon_and_Syria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Τουρκοκρητικοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τουρκοκρητικοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcos_cretenses" title="Turcos cretenses – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Turcos cretenses" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musulmani_cretesi" title="Musulmani cretesi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Musulmani cretesi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%B9%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%84%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86" title="کریٹی مسلمان – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کریٹی مسلمان" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turcos_cretenses" title="Turcos cretenses – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Turcos cretenses" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Критские мусульмане – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Критские мусульмане" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Критски муслимани – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Критски муслимани" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81" title="ชาวครีตเชื้อสายเติร์ก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวครีตเชื้อสายเติร์ก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Girit_T%C3%BCrkleri" title="Girit Türkleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Girit Türkleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D1%96_%D0%BC%D1%83%D1%81%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Критські мусульмани – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Критські мусульмани" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%89%B9%E5%9C%9F%E8%80%B3%E5%85%B6%E4%BA%BA" title="克里特土耳其人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="克里特土耳其人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q2454478#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Turks&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Turks">Cretan Turks</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historical Muslim population of Crete</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Cretan Muslims<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold"><span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Τουρκοκρητικοί</span></span></span><br /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold"><span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Giritli Türkler</i></span></span></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cretan_Turks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cretan_Turks.jpg/220px-Cretan_Turks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cretan_Turks.jpg/330px-Cretan_Turks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Cretan_Turks.jpg/440px-Cretan_Turks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="1157" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Cretan Muslims in their traditional costume; 19th-20th century</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">est. 450,000 (1971 estimate)<sup id="cite_ref-Rippin_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rippin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Turkey"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">200,000 (1971)<sup id="cite_ref-Rippin_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rippin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Egypt"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000 (1971)<sup id="cite_ref-Rippin_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rippin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><span data-sort-value="Libya"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/23px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/35px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Libya.svg/46px-Flag_of_Libya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></span></th><td class="infobox-data">100,000 (1971)<sup id="cite_ref-Rippin_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rippin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;">Other countries (<a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> etc.)</th><td class="infobox-data">50,000 (1971)<sup id="cite_ref-Rippin_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rippin-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de; color:inherit;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist collapsible expanded"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Turkish_people" title="Category:Turkish people">a series</a> of articles on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish people</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Turkey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/90px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/135px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Emblem_of_Turkey.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="373" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Turkish_people" title="List of Turkish people">List of Turkish people</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_population" title="Turkish population">Population</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa"><b>Traditional Areas of Turkish Settlement</b> <p><i><b>Turkish majorities:</b></i> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><b>Turkish minorities in the Balkans:</b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Turks in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Turks" title="Bulgarian Turks">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Croatia" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks of Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Greece_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Greece (disambiguation)">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kosovo" title="Turks in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Montenegro" title="Turks in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_North_Macedonia" title="Turks in North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Romania" title="Turks of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Serbia" title="Turks in Serbia">Serbia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><b>Turkish minorities in the Caucasus:</b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Azerbaijan" title="Turks in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li>Georgia (<a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Abkhazia" title="Turks in Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetia</a>)</li></ul> <ul><li><i><b>Turkish minorities in the Levant:</b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_Turkmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Iraqi Turkmens">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Israel" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Jordan" title="Turks in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Turks" class="mw-redirect" title="Syrian Turks">Syria</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><b>Turkish minorities in North Africa:</b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Algeria" title="Turks in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Egypt" title="Turks in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Libya" title="Turks in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Tunisia" title="Turks in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><b>Other Turkish minorities:</b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Hungary" title="Turks in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Turks in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Yemen" title="Turks in Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li><b>Modern <a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diasporas</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><i><b><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Europe" title="Turks in Europe">Turkish diasporas in Europe</a>:</b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Austria" title="Turks in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Belgium" title="Turks in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Denmark" title="Turks in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Finland" title="Turks in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_France" title="Turks in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ireland" title="Turks in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Italy" title="Turks in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Liechtenstein" title="Turks in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_Netherlands" title="Turks in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Norway" title="Turks in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Poland" title="Turks in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Russia" title="Turks in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Spain" title="Turks in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Sweden" title="Turks in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Switzerland" title="Turks in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Ukraine" title="Turks in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><b>Turkish diasporas in the Americas:</b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Canadian">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Mexico" title="Turks in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Americans" title="Turkish Americans">United States</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><b>Turkish diasporas in Central Asia:</b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kazakhstan" title="Turks in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Turks in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Turkmenistan" title="Turks in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Uzbekistan" title="Turks in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><b>Turkish diasporas in Oceania:</b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Australian">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i><b>Other Turkish diasporas:</b></i></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Japan" title="Turks in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Kuwait" title="Turks in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Pakistan" title="Turks in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Qatar" title="Turks in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_South_Africa" title="Turks in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Turkey" title="History of Turkey">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Anatolia" title="Prehistory of Anatolia">Prehistory of Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistory of the Balkans">Prehistory of Eastern Thrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Anatolia" title="Classical Anatolia">Classical Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Anatolia" title="Byzantine Anatolia">Byzantine Anatolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuq_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Seljuq dynasty">The Seljuqs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_beyliks" title="Anatolian beyliks">Anatolian beyliks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey" title="History of the Republic of Turkey">Republic of Turkey</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Turkey" title="Culture of Turkey">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_art" title="Turkish art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish carpet">Carpets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Turkey" title="Cinema of Turkey">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_cuisine" title="Turkish cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Culture of the Ottoman Empire">Culture of the Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish dance">Dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Turkey" title="List of festivals in Turkey">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folklore" title="Turkish folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_miniature" title="Ottoman miniature">Miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Turkey" title="Music of Turkey">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evil_eye" title="Evil eye">Nazar boncuğu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Turkey" title="Public holidays in Turkey">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karag%C3%B6z_and_Hacivat" title="Karagöz and Hacivat">Shadow plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Turkey" title="Sport in Turkey">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Turkey" title="Theatre of Turkey">Theatre</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Languages</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypriot_Turkish" title="Cypriot Turkish">Cypriot Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karamanli_Turkish" title="Karamanli Turkish">Karamanli Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Anatolian_Turkish" title="Old Anatolian Turkish">Old Anatolian Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oghuz_languages" title="Oghuz languages">Oghuz</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> & <a href="/wiki/Altaic_languages" title="Altaic languages">Altaic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Turkey" title="Religion in Turkey">Religion</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atat%C3%BCrk%27s_Reforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Atatürk's Reforms">Atatürk's Reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secularism_in_Turkey" title="Secularism in Turkey">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Turkey" title="Freedom of religion in Turkey">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Religious_Affairs" title="Presidency of Religious Affairs">Presidency of Religious Affairs</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Turkey" title="Islam in Turkey">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Template:Mosques_in_Turkey" title="Template:Mosques in Turkey">Mosques</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Turkey" title="Christianity in Turkey">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Turkey" title="History of the Jews in Turkey">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%27%C3%AD_Faith_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Bahá'í Faith in Turkey">Bahá'í Faith</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Turkish_people" title="Template:Turkish people"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Turkish_people" title="Template talk:Turkish people"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish_people" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Turkish people"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Cretan Muslims</b> or <b>Cretan Turks</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Morrow2019–28_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrow2019–28-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">Τουρκοκρητικοί</span> or <span title="Greek-language text"><span lang="el">Τουρκοκρήτες</span></span>, <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Tourkokritikí</i></span> or <span title="Greek-language text"><i lang="el-Latn">Tourkokrítes</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">Giritli</i>, <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Girit Türkleri</i></span>, or <span title="Turkish-language text"><i lang="tr">Giritli Türkler</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">أتراك كريت</span>) were the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> inhabitants of the island of <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>. Their descendants settled principally in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dodecanese_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Dodecanese Islands">Dodecanese Islands</a> under Italian administration (part of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> since 1947), <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> (notably in the village of <a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah" title="Al-Hamidiyah">Al-Hamidiyah</a>), <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palestine_(region)" title="Palestine (region)">Palestine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>, as well as in the larger <a href="/wiki/Turkish_diaspora" title="Turkish diaspora">Turkish diaspora</a>. </p><p>Cretan Muslims were descendants of <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">ethnic Greeks</a> who had converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_conquest_of_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman conquest of Crete">Ottoman conquest of Crete in the seventeenth century</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrow2019–28_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrow2019–28-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They identified as <a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a>, and were referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Turk_(term_for_Muslims)" title="Turk (term for Muslims)">Turks</a>" by some Christian Greeks due to their religion; not their ethnic background.<sup id="cite_ref-Morrow2019–28_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morrow2019–28-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many Cretan Greeks had converted to <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">Ottoman conquest of Crete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This high rate of local conversions to Islam was similar to that in <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bosnia#Religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Bosnia">Bosnia-Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Albania#Religion" title="Ottoman Albania">Albania</a>, parts of western <a href="/wiki/Greek_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Macedonia">Greek Macedonia</a> (such as the Greek Muslim <a href="/wiki/Vallaades" class="mw-redirect" title="Vallaades">Vallaades</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Bulgaria#Religion" title="Ottoman Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> perhaps even a uniquely high rate of conversions rather than immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Greek Muslims of Crete continued to speak <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan Greek</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> European travellers' accounts note that the "Turks" of Crete were mostly not of Turkic origin, but were Cretan converts from Orthodoxy.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sectarian violence during the 19th century caused many Muslims to leave Crete, especially during the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1897%E2%80%931898)" title="Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)">Cretan Revolt (1897–1898)</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and after Crete's unilateral <a href="/wiki/Greek_annexation_of_Crete" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek annexation of Crete">declaration of union with Greece</a> in 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-Ionian_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ionian-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 87">: 87 </span></sup> Finally, after the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%931922)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–1922)">Greco-Turkish War of 1919–1922</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_War_of_Independence" title="Turkish War of Independence">Turkish War of Independence</a>, the remaining Muslims of Crete were compulsorily <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">exchanged for the Greek Christians of Anatolia</a> under the terms of the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Lausanne" title="Treaty of Lausanne">Treaty of Lausanne</a> (1923). </p><p>At all periods, most Cretan Muslims were Greek-speaking,<sup id="cite_ref-williams_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> using the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Greek" title="Cretan Greek">Cretan Greek</a> dialect, but the language of administration and the prestige language for the Muslim urban upper classes was <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turkish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Turkish language">Ottoman Turkish</a>. In the folk tradition, however, Cretan Greek was used to express Muslims' "Islamic—often <a href="/wiki/Bektashi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bektashi">Bektashi</a>—sensibility".<sup id="cite_ref-williams_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the highest number of the Turkocretan descendants can be found in <a href="/wiki/Ayval%C4%B1k" title="Ayvalık">Ayvalık</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those who left Crete in the late 19th and early 20th centuries settled largely along Turkey's Aegean and Mediterranean coast. Alongside Ayvalık and <a href="/wiki/Cunda_Island" title="Cunda Island">Cunda Island</a>, they settled in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%87ukurova" title="Çukurova">Çukurova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodrum" title="Bodrum">Bodrum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Side,_Turkey" title="Side, Turkey">Side</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mudanya" title="Mudanya">Mudanya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adana" title="Adana">Adana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mersin" title="Mersin">Mersin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Muslims&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Crete#Venetian_and_Ottoman_Crete" title="History of Crete">History of Crete § Venetian and Ottoman Crete</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Crete" title="Ottoman Crete">Ottoman Crete</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Cretan_Muslims" title="Special:EditPage/Cretan Muslims">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Cretan+Muslims%22">"Cretan Muslims"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Cretan+Muslims%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Cretan+Muslims%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Cretan+Muslims%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Cretan+Muslims%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Cretan+Muslims%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">July 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Starting in 1645, the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> <a href="/wiki/Cretan_War_(1645%E2%80%931669)" title="Cretan War (1645–1669)">gradually took Crete</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Republic of Venice</a>, which had ruled it since 1204. In the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Candia" title="Siege of Candia">final major defeat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heraklion" title="Heraklion">Candia</a> (modern Iraklion) fell to the Ottomans in 1669 (though some offshore islands remained Venetian <a href="/wiki/Turkish%E2%80%93Venetian_War_(1714%E2%80%931718)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish–Venetian War (1714–1718)">until 1715</a>). Crete remained part of the Ottoman Empire until 1897. </p><p>The fall of Crete was not accompanied by an influx of Muslims. At the same time, many Cretans converted to Islam – more than in any other part of the Greek world. Various explanations have been given for this, including the disruption of war, the possibility of receiving a <a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">timar</a> (for those who went over to the Ottomans during the war), <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Latin</a>-<a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox_Church" title="Greek Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> dissension, avoidance of the head-tax (<a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">cizye</a>) on <a href="/wiki/Dhimmi" title="Dhimmi">non-Muslims</a>, the increased social mobility of Muslims, and the opportunity that Muslims had of joining the paid militia (which the Cretans also aspired to under Venetian rule).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is difficult to estimate the proportion which became Muslim, as Ottoman <i>cizye</i> tax records count only Christians: estimates range from 30 to 40%<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the late 18th century, as many as 30% of the islanders may have been Muslim. The Muslim population declined through the 19th century, and by the last Ottoman census, in 1881, Muslims were only 26% of the population, concentrated in the three large towns on the north coast, and in <a href="/wiki/Monofatsi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Monofatsi Province">Monofatsi</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center; margin: 1em auto 1em auto"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>1821</th> <th>1832</th> <th>1858</th> <th>1881</th> <th>1900</th> <th>1910</th> <th>1920</th> <th>1928 </th></tr> <tr> <th>Muslims </th> <td>47%</td> <td>43%</td> <td>22%</td> <td>26%</td> <td>11%</td> <td>8%</td> <td>7%</td> <td>0% </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>People who claim descent from Cretan Muslims are still found in several Muslim countries today, and principally in <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. </p><p>Between 1821 and 1828, during the <a href="/wiki/Greek_War_of_Independence" title="Greek War of Independence">Greek War of Independence</a>, the island was the scene of repeated hostilities. Most Muslims were driven into the large fortified towns on the north coast and both the Muslim and Christian populations of the island suffered severe losses, due to conflicts, plague or famine. In the 1830s, <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> was an impoverished and backward island. </p><p>Since the Ottoman sultan, <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_II" title="Mahmud II">Mahmud II</a>, had no army of his own available, he was forced to seek the aid of his rebellious vassal and rival, Kavalalı <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali_of_Egypt" title="Muhammad Ali of Egypt">Mehmed Ali Pasha of Egypt</a>, who sent troops to the island. Starting in 1832, the island was administered for two decades by <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Naili_Pasha" title="Mustafa Naili Pasha">Mustafa Naili Pasha</a>, whose rule attempted to create a synthesis between the Muslim landowners and the emergent <a href="/wiki/Christians" title="Christians">Christian</a> commercial classes. His rule was generally cautious, pro-<a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British</a>, and he tried harder to win the support of the Christians (having married the daughter of a priest and allowed her to remain Christian) than the Muslims. In 1834, however, a Cretan committee had already been founded in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> to work for the union of the island with <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. </p><p>In 1840, Egypt was forced by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Temple,_3rd_Viscount_Palmerston" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount Palmerston">Palmerston</a> to return Crete to direct Ottoman rule. <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Naili_Pasha" title="Mustafa Naili Pasha">Mustafa Naili Pasha</a> angled unsuccessfully to become a semi-independent prince but the Cretans rose up against him, once more driving the Muslims temporarily into siege in the towns. An Anglo-Ottoman naval operation restored control in the island and Mustafa Naili Pasha was confirmed as its governor, though under command from <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. He remained in Crete until 1851 when he was summoned to the capital, where at a relatively advanced age he pursued a successful career. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Crete_-_ethnic_map,_1861.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Crete_-_ethnic_map%2C_1861.jpg/275px-Crete_-_ethnic_map%2C_1861.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Crete_-_ethnic_map%2C_1861.jpg/413px-Crete_-_ethnic_map%2C_1861.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Crete_-_ethnic_map%2C_1861.jpg/550px-Crete_-_ethnic_map%2C_1861.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1380" data-file-height="548" /></a><figcaption>An ethnic map of Crete, around 1861. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#4b8ab2; color:black;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Greek_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Orthodox">Greek Orthodox</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend"><span class="legend-color mw-no-invert" style="background-color:#b43a3e; color:white;-webkit-print-color-adjust: exact; print-color-adjust: exact;"> </span> <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Muslim">Cretan Muslim</a>/<a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a></div></figcaption></figure> <p>Religious tensions erupted on the island between Muslims and Christians and the Christian populations of Crete revolted twice against Ottoman rule (in 1866 and in 1897). In the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_Revolt_(1866%E2%80%931869)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan Revolt (1866–1869)">uprising of 1866</a>, the rebels initially managed to gain control of most of the hinterland although as always the four fortified towns of the north coast and the southern town of <a href="/wiki/Ierapetra" title="Ierapetra">Ierapetra</a> remained in Ottoman hands. The Ottoman approach to the "Cretan question" was that, if Crete was lost, the next line of defense would have to be the <a href="/wiki/Dardanelles" title="Dardanelles">Dardanelles</a>, as indeed it was the case later. The Ottoman Grand Vizier, Mehmed Emin Aali Pasha arrived in the island in October 1867 and set in progress a low profile district-by-district reconquest of the island followed by the erection of blockhouses or local fortresses across the whole of it. More importantly, he designed an Organic Law which gave the Cretan Christians equal (in practice, because of their superior numbers, majority) control of local administration. At the time of the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> in the summer of 1878, there was a further uprising, which was speedily halted through the adaptation of the Organic Law into a constitutional settlement known as the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Halepa" title="Pact of Halepa">Pact of Halepa</a>. </p><p>Crete became a semi-independent parliamentary state within the Ottoman Empire under a Greek Orthodox Governor. A number of the senior "Christian Pashas" including <a href="/w/index.php?title=Photiades_Pasha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Photiades Pasha (page does not exist)">Photiades Pasha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Konstantinos_Adosidis" title="Konstantinos Adosidis">Adossides Pasha</a> ruled the island in the 1880s, presiding over a parliament in which liberals and conservatives contended for power. Disputes between these led to a further insurgency in 1889 and the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Pact_of_Halepa" title="Pact of Halepa">Pact of Halepa</a> arrangements. The international powers allowed the Ottoman authorities to send troops to the island and restore order but the Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdulhamid_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdulhamid II">Abdulhamid II</a> used the occasion for ruling the island by martial law. This action led to international sympathy for the Cretan Christians and to a loss of any remaining acquiescence among them for continued Ottoman rule. When a small insurgency began in September 1895, it quickly spiralled out of control and by the summer of 1896, the Ottoman forces had lost military control over most of the island. A new insurrection that began in 1897 led to <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">a war between Greece and the Ottoman Empire</a>. The Great Powers dispatched a multinational naval force, the <a href="/wiki/International_Squadron_(Cretan_intervention,_1897%E2%80%931898)" title="International Squadron (Cretan intervention, 1897–1898)">International Squadron</a>, to Crete in February 1897, and by late March 1897 it brought Cretan insurgent and Greek Army operations against the Ottomans in Crete to a halt by forcing the Greek Army to abandon the island, bombarding insurgent forces, placing sailors and <a href="/wiki/Marines" title="Marines">marines</a> ashore, and instituting a <a href="/wiki/Blockade" title="Blockade">blockade</a> of Crete and key ports in Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the International Squadron's senior admirals formed an "Admirals Council" that temporarily governed Crete pending a resolution of the Cretan uprising, and the Admirals Council eventually decided that Crete should become an autonomous state within the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a violent riot by Cretan Muslims against Cretan Christians and British occupation forces on 6 September 1898 (25 August according to the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a> then in use on Crete, which was 12 days behind the modern <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> during the 19th century), the Admirals Council ordered all Ottoman forces to leave Crete, and the last of them were evacuated on 6 November 1898. The 21 December 1898 (9 December according to the Julian calendar) arrival of <a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Greece_and_Denmark" title="Prince George of Greece and Denmark">Prince George of Greece and Denmark</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/High_commissioner" title="High commissioner">High commissioner</a> of an autonomous <a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a>, although still under the <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a> of the Sultan, effectively detached Crete from the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The island's Muslim population dropped dramatically because of these changes, with many emigrating to other parts of the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the summer of 1896 until the end of hostilities in 1898, Cretan Muslims remained under siege in the four coastal cities, where massacres against them took place. Subsequent waves of emigration followed as the island was united by stages with <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. In 1908, the <a href="/wiki/Cretan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan">Cretan</a> deputies declared union with <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>, which was internationally recognized after the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a> in 1913. Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_London_(1913)" title="Treaty of London (1913)">Treaty of London</a>, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_V" title="Mehmed V">Mehmed V</a> relinquished his formal rights to the island. The Cretan Muslims still remaining were forced to leave Crete under the <a href="/wiki/Population_exchange_between_Greece_and_Turkey" title="Population exchange between Greece and Turkey">population exchange between Greece and Turkey</a> in 1923. In <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, some descendants of this population continued to speak a form of <a href="/wiki/Cretan" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretan">Cretan</a> <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Modern_Greek" title="Varieties of Modern Greek">dialect</a> until recently. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Muslims&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Muslims&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Turks in Crete produced a varied literary output, leading one researcher to define a "Cretan School" which counts twenty-one poets who evolved within Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Divan_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Divan poetry">Divan poetry</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_literature" title="Turkish folk literature">Turkish folk literature</a> traditions, especially in the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Personal, mystical, fantastic themes abound in the works of these men of letters, reflecting the dynamism of the cultural life in the island. </p><p>A taste and echo of this tradition can be perceived in the verses below by <a href="/wiki/Giritli_S%C4%B1rr%C4%B1_Pasha" title="Giritli Sırrı Pasha">Giritli Sırrı Pasha</a> (1844–1895); </p><p><i>Fidânsın nev-nihâl-i hüsn ü ânsın âfet-i cânsın</i><br /> <i>Gül âşık bülbül âşıkdır sana, bir özge cânânsın</i><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>which were certainly addressed to his wife, the poet-composer <a href="/wiki/Leyla_Saz" title="Leyla Saz">Leyla Saz</a>, herself a notable figure of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_literature" title="Turkish literature">Turkish literature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Classical_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish Classical Music">Turkish Classical Music</a>. </p><p>Recently, a number of books written by descendants of Cretan Muslims in the form of novelized family souvenirs with scenes set in Crete and Anatolia have seen the day in Turkey's book market. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saba_Alt%C4%B1nsay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saba Altınsay (page does not exist)">Saba Altınsay</a>'s <i>"Kritimu"</i> and <a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Yorulmaz" title="Ahmet Yorulmaz">Ahmet Yorulmaz</a>'s trilogy were the first to set the example in this move. There has even been family souvenirs written by the Cretan Muslim writer <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Olpak" title="Mustafa Olpak">Mustafa Olpak</a>, whose biographies in retrospect from the shores of Istanbul, Crete and <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> follow his grandfathers who were initially brought to the Ottoman Empire as slaves to Crete. (<i>see below: Further reading</i>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Muslims&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A study by one Greek researcher counts six Cretan Muslims who engaged themselves into music in Cretan Greek dialect.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Cretans brought the musical tradition they shared with the Cretan Christians to Turkey with them: </p> <blockquote> <p>One of the significant aspects of Giritli culture is that this Islamic—often Bektashi—sensibility is expressed through the Greek language. [There has been] some confusion about their cultural identity, and an assumption is often made that their music was somehow more "Turkish" than "Cretan". In my view this assumption is quite wrong....<sup id="cite_ref-williams_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>But certain instruments were more often used by Christians: there are few cases of Muslim <a href="/wiki/Cretan_lyra" title="Cretan lyra">Cretan lyra</a>-players compared to Christians: the very name for that instrument in <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish language</a> being <i>Rum kemençesi</i> – Greek <a href="/wiki/Kemenche" title="Kemenche">kemenche</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="This claim needs references to better sources. (July 2012)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cretan_Muslim_popular_culture_in_Turkey">Cretan Muslim popular culture in Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Muslims&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Cretan Muslim popular culture in Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nuances may be observed among the waves of immigrations from Crete and the respective behavioral patterns. At the end of the 19th century Muslims fled reprisal to take refuge in the present-day territory of Turkey or beyond (see <a href="/wiki/Al_Hamidiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Hamidiyah">Al Hamidiyah</a>). During the 1910s, with the termination of the <a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a> which had recognized the Muslim community of the island a proper status, many others left. The <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1919%E2%80%9322)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)">Greco-Turkish War (1919–22)</a><sup id="cite_ref-Ionian_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ionian-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 88">: 88 </span></sup> and the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Exchange_of_Greek_and_Turkish_Populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange of Greek and Turkish Populations">population exchange</a> is the final chapter among the root causes that shaped these nuances. </p><p>Among contributions made by Cretan Muslims to the Turkish culture in general, the first to be mentioned should be their particular culinary traditions based on consumption at high-levels of <a href="/wiki/Olive_oil" title="Olive oil">olive oil</a> and of a surprisingly wide array of herbs and other plant-based raw materials. While they have certainly not introduced olive oil and <a href="/wiki/Herbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbs">herbs</a> to their compatriots, Cretan Muslims have greatly extended the knowledge and paved the way for a more varied use of these products. Their predilection for herbs, some of which could be considered as unusual ones, has also been the source of some jokes. The Giritli chain of restaurants in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bodrum" title="Bodrum">Bodrum</a>, and Ayşe Ün's "Girit Mutfağı" (<i>Cretan Cuisine</i>) eateries in <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> are indicative references in this regard. Occasional although intrinsically inadequate care has also been demonstrated by the authorities in the first years of the Turkish Republic for settling Cretan Muslims in localities where <a href="/wiki/Vineyards" class="mw-redirect" title="Vineyards">vineyards</a> left by the departed Greeks were found, since this capital was bound to be lost in the hands of cultivators with no prior knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Viniculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Viniculture">viniculture</a>. In the field of <a href="/wiki/Category:Maritime_industries_in_Turkey" title="Category:Maritime industries in Turkey">maritime industries</a>, the pioneer of <a href="/wiki/Gulet" title="Gulet">gulet</a> boats construction that became a vast industry in Bodrum in our day, Ziya Güvendiren was a Cretan Muslim, as are many of his former apprentices who themselves have become master shipbuilders and who are based in Bodrum or <a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCll%C3%BCk" title="Güllük">Güllük</a> today. </p><p>An overall pattern of investing in expertise and success remains remarkable among Cretan Muslims, as attested by the notable names below. However, with sex roles and social change starting out from different grounds for Cretan Muslims,<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the adaptation to the "fatherland"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> did not always take place without pain, including that of being subjected to <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_slurs" title="List of ethnic slurs">slurs</a> as in other cases involving immigration of people.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Peter Loizos, they were often relegated to the poorest land: </p> <blockquote> <p>They were briefly feted on arrival, as 'Turks' 'returning' to the Turkish heartland... like the Asia Minor Christians seeking to settle on land in northern Greece, the Muslim refugees found that local people, sometimes government officials, had already occupied the best land and housing.<sup id="cite_ref-Loizos_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loizos-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>The same author depicts a picture where they did not share the "Ottoman perceptions of certain crafts and trades as being of low status",<sup id="cite_ref-Loizos_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Loizos-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so more entrepreneurial opportunities were open to them. Like others who did not speak Turkish, they suffered during the "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Citizens_Speak_Turkish!&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Citizens Speak Turkish! (page does not exist)">Citizens Speak Turkish!</a>" campaign which started in 1928. "Arabs, Circassians, Cretan Muslims, and Kurds in the country were being targeted for not speaking Turkish. In Mersin, for instance, 'Kurds, Cretans, Arabs and Syrians' were being fined for speaking languages other than Turkish.".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summary translation of a book on <a href="/wiki/Bodrum" title="Bodrum">Bodrum</a> made by Loizos, it is stated that, even as late as 1967, the Cretans and the 'local Turks' did not mix in some towns; they continued to speak Greek and mostly married other Cretans.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diaspora_in_Lebanon_and_Syria">Diaspora in Lebanon and Syria</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Muslims&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Diaspora in Lebanon and Syria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As of 2006<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Muslims&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> there were about 7,000 Greek speakers living in <a href="/wiki/Tripoli,_Lebanon" title="Tripoli, Lebanon">Tripoli, Lebanon</a> and about 3,000 in <a href="/wiki/Al_Hamidiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Hamidiyah">Al Hamidiyah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-gsels_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsels-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the majority of them Muslims of Cretan origin. Records suggest that the community left Crete between 1866 and 1897, on the outbreak of the last Cretan uprising against the Ottoman Empire, which ended the <a href="/wiki/Greco-Turkish_War_(1897)" title="Greco-Turkish War (1897)">Greco-Turkish War of 1897</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-gsels_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsels-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> provided Cretan Muslim families who fled the island with refuge on the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levantine</a> coast. The new settlement was named Hamidiye after the sultan. </p><p>Many Cretan Muslims of Lebanon somewhat managed to preserve their identity and language. Unlike neighboring communities, they are <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a> and consider <a href="/wiki/Divorce" title="Divorce">divorce</a> a disgrace. Their community was close-knit and entirely <a href="/wiki/Endogamy" title="Endogamy">endogamous</a> until the <a href="/wiki/Lebanese_Civil_War" title="Lebanese Civil War">Lebanese Civil War</a>, when many of them were forced to migrate and the community was dispersed.<sup id="cite_ref-gsels_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsels-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cretan Muslims constitute 60% of <a href="/wiki/Al_Hamidiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Hamidiyah">Al Hamidiyah</a>'s population. The community is very much concerned with maintaining its culture. The knowledge of the spoken Greek language is remarkably good and their contact with their historical homeland has been possible by means of satellite television and relatives.<sup id="cite_ref-gsels_35-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsels-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Muslims&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">in chronological order</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ahmed_Resmi_Greek.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ahmed_Resmi_Greek.JPG/220px-Ahmed_Resmi_Greek.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ahmed_Resmi_Greek.JPG/330px-Ahmed_Resmi_Greek.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Ahmed_Resmi_Greek.JPG/440px-Ahmed_Resmi_Greek.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1254" data-file-height="1680" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Resm%C3%AE_Efendi" title="Ahmed Resmî Efendi">Ahmed Resmî Efendi</a> (1700–1783) an Ottoman statesman and historian, who was born into a Muslim family of <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek</a> descent in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Houtsma,_Martinus_T._1987_1145_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houtsma,_Martinus_T._1987_1145-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahmed_Resm%C3%AE_Efendi" title="Ahmed Resmî Efendi">Ahmed Resmî Efendi</a>: 18th-century Ottoman statesman, diplomat and author (notably of two <a href="/wiki/Sef%C3%A2retn%C3%A2me" title="Sefâretnâme">sefâretnâme</a>). First ever Ottoman ambassador in <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> (during <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>'s reign).<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was born into a Muslim family of <a href="/wiki/Greek_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek people">Greek</a> descent in the <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Cretan</a> town of <a href="/wiki/Rethymno" title="Rethymno">Rethymno</a> in the year 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-Houtsma,_Martinus_T._1987_1145_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Houtsma,_Martinus_T._1987_1145-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-European_studies_review_1977_170_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-European_studies_review_1977_170-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sir_Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb_1954_294_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sir_Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb_1954_294-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giritli_Ali_Aziz_Efendi" title="Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi">Giritli Ali Aziz Efendi</a>: Turkey's third ambassador in Berlin and arguably the first Turkish author to have written in novelistic form.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Husayn_I_ibn_Ali_at-Turki" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Husayn I ibn Ali at-Turki">Al-Husayn I ibn Ali at-Turki</a> – founder of the <a href="/wiki/Husainid_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Husainid Dynasty">Husainid Dynasty</a>, which ruled <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a> until 1957.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salac%C4%B1o%C4%9Flu" title="Salacıoğlu">Salacıoğlu</a>: (1750 <a href="/wiki/Hanya" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanya">Hanya</a> – 1825 <a href="/wiki/Kandiye" class="mw-redirect" title="Kandiye">Kandiye</a>): One of the most important 18th-century poets of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_literature" title="Turkish folk literature">Turkish folk literature</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giritli_S%C4%B1rr%C4%B1_Pasha" title="Giritli Sırrı Pasha">Giritli Sırrı Pasha</a>: Ottoman administrator, Leyla Saz's husband and a notable man of letters in his own right.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedat_Tek" title="Vedat Tek">Vedat Tek</a>: Representative figure of the First National Architecture Movement in <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Turkey" title="Architecture of Turkey">Turkish architecture</a>. Son of <a href="/wiki/Leyla_Saz" title="Leyla Saz">Leyla Saz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giritli_S%C4%B1rr%C4%B1_Pasha" title="Giritli Sırrı Pasha">Giritli Sırrı Pasha</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Mulla" title="Paul Mulla">Paul Mulla</a> (<i>alias <a href="/wiki/Mollazade_Mehmed_Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mollazade Mehmed Ali">Mollazade Mehmed Ali</a></i>): born Muslim, converted to Christianity and becoming a <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> bishop and author.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rahmiz%C3%A2de_Bahaeddin_Bediz" class="mw-redirect" title="Rahmizâde Bahaeddin Bediz">Rahmizâde Bahaeddin Bediz</a>: The first Turkish photographer by profession. The thousands of photographs he took, based as of 1895 successively in Crete, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a> (as Head of the Photography Department of <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Historical_Society" title="Turkish Historical Society">Turkish Historical Society</a>), have immense historical value.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salih_Zeki" title="Salih Zeki">Salih Zeki</a>: Turkish photographer in Chania<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Nayip_Zade" title="Ali Nayip Zade">Ali Nayip Zade</a>: Associate of <a href="/wiki/Eleftherios_Venizelos" title="Eleftherios Venizelos">Eleftherios Venizelos</a>, Prefect of <a href="/wiki/Drama_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Drama Prefecture">Drama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kavala_Prefecture" title="Kavala Prefecture">Kavala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adrianople" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrianople">Adrianople</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lasithi" title="Lasithi">Lasithi</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ismail_Fazil_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ismail Fazil Pasha">Ismail Fazil Pasha</a>: (1856–1921) descended from the rooted Cebecioğlu family of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6ke" title="Söke">Söke</a> who had settled in Crete<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has been the first Minister of Public Works in the government of <a href="/wiki/Grand_National_Assembly_of_Turkey" title="Grand National Assembly of Turkey">Grand National Assembly</a> in 1920. He was the father of <a href="/wiki/Ali_Fuat_Cebesoy" title="Ali Fuat Cebesoy">Ali Fuad</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehmet_Ali_Cebesoy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehmet Ali Cebesoy (page does not exist)">Mehmed Ali</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mehmet_At%C4%B1f_Ate%C5%9Fda%C4%9Fl%C4%B1" title="Mehmet Atıf Ateşdağlı">Mehmet Atıf Ateşdağlı</a>: (1876–1947) Turkish officer.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Ertu%C4%9Frul_Aker" title="Mustafa Ertuğrul Aker">Mustafa Ertuğrul Aker</a>: (1892–1961) Turkish officer who sank <a href="/wiki/HMS_Ben-my-Chree" title="HMS Ben-my-Chree">HMS Ben-my-Chree</a>.</li> <li>Writer <a href="/wiki/Cevat_%C5%9Eakir_Kabaa%C4%9Fa%C3%A7l%C4%B1" title="Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı">Cevat Şakir Kabaağaçlı</a>, alias <i><a href="/wiki/Halikarnas_Bal%C4%B1k%C3%A7%C4%B1s%C4%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="Halikarnas Balıkçısı">Halikarnas Balıkçısı</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/The_Fisherman_of_Halicarnassus" class="mw-redirect" title="The Fisherman of Halicarnassus">The Fisherman of Halicarnassus</a>), although born in Crete and has often let himself be cited as Cretan, descends from a family of Ottoman aristocracy with roots in <a href="/wiki/Afyonkarahisar" title="Afyonkarahisar">Afyonkarahisar</a>, and his father had been an Ottoman High Commissioner in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> and later ambassador in <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCsamettin_Cindoruk" title="Hüsamettin Cindoruk">Hüsamettin Cindoruk</a>: Turkish politician, president of the Turkish Republic.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ar%C4%B1n%C3%A7" title="Bülent Arınç">Bülent Arınç</a> (born 25 May 1948) is a <a href="/wiki/Deputy_Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey">Deputy Prime Minister of Turkey</a> since 2009. He is of Cretan Muslim heritage with his ancestors arriving to Turkey as Cretan refugees during the time of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is fluent in Cretan Greek.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arınç is a proponent of reconverting the <a href="/wiki/Hagia_Sophia" title="Hagia Sophia">Hagia Sophia</a> into a mosque, which has caused diplomatic protestations from Greece.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halil_Berktay" title="Halil Berktay">Halil Berktay</a> (born 27 August 1947) Turkish historian of Cretan Muslim origin.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuba_B%C3%BCy%C3%BCk%C3%BCst%C3%BCn" title="Tuba Büyüküstün">Tuba Büyüküstün</a>, Turkish actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BClya_Av%C5%9Far" title="Hülya Avşar">Hülya Avşar</a>, Turkish actress (maternal Cretan Muslim-<a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk" class="mw-redirect" title="Yörük">Yörük</a> and paternal Kurdish)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdi_%C3%96zbe%C4%9Fen" title="Ferdi Özbeğen">Ferdi Özbeğen</a>, Turkish singer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bennu_Y%C4%B1ld%C4%B1r%C4%B1mlar" title="Bennu Yıldırımlar">Bennu Yıldırımlar</a>, Turkish actress</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necip_Faz%C4%B1l_K%C4%B1sak%C3%BCrek" title="Necip Fazıl Kısakürek">Necip Fazıl Kısakürek</a>, Turkish Islamist poet (on mother side)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Fehmi_Kubilay" title="Mustafa Fehmi Kubilay">Mustafa Fehmi Kubilay</a>, was a Turkish teacher and a lieutenant. He is considered a "Martyr of the Revolution" in Turkey.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Muslims&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al_Hamidiyah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Hamidiyah">Al Hamidiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cretan_State" title="Cretan State">Cretan State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Crete" title="Emirate of Crete">Emirate of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Crete" title="History of Crete">History of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Squadron_(Crete_intervention,_1897%E2%80%931898)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Squadron (Crete intervention, 1897–1898)">International Squadron (Crete intervention, 1897–1898)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massacre_of_Phocaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Massacre of Phocaea">Massacre of Phocaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Lebanon" class="mw-redirect" title="Turks in Lebanon">Turks in Lebanon</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Muslims&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Muslims&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Rippin-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rippin_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rippin_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rippin_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rippin_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rippin_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRippin2008" class="citation book cs1">Rippin, Andrew (2008). <i>World Islam: Critical Concepts in Islamic Studies</i>. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45653-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45653-1"><bdi>978-0-415-45653-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Islam%3A+Critical+Concepts+in+Islamic+Studies&rft.pages=77&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-45653-1&rft.aulast=Rippin&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŞenışık2018" class="citation book cs1">Şenışık, Pınar (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HfmewgEACAAJ"><i>Migration and Material World of the Cretan Muslims: A Profile From Rethymno Through the Liquidation of Property Documents in the Early Twentieth Century</i></a>. Isis Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-428-612-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-428-612-0"><bdi>978-975-428-612-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Migration+and+Material+World+of+the+Cretan+Muslims%3A+A+Profile+From+Rethymno+Through+the+Liquidation+of+Property+Documents+in+the+Early+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Isis+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-975-428-612-0&rft.aulast=%C5%9Een%C4%B1%C5%9F%C4%B1k&rft.aufirst=P%C4%B1nar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHfmewgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morrow2019–28-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morrow2019–28_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrow2019–28_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morrow2019–28_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrow2019" class="citation book cs1">Morrow, John Andrew (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LTWEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28"><i>Finding W. D. Fard: Unveiling the Identity of the Founder of the Nation of Islam</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Scholars_Publishing" title="Cambridge Scholars Publishing">Cambridge Scholars Publishing</a>. p. 28. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-2489-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5275-2489-7"><bdi>978-1-5275-2489-7</bdi></a>. <q>The island in question [Crete] was home to Cretan Muslims, descendants of ethnic Greeks who had converted to Islam after the Ottoman conquest in the seventeenth century. Although the language of administration and prestige was Ottoman Turkish, Cretan Muslims used Greek to express their Bektashi Islamic sentiment. After all, Islam in Crete was profoundly influenced by the Bektahi Sufi Order. Although they identified as Greek Muslims, Christian Greeks described them as Turkocretans since they had "betrayed" the Greek Orthodox Church. Some Cretan Muslims reportedly described themselves as "Turco-Romnoi," which means "European Turks," treating the term "Turk" as synonymous with "Muslim," or "Turkish Greeks," namely, Muslim Greeks or Greek Muslims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finding+W.+D.+Fard%3A+Unveiling+the+Identity+of+the+Founder+of+the+Nation+of+Islam&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Cambridge+Scholars+Publishing&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-5275-2489-7&rft.aulast=Morrow&rft.aufirst=John+Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLTWEDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPsaradaki2021" class="citation web cs1">Psaradaki, Eleni (30 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/1862586">"Oral Memories and the Cretan Identity Of Cretan Turks in Bodrum, Turkey"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Stratejik ve Sosyal Araştırmalar Dergisi Türk-Yunan İlişkileri Özel Sayısı, C. 5</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">41–</span>54. <q>With the term "Cretan Turks" we refer to the descendants of Islamized Cretans during the occupation of the island of Crete by the Turks in 1669. A large number of Cretans (as it also happened generally in Greece) became Muslims in order to avoid the socioeconomic hardships of the Ottoman Occupation of Crete.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stratejik+ve+Sosyal+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar+Dergisi+T%C3%BCrk-Yunan+%C4%B0li%C5%9Fkileri+%C3%96zel+Say%C4%B1s%C4%B1%2C+C.+5&rft.atitle=Oral+Memories+and+the+Cretan+Identity+Of+Cretan+Turks+in+Bodrum%2C+Turkey&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2021-08-30&rft.aulast=Psaradaki&rft.aufirst=Eleni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F1862586&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckingham1956" class="citation journal cs1">Beckingham, C. F. (1 April 1956). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080/03068375608731569">"The Cypriot Turks"</a>. <i>Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society</i>. <b>43</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">126–</span>130. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03068375608731569">10.1080/03068375608731569</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-8789">0035-8789</a>. <q>The Cretan "Turks" were not ethnically Turkish, or even Anatolian at all. They were Cretans whose ancestors had accepted Islam at some time after the Turkish conquest of the island in the middle of the seventeenth century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Royal+Central+Asian+Society&rft.atitle=The+Cypriot+Turks&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E126-%3C%2Fspan%3E130&rft.date=1956-04-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03068375608731569&rft.issn=0035-8789&rft.aulast=Beckingham&rft.aufirst=C.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%2F03068375608731569&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyland2020" class="citation web cs1">Hyland, Tim (18 May 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.lehigh.edu/news/ugur-z-pece-uncovers-a-forgotten-part-of-the-history-of-crete">"Uğur Z. Peçe Uncovers a Forgotten Part of the History of Crete"</a>. <i>Lehigh University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 April</span> 2023</span>. <q>the people known as the Cretan Turks—a Muslim people of Greek descent—ended up relocating, permanently, to Anatolia, Syria, Egypt, Libya and the Balkans [...] Though the island was home to both Christians and Muslims, both groups were of Greek origin.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lehigh+University&rft.atitle=U%C4%9Fur+Z.+Pe%C3%A7e+Uncovers+a+Forgotten+Part+of+the+History+of+Crete&rft.date=2020-05-18&rft.aulast=Hyland&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww2.lehigh.edu%2Fnews%2Fugur-z-pece-uncovers-a-forgotten-part-of-the-history-of-crete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Leonidas Kallivretakis, "A Century of Revolutions: The Cretan Question between European and Near Eastern Politics", p. 13<i>f</i> in Paschalis Kitromilides, <i>Eleftherios Venizelos: The Trials of Statesmanship</i>, Edinburgh University Press, 2009, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0748633642" title="Special:BookSources/0748633642">0748633642</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Malise Ruthven, Azim Nanji, <i>Historical Atlas of Islam</i>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0674013859" title="Special:BookSources/0674013859">0674013859</a>, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene,_Molly2000" class="citation book cs1">Greene, Molly (2000). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sharedworldchris00gree"><i>A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the early modern Mediterranean</i></a></span>. London: Princeton University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sharedworldchris00gree/page/n26">39</a><i>ff</i>, <i>passim</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00898-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-00898-1"><bdi>978-0-691-00898-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Shared+World%3A+Christians+and+Muslims+in+the+early+modern+Mediterranean&rft.place=London&rft.pages=39%27%27ff%27%27%2C+%27%27passim%27%27&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-691-00898-1&rft.au=Greene%2C+Molly&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsharedworldchris00gree&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demetres Tziovas, <i>Greece and the Balkans: Identities, Perceptions and Cultural Encounters Since the Enlightenment</i>; William Yale, <i>The Near East: A modern history</i> Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 1958)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara J. Hayden, <i>The Settlement History of the Vrokastro Area and Related Studies</i>, vol. 2 of <i>Reports on the Vrokastro Area, Eastern Crete</i>, p. 299</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Balta, E., & Ölmez, M. (2011). Between religion and language: Turkish-speaking Christians, Jews and Greek-speaking Muslims and Catholics in the Ottoman Empire. Istanbul: Eren.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Noel_Brailsford" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Noel Brailsford">Henry Noel Brailsford</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://knigite.abv.bg/en/hb/hb_7_6.html">full text</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged August 2017">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>), an eyewitness of the immediate aftermath, uses the term "wholesale massacre" to describe the events of 1897 in Crete.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ionian-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ionian_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ionian_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1998" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Michael Llewellyn (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E4OuoSFztt8C&pg=RA1-PA86"><i>Ionian Vision: Greece in Asia Minor, 1919–1922</i></a>. Hurst. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-368-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-368-4"><bdi>978-1-85065-368-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ionian+Vision%3A+Greece+in+Asia+Minor%2C+1919%E2%80%931922&rft.pub=Hurst&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-368-4&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael+Llewellyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE4OuoSFztt8C%26pg%3DRA1-PA86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span><br /> Quote, p. 87: "In the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_%C4%B0zmir" class="mw-redirect" title="Occupation of İzmir">Occupation of İzmir</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Greek_army" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek army">Greek army</a> in 1922, there was in the city a colony of Turcocretans who had left Crete around the time that the island was united with the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Kingdom">Greek Kingdom</a>." <br />Quote, p. 88: "Some effort was made by Greece prior to the war to win Turcocretans to the idea of Greek government in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a>. The Greek Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Venizelos" title="Venizelos">Venizelos</a> dispatched an obscure Cretan politician by the name of Makrakis to <a href="/wiki/%C4%B0zmir" title="İzmir">İzmir</a> in the early months of 1919, and his mission is qualified a "success", although the Greek mission set up İzmir, "presenting a naive picture of the incorrigible Turks", is cited as describing "the various <a href="/wiki/Turkish_revolutionaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkish revolutionaries">[Turkish] organizations</a> which includes the worst elements among Turcocretans and the <a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Laz people</a> (...) as disastrous and inexpedient" in the same source."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-williams-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-williams_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williams_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-williams_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chris Williams, "The Cretan Muslims and the Music of Crete", in Dimitris Tziovas, ed., <i>Greece and the Balkans: Identities, Perceptions, and Cultural Encounters since the Enlightenment</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFgazeteistanbul2017" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">gazeteistanbul (21 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gazeteistanbul.com/anneanne-dili-giritce/">"Anneanne dili "Giritçe"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Gazete İstanbul</i> (in Turkish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">3 November</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gazete+%C4%B0stanbul&rft.atitle=Anneanne+dili+%22Girit%C3%A7e%22&rft.date=2017-02-21&rft.au=gazeteistanbul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgazeteistanbul.com%2Fanneanne-dili-giritce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTuncay_Ercan_Sepetcioglu2021" class="citation web cs1">Tuncay Ercan Sepetcioglu (January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348170787">"Cretan Turks at the End of the 19th Century: Migration and Settlement (19. Yüzyılda Girit Türkleri: Göç ve Yerleşim)"</a> – via <a href="/wiki/ResearchGate" title="ResearchGate">ResearchGate</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cretan+Turks+at+the+End+of+the+19th+Century%3A+Migration+and+Settlement+%2819.+Y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1lda+Girit+T%C3%BCrkleri%3A+G%C3%B6%C3%A7+ve+Yerle%C5%9Fim%29&rft.date=2021-01&rft.au=Tuncay+Ercan+Sepetcioglu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F348170787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, pp. 39–44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Greene, pp. 52–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macrakis, p. 51</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McTiernan, pp. 13–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McTiernan, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McTiernan, pp. 35–39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://refugeehistory.org/blog/2017/7/20/the-cretan-rebellion-of-1897-and-the-emigration-of-the-cretan-muslims">"The Cretan Rebellion of 1897 and the Emigration of the Cretan Muslims — Refugee History"</a>. Refugeehistory.org. 21 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cretan+Rebellion+of+1897+and+the+Emigration+of+the+Cretan+Muslims+%E2%80%94+Refugee+History&rft.pub=Refugeehistory.org&rft.date=2017-07-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frefugeehistory.org%2Fblog%2F2017%2F7%2F20%2Fthe-cretan-rebellion-of-1897-and-the-emigration-of-the-cretan-muslims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFiliz_Kılıç" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Filiz Kılıç. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080130144921/http://www.hbektas.gazi.edu.tr/portal/html/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=541">"Cretan Bektashi school in Ottoman Divan poetry"</a> (in Turkish). <a href="/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_Bektash_Veli" class="mw-redirect" title="Hacı Bektash Veli">Hacı Bektash Veli</a> and Turkish Culture Research Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hbektas.gazi.edu.tr/portal/html/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=541">the original</a> on 30 January 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cretan+Bektashi+school+in+Ottoman+Divan+poetry&rft.pub=Hac%C4%B1+Bektash+Veli+and+Turkish+Culture+Research+Center&rft.au=Filiz+K%C4%B1l%C4%B1%C3%A7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbektas.gazi.edu.tr%2Fportal%2Fhtml%2Fmodules.php%3Fname%3DNews%26file%3Darticle%26sid%3D541&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span> (abstract also in English) Aside from those cited in the article, the principal men of letters considered to compose the "Cretan school" are; 1. Ahmed Hikmetî Efendi (<i>also called Bî-namaz Ahmed Efendi</i>) (? – 1727), 2. Ahmed Bedrî Efendi (? – 1761), 3. Lebib Efendi (? – 1768), 4. Ahmed Cezbî Efendi (? – 1781), 5. Aziz Ali Efendi (? – 1798), 6. İbrahim Hıfzî Efendi (? – ?), 7. Mustafa Mazlum Fehmî Pasha (1812–1861), 8. İbrahim Fehim Bey (1813–1861), 9. Yahya Kâmi Efendi (? – ?), 10. Ahmed İzzet Bey (? – 1861), 11. Mazlum Mustafa Pasha (? – 1861), 12. Ahmed Muhtar Efendi (1847–1910), 13. Ali İffet Efendi (1869–1941).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Summary translation: <i>A slender sapling you are, freshly shooting beauty and grace you are, an affection for one's mind you are! The rose is in love with you, the nightingale is in love you. An uncommon beloved one you are! (note that "fidân" can mean "sapling" as a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> and "slender" as an <a href="/wiki/Adjective" title="Adjective">adjective</a>, and "âfet" has more than one meaning as its <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> equivalent "affection".)</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProf._Theodoros_I._Riginiotis" class="citation web cs1">Prof. Theodoros I. Riginiotis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927201744/http://www.muammerketencoglu.com/roportajlar/tr/ChristianandTurks.pdf">"Christians and Turks: The language of music and everyday life"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Rethimno" class="mw-redirect" title="Rethimno">Rethimno</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.muammerketencoglu.com/roportajlar/tr/ChristianandTurks.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Christians+and+Turks%3A+The+language+of+music+and+everyday+life&rft.pub=Rethimno&rft.au=Prof.+Theodoros+I.+Riginiotis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.muammerketencoglu.com%2Froportajlar%2Ftr%2FChristianandTurks.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929033950/http://www.cretan-music.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=251&Itemid=36">"A Greek point of view on Cretan Turks"</a>. Cretan-music.gr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cretan-music.gr/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=251&Itemid=36">the original</a> on 29 September 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Greek+point+of+view+on+Cretan+Turks&rft.pub=Cretan-music.gr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cretan-music.gr%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26task%3Dview%26id%3D251%26Itemid%3D36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandiyoti1977" class="citation journal cs1">Kandiyoti, Deniz (1977). "Sex Roles and Social Change: A Comparative Appraisal of Turkey's Women". <i>Signs</i>. <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">57–</span>73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F493439">10.1086/493439</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3173079">3173079</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144517389">144517389</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs&rft.atitle=Sex+Roles+and+Social+Change%3A+A+Comparative+Appraisal+of+Turkey%27s+Women&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E57-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=1977&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144517389%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3173079%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F493439&rft.aulast=Kandiyoti&rft.aufirst=Deniz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._Ragip_Zik" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">M. Ragip Zik. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20050311083434/http://www.lozanmubadilleri.org/ragip_zik.htm">"Giritli Mübadillerde Kimlik Oluşumu ve Toplumsal Hafıza"</a> (in Turkish). <a href="/wiki/Istanbul_Bilgi_University" title="Istanbul Bilgi University">Istanbul Bilgi University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lozanmubadilleri.org/ragip_zik.htm">the original</a> on 11 March 2005<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Giritli+M%C3%BCbadillerde+Kimlik+Olu%C5%9Fumu+ve+Toplumsal+Haf%C4%B1za&rft.pub=Istanbul+Bilgi+University%2C+Istanbul&rft.au=M.+Ragip+Zik&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lozanmubadilleri.org%2Fragip_zik.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yiannis Papadakis, <i>Echoes from the Dead Zone: Across the Cyprus Divide</i>, 2005, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85043-428-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-85043-428-X">1-85043-428-X</a>, p. 187;</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loizos-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loizos_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loizos_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Peter Loizos, "Are Refugees Social Capitalists?" in Stephen Baron, John Field, Tom Schuller, eds., <i>Social Capital: Critical Perspectives</i>, Oxford 2001, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-829713-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-829713-0">0-19-829713-0</a>, p. 133-5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Soner Cagaptay, "Race, Assimilation and Kemalism: Turkish Nationalism and the Minorities in the 1930s", <i>Middle Eastern Studies</i> <b>40</b>:3:95 (May 2004) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0026320042000213474">10.1080/0026320042000213474</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Fatma Mansur, <i>Bodrum: A Town in the Aegean</i>, 1967, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-03424-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-03424-2">90-04-03424-2</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gsels-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-gsels_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsels_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsels_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-gsels_35-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webs.uvigo.es/ssl/actas2002/05/08.%20Roula%20Tsokalidou.pdf">Greek-Speaking Enclaves of Lebanon and Syria</a> by Roula Tsokalidou. Proceedings <i>II Simposio Internacional Bilingüismo</i>. Retrieved 4 December 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Houtsma,_Martinus_T._1987_1145-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Houtsma,_Martinus_T._1987_1145_36-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Houtsma,_Martinus_T._1987_1145_36-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoutsma,_Martinus_T.1987" class="citation book cs1">Houtsma, Martinus T. (1987). <i>E. J. Brill's first encyclopaedia of Islam: 1913–1936, Volume 9</i>. Brill. p. 1145. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08265-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-08265-6"><bdi>978-90-04-08265-6</bdi></a>. <q>RESMI, AHMAD Ottoman statesman and historian. Ahmad b. Ibrahim, known as Resmi, belonged to Rethymo (turk. Resmo; hence his epithet) in Crete and was of Greek descent (cf. J. v. Hammer, GOR, viii. 202). He was born in III (1700) and came in 1146 (1733) to Stambul where he was educated, married a daughter of the Ke is Efendi</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=E.+J.+Brill%27s+first+encyclopaedia+of+Islam%3A+1913%E2%80%931936%2C+Volume+9&rft.pages=1145&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-90-04-08265-6&rft.au=Houtsma%2C+Martinus+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20010602074614/http://www.tuerkischebotschaft.de/de/index.htm">"Tuerkische Botschafter in Berlin"</a> (in German). Turkish Embassy, Berlin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tuerkischebotschaft.de/de/index.htm">the original</a> on 2 June 2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tuerkische+Botschafter+in+Berlin&rft.pub=Turkish+Embassy%2C+Berlin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tuerkischebotschaft.de%2Fde%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMüller-Bahlke,_Thomas_J.2003" class="citation book cs1">Müller-Bahlke, Thomas J. (2003). <i>Zeichen und Wunder: Geheimnisse des Schriftenschranks in der Kunst- und Naturalienkammer der Franckeschen Stiftungen : kulturhistorische und philologische Untersuchungen</i>. Franckesche Stiftungen. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-931479-46-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-931479-46-6"><bdi>978-3-931479-46-6</bdi></a>. <q>Ahmed Resmi Efendi (1700–1783). Der osmanische Staatsmann und Geschichtsschreiber griechischer Herkunft. Translation "Ahmed Resmi Efendi (1700–1783). The Ottoman statesman and historian of Greek origin"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span></q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zeichen+und+Wunder%3A+Geheimnisse+des+Schriftenschranks+in+der+Kunst-+und+Naturalienkammer+der+Franckeschen+Stiftungen+%3A+kulturhistorische+und+philologische+Untersuchungen&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Franckesche+Stiftungen&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-931479-46-6&rft.au=M%C3%BCller-Bahlke%2C+Thomas+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-European_studies_review_1977_170-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-European_studies_review_1977_170_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuropean_studies_review1977" class="citation book cs1">European studies review (1977). <i>European studies review, Volumes 7–8</i>. Sage Publications. p. 170. <q>Resmi Ahmad (−83) was originally of Greek descent. He entered Ottoman service in 1733 and after holding a number of posts in local administration, was sent on missions to Vienna (1758) and Berlin (1763–4). He later held a number of important offices in central government. In addition, Resmi Ahmad was a contemporary historian of some distinction.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=European+studies+review%2C+Volumes+7%E2%80%938&rft.pages=170&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=1977&rft.au=European+studies+review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sir_Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb_1954_294-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sir_Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb_1954_294_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSir_Hamilton_Alexander_Rosskeen_Gibb1954" class="citation book cs1">Sir Hamilton Alexander Rosskeen Gibb (1954). <i>Encyclopedia of Islam</i>. Brill. p. 294. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-16121-4"><bdi>978-90-04-16121-4</bdi></a>. <q>Ahmad b. Ibrahim, known as Resmi came from Rethymno (Turk. Resmo; hence his epithet?) in Crete and was of Greek descent (cf. Hammer- Purgstall, viii, 202). He was born in 1112/ 1700 and came in 1 146/1733 to Istanbul</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Islam&rft.pages=294&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-90-04-16121-4&rft.au=Sir+Hamilton+Alexander+Rosskeen+Gibb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://anopolis72000.blogspot.com/2009/09/salih-zeki.html">"Salih Zeki"</a>. Anopolis72000.blogspot.com. 19 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Salih+Zeki&rft.pub=Anopolis72000.blogspot.com&rft.date=2009-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fanopolis72000.blogspot.com%2F2009%2F09%2Fsalih-zeki.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110903144447/http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-13538-37-ataturk-ile-pasalarin-arasini-acmak-istediler.html">"Interview with Ayşe Cebesoy Sarıalp, Ali Fuat Pasha's niece"</a>. Aksiyon.com.tr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aksiyon.com.tr/aksiyon/haber-13538-37-ataturk-ile-pasalarin-arasini-acmak-istediler.html">the original</a> on 3 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview+with+Ay%C5%9Fe+Cebesoy+Sar%C4%B1alp%2C+Ali+Fuat+Pasha%27s+niece&rft.pub=Aksiyon.com.tr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aksiyon.com.tr%2Faksiyon%2Fhaber-13538-37-ataturk-ile-pasalarin-arasini-acmak-istediler.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lozanmubadilleri.org/2003_-.htm"><i>Yeni Giritliler</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070219215738/http://www.lozanmubadilleri.org/2003_-.htm">Archived</a> 19 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Article on the rising interest in Cretan heritage <span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.milliyet.com.tr/arinc-ahmediye-koyunde-cocuklarla-rumca-konustu/siyaset/siyasetdetay/23.09.2012/1600667/default.htm">"Arınç Ahmediye köyünde çocuklarla Rumca konuştu"</a> [Arınç spoke Greek with the children in the village of Ahmediye]. <i>Milliyet</i> (in Turkish). Turkey. 23 September 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Milliyet&rft.atitle=Ar%C4%B1n%C3%A7+Ahmediye+k%C3%B6y%C3%BCnde+%C3%A7ocuklarla+Rumca+konu%C5%9Ftu&rft.date=2012-09-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.milliyet.com.tr%2Farinc-ahmediye-koyunde-cocuklarla-rumca-konustu%2Fsiyaset%2Fsiyasetdetay%2F23.09.2012%2F1600667%2Fdefault.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mWEdXDl_tv4"><i>Bülent Arınç anadili Rumca konuşurken</i></a> [<i>Bülent Arınç talking to native speakers of Greek</i>] <span class="cs1-format">(video)</span> (in Turkish and Greek). You Tube. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%C3%BClent+Ar%C4%B1n%C3%A7+anadili+Rumca+konu%C5%9Furken&rft.pub=You+Tube&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DmWEdXDl_tv4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead YouTube link tagged February 2022">dead YouTube link</span></a></i>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hurriyetdailynews.com/greece-angered-over-turkish-deputy-pms-hagia-sophia-remarks.aspx?PageID=238&NID=58153&NewsCatID=351">"Greece angered over Turkish Deputy PM's Hagia Sophia remarks"</a>. <i>Hurriyet Daily News</i>. Turkey. 19 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 May</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hurriyet+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Greece+angered+over+Turkish+Deputy+PM%27s+Hagia+Sophia+remarks&rft.date=2013-11-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hurriyetdailynews.com%2Fgreece-angered-over-turkish-deputy-pms-hagia-sophia-remarks.aspx%3FPageID%3D238%26NID%3D58153%26NewsCatID%3D351&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Muslims&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/10428584/A_Very_Bad_Place_Indeed_For_a_Soldier._The_British_involvement_in_the_early_stages_of_the_European_Intervention_in_Crete._1897_-_1898">McTiernan, Mick, <i>A Very Bad Place Indeed For a Soldier. The British involvement in the early stages of the European Intervention in Crete. 1897–1898,</i> King's College, London, September 2014.</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Muslims&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChidiroglou1980" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Chidiroglou, Pavlos (1980). "Εξισλαμισμοί στην Κρήτη" [Islamizations in Crete]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anemi.lib.uoc.gr/metadata/0/6/1/metadata-1643884844-836717-19947.tkl"><i>Πεπραγμένα του Δ' Διεθνούς Κρητολογικού Συνεδρίου, Ηράκλειο, 29 Αυγούστου – 3 Δεκεμβρίου 1976. Τόμος Γ' Νεώτεροι χρόνοι</i></a> (in Greek). Athens: University of Crete. pp. <span class="nowrap">336–</span>350.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%CE%95%CE%BE%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%AF+%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD+%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%AE%CF%84%CE%B7&rft.btitle=%CE%A0%CE%B5%CF%80%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B1+%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%CE%94%27+%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B5%CE%B8%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%82+%CE%9A%CF%81%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%8D+%CE%A3%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B5%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85%2C+%CE%97%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF%2C+29+%CE%91%CF%85%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85+%26ndash%3B%26%2332%3B3+%CE%94%CE%B5%CE%BA%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B2%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%BF%CF%85+1976.+%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82+%CE%93%27+%CE%9D%CE%B5%CF%8E%CF%84%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B9+%CF%87%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%BF%CE%B9&rft.place=Athens&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E336-%3C%2Fspan%3E350&rft.pub=University+of+Crete&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Chidiroglou&rft.aufirst=Pavlos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanemi.lib.uoc.gr%2Fmetadata%2F0%2F6%2F1%2Fmetadata-1643884844-836717-19947.tkl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaba_Altınsay2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saba_Alt%C4%B1nsay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saba Altınsay (page does not exist)">Saba Altınsay</a> (2004). <i>Kritimu: Girit'im benim – novellized souvenirs</i>. Can Yayinlari. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-07-0424-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-07-0424-6"><bdi>978-975-07-0424-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kritimu%3A+Girit%27im+benim+%E2%80%93+novellized+souvenirs&rft.pub=Can+Yayinlari&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-975-07-0424-6&rft.au=Saba+Alt%C4%B1nsay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmet_Yorulmaz2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Yorulmaz" title="Ahmet Yorulmaz">Ahmet Yorulmaz</a> (2002). <i>Savaşın çocukları (</i>Children of the war<i>) – novellized souvenirs</i>. Remzi Kitabevi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-14-0847-4" title="Special:BookSources/975-14-0847-4"><bdi>975-14-0847-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1n+%C3%A7ocuklar%C4%B1+%28Children+of+the+war%29+%E2%80%93+novellized+souvenirs&rft.pub=Remzi+Kitabevi&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=975-14-0847-4&rft.au=Ahmet+Yorulmaz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafa_Olpak2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Olpak" title="Mustafa Olpak">Mustafa Olpak</a> (2005). <i>Kenya – Girit – İstanbul Köle Kıyısından İnsan Biyografileri (</i>Human biographies from the shores of slavery of Kenya, Crete and Istanbul<i>)</i>. Ozan Yayıncılık. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/975-7891-80-0" title="Special:BookSources/975-7891-80-0"><bdi>975-7891-80-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenya+%E2%80%93+Girit+%E2%80%93+%C4%B0stanbul+K%C3%B6le+K%C4%B1y%C4%B1s%C4%B1ndan+%C4%B0nsan+Biyografileri+%28Human+biographies+from+the+shores+of+slavery+of+Kenya%2C+Crete+and+Istanbul%29&rft.pub=Ozan+Yay%C4%B1nc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=975-7891-80-0&rft.au=Mustafa+Olpak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMustafa_Olpak2005" class="citation book cs1">Mustafa Olpak (2005). <i>Kenya'dan İstanbul'a Köle Kıyısı (</i>Shores of slavery from Kenya to Istanbul<i>)</i>. Ozan Yayıncılık. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-01103-4-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-01103-4-4"><bdi>978-975-01103-4-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kenya%27dan+%C4%B0stanbul%27a+K%C3%B6le+K%C4%B1y%C4%B1s%C4%B1+%28Shores+of+slavery+from+Kenya+to+Istanbul%29&rft.pub=Ozan+Yay%C4%B1nc%C4%B1l%C4%B1k&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-975-01103-4-4&rft.au=Mustafa+Olpak&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACretan+Muslims" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>İzmir Life magazine, June 2003</li> <li>'Fethinden Kaybına Girit<i> (Crete from its conquest to its loss)</i>, Babıali Kültür Yayıncılığı, 2007</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Herzfeld&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Herzfeld (page does not exist)">Michael Herzfeld</a>, <i>A Place in History: Social and Monumental Time in a Cretan Town</i>, Princeton University Press, 1991</li> <li>Michael Herzfeld, "Of language and land tenure: The transmission of property and information in autonomous Crete", <i>Social Anthropology</i> <b>7</b>:7:223-237 (1999),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Clogg" title="Richard Clogg">Richard Clogg</a>, <i>A Concise History of Greece</i>, Cambridge University Press, 2002</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition</a> (1911), <i>s.v.</i> Crete; <a href="/wiki/La_Grande_Encyclop%C3%A9die" title="La Grande Encyclopédie">La Grande Encyclopédie</a> (1886), <i>s.v.</i> Crète</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kemal_%C3%96zbayri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kemal Özbayri (page does not exist)">Kemal Özbayri</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Emmanuel_Zakhos-Papazahariou&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emmanuel Zakhos-Papazahariou (page does not exist)">Emmanuel Zakhos-Papazahariou</a>, "Documents de tradition orale des Turcs d'origine crétoise: Documents relatifs à l'Islam crétois" <i>Turcica</i> VIII/I (5), pp. 70–86 (not seen)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molly_Greene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molly Greene (page does not exist)">Molly Greene</a>, <i>A Shared World: Christians and Muslims in the Early Modern Mediterranean</i>, Princeton, 2000. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-00898-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-00898-1">0-691-00898-1</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A._Lily_Macrakis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A. Lily Macrakis (page does not exist)">A. Lily Macrakis</a>, <i>Cretan Rebel: Eleftherios Venizelos in Ottoman Crete</i>, PhD Dissertation, Harvard University, 1983.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Muslims&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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Muslims">Cretan Muslims</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704082242/http://www.benimgiritlilimonagacim.com/default.asp?page=1">Project film: Benim Giritli limon ağacım – My Cretan lemon tree</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lozanmubadilleri.org.tr/">Lozan Mübadilleri: The Association of Turks exchanged under Lausanne Treaty</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fhw.gr/films/index.php?view=details&erg_id=5">Testimonials by Greeks from Ayvalık and Turkish Cretans from Rethymno</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hellenic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_Greeks" title="Cappadocian Greeks">Cappadocians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonians_(Greeks)" title="Macedonians (Greeks)">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriots" title="Greek Cypriots">Cypriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greeks" title="Pontic Greeks">Pontic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Greece" title="Albanians in Greece">Albanians</a> <ul><li><span style="font-size:85%;"><a 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Chinese">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Greece" title="Filipinos in Greece">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgians_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Georgians in Greece">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_people" title="Indian people">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Greece" title="Kurds in Greece">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in Greece">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poles_in_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Poles in Greece">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Greece" title="Russians in Greece">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Greece" title="Serbs in Greece">Serbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Muslims_in_Europe33" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_Muslims" title="Template:European Muslims"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_Muslims" title="Template talk:European Muslims"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_Muslims" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European Muslims"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Muslims_in_Europe33" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Muslims in Europe</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Majority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cham_Albanians" title="Cham Albanians">Cham Albanians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorani_people" title="Gorani people">Gorani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Germany" title="Kurds in Germany">in Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_France" title="Kurds in France">in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_the_Netherlands" title="Kurds in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslims_(ethnic_group)" title="Muslims (ethnic group)">Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomaks" title="Pomaks">Pomaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tat_people_(Caucasus)" title="Tat people (Caucasus)">Tats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balkars" title="Balkars">Balkars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashkirs" title="Bashkirs">Bashkirs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Tatars" title="Crimean Tatars">Crimean Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatars_of_Romania" title="Tatars of Romania">Dobrujan Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Tatars" title="Finnish Tatars">Finnish Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachays" title="Karachays">Karachays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhs" title="Kazakhs">Kazakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumyks" title="Kumyks">Kumyks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipka_Tatars" title="Lipka Tatars">Lipka Tatars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nogais" title="Nogais">Nogais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_Cypriots" title="Turkish Cypriots">Cypriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_the_Dodecanese" title="Turks of the Dodecanese">Dodecanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Germany" title="Turks in Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetian_Turks" title="Meskhetian Turks">Meskhetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_of_Western_Thrace" title="Turks of Western Thrace">Western Thracian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Europe" title="Turks in Europe">Other</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volga_Tatars" title="Volga Tatars">Volga Tatars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mishar_Tatars" title="Mishar Tatars">Mishar Tatars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCks" title="Yörüks">Yörüks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_languages" title="North Caucasian languages">North Caucasian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abazins" title="Abazins">Abazins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazians" title="Abkhazians">Abkhazians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sadz" title="Sadz">Sadz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andi_people" title="Andi people">Andis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhvakh_people" title="Akhvakh people">Akhvakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagvalal_people" title="Bagvalal people">Bagvalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botlikh_people" title="Botlikh people">Botlikhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamalal_people" title="Chamalal people">Chamalals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Godoberi_people" title="Godoberi people">Godoberis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karata_people" title="Karata people">Karatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tindi_people" title="Tindi people">Tindis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avars_(Caucasus)" title="Avars (Caucasus)">Avars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechens" title="Chechens">Chechens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aukhs" title="Aukhs">Aukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kist_people" title="Kist people">Kists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abzakhs" title="Abzakhs">Abzakhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Adyghe people">Adygeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besleney" title="Besleney">Besleneys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bzhedugs" title="Bzhedugs">Bzhedugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemirgoys" title="Chemirgoys">Chemirgoys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabardians" title="Kabardians">Kabardians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natukhajs" title="Natukhajs">Natukhajs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shapsugs" title="Shapsugs">Shapsugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubykh_people" title="Ubykh people">Ubykhs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dargins" title="Dargins">Dargins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaitags" title="Kaitags">Kaitags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kubachi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kubachi people">Kubachins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsudaqar_language" title="Tsudaqar language">Tsudakhars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chirag_language" title="Chirag language">Chirags</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingush_people" title="Ingush people">Ingush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laks_(Caucasus)" title="Laks (Caucasus)">Laks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lezgins" title="Lezgins">Lezgins</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aghul_people" title="Aghul people">Aghuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archi_people" title="Archi people">Archis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budukh_people" title="Budukh people">Budukh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutul_people" title="Rutul people">Rutuls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khinalug_people" title="Khinalug people">Khinalugs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kryts_people" title="Kryts people">Kryts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabasaran_people" title="Tabasaran people">Tabasarans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsakhur_people" title="Tsakhur people">Tsakhurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jek_people" title="Jek people">Jeks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsez_people" title="Tsez people">Tsez</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bezhta_people" title="Bezhta people">Bezhtas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinukh_people" title="Hinukh people">Hinukhs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunzib_people" title="Hunzib people">Hunzibs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khwarshi_people" title="Khwarshi people">Khwarshis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Kartvelian_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Kartvelian peoples">Kartvelian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laz_people" title="Laz people">Lazs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meskhetians" title="Meskhetians">Meskhetians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uralic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Uralic peoples">Uralic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besermyan" title="Besermyan">Besermyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center; font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Europe" title="Arabs in Europe">in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccans_in_Spain" title="Moroccans in Spain">in Spain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers" title="Berbers">Berbers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_France" title="Berbers in France">in France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_Belgium" title="Berbers in Belgium">in Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berbers_in_the_Netherlands" title="Berbers in the Netherlands">in the Netherlands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%B6nmeh" title="Dönmeh">Dönmeh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Minority</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghans" title="Afghans">Afghans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengalis" title="Bengalis">Bengalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Muslims" title="Bulgarian Muslims">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croat_Muslims" title="Croat Muslims">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Islam in Georgia (country)">Georgians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adjarians" title="Adjarians">Adjarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingiloy_people" title="Ingiloy people">Ingiloys</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Muslims" title="Greek Muslims">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vallahades" title="Vallahades">Vallahades</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cretan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemshin_people" title="Hemshin people">Hemshenis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Muslims" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonian Muslims">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb" title="Maghreb">Maghrebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis" title="Pakistanis">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megleno-Romanians" title="Megleno-Romanians">Megleno-Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossetian_Muslims" title="Ossetian Muslims">Ossetians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muslim_Romani_people" title="Muslim Romani people">Romani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arlije" title="Arlije">Arlije</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashkali_and_Balkan_Egyptians" title="Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians">Ashkali and Balkan Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Roma" title="Crimean Roma">Crimean Roma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_Muslims" title="Serb Muslims">Serbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Muslims&oldid=1276882862">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cretan_Muslims&oldid=1276882862</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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