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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Counting gluons</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Counting_gluons-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Counting gluons subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Counting_gluons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Color_singlet_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Color_singlet_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Color singlet states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Color_singlet_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eight_color_states" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eight_color_states"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Eight color states</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eight_color_states-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Group_theory_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Group_theory_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Group theory details</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Group_theory_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confinement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confinement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Confinement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confinement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Experimental_observations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Experimental_observations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Experimental observations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Experimental_observations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_resources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_resources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External resources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_resources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Gluon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 79 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-79" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">79 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%BA%D9%84%D9%88%D9%88%D9%86" title="غلوون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="غلوون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ql%C3%BCon" title="Qlüon – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qlüon" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%84%D8%A6%D8%A4%D9%88%D9%86" title="قلئؤون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قلئؤون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="গ্লুয়ন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্লুয়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Глюон" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глуон – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Глуон" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glu%C3%B3" title="Gluó – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Gluó" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Глюонсем – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Глюонсем" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluonu" title="Gluonu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Gluonu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluuon" title="Gluuon – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Gluuon" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Γκλουόνιο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκλουόνιο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluono" title="Gluono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Gluono" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluoi" title="Gluoi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Gluoi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D9%88%D9%86" title="گلوئون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گلوئون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BA%C3%B3n" title="Glúón – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Glúón" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glu%C3%B3n" title="Gluón – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Gluón" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B8%80%EB%A3%A8%EC%98%A8" title="글루온 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="글루온" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Գլյուոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գլյուոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%A8" title="ग्लुओन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्लुओन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ingcinyane" title="Ingcinyane – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ingcinyane" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADmeind" title="Límeind – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Límeind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluone" title="Gluone – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gluone" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9F" title="גלואון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גלואון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Глюон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Глюон" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluons" title="Gluons – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Gluons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gliuonas" title="Gliuonas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Gliuonas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluun" title="Gluun – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Gluun" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глуон – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Глуон" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%93%E0%B5%BA" title="ഗ്ലൂഓൺ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്ലൂഓൺ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA" title="ဂလူယွန် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂလူယွန်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AA%E3%83%B3" title="グルーオン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グルーオン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glyuon" title="Glyuon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Glyuon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%94%E0%A8%A8" title="ਗਲੂਔਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਲੂਔਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D8%A4%D9%86" title="گلؤن – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گلؤن" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gl%C3%BAon" title="Glúon – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Glúon" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глюон" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glu%C3%B3n" title="Gluón – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Gluón" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глуон – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Глуон" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluoni" title="Gluoni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Gluoni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF" title="ஒட்டுமின்னி – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஒட்டுமின்னி" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Глюон" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="กลูออน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กลูออน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Глюон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%8E%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Глюон – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глюон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86" title="گلواون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گلواون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gluon" title="Gluon – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gluon" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%83%B6%E5%AD%90" title="胶子 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="胶子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E5%AD%90" title="膠子 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="膠子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Elementary particle that mediates the strong force</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Gluon</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/250px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/330px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg/400px-Feynmann_Diagram_Gluon_Radiation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="250" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Diagram 1: In <a href="/wiki/Feynman_diagram" title="Feynman diagram">Feynman diagrams</a>, emitted gluons are represented as helices. This diagram depicts the <a href="/wiki/Electron%E2%80%93positron_annihilation" title="Electron–positron annihilation">annihilation of an electron and positron</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Particle#Composition" title="Particle">Composition</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary particle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Particle_statistics" title="Particle statistics">Statistics</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bosonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Bosonic">Bosonic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Family</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">Gauge boson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_interaction" title="Fundamental interaction">Interactions</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">Strong interaction</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Symbol</th><td class="infobox-data">g</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Theorized</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> (1962)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Discovered</th><td class="infobox-data">e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> → Υ(9.46) → 3g: 1978 at <a href="/wiki/DESY#DORIS" title="DESY">DORIS</a> (<a href="/wiki/DESY" title="DESY">DESY</a>) by <a href="/wiki/PLUTO_experiments" class="mw-redirect" title="PLUTO experiments">PLUTO experiments</a> (see diagram 2 and recollection<sup id="cite_ref-SMY_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMY-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)<br /> <p>and <br /> </p> e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> → q<span style="text-decoration:overline;">q</span>g: 1979 at <a href="/wiki/PETRA" class="mw-redirect" title="PETRA">PETRA</a> (<a href="/wiki/DESY" title="DESY">DESY</a>) by <a href="/wiki/TASSO" title="TASSO">TASSO</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=MARK-J&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MARK-J (page does not exist)">MARK-J</a>, <a href="/wiki/JADE_particle_detector" class="mw-redirect" title="JADE particle detector">JADE</a> and <a href="/wiki/PLUTO_detector" title="PLUTO detector">PLUTO experiments</a> (see diagram 1 and review<sup id="cite_ref-SOE_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Types</th><td class="infobox-data">8<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Invariant_mass" title="Invariant mass">Mass</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap">0 (theoretical value)</span><sup id="cite_ref-pdg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap">< <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000130000000000000♠"></span>1.3 MeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup></span> (experimental limit)</span> <sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pdg_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Electric_charge" title="Electric charge">Electric charge</a></th><td class="infobox-data">0 <a href="/wiki/Elementary_charge" title="Elementary charge"><i>e</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-pdg_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pdg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Color_charge" title="Color charge">Color charge</a></th><td class="infobox-data">octet (8 <a href="/wiki/Linear_independence" title="Linear independence">linearly independent</a> types)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">Spin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1 <a href="/wiki/Reduced_Planck_constant" class="mw-redirect" title="Reduced Planck constant"><i>ħ</i></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">Parity</a></th><td class="infobox-data">-1</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> of <a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">particle physics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><figure class="skin-invert-image noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/240px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/360px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg/480px-Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1390" data-file-height="1330" usemap="#ImageMap_af1b7d82cba73703" resource="/wiki/File:Standard_Model_of_Elementary_Particles.svg" /></span><map name="ImageMap_af1b7d82cba73703"><area href="/wiki/Up_quark" shape="rect" coords="17,48,59,89" alt="Up quark" title="Up quark" /><area href="/wiki/Charm_quark" shape="rect" coords="60,48,102,89" alt="Charm quark" title="Charm quark" /><area href="/wiki/Top_quark" shape="rect" coords="104,48,145,89" alt="Top quark" title="Top quark" /><area href="/wiki/Gluon" shape="rect" coords="149,48,190,89" alt="Gluon" title="Gluon" /><area href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" shape="rect" coords="194,48,235,89" alt="Higgs boson" title="Higgs boson" /><area href="/wiki/Down_quark" shape="rect" coords="17,91,59,132" alt="Down quark" title="Down quark" /><area href="/wiki/Strange_quark" shape="rect" coords="60,91,102,132" alt="Strange quark" title="Strange quark" /><area href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" shape="rect" coords="104,91,145,132" alt="Bottom quark" title="Bottom quark" /><area href="/wiki/Photon" shape="rect" coords="149,91,190,132" alt="Photon" title="Photon" /><area href="/wiki/Electron" shape="rect" coords="17,137,59,178" alt="Electron" title="Electron" /><area href="/wiki/Muon" shape="rect" coords="60,137,102,178" alt="Muon" title="Muon" /><area href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" shape="rect" coords="104,137,145,178" alt="Tau (particle)" title="Tau (particle)" /><area href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons#Z_bosons}Z_boson" shape="rect" coords="149,137,190,178" alt="W and Z bosons#Z bosons}Z boson" title="W and Z bosons#Z bosons}Z boson" /><area href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" shape="rect" coords="17,180,59,221" alt="Electron neutrino" title="Electron neutrino" /><area href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino" shape="rect" coords="60,180,102,221" alt="Muon neutrino" title="Muon neutrino" /><area href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" shape="rect" coords="104,180,145,221" alt="Tau neutrino" title="Tau neutrino" /><area href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" shape="rect" coords="149,180,190,221" alt="W and Z bosons" title="W and Z bosons" /><area href="/wiki/Standard_Model" shape="rect" coords="16,8,224,19" alt="Standard Model" title="Standard Model" /><area href="/wiki/Fermion" shape="rect" coords="17,24,145,38" alt="Fermion" title="Fermion" /><area href="/wiki/Boson" shape="rect" coords="149,24,235,38" alt="Boson" title="Boson" /><area href="/wiki/Quark" shape="rect" coords="6,93,14,133" alt="Quark" title="Quark" /><area href="/wiki/Lepton" shape="rect" coords="6,176,12,219" alt="Lepton" title="Lepton" /><area href="/wiki/Scalar_boson" shape="rect" coords="227,92,233,172" alt="Scalar boson" title="Scalar boson" /><area href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" shape="rect" coords="196,143,202,219" alt="Gauge boson" title="Gauge boson" /><area href="/wiki/Vector_boson" shape="rect" coords="205,165,209,219" alt="Vector boson" title="Vector boson" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="sidebar-caption"><a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">Elementary particles</a> of the Standard Model</div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Background</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Particle_physics" title="Particle physics">Particle physics</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">Quantum field theory</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Gauge_theory" title="Gauge theory">Gauge theory</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Spontaneous_symmetry_breaking" title="Spontaneous symmetry breaking">Spontaneous symmetry breaking</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Higgs_mechanism" title="Higgs mechanism">Higgs mechanism</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Constituents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Electroweak_interaction" title="Electroweak interaction">Electroweak interaction</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">Quantum chromodynamics</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Cabibbo%E2%80%93Kobayashi%E2%80%93Maskawa_matrix" title="Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix">CKM matrix</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_formulation_of_the_Standard_Model" title="Mathematical formulation of the Standard Model">Standard Model mathematics</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Limitations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Strong_CP_problem" title="Strong CP problem">Strong CP problem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Hierarchy_problem" title="Hierarchy problem">Hierarchy problem</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Neutrino_oscillation" title="Neutrino oscillation">Neutrino oscillations</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Physics_beyond_the_Standard_Model" title="Physics beyond the Standard Model">Physics beyond the Standard Model</a></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Scientists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Rutherford" title="Ernest Rutherford">Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">Thomson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyendra_Nath_Bose" title="Satyendra Nath Bose">Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E._C._George_Sudarshan" title="E. C. George Sudarshan">Sudarshan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis Jr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Warren_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Warren Anderson">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Iliopoulos" title="John Iliopoulos">Iliopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luciano_Maiani" title="Luciano Maiani">Maiani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Meer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clyde_Cowan" title="Clyde Cowan">Cowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicola_Cabibbo" title="Nicola Cabibbo">Cabibbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ettore_Majorana" title="Ettore Majorana">Majorana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Clive_Ward" title="John Clive Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mills_(physicist)" title="Robert Mills (physicist)">Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Pais" title="Abraham Pais">Pais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Vleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brout" title="Robert Brout">Brout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Hagen" title="C. R. Hagen">Hagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Guralnik" title="Gerald Guralnik">Guralnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Kibble" title="Tom Kibble">Kibble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_Ant%C3%BAnez_de_Mayolo" title="Santiago Antúnez de Mayolo">de Mayolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Lattes" title="César Lattes">Lattes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Zweig" title="George Zweig">Zweig</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Standard_model_of_particle_physics" title="Template:Standard model of particle physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Standard_model_of_particle_physics" title="Template talk:Standard model of particle physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Standard_model_of_particle_physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Standard model of particle physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>gluon</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɡ/: 'g' in 'guy'">ɡ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/uː/: 'oo' in 'goose'">uː</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">GLOO</span>-on</i></a>) is a type of <a href="/wiki/Massless_particle" title="Massless particle">massless</a> <a href="/wiki/Elementary_particle" title="Elementary particle">elementary particle</a> that mediates the <a href="/wiki/Strong_interaction" title="Strong interaction">strong interaction</a> between <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a>, acting as the <a href="/wiki/Exchange_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Exchange particle">exchange particle</a> for the interaction. Gluons are massless <a href="/wiki/Vector_boson" title="Vector boson">vector bosons</a>, thereby having a <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> of 1.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through the strong interaction, gluons bind quarks into groups according to <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">quantum chromodynamics (QCD)</a>, forming <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadrons</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrons</a>. </p><p>Gluons carry the <a href="/wiki/Color_charge" title="Color charge">color charge</a> of the strong interaction, thereby participating in the strong interaction as well as mediating it. Because gluons carry the color charge, QCD is more difficult to analyze compared to <a href="/wiki/Quantum_electrodynamics" title="Quantum electrodynamics">quantum electrodynamics (QED)</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">photon</a> carries no electric charge. </p><p>The term was coined by <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Murray Gell-Mann</a> in 1962<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for being similar to an <a href="/wiki/Adhesive" title="Adhesive">adhesive</a> or glue that keeps the nucleus together.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Together with the quarks, these particles were referred to as <a href="/wiki/Parton_(particle_physics)" title="Parton (particle physics)">partons</a> by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Properties">Properties</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gluon&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Properties"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The gluon is a <a href="/wiki/Vector_boson" title="Vector boson">vector boson</a>, which means it has a <a href="/wiki/Spin_(physics)" title="Spin (physics)">spin</a> of 1. While massive spin-1 particles have three polarization states, <a href="/wiki/Massless_particle" title="Massless particle">massless</a> gauge bosons like the gluon have only two polarization states because <a href="/wiki/Gauge_invariance" class="mw-redirect" title="Gauge invariance">gauge invariance</a> requires the field polarization to be transverse to the direction that the gluon is traveling. In <a href="/wiki/Quantum_field_theory" title="Quantum field theory">quantum field theory</a>, unbroken gauge invariance requires that gauge bosons have zero mass. Experiments limit the gluon's rest mass (if any) to less than a few MeV/<i>c</i><sup>2</sup>. The gluon has negative intrinsic <a href="/wiki/Parity_(physics)" title="Parity (physics)">parity</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Counting_gluons">Counting gluons</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gluon&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Counting gluons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are eight independent types of gluons in QCD. This is unlike the photon of QED or the three <a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">W and Z bosons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Weak_interaction" title="Weak interaction">weak interaction</a>. </p><p>Additionally, gluons are subject to the <a href="/wiki/Color_charge" title="Color charge">color charge</a> phenomena. <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quarks</a> carry three types of color charge; antiquarks carry three types of anticolor. Gluons carry both color and anticolor. This gives nine <i>possible</i> combinations of color and anticolor in gluons. The following is a list of those combinations (and their schematic names): </p> <ul><li>red–antired <span class="nowrap">(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r{\bar {r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r{\bar {r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e386d1584c6290ff30d48cbd445586ab7a1fd9f2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.34ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r{\bar {r}}}" /></span>),</span> red–antigreen <span class="nowrap">(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r{\bar {g}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r{\bar {g}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5c5c10a072ae0b6676f15d33cc28a5e1c0421f53" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.28ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r{\bar {g}}}" /></span>),</span> red–antiblue <span class="nowrap">(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle r{\bar {b}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle r{\bar {b}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ee94382c30b2ae9cd8342b54c206d09d303c6389" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.211ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle r{\bar {b}}}" /></span>)</span></li> <li>green–antired <span class="nowrap">(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g{\bar {r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g{\bar {r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/7ee746ceded41438c55c1b9b879a2c935e49f2a8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.408ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g{\bar {r}}}" /></span>),</span> green–antigreen <span class="nowrap">(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g{\bar {g}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g{\bar {g}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a3310397b9c4699a61c0551f04b33327875dfec8" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.348ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g{\bar {g}}}" /></span>),</span> green–antiblue <span class="nowrap">(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle g{\bar {b}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle g{\bar {b}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d2e855e9457da7ac138c257d6b15a67865d696d2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.278ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle g{\bar {b}}}" /></span>)</span></li> <li>blue–antired <span class="nowrap">(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b{\bar {r}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b{\bar {r}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/dfe209a2a50ece5dbabbbea6183571f5031760bf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.289ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b{\bar {r}}}" /></span>),</span> blue–antigreen <span class="nowrap">(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b{\bar {g}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b{\bar {g}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/01b390b5c304cd2a1d063132abaadd1f0e832df5" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.229ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b{\bar {g}}}" /></span>),</span> blue–antiblue <span class="nowrap">(<span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle b{\bar {b}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle b{\bar {b}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5047b6e5096de6a8677592b662b123884b6240e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.16ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle b{\bar {b}}}" /></span>)</span></li></ul> <figure class="mw-halign-right skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feynman_Diagram_Y-3g.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Feynman_Diagram_Y-3g.svg/250px-Feynman_Diagram_Y-3g.svg.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Feynman_Diagram_Y-3g.svg/360px-Feynman_Diagram_Y-3g.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Feynman_Diagram_Y-3g.svg/480px-Feynman_Diagram_Y-3g.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="213" /></a><figcaption>Diagram 2: e<sup>+</sup>e<sup>−</sup> → Υ(9.46) → 3g</figcaption></figure> <p>These <i>possible</i> combinations are only <i>effective</i> states, not the <i>actual</i> observed color states of gluons. To understand how they are combined, it is necessary to consider the mathematics of color charge in more detail. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Color_singlet_states">Color singlet states <span class="anchor" id="Color_singlet"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gluon&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Color singlet states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The stable strongly interacting particles, including hadrons like the proton or the neutron, are observed to be "colorless". More precisely, they are in a "color singlet" state, and mathematically analogous to a <a href="/wiki/Singlet_state" title="Singlet state"><i>spin</i> singlet state</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Griff_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griff-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The states allow interaction with other color singlets, but not other color states; because long-range gluon interactions do not exist, this illustrates that gluons in the singlet state do not exist either.<sup id="cite_ref-Griff_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griff-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The color singlet state is:<sup id="cite_ref-Griff_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griff-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (r{\bar {r}}+b{\bar {b}}+g{\bar {g}})/{\sqrt {3}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>3</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (r{\bar {r}}+b{\bar {b}}+g{\bar {g}})/{\sqrt {3}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d0841c7868cedab8de771d4b9c21ec30ed4b8702" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:19.246ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (r{\bar {r}}+b{\bar {b}}+g{\bar {g}})/{\sqrt {3}}.}" /></span></dd></dl> <p>If one could <a href="/wiki/Measurement_in_quantum_mechanics" title="Measurement in quantum mechanics">measure</a> the color of the state, there would be equal probabilities of it being red–antired, blue–antiblue, or green–antigreen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eight_color_states">Eight color states</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gluon&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Eight color states"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are eight remaining independent color states corresponding to the "eight types" or "eight colors" of gluons. Since the states can be mixed together, there are multiple ways of presenting these states. These are known as the "color octet", and a commonly used list for each is:<sup id="cite_ref-Griff_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griff-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (r{\bar {b}}+b{\bar {r}})/{\sqrt {2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (r{\bar {b}}+b{\bar {r}})/{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/fe95f01c29982ebdb1073e864d66409d5fac1e27" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.411ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (r{\bar {b}}+b{\bar {r}})/{\sqrt {2}}}" /></span> </td> <td>       </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -i(r{\bar {b}}-b{\bar {r}})/{\sqrt {2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -i(r{\bar {b}}-b{\bar {r}})/{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/2f0cf21ccd674ab3ff7aa645befbf4131aa878c4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.021ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -i(r{\bar {b}}-b{\bar {r}})/{\sqrt {2}}}" /></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (r{\bar {g}}+g{\bar {r}})/{\sqrt {2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (r{\bar {g}}+g{\bar {r}})/{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/49fdd9567ac27f2937280073e699bad8c4d6c0e3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.598ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (r{\bar {g}}+g{\bar {r}})/{\sqrt {2}}}" /></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -i(r{\bar {g}}-g{\bar {r}})/{\sqrt {2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -i(r{\bar {g}}-g{\bar {r}})/{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/13f4fec09f67983746cb66e755855c3dee4e6a84" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.209ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -i(r{\bar {g}}-g{\bar {r}})/{\sqrt {2}}}" /></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (b{\bar {g}}+g{\bar {b}})/{\sqrt {2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (b{\bar {g}}+g{\bar {b}})/{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/d133db1e41d4beed093756335d2642ee16c55db7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.418ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (b{\bar {g}}+g{\bar {b}})/{\sqrt {2}}}" /></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -i(b{\bar {g}}-g{\bar {b}})/{\sqrt {2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo>−</mo> <mi>i</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -i(b{\bar {g}}-g{\bar {b}})/{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/28ed8406aadfd8454fbc367dc7f36b8c025f00a2" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:16.029ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -i(b{\bar {g}}-g{\bar {b}})/{\sqrt {2}}}" /></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (r{\bar {r}}-b{\bar {b}})/{\sqrt {2}}}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>2</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (r{\bar {r}}-b{\bar {b}})/{\sqrt {2}}}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/bad74dc74da67b8adcd2e8bffa5765633c2c223e" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.411ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (r{\bar {r}}-b{\bar {b}})/{\sqrt {2}}}" /></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle (r{\bar {r}}+b{\bar {b}}-2g{\bar {g}})/{\sqrt {6}}.}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>r</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>r</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>+</mo> <mi>b</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>b</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo>−</mo> <mn>2</mn> <mi>g</mi> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mover> <mi>g</mi> <mo stretchy="false">¯</mo> </mover> </mrow> </mrow> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mo>/</mo> </mrow> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <msqrt> <mn>6</mn> </msqrt> </mrow> <mo>.</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle (r{\bar {r}}+b{\bar {b}}-2g{\bar {g}})/{\sqrt {6}}.}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/e9ad33ecc4c48bf148c30d7d6ad17753873cb749" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:20.408ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle (r{\bar {r}}+b{\bar {b}}-2g{\bar {g}})/{\sqrt {6}}.}" /></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>These are equivalent to the <a href="/wiki/Gell-Mann_matrices" title="Gell-Mann matrices">Gell-Mann matrices</a>. The critical feature of these particular eight states is that they are <a href="/wiki/Linearly_independent" class="mw-redirect" title="Linearly independent">linearly independent</a>, and also independent of the singlet state, hence 3<sup>2</sup> − 1 or 2<sup>3</sup>. There is no way to add any combination of these states to produce any others. It is also impossible to add them to make <i>r<span style="text-decoration:overline;">r</span>,</i> <i>g<span style="text-decoration:overline;">g</span>,</i> or <i>b<span style="text-decoration:overline;">b</span></i><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the forbidden <a href="/wiki/Singlet_state" title="Singlet state">singlet state</a>. There are many other possible choices, but all are mathematically equivalent, at least equally complicated, and give the same physical results. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Group_theory_details">Group theory details</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gluon&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Group theory details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Formally, QCD is a <a href="/wiki/Gauge_theory" title="Gauge theory">gauge theory</a> with <a href="/wiki/SU(3)" class="mw-redirect" title="SU(3)">SU(3)</a> gauge symmetry. Quarks are introduced as <a href="/wiki/Spinor" title="Spinor">spinors</a> in <i>N</i><sub>f</sub> <a href="/wiki/Flavour_(particle_physics)" title="Flavour (particle physics)">flavors</a>, each in the <a href="/wiki/Fundamental_representation" title="Fundamental representation">fundamental representation</a> (triplet, denoted <b>3</b>) of the color gauge group, SU(3). The gluons are vectors in the <a href="/wiki/Adjoint_representation_of_a_Lie_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Adjoint representation of a Lie group">adjoint representation</a> (octets, denoted <b>8</b>) of color SU(3). For a general <a href="/wiki/Lie_group" title="Lie group">gauge group</a>, the number of force-carriers, like photons or gluons, is always equal to the dimension of the adjoint representation. For the simple case of SU(<i>n</i>), the dimension of this representation is <span class="nowrap"><i>n</i><sup>2</sup> − 1</span>. </p><p>In group theory, there are no color singlet gluons because <a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">quantum chromodynamics</a> has an SU(3) rather than a <a href="/wiki/U(N)" class="mw-redirect" title="U(N)">U(3)</a> symmetry. There is no known <a href="/wiki/A_priori_and_a_posteriori" title="A priori and a posteriori"><i>a priori</i></a> reason for one group to be preferred over the other, but as discussed above, the experimental evidence supports SU(3).<sup id="cite_ref-Griff_12-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Griff-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If the group were U(3), the ninth (colorless singlet) gluon would behave like a "second photon" and not like the other eight gluons.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confinement">Confinement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gluon&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Confinement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Color_confinement" title="Color confinement">Color confinement</a></div> <p>Since gluons themselves carry color charge, they participate in strong interactions. These gluon–gluon interactions constrain color fields to string-like objects called "<a href="/wiki/QCD_string" class="mw-redirect" title="QCD string">flux tubes</a>", which exert constant force when stretched. Due to this force, <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> are <a href="/wiki/Color_confinement" title="Color confinement">confined</a> within <a href="/wiki/Composite_particle" class="mw-redirect" title="Composite particle">composite particles</a> called <a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">hadrons</a>. This effectively limits the range of the strong interaction to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6985100000000000000♠"></span>1<span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−15</sup></span> meters, roughly the size of a <a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">nucleon</a>. Beyond a certain distance, the energy of the flux tube binding two quarks increases linearly. At a large enough distance, it becomes energetically more favorable to pull a quark–antiquark pair out of the vacuum rather than increase the length of the flux tube. </p><p>One consequence of the hadron-confinement property of gluons is that they are not directly involved in the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_force" title="Nuclear force">nuclear forces</a> between hadrons. The force mediators for these are other hadrons called <a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">mesons</a>. </p><p>Although in the <a href="/wiki/Normal_phase_of_QCD" class="mw-redirect" title="Normal phase of QCD">normal phase of QCD</a> single gluons may not travel freely, it is predicted that there exist hadrons that are formed entirely of gluons — called <a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">glueballs</a>. There are also conjectures about other <a href="/wiki/Exotic_hadron" title="Exotic hadron">exotic hadrons</a> in which real gluons (as opposed to <a href="/wiki/Virtual_particle" title="Virtual particle">virtual</a> ones found in ordinary hadrons) would be primary constituents. Beyond the normal phase of QCD (at extreme temperatures and pressures), <a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">quark–gluon plasma</a> forms. In such a plasma there are no hadrons; quarks and gluons become free particles. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Experimental_observations">Experimental observations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gluon&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Experimental observations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quarks</a> and gluons (colored) manifest themselves by fragmenting into more quarks and gluons, which in turn hadronize into normal (colorless) particles, correlated in jets. As revealed in 1978 summer conferences,<sup id="cite_ref-SMY_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMY-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/PLUTO_detector" title="PLUTO detector">PLUTO detector</a> at the electron-positron collider DORIS (<a href="/wiki/DESY" title="DESY">DESY</a>) produced the first evidence that the hadronic decays of the very narrow resonance Υ(9.46) could be interpreted as <a href="/wiki/Three-jet_event" title="Three-jet event">three-jet event</a> topologies produced by three gluons. Later, published analyses by the same experiment confirmed this interpretation and also the spin = 1 nature of the gluon<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also the recollection<sup id="cite_ref-SMY_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SMY-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/PLUTO_experiments" class="mw-redirect" title="PLUTO experiments">PLUTO experiments</a>). </p><p>In summer 1979, at higher energies at the electron-positron collider <a href="/wiki/PETRA" class="mw-redirect" title="PETRA">PETRA</a> (DESY), again three-jet topologies were observed, now clearly visible and interpreted as q<span style="text-decoration:overline;">q</span> gluon <a href="/wiki/Bremsstrahlung" title="Bremsstrahlung">bremsstrahlung</a>, by <a href="/wiki/TASSO" title="TASSO">TASSO</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=MARK-J&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MARK-J (page does not exist)">MARK-J</a><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and PLUTO experiments<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (later in 1980 also by <a href="/wiki/JADE_(particle_detector)" title="JADE (particle detector)">JADE</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). The spin = 1 property of the gluon was confirmed in 1980 by TASSO<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and PLUTO experiments<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see also the review<sup id="cite_ref-SOE_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SOE-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). In 1991 a subsequent experiment at the <a href="/wiki/LEP" class="mw-redirect" title="LEP">LEP</a> storage ring at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> again confirmed this result.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The gluons play an important role in the elementary strong interactions between <a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">quarks</a> and gluons, described by QCD and studied particularly at the electron-proton collider <a href="/wiki/HERA" class="mw-redirect" title="HERA">HERA</a> at DESY. The number and momentum distribution of the gluons in the <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">proton</a> (gluon density) have been measured by two experiments, <a href="/wiki/H1_(particle_detector)" title="H1 (particle detector)">H1</a> and <a href="/wiki/ZEUS" class="mw-redirect" title="ZEUS">ZEUS</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the years 1996–2007. The gluon contribution to the proton spin has been studied by the <a href="/wiki/HERMES_experiment" title="HERMES experiment">HERMES experiment</a> at HERA.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The gluon density in the proton (when behaving hadronically) also has been measured.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Color_confinement" title="Color confinement">Color confinement</a> is verified by the failure of <a href="/wiki/Free_quark" class="mw-redirect" title="Free quark">free quark</a> searches (searches of fractional charges). Quarks are normally produced in pairs (quark + antiquark) to compensate the quantum color and flavor numbers; however at <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a> single production of <a href="/wiki/Top_quark" title="Top quark">top quarks</a> has been shown.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No <a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">glueball</a> has been demonstrated. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Deconfinement" title="Deconfinement">Deconfinement</a> was claimed in 2000 at CERN SPS<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Heavy-ion_collisions" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy-ion collisions">heavy-ion collisions</a>, and it implies a new state of matter: <a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">quark–gluon plasma</a>, less interactive than in the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">nucleus</a>, almost as in a liquid. It was found at the <a href="/wiki/Relativistic_Heavy_Ion_Collider" title="Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider">Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider</a> (RHIC) at Brookhaven in the years 2004–2010 by four contemporaneous experiments.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A quark–gluon plasma state has been confirmed at the <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> Large Hadron Collider (LHC) by the three experiments <a href="/wiki/A_Large_Ion_Collider_Experiment" class="mw-redirect" title="A Large Ion Collider Experiment">ALICE</a>, <a href="/wiki/ATLAS_experiment" title="ATLAS experiment">ATLAS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compact_Muon_Solenoid" title="Compact Muon Solenoid">CMS</a> in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Lab">Jefferson Lab</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Continuous_Electron_Beam_Accelerator_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility">Continuous Electron Beam Accelerator Facility</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is one of 10 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> facilities doing research on gluons. The Virginia lab was competing with another facility – <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a>, on Long Island, New York – for funds to build a new <a href="/wiki/Electron-ion_collider" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron-ion collider">electron-ion collider</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In December 2019, the US Department of Energy selected the <a href="/wiki/Brookhaven_National_Laboratory" title="Brookhaven National Laboratory">Brookhaven National Laboratory</a> to host the <a href="/wiki/Electron-ion_collider" class="mw-redirect" title="Electron-ion collider">electron-ion collider</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gluon&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">Meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">Gauge boson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark_model" title="Quark model">Quark model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics" title="Quantum chromodynamics">Quantum chromodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quark%E2%80%93gluon_plasma" title="Quark–gluon plasma">Quark–gluon plasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_confinement" title="Color confinement">Color confinement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">Glueball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluon_field" title="Gluon field">Gluon field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gluon_field_strength_tensor" title="Gluon field strength tensor">Gluon field strength tensor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_hadron" title="Exotic hadron">Exotic hadrons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-jet_event" title="Three-jet event">Three-jet event</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deep_inelastic_scattering" title="Deep inelastic scattering">Deep inelastic scattering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_chromodynamics_binding_energy" title="Quantum chromodynamics binding energy">Quantum chromodynamics binding energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_unitary_group" title="Special unitary group">Special unitary group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadronization" title="Hadronization">Hadronization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_charge" title="Color charge">Color charge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coupling_constant" title="Coupling constant">Coupling constant</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gluon&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In an interview, Gell-Mann said that he believes the term was coined by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Teller" title="Edward Teller">Edward Teller</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Technically the single <a href="/wiki/Top_quark" title="Top quark">top quark</a> production at <a href="/wiki/Fermilab" title="Fermilab">Fermilab</a> still involves a pair production, but the quark and antiquark are of different flavors.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Lab" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Lab">Jefferson Lab</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Nickname" title="Nickname">nickname</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_National_Accelerator_Facility" title="Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility">Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newport_News,_Virginia" title="Newport News, Virginia">Newport News, Virginia</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gluon&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFM._Gell-Mann1962" class="citation journal cs1">M. Gell-Mann (1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authors.library.caltech.edu/4650/1/GELpr63.pdf">"Symmetries of Baryons and Mesons"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Physical_Review" title="Physical Review">Physical Review</a></i>. <b>125</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">1067–</span>1084. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1962PhRv..125.1067G">1962PhRv..125.1067G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.125.1067">10.1103/PhysRev.125.1067</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121021162221/http://authors.library.caltech.edu/4650/1/GELpr63.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2012-10-21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.atitle=Symmetries+of+Baryons+and+Mesons&rft.volume=125&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1067-%3C%2Fspan%3E1084&rft.date=1962&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRev.125.1067&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1962PhRv..125.1067G&rft.au=M.+Gell-Mann&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fauthors.library.caltech.edu%2F4650%2F1%2FGELpr63.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGluon" class="Z3988"></span>. This is without reference to color, however. For the modern usage see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFritzschGell-MannLeutwyler1973" class="citation journal cs1">Fritzsch, H.; Gell-Mann, M.; Leutwyler, H. (Nov 1973). 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Ali and G. Kramer (2011). "JETS and QCD: A historical review of the discovery of the quark and gluon jets and its impact on QCD". <i><a href="/wiki/European_Physical_Journal_H" title="European Physical Journal H">European Physical Journal H</a></i>. <b>36</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">245–</span>326. <a href="/wiki/ArXiv_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ArXiv (identifier)">arXiv</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1012.2288">1012.2288</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2011EPJH...36..245A">2011EPJH...36..245A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10047-1">10.1140/epjh/e2011-10047-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:54062126">54062126</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Physical+Journal+H&rft.atitle=JETS+and+QCD%3A+A+historical+review+of+the+discovery+of+the+quark+and+gluon+jets+and+its+impact+on+QCD&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E245-%3C%2Fspan%3E326&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aarxiv%2F1012.2288&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A54062126%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1140%2Fepjh%2Fe2011-10047-1&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2011EPJH...36..245A&rft.au=A.+Ali+and+G.+Kramer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGluon" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hep.phy.cam.ac.uk/~thomson/lectures/partIIIparticles/Handout8_2009.pdf">Cambridge Handout 8 : Quantum Chromodynamics – Particle Physics</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_resources">External resources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gluon&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External resources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigthink.com/starts-with-a-bang/why-are-there-only-8-gluons/">Big Think website, clear explanation of the QCD Octet</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://math.ucr.edu/home/baez/physics/ParticleAndNuclear/gluons.html#:~:text=So%2C%20there%20can%20only%20be,states%20of%20the%20Lie%20algebra.">Why are there eight gluons and not nine?</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style 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style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Quark" title="Quark">Quarks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Up_quark" title="Up quark">Up (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Up antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_quark" title="Down quark">Down (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Down antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm_quark" title="Charm quark">Charm (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charm_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Charm antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_quark" title="Strange quark">Strange (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strange_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Strange antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_quark" title="Top quark">Top (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Top antiquark">antiquark)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_quark" title="Bottom quark">Bottom (quark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_antiquark" class="mw-redirect" title="Bottom antiquark">antiquark)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lepton" title="Lepton">Leptons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">Electron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positron" title="Positron">Positron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Muon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon" title="Muon">Antimuon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">Tau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_(particle)" title="Tau (particle)">Antitau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino" title="Neutrino">Neutrino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electron_neutrino" title="Electron neutrino">Electron neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Electron antineutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muon_neutrino" title="Muon neutrino">Muon neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Muon antineutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_neutrino" title="Tau neutrino">Tau neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutrino#Antineutrinos" title="Neutrino">Tau antineutrino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Boson" title="Boson">Bosons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Gauge_boson" title="Gauge boson">Gauge</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Photon" title="Photon">Photon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Gluon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_bosons" title="W and Z bosons">W and Z bosons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:4em;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Scalar_boson" title="Scalar boson">Scalar</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higgs_boson" title="Higgs boson">Higgs boson </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Ghost_(physics)" title="Ghost (physics)">Ghost fields</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faddeev%E2%80%93Popov_ghost" title="Faddeev–Popov ghost">Faddeev–Popov ghosts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_particles" title="List of hypothetical particles">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Superpartner" title="Superpartner">Superpartners</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Gaugino" title="Gaugino">Gauginos</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gluino" title="Gluino">Gluino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravitino" title="Gravitino">Gravitino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photino" title="Photino">Photino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axino" title="Axino">Axino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chargino" title="Chargino">Chargino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higgsino" title="Higgsino">Higgsino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutralino" title="Neutralino">Neutralino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sfermion" title="Sfermion">Sfermion</a> (<a href="/wiki/Stop_squark" title="Stop squark">Stop squark</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axion" title="Axion">Axion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curvaton" title="Curvaton">Curvaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dilaton" title="Dilaton">Dilaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual_graviton" title="Dual graviton">Dual graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviphoton" title="Graviphoton">Graviphoton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graviton" title="Graviton">Graviton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inflaton" title="Inflaton">Inflaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptoquark" title="Leptoquark">Leptoquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_monopole" title="Magnetic monopole">Magnetic monopole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majoron" title="Majoron">Majoron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Majorana_fermion" title="Majorana fermion">Majorana fermion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dark_photon" title="Dark photon">Dark photon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preon" title="Preon">Preon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterile_neutrino" title="Sterile neutrino">Sterile neutrino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tachyon" title="Tachyon">Tachyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%E2%80%B2_and_Z%E2%80%B2_bosons" title="W′ and Z′ bosons">W′ and Z′ bosons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_and_Y_bosons" title="X and Y bosons">X and Y bosons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bound_state" title="Bound state">Composite</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Hadrons64" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Hadron" title="Hadron">Hadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Baryon" title="Baryon">Baryons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nucleon" title="Nucleon">Nucleon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">Proton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">Antiproton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">Neutron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antineutron" title="Antineutron">Antineutron</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_baryon" title="Delta baryon">Delta baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambda_baryon" title="Lambda baryon">Lambda baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigma_baryon" title="Sigma baryon">Sigma baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_baryon" title="Xi baryon">Xi baryon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_baryon" title="Omega baryon">Omega baryon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">Mesons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">Pion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rho_meson" title="Rho meson">Rho meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eta_meson" class="mw-redirect" title="Eta meson">Eta and eta prime mesons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_eta_meson" title="Bottom eta meson">Bottom eta meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phi_meson" title="Phi meson">Phi meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J/psi_meson" title="J/psi meson">J/psi meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omega_meson" title="Omega meson">Omega meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upsilon_meson" title="Upsilon meson">Upsilon meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaon" title="Kaon">Kaon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_meson" title="B meson">B meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D_meson" title="D meson">D meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarkonium" title="Quarkonium">Quarkonium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Exotic_hadron" title="Exotic hadron">Exotic hadrons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetraquark" title="Tetraquark">Tetraquark</a> (<a href="/wiki/Double-charm_tetraquark" title="Double-charm tetraquark">Double-charm tetraquark</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentaquark" title="Pentaquark">Pentaquark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_nucleus" title="Atomic nucleus">Atomic nuclei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotic_atom" title="Exotic atom">Exotic atoms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Positronium" title="Positronium">Positronium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muonium" title="Muonium">Muonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tauonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Tauonium">Tauonium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onium" title="Onium">Onia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pionium" title="Pionium">Pionium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protonium" title="Protonium">Protonium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superatom" title="Superatom">Superatoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule">Molecules</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_hypothetical_particles" title="List of hypothetical particles">Hypothetical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Baryons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hexaquark" title="Hexaquark">Hexaquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heptaquark" title="Heptaquark">Heptaquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skyrmion" title="Skyrmion">Skyrmion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Mesons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glueball" title="Glueball">Glueball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theta_meson" title="Theta meson">Theta meson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_meson" title="T meson">T meson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;;font-weight:normal; text-align: center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesonic_molecule" title="Mesonic molecule">Mesonic molecule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomeron" title="Pomeron">Pomeron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diquark" title="Diquark">Diquark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-hadron" title="R-hadron">R-hadron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quasiparticle" title="Quasiparticle">Quasiparticles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anyon" title="Anyon">Anyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davydov_soliton" title="Davydov soliton">Davydov soliton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dropleton" title="Dropleton">Dropleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exciton" title="Exciton">Exciton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fracton_(subdimensional_particle)" title="Fracton (subdimensional particle)">Fracton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electron_hole" title="Electron hole">Hole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnon" title="Magnon">Magnon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonon" title="Phonon">Phonon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmaron" title="Plasmaron">Plasmaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plasmon" title="Plasmon">Plasmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polariton" title="Polariton">Polariton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polaron" title="Polaron">Polaron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roton" title="Roton">Roton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trion_(physics)" title="Trion (physics)">Trion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_baryons" title="List of baryons">Baryons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mesons" title="List of mesons">Mesons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_particles" title="List of particles">Particles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_quasiparticles" title="List of quasiparticles">Quasiparticles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_particle_discoveries" title="Timeline of particle discoveries">Timeline of particle discoveries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_subatomic_physics" title="History of subatomic physics">History of subatomic physics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_atomic_and_subatomic_physics" title="Timeline of atomic and subatomic physics">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard_Model" title="Standard Model">Standard Model</a> <ul><li><a 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