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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Breeding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Breeding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Breeding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breeding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Social structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_"moles"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_"moles""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Other "moles"</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_"moles"-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other "moles" subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_"moles"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Golden_moles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Golden_moles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Golden moles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Golden_moles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marsupial_moles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marsupial_moles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Marsupial moles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marsupial_moles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interaction_with_humans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interaction_with_humans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Interaction with humans</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Interaction_with_humans-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Interaction with humans subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Interaction_with_humans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pelts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pelts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Pelts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pelts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pest_status_-_extermination_and_humane_options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pest_status_-_extermination_and_humane_options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Pest status - extermination and humane options</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pest_status_-_extermination_and_humane_options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Meat" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Meat"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.3</span> <span>Meat</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Meat-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.4</span> <span>Archaeology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Mole (animal)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 45 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-45" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">45 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8D%E1%88%8D%E1%8D%88%E1%88%8D" title="ፍልፈል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፍልፈል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%86" title="طوبين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طوبين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topo" title="Topo – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Topo" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9B%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%8B" title="ছুঁচো – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ছুঁচো" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="བྱི་ལོང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྱི་ལོང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goz" title="Goz – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Goz" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8E%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Ахаль каюра – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ахаль каюра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krtek" title="Krtek – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Krtek" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twrch_daear" title="Twrch daear – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Twrch daear" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maulw%C3%BCrfe" title="Maulwürfe – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Maulwürfe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naadooboo%CA%BC%C3%ADinii" title="Naadoobooʼíinii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Naadoobooʼíinii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CF%83%CF%80%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ασπάλακας – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ασπάλακας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talpo" title="Talpo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Talpo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B4_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B1" title="موش کور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="موش کور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taupe" title="Taupe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Taupe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caoch%C3%A1n" title="Caochán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Caochán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Huko" title="Huko – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Huko" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%91%90%EB%8D%94%EC%A7%80%EB%A5%98" title="두더지류 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="두더지류" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%B0" title="छछून्दर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="छछून्दर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tikus_tanah" title="Tikus tanah – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tikus tanah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivukuzi" title="Ivukuzi – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ivukuzi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%A3" title="ಮುಖಮಲ್ ಹೆಗ್ಗಣ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಮುಖಮಲ್ ಹೆಗ್ಗಣ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kret" title="Kret – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Kret" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuko_(mnyama)" title="Fuko (mnyama) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fuko (mnyama)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%93ng-ch%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Iēng-chṳ̄ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iēng-chṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8(%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%9B%E1%80%85%E1%80%B9%E1%80%86%E1%80%AC%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA)" title="ပွေး(တိရစ္ဆာန်) – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ပွေး(တိရစ္ဆာန်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%9B%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B" title="मोल छुचुन्द्रो – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="मोल छुचुन्द्रो" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9B%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%82%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0" title="ਛਛੂੰਦਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਛਛੂੰਦਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%A9%DA%86%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%DA%BE%D8%B1" title="چکچوندھر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="چکچوندھر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fouan" title="Fouan – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Fouan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuhu" title="Tuhu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Tuhu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urithi" title="Urithi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Urithi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mole" title="Mole – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Mole" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%87%DA%87%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="ڇڇوندر – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ڇڇوندر" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krtovit%C3%A9" title="Krtovité – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Krtovité" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B4%DA%A9%DB%95%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8E%D8%B1%DB%95" title="مشکەکوێرە – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مشکەکوێرە" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Topo" title="Topo – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Topo" 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data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%DA%BE%DA%86%DA%BE%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="چھچھوندر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="چھچھوندر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mag%C3%B2" title="Magò – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Magò" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E9%BC%A0" title="地鼠 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="地鼠" data-language-autonym="粵語" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Small subterranean mammal</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the mammals called "moles". For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Mole_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Mole (disambiguation)">Mole (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">vole</a>, a small mouse-like rodent.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kret_mole.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kret_mole.jpg/220px-Kret_mole.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kret_mole.jpg/330px-Kret_mole.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Kret_mole.jpg/440px-Kret_mole.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2525" data-file-height="2016" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/European_mole" title="European mole">European mole</a></figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talpidae_family_pictures.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="various moles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Talpidae_family_pictures.png/220px-Talpidae_family_pictures.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Talpidae_family_pictures.png/330px-Talpidae_family_pictures.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Talpidae_family_pictures.png/440px-Talpidae_family_pictures.png 2x" data-file-width="1493" data-file-height="1271" /></a><figcaption>Various moles</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Moles</b> are small <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> adapted to a <a href="/wiki/Fossorial" title="Fossorial">subterranean lifestyle</a>. They have cylindrical bodies, velvety fur, very small, inconspicuous eyes and ears,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> reduced <a href="/wiki/Hindlimb" title="Hindlimb">hindlimbs</a>, and short, powerful <a href="/wiki/Forelimbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Forelimbs">forelimbs</a> with large paws adapted for digging. </p><p>The word "mole" most commonly refers to many species in the family <a href="/wiki/Talpidae" title="Talpidae">Talpidae</a> (which are named after the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> word for mole, <i>talpa</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> True moles are found in most parts of North America, Europe and Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other mammals referred to as moles include the African <a href="/wiki/Golden_mole" title="Golden mole">golden moles</a> and the Australian <a href="/wiki/Marsupial_mole" title="Marsupial mole">marsupial moles</a>, which have a similar ecology and lifestyle to true moles, but are unrelated. </p><p>Moles may be viewed as pests to gardeners, but they provide positive contributions to soil, gardens, and ecosystems, including soil aeration, feeding on slugs and small creatures that eat plant roots, and providing prey for other wildlife. They eat earthworms and other small invertebrates in the soil.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Middle English, moles were known as <i>moldwarps</i>. The expression "don't make a mountain out of a molehill" (which means "exaggerating problems") was first recorded in Tudor times.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the era of <a href="/wiki/Early_Modern_English" title="Early Modern English">Early Modern English</a>, the mole was also known in English as <i>mouldywarp</i> or <i>mouldiwarp</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a word having <a href="/wiki/Cognates" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognates">cognates</a> in other <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> (<i>Maulwurf</i>),<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Language" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Language">Swedish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_language" title="Icelandic language">Icelandic</a> (<i>muldvarp</i>, <i>moldvarp</i>, <i>mullvad</i>, <i>moldvarpa</i>), where <i>muld/mull/mold</i> refers to soil and <i>varp/vad/varpa</i> refers to throwing, hence "one who throws soil" or "dirt-tosser". </p><p>Male moles are called "boars"; females are called "sows". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underground_breathing">Underground breathing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Underground breathing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moles have been found to tolerate higher levels of carbon dioxide than other mammals, because their blood cells have a special form of <a href="/wiki/Hemoglobin" title="Hemoglobin">hemoglobin</a> that has a higher <a href="/wiki/Ligand_(biochemistry)#Receptor/ligand_binding_affinity" title="Ligand (biochemistry)">affinity</a> to <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">oxygen</a> than other forms. In addition, moles use oxygen more effectively by reusing the exhaled air, and can survive in low-oxygen environments such as burrows.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extra_thumbs">Extra thumbs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extra thumbs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talpa_europaea_MHNT_pate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Talpa_europaea_MHNT_pate.jpg/220px-Talpa_europaea_MHNT_pate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Talpa_europaea_MHNT_pate.jpg/330px-Talpa_europaea_MHNT_pate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Talpa_europaea_MHNT_pate.jpg/440px-Talpa_europaea_MHNT_pate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4779" data-file-height="3723" /></a><figcaption>Mole <a href="/wiki/Paw" title="Paw">paw</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Moles have <a href="/wiki/Polydactyl" class="mw-redirect" title="Polydactyl">polydactyl</a> forepaws: each has an extra thumb (also known as a prepollex) next to the regular <a href="/wiki/Thumb" title="Thumb">thumb</a>. While the mole's other digits have multiple joints, the prepollex has a single, sickle-shaped bone that develops later and differently from the other fingers during <a href="/wiki/Embryogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Embryogenesis">embryogenesis</a> from a transformed <a href="/wiki/Sesamoid_bone" title="Sesamoid bone">sesamoid bone</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Wrist" title="Wrist">wrist</a>, independently evolved but similar to the <a href="/wiki/Giant_panda" title="Giant panda">giant panda</a> thumb. This supernumerary digit is species-specific, as it is not present in <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrews</a>, the mole's closest relatives. <a href="/wiki/Androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenic steroid">Androgenic steroids</a> are known to affect the growth and formation of bones, and a connection is possible between this species-specific trait and the male genital apparatus in female moles of many mole species (<a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a> with testicular and ovary tissues).<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diet">Diet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Diet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moles are <a href="/wiki/Omnivore" title="Omnivore">omnivores</a>, but their diet primarily consists of <a href="/wiki/Earthworm" title="Earthworm">earthworms</a> and other small invertebrates found in the soil. The mole runs are in reality "worm traps", the mole sensing when a worm falls into the tunnel and quickly running along to kill and eat it.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because their saliva contains a <a href="/wiki/Biotoxin" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotoxin">toxin</a> that can paralyze earthworms, moles are able to store their still-living prey for later consumption. They construct special underground "larders" for just this purpose; researchers have discovered such larders with over a thousand earthworms in them. Before eating earthworms, moles pull them between their squeezed paws to force the collected earth and dirt out of the worm's gut.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Star-nosed_mole" title="Star-nosed mole">star-nosed mole</a> can detect, catch and eat food faster than the human eye can follow.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Breeding">Breeding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Breeding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Breeding season for a mole depends on species, but is generally from February through May. Males search for females by letting out high-pitched squeals and tunneling through foreign areas. </p><p>The gestation period of the Eastern (North America) mole (Scalopus aquaticus) is approximately 42 days. Three to five young are born, mainly in March and early April.<sup id="cite_ref-icwdm_handbook_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-icwdm_handbook-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Townsend%27s_mole" title="Townsend's mole">Townsend's moles</a> mate in February and March, and the 2–4 young are born in March and April after a gestation period of about 1 month.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Social_structure">Social structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Social structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moles are allegedly solitary creatures, coming together only to mate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Territories may overlap, but moles avoid each other and males may fight fiercely if they meet.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Uropsilus1sm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b4/Uropsilus1sm.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="108" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="109" data-file-height="108" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Uropsilus" title="Uropsilus">Uropsilus</a></i></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scapanus_latimanus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Scapanus_latimanus2.jpg/220px-Scapanus_latimanus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Scapanus_latimanus2.jpg/330px-Scapanus_latimanus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Scapanus_latimanus2.jpg/440px-Scapanus_latimanus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Northern_broad-footed_mole" title="Northern broad-footed mole">Northern broad-footed mole</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_talpids" title="List of talpids">List of talpids</a></div> <p>The family <a href="/wiki/Talpidae" title="Talpidae">Talpidae</a> contains all the true moles and some of their close relatives. Those species called "<a href="/wiki/Shrew_mole" title="Shrew mole">shrew moles</a>" represent an intermediate form between the moles and their <a href="/wiki/Shrew" title="Shrew">shrew</a> ancestors, and as such may not be fully described by the article. </p><p>On the other hand, there is no <a href="/wiki/Monophyletic" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophyletic">monophyletic</a> relation between the mole and the <a href="/wiki/Hedgehog" title="Hedgehog">hedgehog</a>, both of which were previously placed in the now-abandoned order <a href="/wiki/Insectivora" title="Insectivora">Insectivora</a>. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Eulipotyphla" title="Eulipotyphla">Eulipotyphla</a> (shrew-like animals, including moles), previously within Insectivora, has been elevated to the level of an order.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Scalopinae" title="Scalopinae">Scalopinae</a>: New World moles <ul><li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Condylurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Condylurini">Condylurini</a>: Star-nosed mole (North America) <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Condylura" title="Condylura">Condylura</a></i>: Star-nosed mole (the sole species)</li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Scalopini" title="Scalopini">Scalopini</a>: New World moles <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Alpiscaptulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpiscaptulus">Alpiscaptulus</a></i>: Medog mole (China)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Parascalops" class="mw-redirect" title="Parascalops">Parascalops</a></i>: Hairy-tailed mole (northeastern North America)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Scalopus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scalopus">Scalopus</a></i>: Eastern mole (North America)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Scapanulus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scapanulus">Scapanulus</a></i>: Gansu mole (China)</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Scapanus" title="Scapanus">Scapanus</a></i>: Western North American moles (five species)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Talpinae" title="Talpinae">Talpinae</a>: Old World moles, desmans, and shrew moles <ul><li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Desmanini" class="mw-redirect" title="Desmanini">Desmanini</a> <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Desmana" title="Desmana">Desmana</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Russian_desman" title="Russian desman">Russian desman</a></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Galemys" title="Galemys">Galemys</a>:</i> <a href="/wiki/Pyrenean_desman" title="Pyrenean desman">Pyrenean desman</a></li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Talpini" title="Talpini">Talpini</a>: Old World moles <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Euroscaptor" title="Euroscaptor">Euroscaptor</a></i>: Ten Asian species</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Mogera" title="Mogera">Mogera</a></i>: Nine species from Japan, Korea, and eastern China</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Parascaptor" class="mw-redirect" title="Parascaptor">Parascaptor</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/White-tailed_mole" title="White-tailed mole">White-tailed mole</a>, southern Asia</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Scaptochirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaptochirus">Scaptochirus</a></i>: <a href="/wiki/Short-faced_mole" title="Short-faced mole">Short-faced mole</a>, China</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Talpa_(genus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talpa (genus)">Talpa</a></i>: Thirteen species, Europe and western Asia</li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Scaptonychini" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaptonychini">Scaptonychini</a>: Long-tailed mole <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Scaptonyx" class="mw-redirect" title="Scaptonyx">Scaptonyx</a></i>: Long-tailed mole (China and Myanmar (Burma))</li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Urotrichini" title="Urotrichini">Urotrichini</a>: Japanese shrew moles <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Dymecodon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dymecodon">Dymecodon</a></i>: True's shrew mole</li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Urotrichus" title="Urotrichus">Urotrichus</a></i>: Japanese shrew mole</li></ul></li> <li>Tribe <a href="/wiki/Neurotrichini" title="Neurotrichini">Neurotrichini</a>: New World shrew moles <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Neurotrichus" title="Neurotrichus">Neurotrichus</a></i>: American shrew mole (US Pacific Northwest, southwest British Columbia)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Uropsilinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Uropsilinae">Uropsilinae</a>: Asian shrew moles <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Uropsilus" title="Uropsilus">Uropsilus</a></i>: Five species in China, Bhutan, and Myanmar (Burma)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_"moles""><span id="Other_.22moles.22"></span>Other "moles"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Other "moles""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many groups of burrowing animals (<a href="/wiki/Pink_fairy_armadillo" title="Pink fairy armadillo">pink fairy armadillos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tuco-tuco" title="Tuco-tuco">tuco-tucos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mole_rat" class="mw-redirect" title="Mole rat">mole rats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mole_cricket" title="Mole cricket">mole crickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tridactyloidea" title="Tridactyloidea">pygmy mole crickets</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mole_crabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Mole crabs">mole crabs</a>) have independently developed close physical similarities with moles due to <a href="/wiki/Convergent_evolution" title="Convergent evolution">convergent evolution</a>; two of these are so similar to true moles, they are commonly called and thought of as "moles" in common English, although they are completely unrelated to true moles or to each other. These are the <a href="/wiki/Golden_mole" title="Golden mole">golden moles</a> of southern Africa and the <a href="/wiki/Marsupial_mole" title="Marsupial mole">marsupial moles</a> of Australia. While difficult to distinguish from each other, they are most easily distinguished from true moles by shovel-like patches on their noses, which they use in tandem with their abbreviated forepaws to swim through sandy soils. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Golden_moles">Golden moles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Golden moles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The golden moles belong to the same branch on the <a href="/wiki/Phylogenetic_tree" title="Phylogenetic tree">phylogenetic tree</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Tenrec" title="Tenrec">tenrecs</a>, called <a href="/wiki/Tenrecomorpha" title="Tenrecomorpha">Tenrecomorpha</a>, which, in turn, stem from a main branch of <a href="/wiki/Placental" class="mw-redirect" title="Placental">placental</a> mammals called the <a href="/wiki/Afrosoricida" title="Afrosoricida">Afrosoricida</a>. This means that they share a closer common ancestor with such existing afrosoricids as <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manatee" title="Manatee">manatees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aardvark" title="Aardvark">aardvarks</a> than they do with other placental mammals, such as true Talpidae moles. </p> <ul><li><b>ORDER <a href="/wiki/Afrosoricida" title="Afrosoricida">AFROSORICIDA</a></b> <ul><li>Suborder <a href="/wiki/Tenrecomorpha" title="Tenrecomorpha">Tenrecomorpha</a> <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Tenrecidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenrecidae">Tenrecidae</a>: tenrecs, 34 species in 10 genera</li></ul></li> <li><b>Suborder Chrysochloridea</b> <ul><li><b>Family Chrysochloridae</b> <ul><li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Chrysochlorinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysochlorinae">Chrysochlorinae</a> <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Carpitalpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpitalpa">Carpitalpa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arends%27_golden_mole" class="mw-redirect" title="Arends' golden mole">Arends' golden mole</a> (<i>Carpitalpa arendsi</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Chlorotalpa" title="Chlorotalpa">Chlorotalpa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duthie%27s_golden_mole" title="Duthie's golden mole">Duthie's golden mole</a> (<i>Chlorotalpa duthieae</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sclater%27s_golden_mole" title="Sclater's golden mole">Sclater's golden mole</a> (<i>Chlorotalpa sclateri</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Chrysochloris" title="Chrysochloris">Chrysochloris</a></i> <ul><li>Subgenus <i>Chrysochloris</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_golden_mole" title="Cape golden mole">Cape golden mole</a> (<i>Chrysochloris asiatica</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visagie%27s_golden_mole" title="Visagie's golden mole">Visagie's golden mole</a> (<i>Chrysochloris visagiei</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Subgenus <i>Kilimatalpa</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stuhlmann%27s_golden_mole" title="Stuhlmann's golden mole">Stuhlmann's golden mole</a> (<i>Chrysochloris stuhlmanni</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Chrysospalax" title="Chrysospalax">Chrysospalax</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Giant_golden_mole" title="Giant golden mole">Giant golden mole</a> (<i>Chrysospalax trevelyani</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rough-haired_golden_mole" title="Rough-haired golden mole">Rough-haired golden mole</a> (<i>Chrysospalax villosus</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Cryptochloris" title="Cryptochloris">Cryptochloris</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Winton%27s_golden_mole" title="De Winton's golden mole">De Winton's golden mole</a> (<i>Cryptochloris wintoni</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Zyl%27s_golden_mole" title="Van Zyl's golden mole">Van Zyl's golden mole</a> (<i>Cryptochloris zyli</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Eremitalpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Eremitalpa">Eremitalpa</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grant%27s_golden_mole" title="Grant's golden mole">Grant's golden mole</a> (<i>Eremitalpa granti</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Subfamily <a href="/wiki/Amblysominae" class="mw-redirect" title="Amblysominae">Amblysominae</a> <ul><li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Amblysomus" title="Amblysomus">Amblysomus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fynbos_golden_mole" title="Fynbos golden mole">Fynbos golden mole</a> (<i>Amblysomus corriae</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hottentot_golden_mole" title="Hottentot golden mole">Hottentot golden mole</a> (<i>Amblysomus hottentotus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marley%27s_golden_mole" title="Marley's golden mole">Marley's golden mole</a> (<i>Amblysomus marleyi</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robust_golden_mole" title="Robust golden mole">Robust golden mole</a> (<i>Amblysomus robustus</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highveld_golden_mole" title="Highveld golden mole">Highveld golden mole</a> (<i>Amblysomus septentrionalis</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Calcochloris" title="Calcochloris">Calcochloris</a></i> <ul><li>Subgenus <i>Huetia</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congo_golden_mole" title="Congo golden mole">Congo golden mole</a> (<i>Calcochloris leucorhinus</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Subgenus <i>Calcochloris</i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_golden_mole" title="Yellow golden mole">Yellow golden mole</a> (<i>Calcochloris obtusirostris</i>)</li></ul></li> <li>Subgenus <i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somali_golden_mole" title="Somali golden mole">Somali golden mole</a> (<i>Calcochloris tytonis</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Genus <i><a href="/wiki/Neamblysomus" title="Neamblysomus">Neamblysomus</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juliana%27s_golden_mole" title="Juliana's golden mole">Juliana's golden mole</a> (<i>Neamblysomus julianae</i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunning%27s_golden_mole" title="Gunning's golden mole">Gunning's golden mole</a> (<i>Neamblysomus gunningi</i>)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marsupial_moles">Marsupial moles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Marsupial moles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Notoryctes_typhlops.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Notoryctes_typhlops.jpg/220px-Notoryctes_typhlops.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Notoryctes_typhlops.jpg/330px-Notoryctes_typhlops.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Notoryctes_typhlops.jpg/440px-Notoryctes_typhlops.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3835" data-file-height="2263" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Marsupial_mole" title="Marsupial mole">marsupial mole</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As marsupials, these moles are even more distantly related to true talpid moles than golden moles are, both of which belong to the <a href="/wiki/Eutheria" title="Eutheria">Eutheria</a>, or placental mammals. This means that they are more closely related to such existing Australian marsupials as <a href="/wiki/Kangaroo" title="Kangaroo">kangaroos</a> or <a href="/wiki/Koala" title="Koala">koalas</a>, and even to a lesser extent to American marsupials, such as <a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">opossums</a>, than they are to placental mammals, such as golden or Talpidae moles. </p><p><b>Class Mammalia</b> </p> <ul><li><b>Subclass <a href="/wiki/Prototheria" title="Prototheria">Prototheria</a></b>: monotremes (<a href="/wiki/Echidna" title="Echidna">echidnas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Platypus" title="Platypus">platypus</a>)</li> <li><b>Subclass Theriiformes</b>: live-bearing mammals and their prehistoric relatives <ul><li>Infraclass <a href="/wiki/Holotheria" class="mw-redirect" title="Holotheria">Holotheria</a>: modern live-bearing mammals and their prehistoric relatives <ul><li>Supercohort <a href="/wiki/Theria" title="Theria">Theria</a>: live-bearing mammals <ul><li>Cohort <a href="/wiki/Marsupialia" class="mw-redirect" title="Marsupialia">Marsupialia</a>: marsupials <ul><li>Magnorder <a href="/wiki/Ameridelphia" title="Ameridelphia">Ameridelphia</a>: New World marsupials <ul><li>Order <a href="/wiki/Didelphimorphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Didelphimorphia">Didelphimorphia</a> (opossums)</li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Paucituberculata" title="Paucituberculata">Paucituberculata</a> (shrew opossums)</li></ul></li> <li>Superorder <a href="/wiki/Australidelphia" title="Australidelphia">Australidelphia</a> Australian marsupials <ul><li>Order <a href="/wiki/Dasyuromorphia" title="Dasyuromorphia">Dasyuromorphia</a> (the Tasmanian devil, the numbat, thylacines, quolls, dunnarts and others)</li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Peramelemorphia" title="Peramelemorphia">Peramelemorphia</a> (bilbies, bandicoots and rainforest bandicoots)</li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Diprotodontia" title="Diprotodontia">Diprotodontia</a> (koalas, wombats, diprotodonts, possums, cuscuses, sugar gliders, kangaroos and others)</li> <li>Order <a href="/wiki/Notoryctemorphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Notoryctemorphia">Notoryctemorphia</a> (marsupial moles and closely related extinct families of marsupials) <ul><li>Family <a href="/wiki/Notoryctidae" title="Notoryctidae">Notoryctidae</a> (living and extinct marsupial mole genera) <ul><li>Genus <a href="/wiki/Notoryctes" class="mw-redirect" title="Notoryctes">Notoryctes</a> (only genus of marsupial moles with living species) <ul><li>Species <i><a href="/wiki/Notoryctes_typhlops" class="mw-redirect" title="Notoryctes typhlops">Notoryctes typhlops</a></i> (southern marsupial mole)</li> <li>Species <i><a href="/wiki/Notoryctes_caurinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Notoryctes caurinus">Notoryctes caurinus</a></i> (northern marsupial mole)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interaction_with_humans">Interaction with humans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Interaction with humans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pelts">Pelts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pelts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debenham_and_Freebody_ad_1921_1_ISaDN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Debenham_and_Freebody_ad_1921_1_ISaDN.jpg/220px-Debenham_and_Freebody_ad_1921_1_ISaDN.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Debenham_and_Freebody_ad_1921_1_ISaDN.jpg/330px-Debenham_and_Freebody_ad_1921_1_ISaDN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Debenham_and_Freebody_ad_1921_1_ISaDN.jpg/440px-Debenham_and_Freebody_ad_1921_1_ISaDN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="794" data-file-height="1220" /></a><figcaption>Advertisement in <i><a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Sporting_and_Dramatic_News" title="Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News">Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News</a></i>, 1921</figcaption></figure> <p>Moles' pelts have a velvety texture not found in surface animals. Surface-dwelling animals tend to have longer fur with a natural tendency for the <a href="/wiki/Nap_(textile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nap (textile)">nap</a> to lie in a particular direction, but to facilitate their burrowing lifestyle, mole pelts are short and very dense and have no particular direction to the nap. This makes it easy for moles to move backwards underground, as their fur is not "brushed the wrong way". The leather is extremely soft and supple. <a href="/wiki/Queen_Alexandra" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen Alexandra">Queen Alexandra</a>, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VII of the United Kingdom">Edward VII of the United Kingdom</a>, ordered a mole-fur garment to start a fashion that would create a demand for mole fur, thereby turning what had been a serious pest problem in <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> into a lucrative industry for the country. Hundreds of pelts are cut into rectangles and sewn together to make a coat. The natural color is <a href="/wiki/Taupe" title="Taupe">taupe</a>, (derived from the French noun <i>taupe</i> meaning mole) but it is readily dyed any color.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term "<a href="/wiki/Moleskin" title="Moleskin">moleskin</a>" for a tough cotton fabric is in common use today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pest_status_-_extermination_and_humane_options">Pest status - extermination and humane options</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pest status - extermination and humane options"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Krtek1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Krtek1.jpg/220px-Krtek1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Krtek1.jpg/330px-Krtek1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Krtek1.jpg/440px-Krtek1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Molehill" title="Molehill">Molehills</a> in eastern Bohemia</figcaption></figure> <p>Moles are considered agricultural <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a> in some countries, while in others, such as <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, they are a <a href="/wiki/Protected_species" class="mw-redirect" title="Protected species">protected species</a>, but may be killed with a <a href="/wiki/Hunting_license" title="Hunting license">permit</a>. Problems cited as caused by moles include contamination of <a href="/wiki/Silage" title="Silage">silage</a> with soil particles, making it unpalatable to <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a>, the covering of pasture with fresh soil reducing its size and yield, damage to agricultural machinery by the exposure of stones, damage to young plants through disturbance of the soil, weed invasion of pasture through exposure of freshly tilled soil, and damage to drainage systems and watercourses. Other species such as <a href="/wiki/Weasel" title="Weasel">weasels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vole" title="Vole">voles</a> may use mole tunnels to gain access to enclosed areas or plant roots. </p><p>Moles burrow and raise <a href="/wiki/Molehill" title="Molehill">molehills</a>, killing parts of <a href="/wiki/Lawns" class="mw-redirect" title="Lawns">lawns</a>. They can undermine plant roots, indirectly causing damage or death. Moles do not eat plant roots.<sup id="cite_ref-extermine_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extermine-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Op_scherp_staande_mollenklem.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Op_scherp_staande_mollenklem.jpg/220px-Op_scherp_staande_mollenklem.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Op_scherp_staande_mollenklem.jpg/330px-Op_scherp_staande_mollenklem.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Op_scherp_staande_mollenklem.jpg/440px-Op_scherp_staande_mollenklem.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1524" data-file-height="2032" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Mole_trap" class="mw-redirect" title="Mole trap">mole trap</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Moles are controlled with traps such as mole-catchers, smoke bombs, and poisons such as <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbide" title="Calcium carbide">calcium carbide</a>, which produces <a href="/wiki/Acetylene" title="Acetylene">acetylene</a> gas to drive moles away. <a href="/wiki/Strychnine" title="Strychnine">Strychnine</a> was also used for this purpose in the past. The most common method now is Phostoxin or Talunex tablets. They contain <a href="/wiki/Aluminium_phosphide" title="Aluminium phosphide">aluminium phosphide</a> and are inserted in the mole tunnels, where they turn into <a href="/wiki/Phosphine" title="Phosphine">phosphine</a> gas (not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Phosgene" title="Phosgene">phosgene</a> gas). More recently, high-grade <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> gas has proven effective at killing moles, with the added advantage of having no polluting effect to the environment.<sup id="cite_ref-extermine_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extermine-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other common defensive measures include cat litter and <a href="/wiki/Blood_meal" title="Blood meal">blood meal</a>, to repel the mole, or smoking its burrow. Devices are also sold to trap the mole in its burrow, when one sees the "mole hill" moving and therefore knows where the animal is, and then stabbing it. </p><p>Other humane options are also possible including humane traps that capture the mole alive so it may be transported elsewhere.<sup id="cite_ref-extermine_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extermine-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In many contexts including ordinary gardens, the damage caused by moles to lawns is mostly visual, and it is possible instead of extermination to simply remove the earth of the molehills as they appear, leaving their permanent galleries for the moles to continue their existence underground.<sup id="cite_ref-extermine_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-extermine-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, when the tunnels are near the surface in soft ground or after heavy rain, they may collapse, leaving (small) unsightly furrows in the lawn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Meat">Meat</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Meat"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/William_Buckland" title="William Buckland">William Buckland</a>, known for eating every animal he could, opined that mole meat tasted vile.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Archaeology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Moles can inadvertently <a href="/wiki/Disturbance_(archaeology)" title="Disturbance (archaeology)">help archaeologists</a> by bringing small artifacts to the surface through their digging. By examining <a href="/wiki/Molehill" title="Molehill">molehills</a> for <a href="/wiki/Sherds" class="mw-redirect" title="Sherds">sherds</a> and other small objects, archaeologists can find evidence of human habitation.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Molecatcher" title="Molecatcher">Molecatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molehill" title="Molehill">Molehill</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also <i>Mouldwarp</i>, <i>Moldiwarp</i>, <i>Moldywarp</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKottSumberaNemec2010" class="citation journal cs1">Kott, Ondřej; Sumbera, Radim; Nemec, Pavel (2010). 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University of Manitoba. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100324174320/http://home.cc.umanitoba.ca/~campbelk/moledistribution.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mole+Distribution+Maps&rft.pub=University+of+Manitoba&rft.au=Campbell%2C+Kevin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhome.cc.umanitoba.ca%2F~campbelk%2Fmoledistribution.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArlton1936" class="citation journal cs1">Arlton, A.V. (1936). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 July</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+to+get+rid+of+moles&rft.pub=Extermine.com&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.extermine.com%2Fmoles.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoward2010" class="citation news cs1">Howard, Martin (1 April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/apr/01/eccentricity-einstein-prince-society">"Why we need eccentricity"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. London. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140324015105/http://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2010/apr/01/eccentricity-einstein-prince-society">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 May</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Why+we+need+eccentricity&rft.date=2010-04-01&rft.aulast=Howard&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2010%2Fapr%2F01%2Feccentricity-einstein-prince-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-cumbria-22363936">"Moles take up Roman archaeology"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 3 May 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Moles+take+up+Roman+archaeology&rft.date=2013-05-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-england-cumbria-22363936&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMole+%28animal%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mole_(animal)&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talpa_europaea" class="extiw" title="commons:Talpa europaea"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Talpa europaea</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Talpidae</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104825" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q104825">Q104825</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Talpidae" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Talpidae">Talpidae</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Talpidae/">Talpidae</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_System" title="Barcode of Life Data System">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=979">979</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Catalogue_of_Life" title="Catalogue of Life">CoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.catalogueoflife.org/data/taxon/GWL">GWL</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/8715">8715</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/EPPO_Code" title="EPPO Code">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1TALPF">1TALPF</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:12621">12621</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fauna_Europaea" title="Fauna Europaea">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/bcbbea7b-f6b6-4c94-bcf5-40753a8af02f">bcbbea7b-f6b6-4c94-bcf5-40753a8af02f</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/9469">9469</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/46927">46927</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=104338">104338</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=179962">179962</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Mammal_Species_of_the_World" title="Mammal Species of the World">MSW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departments.bucknell.edu/biology/resources/msw3/browse.asp?s=y&id=13700625">13700625</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Network" title="National Biodiversity Network">NBN</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nbn.org.uk/Taxa/NHMSYS0000376159">NHMSYS0000376159</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=9373">9373</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Open_Tree_of_Life" title="Open Tree of Life">Open Tree of Life</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tree.opentreeoflife.org/taxonomy/browse?id=222358">222358</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=67887">67887</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=40398">40398</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=107127">107127</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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