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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formative pruning of bush trees</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formative_pruning_of_bush_trees-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Formative pruning of bush trees subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Formative_pruning_of_bush_trees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Maiden_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maiden_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Maiden tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maiden_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Two_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Two_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Two year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Two_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Three_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Three_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Three year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Three_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Four_year" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Four_year"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Four year</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Four_year-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Five_year_and_onwards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Five_year_and_onwards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Five year and onwards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Five_year_and_onwards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pruning_the_cropping_tree" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pruning_the_cropping_tree"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pruning the cropping tree</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pruning_the_cropping_tree-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pruning_of_tip_bearers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pruning_of_tip_bearers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Pruning of tip bearers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pruning_of_tip_bearers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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pruning</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%AE%D8%AA_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%87" title="هرس درخت میوه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هرس درخت میوه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taille_des_arbres_fruitiers" title="Taille des arbres fruitiers – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Taille des arbres fruitiers" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9F-%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9F" title="फलदार वृक्षों की 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about pruning of fruit bearing trees. For the pruning of trees and other plants in general, see <a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">Pruning</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Fruit_tree_pruning" title="Special:EditPage/Fruit tree pruning">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Fruit+tree+pruning%22">"Fruit tree pruning"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Fruit+tree+pruning%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Fruit+tree+pruning%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Fruit+tree+pruning%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Fruit+tree+pruning%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Fruit+tree+pruning%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2010</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orchard3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Orchard3.jpg/333px-Orchard3.jpg" decoding="async" width="333" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Orchard3.jpg/500px-Orchard3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e7/Orchard3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>A community apple orchard originally planted for productive use during the 1920s, in <a href="/wiki/Westcliff_on_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Westcliff on Sea">Westcliff on Sea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a>, England), illustrating long neglected trees that have recently been pruned to renew their health and cropping potential</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Fruit tree pruning</b> is the <a href="/wiki/Pruning" title="Pruning">cutting and removing of selected parts</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree" title="Fruit tree">fruit tree</a>. It spans a number of <a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">horticultural</a> techniques. Pruning often means cutting <a href="/wiki/Branch" title="Branch">branches</a> back, sometimes removing smaller limbs entirely. It may also mean removal of young <a href="/wiki/Shoot_(botany)" title="Shoot (botany)">shoots</a>, buds, and <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>. </p><p>Established <a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">orchard</a> practice of both <a href="/wiki/Organic_farming" title="Organic farming">organic</a> and nonorganic types typically includes pruning. Pruning can control growth, remove dead or diseased <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a>, and stimulate the formation of <a href="/wiki/Flowers" class="mw-redirect" title="Flowers">flowers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bud" title="Bud">fruit buds</a>. It is widely stated that careful attention to pruning and training young trees improves their later productivity and longevity, and that good pruning and training can also prevent later injury from weak <a href="/wiki/Tree_fork" title="Tree fork">crotches or forks</a> (where a tree trunk splits into two or more branches) that break from the weight of fruit, snow, or ice on the branches. </p><p>Some <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable agriculture</a> or <a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">permaculture</a> personalities, such as <a href="/wiki/Sepp_Holzer" title="Sepp Holzer">Sepp Holzer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masanobu_Fukuoka" title="Masanobu Fukuoka">Masanobu Fukuoka</a>, advocate and practice no-pruning methods, which runs counter to the widespread confidence in the idea that pruning produces superior results compared with not pruning. Many books about fruit-growing assert advantages and disadvantages of pruning or not pruning, although without <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trials</a>, it is hard to separate <a href="/wiki/Theory" title="Theory">theorizing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">traditional knowledge</a> from <a href="/wiki/Evidence" title="Evidence">evidence</a>-based recommendations. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fruit_tree_pruning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Apple_spur_M_D_Vaden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Apple_spur_M_D_Vaden.jpg/250px-Apple_spur_M_D_Vaden.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Apple_spur_M_D_Vaden.jpg/375px-Apple_spur_M_D_Vaden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c9/Apple_spur_M_D_Vaden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>An apple tree sprout is being converted to a branched, fruit-bearing <a href="/wiki/Fruiting_spur" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruiting spur">spur</a> by an arborist. Numbers show the sequence of cuts, which occurred during two years.</figcaption></figure> <p>Plants form new tissue in an area called the <a href="/wiki/Meristem" title="Meristem">meristem</a>, located near the tips of roots and shoots, where active cell division takes place. Meristem growth is aimed at ensuring that leaves are quickly elevated into sunlight, and that roots are able to penetrate deeply into the <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>. Once adequate height and length is achieved by the stems and roots, they begin to thicken to support the plant. On the shoots, these growing tips of the plant are called <i>apical</i> buds. The <i><a href="/wiki/Apical_meristem" class="mw-redirect" title="Apical meristem">apical meristem</a></i> (or tip) produces the growth hormone <a href="/wiki/Auxin" title="Auxin">auxin</a>, which not only promotes cell division, but also diffuses downwards and inhibits the development of lateral bud growth that otherwise competes with the apical tip for light and nutrients. Removing the apical tip and its suppressive hormone lets lower, dormant lateral buds develop, and the buds between the leaf stalk and stem produce new shoots that compete to become lead growth. </p><p>Manipulating this natural response to damage (known as the principle of <a href="/wiki/Apical_dominance" title="Apical dominance">apical dominance</a>) by processes such as pruning (as well as <a href="/wiki/Coppicing" title="Coppicing">coppicing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pollarding" title="Pollarding">pollarding</a>) allows the arborist to determine the shape, size, and productivity of many fruiting trees and bushes. The main aim when pruning fruit trees is usually to maximize fruit yield. Unpruned trees tend to produce large numbers of small fruits that may be difficult to reach when harvesting by hand. Branches can become broken by the weight of the crop, and the cropping may become <a href="/wiki/Biennial_plant" title="Biennial plant">biennial</a> (that is, bearing fruit only every other year). Overpruned trees on the other hand tend to produce light crops of large, flavourless fruit that does not store well. Careful pruning balances shoot growth and fruit production. </p><p>One of the simplest instructions given in nearly every article or book chapter on the subject is that no branches should cross each other, that is, rub against each other, and that one of them should be selected and removed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formative_pruning_of_bush_trees">Formative pruning of bush trees</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fruit_tree_pruning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formative pruning of bush trees"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the early years of the tree's life, it is important to develop a framework sufficiently strong to bear the weight of crops. This requires formative pruning to reinforce the tree. Formative pruning of <a href="/wiki/Apple" title="Apple">apple</a> (<i>Malus pumila</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Pear" title="Pear">pear</a> (<i>Pyrus communis</i>) trees should be carried out in the dormant winter months. For the <a href="/wiki/Northern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern hemisphere">Northern hemisphere</a>, this should occur between November and March; For the <a href="/wiki/Southern_hemisphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern hemisphere">Southern hemisphere</a>, June and September. <a href="/wiki/Prunus" title="Prunus">Stone fruits</a>—such as <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Greengage" title="Greengage">gages</a>—have different requirements, and should not be pruned in dormant months. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pruningyear1.png" class="mw-file-description" title="One-year-old tree"><img alt="One-year-old tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pruningyear1.png/77px-Pruningyear1.png" decoding="async" width="77" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pruningyear1.png/116px-Pruningyear1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Pruningyear1.png/155px-Pruningyear1.png 2x" data-file-width="159" data-file-height="246" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">One-year-old tree</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pruningyear2.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Two-year-old tree"><img alt="Two-year-old tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pruningyear2.png/92px-Pruningyear2.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pruningyear2.png/139px-Pruningyear2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Pruningyear2.png/185px-Pruningyear2.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="257" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two-year-old tree</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pruningyear3.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Three-year-old tree"><img alt="Three-year-old tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Pruningyear3.png/116px-Pruningyear3.png" decoding="async" width="116" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Pruningyear3.png/173px-Pruningyear3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Pruningyear3.png/231px-Pruningyear3.png 2x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="271" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Three-year-old tree</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pruningyear4.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Four-year-old tree"><img alt="Four-year-old tree" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pruningyear4.png/120px-Pruningyear4.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pruningyear4.png/180px-Pruningyear4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Pruningyear4.png/240px-Pruningyear4.png 2x" data-file-width="318" data-file-height="284" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Four-year-old tree</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maiden_tree">Maiden tree</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fruit_tree_pruning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Maiden tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A maiden whip (a one-year-old tree with no side shoots) should be pruned to a bud with two buds below it at about 80 cm (31 in) from the ground immediately after planting to produce primary branches during the first growing season. A feathered maiden (that is, a one-year-old tree with several side branches) should have its main stem pruned back to three or four strong shoots at 80 cm (31 in) from the ground. Side shoots should be shortened by two thirds of their length to an upward or outward facing bud. Lower shoots should be removed flush with the stem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Two_year">Two year</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fruit_tree_pruning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Two year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Remove lower shoots and prune between three and five of the best-placed shoots by half to an upwards or outwards facing bud to form what becomes the tree's main structural branches. Remove any inward-facing shoots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Three_year">Three year</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fruit_tree_pruning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Three year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prune leading shoots of branches selected to extend the framework by half, to a bud facing in the desired direction. Select four good laterals to fill the framework and shorten these by a half. Prune any remaining laterals to four buds to form <a href="/wiki/Fruiting_spur" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruiting spur">fruiting spurs</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Four_year">Four year</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fruit_tree_pruning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Four year"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tree has begun to fruit and requires only limited formative pruning. Shorten leaders by one third and prune laterals not required to extend the framework to four buds. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Five_year_and_onwards">Five year and onwards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fruit_tree_pruning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Five year and onwards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tree is established, and should be pruned annually as described in the following section. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pruning_the_cropping_tree">Pruning the cropping tree</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fruit_tree_pruning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Pruning the cropping tree"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spurpruning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Spurpruning.png/300px-Spurpruning.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Spurpruning.png/450px-Spurpruning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/db/Spurpruning.png 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="178" /></a><figcaption>Spur pruning</figcaption></figure> <p>Before pruning, distinguish between spur-bearing varieties, tip-bearing varieties, and an intermediate between the two that bears both on spurs and at the tips. Spur-bearing trees occur more frequently than tip-bearing trees, and they bear most of their fruit yearly at the end of short lateral pieces of wood (spurs) up to about 10 centimetres (4 in) long. </p><p>Spur-bearing types include apples of the varieties '<a href="/wiki/Cox%27s_Orange_Pippin" title="Cox's Orange Pippin">Cox's Orange Pippin</a>', '<a href="/wiki/James_Grieve_apple" class="mw-redirect" title="James Grieve apple">James Grieve</a>' and 'Sunset', and pears such as 'Conference', 'Doyenne du Commice', and 'Williams Bon Chretien'. Tip-bearers on the other hand produce most of their fruit buds at the tips of slender shoots grown the previous summer, and include the apples '<a href="/wiki/Worcester_Pearmain" title="Worcester Pearmain">Worcester Pearmain</a>' and 'Irish Peach', and the pears such as 'Jargonelle' and 'Josephine de Malines'. There are basically three types of pruning that are applied once the main shape of the tree has been established. These are: </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renewalpruning.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Renewalpruning.png/300px-Renewalpruning.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Renewalpruning.png/450px-Renewalpruning.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Renewalpruning.png 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Renewal pruning</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><b>Spur pruning</b>: Spur bearing varieties form spurs naturally, but spur growth can also be induced.</li> <li><b>Renewal pruning</b>: This also depends on the tendency of many apple and pear trees to form flower buds on unpruned two-year-old laterals. It is a technique best used for the strong laterals on the outer part of the tree where there is room for such growth. Pruning long-neglected fruit trees is a task that should be undertaken over a lengthy period, with not more than one third of the branches that require removal being taken each year.</li> <li><b>Regulatory pruning</b>: This is carried out on the tree as a whole, and is aimed at keeping the tree and its environment healthy, e.g., by keeping the centre open so that air can circulate; removing dead or diseased wood; preventing branches from becoming overcrowded (branches should be roughly 50 cm (20 in) apart and spurs not less than 25 cm (10 in) apart along the branch framework); and preventing any branches from crossing.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pruning_of_tip_bearers">Pruning of tip bearers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fruit_tree_pruning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Pruning of tip bearers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tip-bearers should be pruned lightly in winter using the regulatory system (see above). Any maiden shoots less than 25 cm (10 in) in length should be left untouched as they have fruit buds at their tips. Longer shoots are spur pruned to prevent overcrowding and to stimulate the production of more short-tip-bearing shoots the following year. Branch leaders are 'tipped', removing the top three or four buds to a bud facing in the desired direction to make them branch out and so produce more tip-bearing shoots. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fruit_tree_pruning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_forms" title="Fruit tree forms">Fruit tree forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_pollination" title="Fruit tree pollination">Fruit tree pollination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fruit_tree_propagation" title="Fruit tree propagation">Fruit tree propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchards</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fruit_tree_pruning&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fruit_tree_pruning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Alabama Cooperative Extension Video on Pruning Fruit Trees (1 of 3) <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M1VVCSvwNqg">[1]</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allotment_(gardening)" title="Allotment (gardening)">Allotment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">Arboretum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_gardening" title="Butterfly gardening">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate-friendly_gardening" title="Climate-friendly gardening">Climate-friendly gardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_gardening" class="mw-redirect" title="Forest gardening">Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foodscaping" title="Foodscaping">Foodscaping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_intensive_gardening" title="French intensive gardening">French intensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden" title="Garden">Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_design" title="Garden design">Garden design</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-aided_garden_design" title="Computer-aided garden design">computer-aided</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundskeeping" title="Groundskeeping">Groundskeeping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garden_tool" title="Garden tool">Garden tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_wall" title="Green wall">Green wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_gardening" title="Guerrilla gardening">Guerrilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservation_and_restoration_of_historic_gardens" title="Conservation and restoration of historic gardens">Historic conservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_gardening" title="History of gardening">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_landscaping" title="Natural landscaping">Native</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proplifting" title="Proplifting">Proplifting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised-bed_gardening" title="Raised-bed gardening">Raised bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Square_foot_gardening" title="Square foot gardening">Square foot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_gardening" title="Sustainable gardening">Sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeriscaping" title="Xeriscaping">Xeriscaping</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_garden_types" title="List of garden types">Types of<br />gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_garden" title="Alpine garden">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_ancient_Egypt" title="Gardens of ancient Egypt">Ancient Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Australia" title="Gardening in Australia">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Back garden">Back</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baroque_garden" title="Baroque garden">Baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biblical_garden" title="Biblical garden">Biblical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanical_garden" title="Botanical garden">Botanical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottle_garden" title="Bottle garden">Bottle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butterfly_house" title="Butterfly house">Butterfly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_gardens" title="Byzantine gardens">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cactus_garden" title="Cactus garden">Cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Revival_garden" title="Colonial Revival garden">Colonial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Color garden">Color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communal_garden" title="Communal garden">Communal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Garden_square" title="Garden square">Garden square</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Community_gardening" title="Community gardening">Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Container_garden" title="Container garden">Container</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cottage_garden" title="Cottage garden">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_garden" title="Dutch garden">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asian_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="East Asian garden">East Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_garden" title="Chinese garden">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lingnan_garden" title="Lingnan garden">Cantonese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roji" title="Roji">Roji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">Zen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_garden" title="Korean garden">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%B2n_non_b%E1%BB%99" title="Hòn non bộ">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_landscape_garden" title="English landscape garden">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadgi" title="Sharawadgi">Sharawadgi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernery" title="Fernery">Fernery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinampa" title="Chinampa">Floating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flower_garden" title="Flower garden">Flower</a></li> <li>French <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_formal_garden" title="French formal garden">formal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_landscape_garden" title="French landscape garden">landscape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_the_French_Renaissance" title="Gardens of the French Renaissance">Renaissance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_yard" title="Front yard">Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_garden" title="German garden">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek gardens">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">Greenhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanging_garden_(cultivation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanging garden (cultivation)">Hanging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance_garden" title="Italian Renaissance garden">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyhole_garden" title="Keyhole garden">Keyhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_garden" title="Kitchen garden">Kitchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knot_garden" title="Knot garden">Knot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_garden" title="Market garden">Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_garden" title="Mary garden">Mary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_garden" title="Medieval garden">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastic_garden" title="Monastic garden">Monastic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughal_garden" title="Mughal garden">Mughal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orchard" title="Orchard">Orchard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pekarangan" title="Pekarangan">Indonesian home garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/B%C4%81gh_(garden)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bāgh (garden)">Bāgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charbagh" title="Charbagh">Charbagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paradise_garden" title="Paradise garden">Paradise</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physic_garden" title="Physic garden">Physic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pleasure_garden" title="Pleasure garden">Pleasure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie#Prairie_garden" title="Prairie">Prairie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollinator_garden" title="Pollinator garden">Pollinator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rain_garden" title="Rain garden">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_garden" title="Rock garden">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_gardens" title="Roman gardens">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roof_garden" title="Roof garden">Roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_garden" title="Rose garden">Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_garden" title="Sacred garden">Sacred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/School_garden" title="School garden">School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardening_in_Scotland" title="Gardening in Scotland">Scottish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture_garden" title="Sculpture garden">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sensory_garden" title="Sensory garden">Sensory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shade_garden" title="Shade garden">Shade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shakespeare_garden" title="Shakespeare garden">Shakespeare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubbery" title="Shrubbery">Shrubbery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_garden" title="Spanish garden">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_garden" title="Tea garden">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Therapeutic_garden" title="Therapeutic garden">Therapeutic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_garden" title="Trial garden">Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_garden" title="Tropical garden">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victory_garden" title="Victory garden">Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walled_garden" title="Walled garden">Walled</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_garden" title="Water garden">Water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_garden" title="Wildlife garden">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_garden" title="Winter garden">Winter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoo" title="Zoo">Zoological</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horticulture" title="Horticulture">Horticulture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Permaculture" title="Permaculture">Permaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal-free_agriculture" title="Animal-free agriculture">stock-free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_agriculture" title="Sustainable agriculture">sustainable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">urban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arboriculture" title="Arboriculture">Arboriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonsai" title="Bonsai">Bonsai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saikei" title="Saikei">Saikei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botany" title="Botany">Botany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Companion_planting" title="Companion planting">Companion planting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crop" title="Crop">Crop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_valuable_crops_and_livestock_products" title="List of most valuable crops and livestock products">most valuable</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cutting_(plant)" title="Cutting (plant)">Cutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horticultural_flora" title="Horticultural flora">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture" title="Floriculture">Floriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Taiwan" title="Floriculture in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCgelkultur" title="Hügelkultur">Hügelkultur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Fruticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_tree" title="Genetically modified tree">Genetically modified tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroculture">Hydroculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_horticulture" title="Indigenous horticulture">Indigenous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercropping" title="Intercropping">Intercropping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landscape_architecture" title="Landscape architecture">Landscape architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olericulture" title="Olericulture">Olericulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">Plant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeding" title="Plant breeding">breeding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuttings_(plant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuttings (plant)">cuttings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-flowering" title="Free-flowering">free-flowering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_propagation" title="Plant propagation">propagation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought_tolerance" title="Drought tolerance">drought tolerance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardiness_(plants)" title="Hardiness (plants)">hardiness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pomology" title="Pomology">Pomology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postharvest_physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Postharvest physiology">Postharvest physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roguing" title="Roguing">Roguing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_horticulture" title="Tropical horticulture">Tropical</a></li> <li>Urban <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_agriculture" title="Urban agriculture">agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_horticulture" title="Urban horticulture">horticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_forestry" title="Urban forestry">forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_reforestation" title="Urban reforestation">reforestation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viticulture" title="Viticulture">Viticulture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoculture" title="Monoculture">Monoculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Organic_horticulture" title="Organic horticulture">Organic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodynamic_agriculture" title="Biodynamic agriculture">Biodynamic agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafting" title="Grafting">Grafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_organic_gardening_and_farming" title="Outline of organic gardening and farming">List of organic gardening and farming topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegan_organic_agriculture" title="Vegan organic agriculture">Vegan organic agriculture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" 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