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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Development-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Development subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1985–1990:_Joint_IBM–Microsoft_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1985–1990:_Joint_IBM–Microsoft_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1985–1990: Joint IBM–Microsoft development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1985–1990:_Joint_IBM–Microsoft_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-OS/2_1.0_(1987)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS/2_1.0_(1987)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.1</span> <span>OS/2 1.0 (1987)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS/2_1.0_(1987)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS/2_1.1_(1988)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS/2_1.1_(1988)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.2</span> <span>OS/2 1.1 (1988)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS/2_1.1_(1988)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS/2_1.2_(1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS/2_1.2_(1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1.3</span> <span>OS/2 1.2 (1989)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS/2_1.2_(1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990:_Breakup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990:_Breakup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>1990: Breakup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990:_Breakup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-OS/2_1.3_(1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS/2_1.3_(1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>OS/2 1.3 (1990)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS/2_1.3_(1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1990–1996:_Post-breakup" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1990–1996:_Post-breakup"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>1990–1996: Post-breakup</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1990–1996:_Post-breakup-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-OS/2_2.0_and_DOS_compatibility_(1992)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS/2_2.0_and_DOS_compatibility_(1992)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.1</span> <span>OS/2 2.0 and DOS compatibility (1992)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS/2_2.0_and_DOS_compatibility_(1992)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS/2_2.1_and_Windows_compatibility_(1993)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS/2_2.1_and_Windows_compatibility_(1993)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.2</span> <span>OS/2 2.1 and Windows compatibility (1993)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS/2_2.1_and_Windows_compatibility_(1993)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS/2_Warp_3_(1994)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS/2_Warp_3_(1994)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.3</span> <span>OS/2 Warp 3 (1994)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS/2_Warp_3_(1994)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Workplace_OS_(1995)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Workplace_OS_(1995)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.4</span> <span>Workplace OS (1995)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Workplace_OS_(1995)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-OS/2_Warp_4_(1996)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#OS/2_Warp_4_(1996)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3.5</span> <span>OS/2 Warp 4 (1996)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-OS/2_Warp_4_(1996)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1996–2001:_Downsizing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1996–2001:_Downsizing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>1996–2001: Downsizing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1996–2001:_Downsizing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001–2006:_Discontinuation_and_end-of-life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001–2006:_Discontinuation_and_end-of-life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>2001–2006: Discontinuation and end-of-life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001–2006:_Discontinuation_and_end-of-life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2001–present:_Third-party_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2001–present:_Third-party_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>2001–present: Third-party development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2001–present:_Third-party_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Petitions_for_open_source" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petitions_for_open_source"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6.1</span> <span>Petitions for open source</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Petitions_for_open_source-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Summary_of_releases" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Summary_of_releases"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Summary of releases</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Summary_of_releases-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Features_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Features_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Features and technology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Features_and_technology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Features and technology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Features_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-User_interface" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_interface"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>User interface</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_interface-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Commands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Commands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Commands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Networking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Networking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Networking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Networking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Drivers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Virtualization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Virtualization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Virtualization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Virtualization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_niche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_niche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Security niche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_niche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Problems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Problems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Problems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Problems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Historical uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-IBM_products_using_OS/2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#IBM_products_using_OS/2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>IBM products using OS/2</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-IBM_products_using_OS/2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">OS/2</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 43 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-43" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">43 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88_%D8%A5%D8%B3/2" title="أو إس/2 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أو إس/2" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B3/%DB%B2" title="اواس/۲ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="اواس/۲" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBM_OS/2" title="IBM OS/2 – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="IBM OS/2" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%92.%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_/_2" title="ഒ.എസ് / 2 – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഒ.എസ് / 2" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8/%E0%A5%A8" title="ओएस/२ – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ओएस/२" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AA/2" title="โอเอส/2 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โอเอส/2" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/OS/2" title="OS/2 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="OS/2" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system from IBM</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"CP/DOS" redirects here. For the similarly named Digital Research operating system, see <a href="/wiki/CP/M" title="CP/M">CP/M</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Operating system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">OS/2</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Os2logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="OS/2 Logo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Os2logo.svg/120px-Os2logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Os2logo.svg/180px-Os2logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Os2logo.svg/240px-Os2logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="911" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Os2W4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="OS/2 Warp 4" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Os2W4.png/330px-Os2W4.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f0/Os2W4.png/495px-Os2W4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/f/f0/Os2W4.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">OS/2 Warp 4 desktop. This version was released on 25 September 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> (1.0–1.3)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Written in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%2B%2B" title="C++">C++</a> and <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly language</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Working state</th><td class="infobox-data">Historical, now developed as <a href="/wiki/ArcaOS" title="ArcaOS">ArcaOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Source model</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Closed_source_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed source software">Closed source</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">December 1987<span class="noprint">; 36 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1987-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Latest release</a></th><td class="infobox-data">4.52 / December 2001<span class="noprint">; 22 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2001-12</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Marketing target</th><td class="infobox-data">Professionals, servers</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Natural_language" title="Natural language">Available in</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slovenian_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenian language">Slovenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Platforms</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a>, <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Kernel_(operating_system)" title="Kernel (operating system)">Kernel</a> type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hybrid_kernel" title="Hybrid kernel">Hybrid kernel</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Influenced by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">IBM PC DOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/User_interface" title="User interface">Default<br />user interface</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Workplace_Shell" title="Workplace Shell">Workplace Shell</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/EComStation" title="EComStation">eComStation</a><br /><a href="/wiki/ArcaOS" title="ArcaOS">ArcaOS</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Official website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020206205124/http://www-3.ibm.com/software/os/warp/">OS/2 Warp (Archived)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>OS/2</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">proprietary</a> computer <a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">operating system</a> for <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> and <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">PowerPC</a> based <a href="/wiki/Personal_computers" class="mw-redirect" title="Personal computers">personal computers</a>. It was initially created and developed jointly by <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>, under the leadership of IBM software designer <a href="/wiki/Ed_Iacobucci" title="Ed Iacobucci">Ed Iacobucci</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> intended as a replacement for <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>. The first version was released in 1987; a feud between the two companies beginning in 1990 resulted in Microsoft leaving development exclusively to IBM, who continued development on their own. OS/2 Warp 4 in 1996 was the last major upgrade, after which IBM slowly halted the product as it failed to compete against Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Windows</a>; updated versions of OS/2 were released by IBM until 2001. </p><p>The name stands for "Operating System/2", because it was introduced as part of the same generation change release as IBM's "<a href="/wiki/IBM_Personal_System/2" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Personal System/2">Personal System/2</a> (PS/2)" line of second-generation PCs. OS/2 was intended as a <a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">protected-mode</a> successor of <a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">PC DOS</a> targeting the Intel 80286 processor. Notably, basic <a href="/wiki/System_call" title="System call">system calls</a> were modeled after <a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> calls; their names even started with "Dos" and it was possible to create "Family Mode" applications – <a href="/wiki/Text_mode" title="Text mode">text mode</a> applications that could work on both systems.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this heritage, OS/2 shares similarities with <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">Windows NT</a>. OS/2 sales were largely concentrated in <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networked computing</a> used by corporate professionals. </p><p>OS/2 2.0 was released in 1992 as the first <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> version as well as the first to be entirely developed by IBM, after Microsoft severed ties over a dispute over how to position OS/2 relative to Microsoft's new <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1" title="Windows 3.1">Windows 3.1</a> operating environment.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With OS/2 Warp 3 in 1994, IBM attempted to also target home consumers through a multi-million dollar advertising campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However it continued to struggle in the marketplace, partly due to strategic business measures imposed by Microsoft in the industry that have been considered <a href="/wiki/Anti-competitive_practices" title="Anti-competitive practices">anti-competitive</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the failure of IBM's <a href="/wiki/Workplace_OS" title="Workplace OS">Workplace OS</a> project, OS/2 Warp 4 became the final major release in 1996; IBM discontinued its support for OS/2 on December 31, 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, OS/2 has been developed, supported and sold by two different third-party vendors under license from IBM – first by Serenity Systems as <a href="/wiki/EComStation" title="EComStation">eComStation</a> from 2001 to 2011,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and later by Arca Noae LLC as <a href="/wiki/ArcaOS" title="ArcaOS">ArcaOS</a> since 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-Blue_Lion_1st_Article_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blue_Lion_1st_Article-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ArcaOS_1st_Article_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArcaOS_1st_Article-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-arcaos-release_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arcaos-release-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Development">Development<span class="anchor" id="Development_history"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/OS/2" title="Special:EditPage/OS/2">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2012</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1985–1990:_Joint_IBM–Microsoft_development"><span id="1985.E2.80.931990:_Joint_IBM.E2.80.93Microsoft_development"></span>1985–1990: Joint IBM–Microsoft development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1985–1990: Joint IBM–Microsoft development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OS-2_1.x_logo_glowing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/OS-2_1.x_logo_glowing.svg/200px-OS-2_1.x_logo_glowing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/OS-2_1.x_logo_glowing.svg/300px-OS-2_1.x_logo_glowing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/OS-2_1.x_logo_glowing.svg/400px-OS-2_1.x_logo_glowing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="525" data-file-height="525" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Logo of OS/2 1.x</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Os2-1.0-prompt.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Os2-1.0-prompt.png/200px-Os2-1.0-prompt.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Os2-1.0-prompt.png/300px-Os2-1.0-prompt.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Os2-1.0-prompt.png/400px-Os2-1.0-prompt.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">OS/2 1.0 featured a text-mode interface similar to MS-DOS.</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The development of OS/2 began when IBM and Microsoft signed the "Joint Development Agreement" in August 1985.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JointAgreementPR_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JointAgreementPR-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was code-named "CP/DOS" and it took two years for the first product to be delivered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OS/2_1.0_(1987)"><span id="OS.2F2_1.0_.281987.29"></span>OS/2 1.0 (1987)<span class="anchor" id="1.0"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: OS/2 1.0 (1987)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OS/2 1.0 was announced in April 1987 and released in December. The original release only ran in <a href="/wiki/Text_mode" title="Text mode">text mode</a>, and a GUI was introduced with OS/2 1.1 about a year later. OS/2 features an <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a> for controlling the <a href="/wiki/Display_device" title="Display device">video display</a> (VIO) and handling <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a> and mouse events so that programmers writing for <a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">protected mode</a> need not call the <a href="/wiki/BIOS" title="BIOS">BIOS</a> or access hardware directly. Other development tools included a subset of the video and keyboard APIs as linkable libraries so that family mode programs are able to run under MS-DOS,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and, in the OS/2 Extended Edition v1.0, a database engine called Database Manager or DBM (this was related to <a href="/wiki/DB2" class="mw-redirect" title="DB2">DB2</a>, and should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/DBM_(computing)" title="DBM (computing)">DBM</a> family of database engines for Unix and <a href="/wiki/Unix-like" title="Unix-like">Unix-like</a> operating systems).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A task-switcher named Program Selector was available through the Ctrl-Esc <a href="/wiki/Hotkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Hotkey">hotkey</a> combination, allowing the user to select among multitasked text-mode sessions (or screen groups; each can run multiple programs).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Communications and database-oriented extensions were delivered in 1988, as part of OS/2 1.0 Extended Edition: <a href="/wiki/Systems_Network_Architecture" title="Systems Network Architecture">SNA</a>, <a href="/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a>/<a href="/wiki/Advanced_Program-to-Program_Communication" class="mw-redirect" title="Advanced Program-to-Program Communication">APPC</a>/LU 6.2, <a href="/wiki/LAN_Manager" title="LAN Manager">LAN Manager</a>, <a href="/wiki/Query_Management_Facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Query Management Facility">Query Manager</a>, SQL. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Os2-1.1-desktop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Os2-1.1-desktop.png/220px-Os2-1.1-desktop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Os2-1.1-desktop.png/330px-Os2-1.1-desktop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/Os2-1.1-desktop.png/440px-Os2-1.1-desktop.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>OS/2 1.1 was the first version to feature the Presentation Manager GUI.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OS/2_1.1_(1988)"><span id="OS.2F2_1.1_.281988.29"></span>OS/2 1.1 (1988)<span class="anchor" id="1.1"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: OS/2 1.1 (1988)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The promised user interface, <a href="/wiki/Presentation_Manager" title="Presentation Manager">Presentation Manager</a>, was introduced with OS/2 1.1 in October 1988.<sup id="cite_ref-Both1996_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Both1996-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It had a similar user interface to <a href="/wiki/Windows_2.1x" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 2.1x">Windows 2.1</a>, which was released in May of that year. (The interface was replaced in versions 1.2 and 1.3 by a look closer in appearance to <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">Windows 3.0</a>.) </p><p>The Extended Edition of 1.1, sold only through IBM sales channels, introduced distributed database support to IBM database systems and SNA communications support to IBM mainframe networks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OS/2_1.2_(1989)"><span id="OS.2F2_1.2_.281989.29"></span>OS/2 1.2 (1989)<span class="anchor" id="1.2"></span><span class="anchor" id="1.21"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: OS/2 1.2 (1989)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1989, Version 1.2 introduced Installable Filesystems and, notably, the <a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">HPFS</a> <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">filesystem</a>. HPFS provided a number of improvements over the older <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> file system, including long filenames and a form of <a href="/wiki/Fork_(file_system)" title="Fork (file system)">alternate data streams</a> called <a href="/wiki/Extended_Attributes" class="mw-redirect" title="Extended Attributes">Extended Attributes</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, extended attributes were also added to the FAT file system.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MS-OS2-v1.0-diskettes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/MS-OS2-v1.0-diskettes.jpg/220px-MS-OS2-v1.0-diskettes.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/MS-OS2-v1.0-diskettes.jpg/330px-MS-OS2-v1.0-diskettes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/MS-OS2-v1.0-diskettes.jpg/440px-MS-OS2-v1.0-diskettes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Installation Disk A of Microsoft OS/2 1.3 (3½-inch floppy disk)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Extended Edition of 1.2 introduced <a href="/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">TCP/IP</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> support. </p><p>OS/2- and Windows-related books of the late 1980s acknowledged the existence of both systems and promoted OS/2 as the system of the future.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990:_Breakup">1990: Breakup</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 1990: Breakup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OS/2_1.3_(1990)"><span id="OS.2F2_1.3_.281990.29"></span>OS/2 1.3 (1990)<span class="anchor" id="1.3"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: OS/2 1.3 (1990)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The collaboration between IBM and Microsoft unravelled in 1990, between the releases of <a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">Windows 3.0</a> and OS/2 1.3. During this time, Windows 3.0 became a tremendous success, selling millions of copies in its first year.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of its success was because Windows 3.0 (along with MS-DOS) was bundled with most new computers.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OS/2, on the other hand, was available only as an additional stand-alone software package. In addition, OS/2 lacked <a href="/wiki/Device_driver" title="Device driver">device drivers</a> for many common devices such as printers, particularly non-IBM hardware.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Windows, on the other hand, supported a much larger variety of hardware. The increasing popularity of Windows prompted Microsoft to shift its development focus from cooperating on OS/2 with IBM to building its own business based on Windows.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several technical and practical reasons contributed to this breakup. The two companies had significant differences in culture and vision. Microsoft favored the open hardware system approach that contributed to its success on the PC. IBM sought to use OS/2 to drive sales of its own hardware, and urged Microsoft to drop features, such as <a href="/wiki/Computer_font" title="Computer font">fonts</a>, that IBM's hardware did not support. Microsoft programmers also became frustrated with IBM's bureaucracy and its use of <a href="/wiki/Source_lines_of_code" title="Source lines of code">lines of code</a> to measure <a href="/wiki/Programmer_productivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Programmer productivity">programmer productivity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IBM developers complained about the terseness and lack of <a href="/wiki/Comment_(computer_programming)" title="Comment (computer programming)">comments</a> in Microsoft's code, while Microsoft developers complained that IBM's code was <a href="/wiki/Code_bloat" title="Code bloat">bloated</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The two products have significant differences in API. OS/2 was announced when <a href="/wiki/Windows_2.0" title="Windows 2.0">Windows 2.0</a> was near completion, and the <a href="/wiki/Windows_API" title="Windows API">Windows API</a> already defined. However, IBM requested that this API be significantly changed for OS/2.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, issues surrounding application compatibility appeared immediately. OS/2 designers hoped for source code conversion tools, allowing complete migration of Windows application source code to OS/2 at some point. However, OS/2 1.x did not gain enough momentum to allow vendors to avoid developing for both OS/2 and Windows in parallel. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OS2-1.3-desktop.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/OS2-1.3-desktop.png/220px-OS2-1.3-desktop.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/OS2-1.3-desktop.png/330px-OS2-1.3-desktop.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ac/OS2-1.3-desktop.png/440px-OS2-1.3-desktop.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>OS/2 1.3 was the final 16-bit only version of OS/2, and the last to be sold by Microsoft.</figcaption></figure> <p>OS/2 1.x targets the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">Intel 80286</a> processor and DOS fundamentally does not. IBM insisted on supporting the 80286 processor, with its 16-bit <a href="/wiki/X86_memory_segmentation" title="X86 memory segmentation">segmented memory</a> mode, because of commitments made to customers who had purchased many 80286-based PS/2s as a result of IBM's promises surrounding OS/2.<sup id="cite_ref-BillGatesInterviewSmithsonian_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BillGatesInterviewSmithsonian-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until release 2.0 in April 1992, OS/2 ran in 16-bit <a href="/wiki/Protected_mode" title="Protected mode">protected mode</a> and therefore could not benefit from the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 80386</a>'s much simpler <a href="/wiki/32-bit_computing" title="32-bit computing">32-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Flat_memory_model" title="Flat memory model">flat memory model</a> and <a href="/wiki/Virtual_8086_mode" title="Virtual 8086 mode">virtual 8086 mode</a> features. This was especially painful in providing support for DOS applications. While, in 1988, <a href="/wiki/Windows_2.1x" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows 2.1x">Windows/386 2.1</a> could run several <a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">cooperatively multitasked</a> DOS applications, including <a href="/wiki/Expanded_memory" title="Expanded memory">expanded memory</a> (EMS) emulation, OS/2 1.3, released in 1991, was still limited to one <span class="nowrap">640 kB</span> "DOS box". </p><p>Given these issues, Microsoft started to work in parallel on a version of Windows which was more future-oriented and more portable. The hiring of <a href="/wiki/Dave_Cutler" title="Dave Cutler">Dave Cutler</a>, former <a href="/wiki/OpenVMS" title="OpenVMS">VAX/VMS</a> architect, in 1988 created an immediate competition with the OS/2 team, as Cutler did not think much of the OS/2 technology and wanted to build on his work on the <a href="/wiki/DEC_MICA" title="DEC MICA">MICA</a> project at <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital</a> rather than creating a "DOS plus". His <a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">NT OS/2</a> was a completely new architecture.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IBM grew concerned about the delays in development of OS/2 2.0. Initially, the companies agreed that IBM would take over maintenance of OS/2 1.0 and development of OS/2 2.0, while Microsoft would continue development of OS/2 3.0. In the end, Microsoft decided to recast NT OS/2 3.0 as Windows NT, leaving all future OS/2 development to IBM. From a business perspective, it was logical to concentrate on a consumer line of operating systems based on DOS and Windows, and to prepare a new high-end system in such a way as to keep good compatibility with existing Windows applications. While it waited for this new high-end system to develop, Microsoft would still receive licensing money from Xenix and OS/2 sales. Windows NT's OS/2 heritage can be seen in its initial support for the <a href="/wiki/HPFS_filesystem" class="mw-redirect" title="HPFS filesystem">HPFS filesystem</a>, text mode OS/2 1.x applications, and OS/2 LAN Manager network support. Some early NT materials even included OS/2 copyright notices embedded in the software.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> One example of NT OS/2 1.x support is in the WIN2K resource kit. Windows NT could also support OS/2 1.x <a href="/wiki/Presentation_Manager" title="Presentation Manager">Presentation Manager</a> and AVIO applications with the addition of the Windows NT Add-On Subsystem for Presentation Manager.<sup id="cite_ref-CompatibilityofOS2basedAppsandAPIs_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CompatibilityofOS2basedAppsandAPIs-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1990–1996:_Post-breakup"><span id="1990.E2.80.931996:_Post-breakup"></span>1990–1996: Post-breakup<span class="anchor" id="32-bit_era"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 1990–1996: Post-breakup"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OS/2_2.0_and_DOS_compatibility_(1992)"><span id="OS.2F2_2.0_and_DOS_compatibility_.281992.29"></span>OS/2 2.0 and DOS compatibility (1992)<span class="anchor" id="2.0"></span><span class="anchor" id="DOS_compatibility"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: OS/2 2.0 and DOS compatibility (1992)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Os2-2.0-wps.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Os2-2.0-wps.png/220px-Os2-2.0-wps.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Os2-2.0-wps.png/330px-Os2-2.0-wps.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8f/Os2-2.0-wps.png/440px-Os2-2.0-wps.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>OS/2 2.0 was the first 32-bit release of OS/2, and the first to feature the Workplace Shell.</figcaption></figure> <p>OS/2 2.0 was released in April 1992. At the time, the suggested retail price was <span style="white-space: nowrap">US$195</span>, while Windows retailed for <span style="white-space: nowrap">$150</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Baltimore_Sun_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Baltimore_Sun-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OS/2 2.0 provided a 32-bit API for native programs, though the OS itself still contained some 16-bit code and drivers. It also included a new OOUI (object-oriented user interface) called the <a href="/wiki/Workplace_Shell" title="Workplace Shell">Workplace Shell</a>. This was a fully object-oriented interface that was a significant departure from the previous GUI. Rather than merely providing an environment for program windows (such as the Program Manager), the Workplace Shell provided an environment in which the user could manage programs, files and devices by manipulating objects on the screen. With the Workplace Shell, everything in the system is an "object" to be manipulated. </p><p>OS/2 2.0 was touted by IBM as "a better DOS than DOS and a better Windows than Windows".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It managed this by including the fully-licensed MS-DOS 5.0, which had been patched and improved upon. For the first time, OS/2 was able to run more than one DOS application at a time. This was so effective that it allowed OS/2 to run a modified copy of Windows 3.0, itself a <a href="/wiki/DOS_extender" title="DOS extender">DOS extender</a>, including Windows 3.0 applications. </p><p>Because of the limitations of the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80286" title="Intel 80286">Intel 80286</a> processor, OS/2 1.x could run only one DOS program at a time, and did this in a way that allowed the DOS program to have total control over the computer. A problem in DOS mode could crash the entire computer. In contrast, OS/2 2.0 could leverage the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_8086_mode" title="Virtual 8086 mode">virtual 8086 mode</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Intel_80386" class="mw-redirect" title="Intel 80386">Intel 80386</a> processor to create a much safer <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a> in which to run DOS programs. This included an extensive set of configuration options to optimize the performance and capabilities given to each DOS program. Any real-mode operating system (such as 8086 <a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a>) could also be made to run using OS/2's virtual machine capabilities, subject to certain direct hardware access limitations. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OS2_2.0_upgrade_box.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/24/OS2_2.0_upgrade_box.png/220px-OS2_2.0_upgrade_box.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/24/OS2_2.0_upgrade_box.png 1.5x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>The OS/2 2.0 upgrade box</figcaption></figure> <p>Like most 32-bit environments, OS/2 could not run protected-mode DOS programs using the older <a href="/wiki/VCPI" class="mw-redirect" title="VCPI">VCPI</a> interface, unlike the Standard mode of Windows 3.1; it only supported programs written according to <a href="/wiki/DOS_Protected_Mode_Interface" title="DOS Protected Mode Interface">DPMI</a>. (Microsoft discouraged the use of VCPI under Windows 3.1, however, due to performance degradation.)<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Unlike Windows NT, OS/2 always allowed DOS programs the possibility of masking real hardware interrupts, so any DOS program could <a href="/wiki/Deadlock_(computer_science)" title="Deadlock (computer science)">deadlock</a> the machine in this way. OS/2 could, however, use a hardware <a href="/wiki/Non-maskable_interrupt" title="Non-maskable interrupt">watchdog</a> on selected machines (notably IBM machines) to break out of such a deadlock. Later, release 3.0 leveraged the enhancements of newer <a href="/wiki/I486" title="I486">Intel 80486</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentium_(original)" title="Pentium (original)">Intel Pentium</a> processors—the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Virtual_Interrupt_Flag&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Virtual Interrupt Flag (page does not exist)">Virtual Interrupt Flag</a> (VIF), which was part of the <a href="/wiki/Virtual_Mode_Extensions" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtual Mode Extensions">Virtual Mode Extensions</a> (VME)—to solve this problem. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/VME_(CONFIG.SYS_directive)" class="mw-redirect" title="VME (CONFIG.SYS directive)">VME (CONFIG.SYS directive)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OS/2_2.1_and_Windows_compatibility_(1993)"><span id="OS.2F2_2.1_and_Windows_compatibility_.281993.29"></span>OS/2 2.1 and Windows compatibility (1993)<span class="anchor" id="2.1"></span><span class="anchor" id="Windows_3.x_compatibility"></span><span class="anchor" id="WINOS/2"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: OS/2 2.1 and Windows compatibility (1993)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OS/2 2.1 was released in 1993. This version of OS/2 achieved compatibility with Windows 3.0 (and later Windows 3.1) by adapting Windows user-mode code components to run inside a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_DOS_machine" title="Virtual DOS machine">virtual DOS machine</a> (VDM). Originally, a nearly complete version of Windows code was included with OS/2 itself: Windows 3.0 in OS/2 2.0, and Windows 3.1 in OS/2 2.1. Later, IBM developed versions of OS/2 that would use whatever Windows version the user had installed previously, patching it on the fly, and sparing the cost of an additional Windows license.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It could either run full-screen, using its own set of video drivers, or "seamlessly," where Windows programs would appear directly on the OS/2 desktop. The process containing Windows was given fairly extensive access to hardware, especially video, and the result was that switching between a full-screen WinOS/2 session and the Workplace Shell could occasionally cause issues.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because OS/2 only runs the user-mode system components of Windows, it is incompatible with Windows device drivers (<a href="/wiki/VxD" title="VxD">VxDs</a>) and applications that require them. </p><p>Multiple Windows applications run by default in a single Windows session – multitasking cooperatively and without memory protection – just as they would under native Windows 3.x. However, to achieve true isolation between Windows 3.x programs, OS/2 can also run multiple copies of Windows in parallel, with each copy residing in a separate VDM. The user can then optionally place each program either in its own Windows session – with preemptive multitasking and full memory protection <i>between</i> sessions, though not <i>within</i> them – or allow some applications to run together cooperatively in a shared Windows session while isolating other applications in one or more separate Windows sessions. At the cost of additional hardware resources, this approach can protect each program in any given Windows session (and each instance of Windows itself) from every other program running in any <i>separate</i> Windows session (though not from other programs running in the same Windows session).<sup id="cite_ref-pcw199407_os2_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcw199407_os2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Whether Windows applications are running in full-screen or windowed mode, and in one Windows session or several, it is possible to use <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_Data_Exchange" title="Dynamic Data Exchange">DDE</a> between OS/2 and Windows applications, and <a href="/wiki/Object_Linking_and_Embedding" title="Object Linking and Embedding">OLE</a> between Windows applications only.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>IBM's <b>OS/2 for Windows</b> product (codename Ferengi), also known as "OS/2, Special Edition", was interpreted as a deliberate strategy "of cashing in on the pervasive success of the Microsoft platform" but risked confusing consumers with the notion that the product was a mere accessory or utility running on Windows such as <a href="/wiki/Norton_Commander" title="Norton Commander">Norton Desktop for Windows</a> when, in fact, it was "a complete, modern, multi-tasking, pre-emptive operating system", itself hosting Windows instead of running on it. Available on CD-ROM or 18 floppy disks, the product documentation reportedly suggested Windows as a prerequisite for installing the product, also being confined to its original FAT partition, whereas the product apparently supported the later installation of Windows running from an HPFS partition, particularly beneficial for users of larger hard drives. Windows compatibility, relying on patching specific memory locations, was reportedly broken by the release of Windows 3.11, prompting accusations of arbitrary changes to Windows in order to perpetrate "a deliberate act of Microsoft sabotage" against IBM's product.<sup id="cite_ref-pcw199407_os2_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcw199407_os2-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OS/2_Warp_3_(1994)"><span id="OS.2F2_Warp_3_.281994.29"></span>OS/2 Warp 3 (1994)<span class="anchor" id="OS/2_Warp"></span><span class="anchor" id="3.0"></span><span class="anchor" id="3.0J"></span><span class="anchor" id="The"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: OS/2 Warp 3 (1994)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OS-2_Warp_Version_3_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/OS-2_Warp_Version_3_wordmark.svg/200px-OS-2_Warp_Version_3_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/OS-2_Warp_Version_3_wordmark.svg/300px-OS-2_Warp_Version_3_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/OS-2_Warp_Version_3_wordmark.svg/400px-OS-2_Warp_Version_3_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2221" data-file-height="561" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wordmark of OS/2 Warp 3.0</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Os2-warp-3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Os2-warp-3.png/200px-Os2-warp-3.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Os2-warp-3.png/300px-Os2-warp-3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/7/7f/Os2-warp-3.png/400px-Os2-warp-3.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">OS/2 Warp Connect 3.0, showing the Windows 3.1 <a href="/wiki/Program_Manager" title="Program Manager">Program Manager</a>, <a href="/wiki/QBASIC" class="mw-redirect" title="QBASIC">QBASIC</a> in a DOS window, and the LaunchPad (bottom center)</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Released in 1994, OS/2 version 3.0 was labelled as <b>OS/2 Warp</b> to highlight the new performance benefits, and generally to freshen the product image. "Warp" had originally been the internal IBM name for the release: IBM claimed that it had used <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i> terms as internal names for prior OS/2 releases, and that this one seemed appropriate for external use as well. At the launch of OS/2 Warp in 1994, <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Stewart" title="Patrick Stewart">Patrick Stewart</a> was to be the <a href="/wiki/Master_of_Ceremonies" class="mw-redirect" title="Master of Ceremonies">Master of Ceremonies</a>; however <a href="/wiki/Kate_Mulgrew" title="Kate Mulgrew">Kate Mulgrew</a><sup id="cite_ref-KateMulgrewBioIMDB_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KateMulgrewBioIMDB-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the then-upcoming series <i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek:_Voyager" title="Star Trek: Voyager">Star Trek: Voyager</a></i> substituted for him at the last minute.<sup id="cite_ref-InSearchofStupidityWeb_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InSearchofStupidityWeb-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-InSearchofStupidityBook_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-InSearchofStupidityBook-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OS/2 Warp offers a host of benefits over OS/2 2.1, notably broader hardware support, greater multimedia capabilities, <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>-compatible networking, and it includes a basic office application suite known as <a href="/wiki/IBM_Works" title="IBM Works">IBM Works</a>. It was released in two versions: the less expensive "Red Spine" and the more expensive "Blue Spine" (named for the color of their boxes). "Red Spine" was designed to support <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> applications by utilizing any existing installation of Windows on the computer's hard drive. "Blue Spine" includes Windows support in its own installation, and so can support Windows applications without a Windows installation. As most computers were sold with Microsoft Windows pre-installed and the price was less, "Red Spine" was the more popular product.<sup id="cite_ref-ars201311_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars201311-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OS/2 Warp Connect—which has full LAN client support built-in—followed in mid-1995. Warp Connect was nicknamed "Grape".<sup id="cite_ref-Both1996_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Both1996-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In OS/2 2.0, most performance-sensitive subsystems, including the graphics (Gre) and multimedia (MMPM/2) systems, were updated to 32-bit code in a fixpack, and included as part of OS/2 2.1. Warp 3 brought about a fully 32-bit windowing system, while Warp 4 introduced the object-oriented 32-bit GRADD display driver model. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Workplace_OS_(1995)"><span id="Workplace_OS_.281995.29"></span>Workplace OS (1995) <span class="anchor" id="Workplace_OS"></span><span class="anchor" id="WorkplaceOS"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Workplace OS (1995)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Workplace_OS" title="Workplace OS">Workplace OS</a></div> <p>In 1991, IBM started development on an intended replacement for OS/2 called <a href="/wiki/Workplace_OS" title="Workplace OS">Workplace OS</a>. This was an entirely new product, brand new code, that borrowed only a few sections of code from both the existing OS/2 and AIX products. It used an entirely new microkernel code base, intended (eventually) to host several of IBM's operating systems (including OS/2) as microkernel "personalities". It also included major new architectural features including a system registry, JFS, support for UNIX graphics libraries, and a new driver model.<sup id="cite_ref-WorkplaceMicrokernelandOS_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-WorkplaceMicrokernelandOS-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Workplace OS was developed solely for <a href="/wiki/PowerPC" title="PowerPC">POWER platforms</a>, and IBM intended to market a full line of PowerPCs in an effort to take over the market from <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a>. A mission was formed to create prototypes of these machines and they were disclosed to several corporate customers, all of whom raised issues with the idea of dropping Intel. </p><p>Advanced plans for the new code base would eventually include replacement of the <a href="/wiki/OS/400" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/400">OS/400</a> operating system by Workplace OS, as well as a microkernel product that would have been used in industries such as telecommunications and set-top television receivers. </p><p>A partially functional pre-alpha version of Workplace OS was demonstrated at Comdex, where a bemused <a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a> stopped by the booth. The second and last time it would be shown in public was at an OS/2 user group in <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a>; the pre-alpha code refused to boot. </p><p>It was released in 1995. But with $990 million being spent per year on development of this as well as Workplace OS, and no possible profit or widespread adoption, the end of the entire Workplace OS and OS/2 product line was near. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="OS/2_Warp_4_(1996)"><span id="OS.2F2_Warp_4_.281996.29"></span>OS/2 Warp 4 (1996)<span class="anchor" id="Warp_4"></span><span class="anchor" id="4.0"></span><span class="anchor" id="4.5"></span></h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: OS/2 Warp 4 (1996)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Firefox_3.5.4_on_OS2_Warp4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Firefox_3.5.4_on_OS2_Warp4.png/220px-Firefox_3.5.4_on_OS2_Warp4.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Firefox_3.5.4_on_OS2_Warp4.png/330px-Firefox_3.5.4_on_OS2_Warp4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Firefox_3.5.4_on_OS2_Warp4.png/440px-Firefox_3.5.4_on_OS2_Warp4.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Firefox 3.5.4 for OS/2 Warp 4</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OS-2_Warp_4_wordmark.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/OS-2_Warp_4_wordmark.svg/200px-OS-2_Warp_4_wordmark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/OS-2_Warp_4_wordmark.svg/300px-OS-2_Warp_4_wordmark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/OS-2_Warp_4_wordmark.svg/400px-OS-2_Warp_4_wordmark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="6797" data-file-height="1866" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Wordmark of OS/2 Warp 4</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OS-2_W4.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/OS-2_W4.png/200px-OS-2_W4.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c0/OS-2_W4.png/300px-OS-2_W4.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/c/c0/OS-2_W4.png 2x" data-file-width="365" data-file-height="273" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">OS/2 Warp 4 desktop after installation</div></div></div></div></div> <p>In 1996, Warp 4 added <a href="/wiki/Java_(programming_language)" title="Java (programming language)">Java</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">speech recognition</a> software.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IBM also released server editions of Warp 3 and Warp 4 which bundled IBM's LAN Server product directly into the operating system installation. A personal version of <a href="/wiki/IBM_Notes" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM Notes">Lotus Notes</a> was also included, with a number of template databases for contact management, brainstorming, and so forth. The UK-distributed free demo <a href="/wiki/CD-ROM" title="CD-ROM">CD-ROM</a> of OS/2 Warp essentially contained the entire OS and was easily, even accidentally, <a href="/wiki/Software_cracking" title="Software cracking">cracked</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2012)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, meaning that even people who liked it did not have to buy it. This was seen as a backdoor tactic to increase the number of OS/2 users, in the belief that this would increase sales and demand for third-party applications, and thus strengthen OS/2's desktop numbers.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This suggestion was bolstered by the fact that this demo version had replaced another which was not so easily cracked, but which had been released with trial versions of various applications.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In 2000, the July edition of <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Personal_Computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Personal Computer">Australian Personal Computer</a></i> magazine bundled software CD-ROMs, included a full version of Warp 4 that required no activation and was essentially a free release. Special versions of OS/2 2.11 and Warp 4 also included <a href="/wiki/Symmetric_multiprocessing" title="Symmetric multiprocessing">symmetric multiprocessing</a> (SMP) support. </p><p>OS/2 sales were largely concentrated in networked computing used by corporate professionals; however, by the early 1990s, it was overtaken by Microsoft Windows NT. While OS/2 was arguably technically superior to Microsoft <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a>, OS/2 failed to develop much penetration in the consumer and stand-alone desktop PC segments; there were reports that it could not be installed properly on IBM's own <a href="/wiki/IBM_Aptiva" title="IBM Aptiva">Aptiva</a> series of home PCs.<sup id="cite_ref-OS2NoLongerHomeatHome_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OS2NoLongerHomeatHome-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Microsoft made an offer in 1994 where IBM would receive the same terms as <a href="/wiki/Compaq" title="Compaq">Compaq</a> (the largest PC manufacturer at the time) for a license of Windows 95, if IBM ended development of OS/2 completely. IBM refused and instead went with an "IBM First" strategy of promoting OS/2 Warp and disparaging Windows, as IBM aimed to drive sales of its own software as well as hardware. By 1995, Windows 95 negotiations between IBM and Microsoft, which were already difficult, stalled when IBM purchased <a href="/wiki/Lotus_SmartSuite" class="mw-redirect" title="Lotus SmartSuite">Lotus SmartSuite</a>, which would have directly competed with <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Office" title="Microsoft Office">Microsoft Office</a>. As a result of the dispute, IBM signed the license agreement 15 minutes before Microsoft's Windows 95 launch event, which was later than their competitors and this badly hurt sales of IBM PCs. IBM officials later conceded that OS/2 would not have been a viable operating system to keep them in the PC business.<sup id="cite_ref-MSUrgedIBMtoYankSmartsuite_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MSUrgedIBMtoYankSmartsuite-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1996–2001:_Downsizing"><span id="1996.E2.80.932001:_Downsizing"></span>1996–2001: Downsizing<span class="anchor" id="Downsizing"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1996–2001: Downsizing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/OS/2" title="Special:EditPage/OS/2">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A project was launched internally by IBM to evaluate the looming competitive situation with Microsoft Windows 95. Primary concerns included the major code quality issues in the existing OS/2 product (resulting in over 20 service packs, each requiring more diskettes than the original installation), and the ineffective and heavily matrixed development organization in Boca Raton (where the consultants reported that "basically, everybody reports to everybody") and Austin. </p><p>That study, tightly classified as "Registered Confidential" and printed only in numbered copies, identified untenable weaknesses and failures across the board in the Personal Systems Division as well as across IBM as a whole. This resulted in a decision being made at a level above the Division to cut over 95% of the overall budget for the entire product line, end all new development (including Workplace OS), eliminate the Boca Raton development lab, end all sales and marketing efforts of the product, and lay off over 1,300 development individuals (as well as sales and support personnel). $990 million had been spent in the last full year. Warp 4 became the last distributed version of OS/2. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001–2006:_Discontinuation_and_end-of-life"><span id="2001.E2.80.932006:_Discontinuation_and_end-of-life"></span>2001–2006: Discontinuation and end-of-life<span class="anchor" id="Fading_out"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 2001–2006: Discontinuation and end-of-life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although a small and dedicated community remains faithful to OS/2,<sup id="cite_ref-OS2World_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OS2World-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> OS/2 failed to catch on in the mass market and is little used outside certain niches where IBM traditionally had a stronghold. For example, many bank installations, especially <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">automated teller machines</a>, run OS/2 with a customized user interface; French <a href="/wiki/SNCF" title="SNCF">SNCF</a> national railways used OS/2 1.x in thousands of ticket selling machines.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Telecom companies such as <a href="/wiki/Nortel" title="Nortel">Nortel</a> used OS/2 in some voicemail systems. Also, OS/2 was used for the host PC used to control the <a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_Satellite_System" title="Public Radio Satellite System">Satellite Operations Support System</a> equipment installed at <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a> member stations from 1994 to 2007, and used to receive the network's programming via satellite.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although IBM began indicating shortly after the release of Warp 4 that OS/2 would eventually be withdrawn, the company did not end support until December 31, 2006,<sup id="cite_ref-EOL_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOL-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with sales of OS/2 stopping on December 23, 2005. The latest IBM OS/2 Warp version is 4.52, which was released for both desktop and server systems in December 2001. </p><p>IBM is still delivering defect support for a fee.<sup id="cite_ref-EOL_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOL-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EOL2_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EOL2-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> IBM urges customers to migrate their often highly complex applications to <a href="/wiki/Electronic_business" title="Electronic business">e-business</a> technologies such as Java in a platform-neutral manner. Once application migration is completed, IBM recommends migration to a different operating system, suggesting <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> as an alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-MigrationStation_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MigrationStation-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LinuxMigrate2_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LinuxMigrate2-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JavaMigrate_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JavaMigrate-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2001–present:_Third-party_development"><span id="2001.E2.80.93present:_Third-party_development"></span>2001–present: Third-party development<span class="anchor" id="Third-party_development"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 2001–present: Third-party development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/EComStation" title="EComStation">eComStation</a> and <a href="/wiki/ArcaOS" title="ArcaOS">ArcaOS</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ArcaOS_5.0_Screenshot.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/ArcaOS_5.0_Screenshot.png/260px-ArcaOS_5.0_Screenshot.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/ArcaOS_5.0_Screenshot.png/390px-ArcaOS_5.0_Screenshot.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fe/ArcaOS_5.0_Screenshot.png/520px-ArcaOS_5.0_Screenshot.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>ArcaOS is the most recent OS/2-based operating system developed outside of IBM.</figcaption></figure> <p>After IBM discontinued development of OS/2, various third parties approached IBM to take over future development of the operating system. The OS/2 software vendor <a href="/wiki/Stardock" title="Stardock">Stardock</a> made such a proposal to IBM in 1999, but it was not followed through by the company.<sup id="cite_ref-dan_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dan-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Serenity Systems succeeded in negotiating an agreement with IBM, and began reselling OS/2 as eComStation in 2001.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eComStation is now sold by XEU.com, the most recent version (2.1) was released in 2011.<sup id="cite_ref-v21release_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-v21release-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015, Arca Noae, LLC announced that they had secured an agreement with IBM to resell OS/2.<sup id="cite_ref-Blue_Lion_1st_Article_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blue_Lion_1st_Article-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They released the first version of their OS/2-based operating system in 2017 as ArcaOS.<sup id="cite_ref-arcaos-release_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-arcaos-release-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2023, there have been multiple releases of ArcaOS, and it remains under active development.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Petitions_for_open_source">Petitions for open source</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Petitions for open source"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many people hoped that IBM would release OS/2 or a significant part of it as <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a>. Petitions were held in 2005 and 2007, but IBM refused them, citing legal and technical reasons.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is unlikely that the entire OS will be open at any point in the future because it contains third-party code to which IBM does not have copyright, and much of this code is from Microsoft. IBM also once engaged in a technology transfer with <a href="/wiki/Commodore_International" title="Commodore International">Commodore</a>, licensing <a href="/wiki/Amiga" title="Amiga">Amiga</a> technology for OS/2 2.0 and above, in exchange for the <a href="/wiki/Rexx" title="Rexx">REXX</a> scripting language.<sup id="cite_ref-HistoryOS2BBS_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HistoryOS2BBS-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources"><span title="The material near this tag may rely on an unreliable source. (October 2021)">unreliable source?</span></a></i>]</sup> This means that OS/2 may have some code that was not written by IBM, which can therefore prevent the OS from being re-announced as open-sourced in the future.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (June 2011)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the other hand, <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> donated <a href="/wiki/Object_REXX" title="Object REXX">Object REXX</a> for Windows and OS/2 to the <i>Open Object REXX</i> project maintained by the <i>REXX Language Association</i> on <a href="/wiki/SourceForge" title="SourceForge">SourceForge</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There was a petition, arranged by OS2World, to open parts of the OS. Open source operating systems such as <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> have already profited from OS/2 indirectly through IBM's release of the improved <a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">JFS</a> <a href="/wiki/File_system" title="File system">file system</a>, which was ported from the OS/2 code base. As IBM didn't release the source of the OS/2 JFS driver, developers ported the Linux driver back to eComStation and added the functionality to boot from a JFS partition. This new JFS driver has been integrated into eComStation v2.0, and later into ArcaOS 5.0. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Summary_of_releases">Summary of releases</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Summary of releases"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Release dates refer to the US English editions unless otherwise noted.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Date</th> <th>Version </th></tr> <tr> <td>December 1987</td> <td>OS/2 1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1988</td> <td>OS/2 1.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 1989</td> <td>OS/2 1.2 </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 1990</td> <td>OS/2 1.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 1991</td> <td>OS/2 2.0 LA (Limited Availability) </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 1992</td> <td>OS/2 2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 1992</td> <td>OS/2 2.00.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 1993</td> <td>OS/2 2.1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1993</td> <td>OS/2 for Windows </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 1994</td> <td>OS/2 2.11 </td></tr> <tr> <td>July 1994</td> <td>OS/2 2.11 SMP </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 1994</td> <td>OS/2 Warp 3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>May 1995</td> <td>OS/2 Warp Connect </td></tr> <tr> <td>December 1995</td> <td>OS/2 Warp, PowerPC Edition </td></tr> <tr> <td>February 1996</td> <td>OS/2 Warp Server 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 1996</td> <td>OS/2 Warp 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>September 1996</td> <td>OS/2 Warp Server Advanced SMP </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 1997</td> <td>WorkSpace On-Demand 1.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>October 1998</td> <td>WorkSpace On-Demand 2.0 </td></tr> <tr> <td>April 1999</td> <td>OS/2 Warp Server for e-Business (version 4.50) </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 2000</td> <td>OS/2 Convenience Pack 1 (version 4.51) </td></tr> <tr> <td>November 2001</td> <td>OS/2 Convenience Pack 2 (version 4.52) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Features_and_technology">Features and technology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Features and technology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_interface">User interface</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: User interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The graphic system has a layer named Presentation Manager that manages windows, fonts, and icons. This is similar in functionality to a non-networked version of <a href="/wiki/X11" class="mw-redirect" title="X11">X11</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Graphics_Device_Interface" title="Graphics Device Interface">Windows GDI</a>. On top of this lies the Workplace Shell (WPS) introduced in OS/2 2.0. WPS is an <a href="/wiki/Object-oriented" class="mw-redirect" title="Object-oriented">object-oriented</a> <a href="/wiki/Shell_(computing)" title="Shell (computing)">shell</a> allowing the user to perform traditional computing tasks such as accessing files, printers, launching legacy programs, and advanced object oriented tasks using built-in and third-party application objects that extended the shell in an integrated fashion not available on any other mainstream operating system. WPS follows IBM's <a href="/wiki/Common_User_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Common User Access">Common User Access</a> user interface standards. </p><p>WPS represents objects such as disks, folders, files, program objects, and printers using the <a href="/wiki/System_Object_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="System Object Model">System Object Model</a> (SOM), which allows code to be shared among applications, possibly written in different programming languages. A distributed version called DSOM allowed objects on different computers to communicate. DSOM is based on <a href="/wiki/CORBA" class="mw-redirect" title="CORBA">CORBA</a>. The object oriented aspect of SOM is similar to, and a direct competitor to, Microsoft's <a href="/wiki/Component_Object_Model" title="Component Object Model">Component Object Model</a>, though it is implemented in a radically different manner; for instance, one of the most notable differences between SOM and COM is SOM's support for inheritance (one of the most fundamental concepts of OO programming)—COM does not have such support. SOM and DSOM are no longer being developed. </p><p>The multimedia capabilities of OS/2 are accessible through <a href="/wiki/Media_Control_Interface" title="Media Control Interface">Media Control Interface</a> commands. The last update (bundled with the IBM version of <a href="/wiki/Netscape_Navigator" title="Netscape Navigator">Netscape Navigator</a> plugins) added support for <a href="/wiki/MPEG" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG">MPEG</a> files. Support for newer formats such as <a href="/wiki/Portable_Network_Graphics" class="mw-redirect" title="Portable Network Graphics">PNG</a>, <a href="/wiki/JPEG" title="JPEG">progressive JPEG</a>, <a href="/wiki/DivX" title="DivX">DivX</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogg" title="Ogg">Ogg</a>, and <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> comes from third parties. Sometimes it is integrated with the multimedia system, but in other offers it comes as standalone applications. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Commands">Commands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Commands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Microsoft_OS_2_Version_1.3_cmd.exe_OS_2_Window_640x373.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Microsoft_OS_2_Version_1.3_cmd.exe_OS_2_Window_640x373.png/220px-Microsoft_OS_2_Version_1.3_cmd.exe_OS_2_Window_640x373.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Microsoft_OS_2_Version_1.3_cmd.exe_OS_2_Window_640x373.png/330px-Microsoft_OS_2_Version_1.3_cmd.exe_OS_2_Window_640x373.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Microsoft_OS_2_Version_1.3_cmd.exe_OS_2_Window_640x373.png/440px-Microsoft_OS_2_Version_1.3_cmd.exe_OS_2_Window_640x373.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="373" /></a><figcaption>OS/2 Window (<a href="/wiki/Cmd.exe" title="Cmd.exe">cmd.exe</a>) on <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_OS/2" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft OS/2">Microsoft OS/2</a> Version 1.3</figcaption></figure> <p>The following list of <a href="/wiki/Command_(computing)" title="Command (computing)">commands</a> is supported by cmd.exe on OS/2.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 9em;"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ansi_(command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ansi (command) (page does not exist)">ansi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Append_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Append (command)">append</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assign_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Assign (command)">assign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attrib" class="mw-redirect" title="Attrib">attrib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Backup_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Backup (command)">backup</a></li> <li>boot</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Break_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Break (command)">break</a></li> <li>cache</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Call_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Call (command)">call</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">cd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chcp_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chcp (command)">chcp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cd_(command)" title="Cd (command)">chdir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chkdsk" class="mw-redirect" title="Chkdsk">chkdsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CLS_(command)" title="CLS (command)">cls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cmd.exe" title="Cmd.exe">cmd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Code_page" title="Code page">codepage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COMMAND.COM" title="COMMAND.COM">command</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comp_(command)" title="Comp (command)">comp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copy_(command)" title="Copy (command)">copy</a></li> <li>createdd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Date_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (command)">date</a></li> <li>ddinstal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debug_(command)" title="Debug (command)">debug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_(command)" title="Del (command)">del</a></li> <li>detach</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dir_(command)" title="Dir (command)">dir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diskcomp" title="Diskcomp">diskcomp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diskcopy" title="Diskcopy">diskcopy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doskey" class="mw-redirect" title="Doskey">doskey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dpath" title="Dpath">dpath</a></li> <li>eautil</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(command)" title="Echo (command)">echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endlocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Endlocal">endlocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del_(command)" title="Del (command)">erase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exit_(command)" title="Exit (command)">exit</a></li> <li>extproc</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fdisk" title="Fdisk">fdisk</a></li> <li>fdiskpm</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Find_(Windows)" title="Find (Windows)">find</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="For (command)">for</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Format_(command)" title="Format (command)">format</a></li> <li>fsaccess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goto" title="Goto">goto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graftabl" class="mw-redirect" title="Graftabl">graftabl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_(command)" title="Help (command)">help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/If_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="If (command)">if</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JOIN_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="JOIN (command)">join</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keyb_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Keyb (command)">keyb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keys_(command)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keys (command) (page does not exist)">keys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Label_(command)" title="Label (command)">label</a></li> <li>makeini</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkdir" title="Mkdir">md</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mem_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mem (command)">mem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mkdir" title="Mkdir">mkdir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mode_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mode (command)">mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/More_(command)" title="More (command)">more</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Move_(command)" title="Move (command)">move</a></li> <li>patch</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Path_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Path (command)">path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pause_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pause (command)">pause</a></li> <li>picview</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pmrexx" class="mw-redirect" title="Pmrexx">pmrexx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Print_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Print (command)">print</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prompt_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prompt (command)">prompt</a></li> <li>pstat</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recover_(command)" title="Recover (command)">recover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rem_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rem (command)">rem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(command)" title="Ren (command)">ren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ren_(command)" title="Ren (command)">rename</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replace_(command)" title="Replace (command)">replace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restore_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Restore (command)">restore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rmdir" title="Rmdir">rmdir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Set (command)">set</a></li> <li>setboot</li> <li>setcom40</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Setlocal" class="mw-redirect" title="Setlocal">setlocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Share_(command)" title="Share (command)">share</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shift_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shift (command)">shift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SORT_(DOS_command)" class="mw-redirect" title="SORT (DOS command)">sort</a></li> <li>spool</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Start_(command)" title="Start (command)">start</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SUBST" title="SUBST">subst</a></li> <li>syslevel</li> <li>syslog</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIME_(command)" title="TIME (command)">time</a></li> <li>trace</li> <li>tracebuf</li> <li>tracefmt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_(command)" title="Tree (command)">tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TYPE_(DOS_command)" title="TYPE (DOS command)">type</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNDELETE" class="mw-redirect" title="UNDELETE">undelete</a></li> <li>unpack</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ver_(command)" title="Ver (command)">ver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verify_(command)" class="mw-redirect" title="Verify (command)">verify</a></li> <li>view</li> <li>vmdisk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vol_(command)" title="Vol (command)">vol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xcopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Xcopy">xcopy</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Networking">Networking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Networking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2019</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP_stack" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP stack">TCP/IP stack</a> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">open source</a> <a href="/wiki/BSD" class="mw-redirect" title="BSD">BSD</a> stack as visible with <a href="/wiki/Source_Code_Control_System" title="Source Code Control System">SCCS</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Unix_commands" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Unix commands">what</a> compatible tools. IBM included tools such as ftp and telnet and even servers for both commands. IBM sold several networking extensions including NFS support and an X11 server. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OS-2_Warp_x86_Architecture.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/OS-2_Warp_x86_Architecture.svg/323px-OS-2_Warp_x86_Architecture.svg.png" decoding="async" width="323" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/OS-2_Warp_x86_Architecture.svg/485px-OS-2_Warp_x86_Architecture.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/OS-2_Warp_x86_Architecture.svg/646px-OS-2_Warp_x86_Architecture.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="926" data-file-height="693" /></a><figcaption>Architecture of OS/2 Warp under x86</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drivers">Drivers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Drivers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hardware vendors were reluctant to support device drivers for alternative operating systems including OS/2, leaving users with few choices from a select few vendors. To relieve this issue for video cards, IBM licensed a reduced version of the <a href="/wiki/UniVBE" title="UniVBE">Scitech display drivers</a>, allowing users to choose from a wide selection of cards supported through Scitech's modular driver design.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OS2_Architecture_Graphics.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/OS2_Architecture_Graphics.pdf/page1-220px-OS2_Architecture_Graphics.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/OS2_Architecture_Graphics.pdf/page1-330px-OS2_Architecture_Graphics.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/OS2_Architecture_Graphics.pdf/page1-440px-OS2_Architecture_Graphics.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1239" data-file-height="1752" /></a><figcaption>Document detailing OS/2's architecture.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Virtualization">Virtualization</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Virtualization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OS/2 has historically been more difficult to run in a virtual machine than most other legacy <a href="/wiki/X86" title="X86">x86</a> operating systems because of its extensive reliance on the full set of features of the x86 CPU; in particular, OS/2's use of <a href="/wiki/Protection_ring" title="Protection ring">ring 2</a> prevented it from running in early versions of <a href="/wiki/VMware" title="VMware">VMware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Newer versions of VMware provide official support for OS/2, specifically for eComStation.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/VirtualPC" class="mw-redirect" title="VirtualPC">VirtualPC</a> from Microsoft (originally <a href="/wiki/Connectix" title="Connectix">Connectix</a>) has been able to run OS/2 without hardware virtualization support for many years. It also provided "additions" code which greatly improves host–guest OS interactions in OS/2. The additions are not provided with the current version of VirtualPC, but the version last included with a release may still be used with current releases. At one point, OS/2 was a supported host for VirtualPC in addition to a guest. Note that OS/2 runs only as a guest on those versions of VirtualPC that use virtualization (x86 based hosts) and not those doing full emulation (VirtualPC for Mac). </p><p><a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a> from <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a> (originally <a href="/wiki/InnoTek" class="mw-redirect" title="InnoTek">InnoTek</a>, later <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun</a>) supports OS/2 1.x, Warp 3 through 4.5, and eComStation as well as "Other OS/2" as guests. However, attempting to run OS/2 and eComStation can still be difficult, if not impossible, because of the strict requirements of VT-x/AMD-V hardware-enabled virtualization and only ACP2/MCP2 is reported to work in a reliable manner.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>ArcaOS supports being run as a <a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">virtual machine</a> guest inside <a href="/wiki/VirtualBox" title="VirtualBox">VirtualBox</a>, <a href="/wiki/VMware_ESXi" title="VMware ESXi">VMware ESXi</a> and <a href="/wiki/VMWare_Workstation" class="mw-redirect" title="VMWare Workstation">VMWare Workstation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It ships with VirtualBox Guest Additions, and driver improvements to improve performance as a guest operating system.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The difficulties in efficiently running OS/2 have, at least once, created an opportunity for a new <a href="/wiki/Platform_virtualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Platform virtualization">virtualization</a> company. A large bank in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> needed a way to use OS/2 on newer hardware that OS/2 did not support. As virtualization software is an easy way around this, the company desired to run OS/2 under a <a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisor</a>. Once it was determined that VMware was not a possibility, it hired a group of Russian software developers to write a host-based hypervisor that would officially support OS/2. Thus, the <a href="/wiki/Parallels_(company)" title="Parallels (company)">Parallels, Inc.</a> company and their <a href="/wiki/Parallels_Workstation" title="Parallels Workstation">Parallels Workstation</a> product was born.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security_niche">Security niche</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Security niche"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>OS/2 has few native <a href="/wiki/Computer_virus" title="Computer virus">computer viruses</a>;<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while it is not invulnerable by design, its reduced market share appears to have <a href="/wiki/Security_through_obsolescence" class="mw-redirect" title="Security through obsolescence">discouraged virus writers</a>. There are, however, OS/2-based antivirus programs, dealing with DOS viruses and Windows viruses that could pass through an OS/2 server.<sup id="cite_ref-ClamAV_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ClamAV-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Problems">Problems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Problems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some problems were classic subjects of comparison with other operating systems: </p> <ul><li><i>Synchronous input queue (SIQ)</i>: if a GUI application was not servicing its <i>window messages</i>, the entire GUI system could get stuck and a reboot was required. This problem was considerably reduced with later Warp 3 fixpacks and refined by Warp 4, by taking control over the application after it had not responded for several seconds.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pcw199407_handson_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pcw199407_handson-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap">: <span title="Pages: 565
Quotation: "A recurring problem you might have with OS/2 - I know I do - is lockup due to the input queue getting jammed. The symptom is a system that just stops responding to input from the keyboard and/or mouse. It's a weakness in the OS/2 design that Microsoft has crowed about in the past, although my sources tell me that it was Microsoft who put it there in the first place."" class="tooltip tooltip-dashed" style="border-bottom: 1px dashed;">565</span> </sup></li> <li><i>No unified object handles (OS/2 v2.11 and earlier)</i>: The availability of threads probably led system designers to overlook mechanisms which allow a single thread to wait for different types of asynchronous events at the same time, for example the keyboard and the mouse in a "console" program. Even though <i>select</i> was added later, it only worked on network sockets. In case of a console program, dedicating a separate thread for waiting on each source of events made it difficult to properly release all the input devices before starting other programs in the same "session". As a result, console programs usually polled the keyboard and the mouse alternately, which resulted in wasted CPU and a characteristic "jerky" reactivity to user input. In OS/2 3.0 IBM introduced a new call for this specific problem.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_uses">Historical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Historical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/OS/2" title="Special:EditPage/OS/2">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2011</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>OS/2 has been widely used by Iran Export Bank (Bank Saderat Iran) in their teller machines, ATMs and local servers (over 35,000 working stations). As of 2011, the bank moved to virtualize and renew their infrastructure by moving OS/2 to Virtual Machines running over Windows. </p><p>OS/2 was widely used by <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazilian</a> banks. <a href="/wiki/Banco_do_Brasil" title="Banco do Brasil">Banco do Brasil</a> had a peak 10,000 machines running OS/2 Warp in the 1990s. OS/2 was used in <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">automated teller machines</a> until 2006. The workstations and automated teller machines and attendant computers have been migrated to Linux.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atm_os2warp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Atm_os2warp.jpg/220px-Atm_os2warp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Atm_os2warp.jpg/330px-Atm_os2warp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Atm_os2warp.jpg/440px-Atm_os2warp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption>An ATM in Australia revealing during a reboot that it is based on OS/2 Warp</figcaption></figure> <p>OS/2 has been used in the banking industry. <a href="/wiki/Suncorp" class="mw-redirect" title="Suncorp">Suncorp</a> bank in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> still ran its <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">ATM</a> network on OS/2 as late as 2002. ATMs at <a href="/wiki/Perisher_Ski_Resort" title="Perisher Ski Resort">Perisher Blue</a> used OS/2 as late as 2009, and even the turn of the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OS/2 was widely adopted by <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a> professionals and <a href="/wiki/Auditing" class="mw-redirect" title="Auditing">auditing</a> companies. In mid-1990s native 32-bit accounting software were well developed and serving corporate markets. </p><p>OS/2 ran the faulty <a href="/wiki/Baggage_handling_system" title="Baggage handling system">baggage handling system</a> at <a href="/wiki/Denver_International_Airport" title="Denver International Airport">Denver International Airport</a>. The OS was eventually scrapped, but the software written for the system led to massive delays in the opening of the new airport. The OS itself was not at fault, but the software written to run on the OS was. The baggage handling system was eventually removed. </p><p>OS/2 was used by radio personality <a href="/wiki/Howard_Stern" title="Howard Stern">Howard Stern</a>. He once had a 10-minute on-air rant about OS/2 versus <a href="/wiki/Windows_95" title="Windows 95">Windows 95</a> and recommended OS/2. He also used OS/2 on his <a href="/wiki/IBM_ThinkPad_760" title="IBM ThinkPad 760">IBM 760CD</a> laptop. </p><p>OS/2 was used as part of the Satellite Operations Support System (SOSS) for <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_Satellite_System" title="Public Radio Satellite System">Public Radio Satellite System</a>. SOSS was a computer-controlled system using OS/2 that NPR member stations used to receive programming feeds via satellite. SOSS was introduced in 1994 using OS/2 3.0, and was retired in 2007, when NPR switched over to its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Radio_Satellite_System#ContentDepot" title="Public Radio Satellite System">ContentDepot</a>. </p><p>OS/2 was used to control the <a href="/wiki/SkyTrain_(Vancouver)" title="SkyTrain (Vancouver)">SkyTrain</a> automated light rail system in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>, Canada until the late 2000s when it was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Windows_XP" title="Windows XP">Windows XP</a>. </p><p>OS/2 was used in the <a href="/wiki/London_Underground" title="London Underground">London Underground</a> <a href="/wiki/Jubilee_Line_Extension" title="Jubilee Line Extension">Jubilee Line Extension</a> Signals Control System (JLESCS) in London, England. This control system delivered by Alcatel was in use from 1999 to 2011 i.e. between abandonment before opening of the line's unimplemented original automatic train control system and the present <a href="/wiki/SelTrac" title="SelTrac">SelTrac</a> system. JLESCS did not provide automatic train operation only manual train supervision. Six OS/2 local site computers were distributed along the railway between <a href="/wiki/Stratford_tube_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratford tube station">Stratford</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_tube_station" title="Westminster tube station">Westminster</a>, the shunting tower at <a href="/wiki/Stratford_Market_Depot" title="Stratford Market Depot">Stratford Market Depot</a>, and several formed the central equipment located at <a href="/wiki/Neasden_Depot" title="Neasden Depot">Neasden Depot</a>. It was once intended to cover the rest of the line between <a href="/wiki/Green_Park_tube_station" title="Green Park tube station">Green Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanmore_tube_station" title="Stanmore tube station">Stanmore</a> but this was never introduced. </p><p>OS/2 has been used by <a href="/wiki/The_Co-operative_Bank" title="The Co-operative Bank">The Co-operative Bank</a> in the UK for its domestic call centre staff, using a bespoke program created to access customer accounts which cannot easily be migrated to Windows. </p><p>OS/2 has been used by the <a href="/wiki/Stop_%26_Shop" title="Stop & Shop">Stop & Shop</a> supermarket chain (and has been installed in new stores as recently as March 2010). </p><p>OS/2 has been used on ticket machines for <a href="/wiki/Tramlink" title="Tramlink">Tramlink</a> in outer-London. </p><p>OS/2 has been used in <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Transportation_Authority" title="Metropolitan Transportation Authority">New York City's subway system</a> for <a href="/wiki/MetroCard" title="MetroCard">MetroCards</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-techl_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techl-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather than interfacing with the user, it connects simple computers and the mainframes. When NYC MTA finishes its transition to <a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless payment</a>, OS/2 will be removed.<sup id="cite_ref-tedium_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tedium-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OS/2 was used in checkout systems at <a href="/wiki/Safeway_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Safeway Inc">Safeway</a> supermarkets.<sup id="cite_ref-techl_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-techl-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>OS/2 was used by <a href="/wiki/Trenitalia" title="Trenitalia">Trenitalia</a>, both for the desktops at Ticket Counters and for the Automatic Ticket Counters up to 2011. Incidentally, the Automatic Ticket Counters with OS/2 were more reliable than the current ones running a flavor of Windows.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>OS/2 was used as the main operating system for <a href="/wiki/Abbey_National" title="Abbey National">Abbey National</a> General Insurance motor and home direct call centre products using the PMSC Series III insurance platform on DB2.2 from 1996 to 2001. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards">Awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i><a href="/wiki/BYTE" class="mw-redirect" title="BYTE">BYTE</a></i> in 1989 listed OS/2 as among the "Excellence" winners of the BYTE Awards, stating that it "is today where the Macintosh was in 1984: It's a development platform in search of developers". The magazine predicted that "When it's complete and bug-free, when it can really use the 80386, and when more desktops sport OS/2-capable PCs, OS/2 will—deservedly—supersede DOS. But even as it stands, OS/2 is a milestone product".<sup id="cite_ref-byte198901_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-byte198901-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 1995 OS/2 won seven awards<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>InfoWorld Product of the Year.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Five Awards at CeBIT. <ul><li>PC Professional Magazine - Innovation of the Year award.</li> <li>CHIP Magazine named OS/2 Warp the Operating System of the Year.</li> <li>DOS International named OS/2 Warp the Operating System of the Year.</li> <li>1+1 Magazine awarded it with the Software Marketing Quality award.</li> <li>Industrie Forum awarded it with its Design Excellence.</li></ul></li> <li>SPA Best Business Software Award.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="IBM_products_using_OS/2"><span id="IBM_products_using_OS.2F2"></span>IBM products using OS/2</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: IBM products using OS/2"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>IBM has used OS/2 in a wide variety of hardware products, effectively as a form of <a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">embedded operating system</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Product </th> <th style="width:12em;">Product type </th> <th>Usage of OS/2 </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>IBM 2074</td> <td>Console support controller</td> <td>Used to connect 3270 sessions to host via ESCON channels. Introduced in September 2000 as a replacement for local, non-SNA 3174 Control Units. All models were withdrawn in 2006 and replaced by the Open System Adapter Integrated Console Controller (OSA ICC).<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=IBM_3494&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="IBM 3494 (page does not exist)">IBM 3494</a></td> <td>Tape library</td> <td>Used as the operating system for the Library Manager (LM) that controlled the tape accessor (robot)<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_3745" title="IBM 3745">IBM 3745</a></td> <td>Communications controller</td> <td>Used as the operating system for the Service Processor (SP) and if installed, the Network Node Processor (NNP).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_3890" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 3890">IBM 3890</a></td> <td>Document processor</td> <td>The 3890/XP1 was announced November 12, 1988. It initially used OS/2 1.1 Extended Edition<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on a <a href="/wiki/IBM_PS/2_Model_80" title="IBM PS/2 Model 80">PS/2 Model 80</a> to emulate the stacker control software that previously ran on a <a href="/wiki/System/360" class="mw-redirect" title="System/360">System/360</a>. IBM later switched to OS/2 Warp.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td>IBM 473x</td> <td>ATM</td> <td>Used in a range of automatic teller machines manufactured by IBM. Was also used in later 478x ATMs manufactured with Diebold. </td></tr> <tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_9672" class="mw-redirect" title="IBM 9672">IBM 9672</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/IBM_mainframe" title="IBM mainframe">IBM mainframe</a></td> <td>Used as the operating system for the <a href="/wiki/IBM_Hardware_Management_Console#HMC_for_System_z" title="IBM Hardware Management Console">Hardware Management Console</a> (HMC) and Support Element (SE).<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Was also used in later mainframe models such as the IBM 2064. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_graphical_user_interface" title="History of the graphical user interface">History of the graphical user interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiple_Virtual_DOS_Machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Multiple Virtual DOS Machine">Multiple Virtual DOS Machine</a> (MVDM) – OS/2 virtual DOS machine and seamless Windows integration</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OpenDoc" title="OpenDoc">OpenDoc</a> – Software standard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Object_Model" class="mw-redirect" title="System Object Model">System Object Model</a> – Programming framework<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_OS/2" title="Team OS/2">Team OS/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Libraries_for_OS/2" title="Windows Libraries for OS/2">Windows Libraries for OS/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAN_Manager" title="LAN Manager">LAN Manager</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://groups.google.com/group/comp.os.ms-windows.misc/msg/d710490b745d5e5e">the original</a> on 2007-09-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Google+Groups&rft.atitle=%22What%27s+happening+to+OS%2F2%2C%22+a+Usenet+post+by+Gordon+Letwin+from+August+1995%2C+the+point+of+view+of+a+Microsoft+employee&rft.au=Gordon+Letwin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgroups.google.com%2Fgroup%2Fcomp.os.ms-windows.misc%2Fmsg%2Fd710490b745d5e5e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BillGatesInterviewSmithsonian-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-BillGatesInterviewSmithsonian_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates" class="citation interview cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Gates, Bill</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://americanhistory.si.edu/comphist/gates.htm">"Bill Gates Interview"</a>. <i>Computer History Collection</i> (transcript of a Video History interview). Interviewed by David Allison. National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computer+History+Collection&rft.atitle=Bill+Gates+Interview&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Famericanhistory.si.edu%2Fcomphist%2Fgates.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicrosoft2000" class="citation book cs1">Microsoft (2000). <i>Inside Out, Microsoft—In Our Own Words</i>. Warner Business Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-446-52739-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-446-52739-4"><bdi>0-446-52739-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+Out%2C+Microsoft%E2%80%94In+Our+Own+Words&rft.pub=Warner+Business+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-446-52739-4&rft.au=Microsoft&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CompatibilityofOS2basedAppsandAPIs-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CompatibilityofOS2basedAppsandAPIs_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicrosoft2008" class="citation web cs1">Microsoft (11 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://technet.microsoft.com/library/Cc939070">"Compatibility of OS/2-based Applications and APIs"</a>. <i>Microsoft TechNet</i>. Microsoft<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Microsoft+TechNet&rft.atitle=Compatibility+of+OS%2F2-based+Applications+and+APIs&rft.date=2008-09-11&rft.au=Microsoft&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechnet.microsoft.com%2Flibrary%2FCc939070&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Baltimore_Sun-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Baltimore_Sun_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorr1992" class="citation news cs1">Corr, O. Casey (1992-04-06). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200305171806/https://www.baltimoresun.com/news/bs-xpm-1992-04-06-1992097044-story.html">"GIANT-KILLER? 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.os2world.com/content/view/15847/1/">the original</a> on 2008-09-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-09-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+OS%2F2+Warp+History&rft.date=2004-06-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.os2world.com%2Fcontent%2Fview%2F15847%2F1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Art of Unix Programming p. 66 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-142901-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-142901-9">0-13-142901-9</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-13-142901-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-13-142901-7">978-0-13-142901-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oorexx.org/faq/">"Open Object REXX FAQ"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Open+Object+REXX+FAQ&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oorexx.org%2Ffaq%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.os2museum.com/wp/os2-history/os2-timeline/">"OS/2 Timeline"</a>. OS/2 Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OS%2F2+Timeline&rft.pub=OS%2F2+Museum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.os2museum.com%2Fwp%2Fos2-history%2Fos2-timeline%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/search?q=pc+mag&source=lnms&tbm=bks&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjdj9SX-f_QAhVKlxoKHf3NAd0Q_AUICSgC&biw=1385&bih=1255">"PC Magazine (archives scanned by Google)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>PC Magazine</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-12-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PC+Magazine&rft.atitle=PC+Magazine+%28archives+scanned+by+Google%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.co.uk%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dpc%2Bmag%26source%3Dlnms%26tbm%3Dbks%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwjdj9SX-f_QAhVKlxoKHf3NAd0Q_AUICSgC%26biw%3D1385%26bih%3D1255&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414130026/http://www.jatomes.com/Help/Os2Bat.php">"JaTomes Help - OS/2 Batch File Commands"</a>. <i>www.jatomes.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jatomes.com/Help/Os2Bat.php">the original</a> on 2019-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jatomes.com&rft.atitle=JaTomes+Help+-+OS%2F2+Batch+File+Commands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jatomes.com%2FHelp%2FOs2Bat.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190414130029/http://www.jatomes.com/Help/Os2Cmd.php">"JaTomes Help - OS/2 Commands"</a>. <i>www.jatomes.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jatomes.com/Help/Os2Cmd.php">the original</a> on 2019-04-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.jatomes.com&rft.atitle=JaTomes+Help+-+OS%2F2+Commands&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jatomes.com%2FHelp%2FOs2Cmd.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111124022946/https://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg246621.pdf">"OS/2 to Linux Client Transition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> redbook. 2004. p. 9. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redbooks.ibm.com/redbooks/pdfs/sg246621.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-11-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OS%2F2+to+Linux+Client+Transition&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=IBM+redbook&rft.date=2004&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redbooks.ibm.com%2Fredbooks%2Fpdfs%2Fsg246621.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_VMware_Team" class="citation web cs1">The VMware Team. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060420232220/http://www.vmware.com/support/reference/common/guest_os2_exp.html">"A Notice to OS/2 Users"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vmware.com/support/reference/common/guest_os2_exp.html">the original</a> on 2006-04-20.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Notice+to+OS%2F2+Users&rft.au=The+VMware+Team&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vmware.com%2Fsupport%2Freference%2Fcommon%2Fguest_os2_exp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://partnerweb.vmware.com/GOSIG/eComStation_2x.html">"Guest Operating System Installation Guide - eComStation 2.x"</a>. VMware. 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-01-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guest+Operating+System+Installation+Guide+-+eComStation+2.x&rft.pub=VMware&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpartnerweb.vmware.com%2FGOSIG%2FeComStation_2x.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVirtualBox" class="citation web cs1">VirtualBox. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virtualbox.org/wiki/Guest_OSes">"VirtualBox Guest_OSes"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=VirtualBox+Guest_OSes&rft.au=VirtualBox&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualbox.org%2Fwiki%2FGuest_OSes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcanoae.com/wiki/arcaos/installation-planning/virtual-machine-configuration/">"Virtual Machine Configuration"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtual+Machine+Configuration&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcanoae.com%2Fwiki%2Farcaos%2Finstallation-planning%2Fvirtual-machine-configuration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.arcanoae.com/wp-content/uploads/wiki/ArcaOS-changes.txt">"ArcaOS 5.0 Changes"</a>. <i>arcanoae.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-09-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arcanoae.com&rft.atitle=ArcaOS+5.0+Changes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.arcanoae.com%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fwiki%2FArcaOS-changes.txt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTimothy_Prickett_Morgan" class="citation web cs1">Timothy Prickett Morgan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070403063933/http://www.itjungle.com/breaking/bn090705-story01.html">"Breaking News—Parallels Joins the PC and Server Virtualization Fray"</a>. <i>itjungle.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itjungle.com/breaking/bn090705-story01.html">the original</a> on 2007-04-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-10-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=itjungle.com&rft.atitle=Breaking+News%E2%80%94Parallels+Joins+the+PC+and+Server+Virtualization+Fray&rft.au=Timothy+Prickett+Morgan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itjungle.com%2Fbreaking%2Fbn090705-story01.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_F._Morar,_David_M._Chess" class="citation web cs1">John F. Morar, David M. Chess. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604175403/http://www.research.ibm.com/massive/vb95a.html">"the effect of computer viruses on OS/2 and Warp"</a>. <i>research.ibm.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.research.ibm.com/massive/vb95a.html">the original</a> on 2011-06-04.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=research.ibm.com&rft.atitle=the+effect+of+computer+viruses+on+OS%2F2+and+Warp&rft.au=John+F.+Morar%2C+David+M.+Chess&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.research.ibm.com%2Fmassive%2Fvb95a.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ClamAV-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ClamAV_75-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101003215336/http://web.os2power.com/yuri/ClamAV">"OS/2 Power Wiki : ClamAV"</a>. January 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.os2power.com/yuri/ClamAV">the original</a> on 2010-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=OS%2F2+Power+Wiki+%3A+ClamAV&rft.date=2011-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.os2power.com%2Fyuri%2FClamAV&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">see IBM Developer Connection for OS/2, Internal Fixpack 12J</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pcw199407_handson-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pcw199407_handson_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidmead1994" class="citation magazine cs1">Bidmead, Chris (July 1994). "Just jamming". <i>Personal Computer World</i>. pp. 565–568.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Personal+Computer+World&rft.atitle=Just+jamming&rft.pages=565-568&rft.date=1994-07&rft.aulast=Bidmead&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">KbdGetConsole() and DosWaitMuxWaitSem(), see <i>Control Program Programming Guide and Reference</i>, IBM OS/2 Toolkit</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120728144512/http://www.atmmarketplace.com/article.php?id=9929">"Brazilian banks look to Linux for ATMs"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.atmmarketplace.com/article.php?id=9929">the original</a> on 2012-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-05-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazilian+banks+look+to+Linux+for+ATMs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.atmmarketplace.com%2Farticle.php%3Fid%3D9929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-82094600.html">"NetIQ Manages Over 1000 Windows Servers for One of Australia's Largest Banks; ANZ Bank Completes Roll Out of NetIQ Management Software to 1,300 Servers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(fee)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Business_Wire" title="Business Wire">Business Wire</a></i>. January 24, 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Business+Wire&rft.atitle=NetIQ+Manages+Over+1000+Windows+Servers+for+One+of+Australia%27s+Largest+Banks%3B+ANZ+Bank+Completes+Roll+Out+of+NetIQ+Management+Software+to+1%2C300+Servers&rft.date=2002-01-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1G1-82094600.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged September 2022">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged February 2019">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-techl-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-techl_81-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-techl_81-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCracken2012" class="citation web cs1">McCracken, Harry (April 2, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://techland.time.com/2012/04/02/25-years-of-ibms-os2-the-birth-death-and-afterlife-of-a-legendary-operating-system/3/">"25 Years of IBM's OS/2: The Strange Days and Surprising Afterlife of a Legendary Operating System"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i>. Technologizer<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=25+Years+of+IBM%27s+OS%2F2%3A+The+Strange+Days+and+Surprising+Afterlife+of+a+Legendary+Operating+System&rft.date=2012-04-02&rft.aulast=McCracken&rft.aufirst=Harry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftechland.time.com%2F2012%2F04%2F02%2F25-years-of-ibms-os2-the-birth-death-and-afterlife-of-a-legendary-operating-system%2F3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tedium-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tedium_82-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tedium.co/2019/06/13/nyc-subway-os2-history/">Subway History: How OS/2 Powered The NYC Subway For Decades</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730062213/https://tedium.co/2019/06/13/nyc-subway-os2-history/">Archived</a> 2019-07-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Andrew_Egan_(writer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Andrew Egan (writer) (page does not exist)">Andrew Egan</a>, Jun 13, 2019, <i>Tedium</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-byte198901-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-byte198901_83-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/byte-magazine-1989-01/1989_01_BYTE_14-01_PC_Communications_and_Annual_Awards_and_Digitizing_Tablets#page/n371/mode/2up">"The BYTE Awards"</a>. <i>BYTE</i>. January 1989. p. 327.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BYTE&rft.atitle=The+BYTE+Awards&rft.pages=327&rft.date=1989-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fbyte-magazine-1989-01%2F1989_01_BYTE_14-01_PC_Communications_and_Annual_Awards_and_Digitizing_Tablets%23page%2Fn371%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220408014532/http://public.dhe.ibm.com/rs6000/developer/library/dsnews/dsn5d.asc">"IBM's Developer Support News 1995 Issue 4"</a>. <i>POublic.dhe.ibm.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://public.dhe.ibm.com/rs6000/developer/library/dsnews/dsn5d.asc">the original</a> on 2022-04-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-10-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=POublic.dhe.ibm.com&rft.atitle=IBM%27s+Developer+Support+News+1995+Issue+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublic.dhe.ibm.com%2Frs6000%2Fdeveloper%2Flibrary%2Fdsnews%2Fdsn5d.asc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uT4EAAAAMBAJ&q=InfoWorld+Product+of+the+Year+1995&pg=PA72">"InfoWorld"</a>. <i>Books.google.com</i>. 25 March 1996. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Books.google.com&rft.atitle=InfoWorld&rft.pages=72&rft.date=1996-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuT4EAAAAMBAJ%26q%3DInfoWorld%2BProduct%2Bof%2Bthe%2BYear%2B1995%26pg%3DPA72&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/cgi-bin/ssialias?infotype=an&subtype=ca&htmlfid=897/ENUS102-054&appname=isource&language=enus">"IBM 2074 Model 2 Console Support Controller — Consolidating and Streamlining Console Support Function"</a>. 26 February 2002<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 June</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+2074+Model+2+Console+Support+Controller+%E2%80%94+Consolidating+and+Streamlining+Console+Support+Function&rft.date=2002-02-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.ibm.com%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2Fcgi-bin%2Fssialias%3Finfotype%3Dan%26subtype%3Dca%26htmlfid%3D897%2FENUS102-054%26appname%3Disource%26language%3Denus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redbooks.ibm.com/abstracts/sg244632.html"><i>IBM TotalStorage 3494 Tape Library: A Practical Guide to Tape Drives and Tape Automation</i></a>. IBM. 2009. p. 420. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7384-3222-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7384-3222-9"><bdi>978-0-7384-3222-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=IBM+TotalStorage+3494+Tape+Library%3A+A+Practical+Guide+to+Tape+Drives+and+Tape+Automation&rft.pages=420&rft.pub=IBM&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7384-3222-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.redbooks.ibm.com%2Fabstracts%2Fsg244632.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://public.dhe.ibm.com/networking/nswww/as400/3746p/3746sp.pdf">"IBM 3746 Software Plan"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. IBM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+3746+Software+Plan&rft.pub=IBM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublic.dhe.ibm.com%2Fnetworking%2Fnswww%2Fas400%2F3746p%2F3746sp.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.jsp?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_sm/1/872/ENUS3890-XP1/index.html&lang=en">"IBM Announcement Letter"</a>. IBM<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+Announcement+Letter&rft.pub=IBM&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.ibm.com%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2FShowDoc.jsp%3FdocURL%3D%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2Frep_sm%2F1%2F872%2FENUS3890-XP1%2Findex.html%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-01.ibm.com/common/ssi/ShowDoc.jsp?docURL=/common/ssi/rep_rp/1/ENUS8V1161/index.html&lang=en">"IBM Announcement Letter"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IBM+Announcement+Letter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-01.ibm.com%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2FShowDoc.jsp%3FdocURL%3D%2Fcommon%2Fssi%2Frep_rp%2F1%2FENUS8V1161%2Findex.html%26lang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140305172128/https://www-304.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=isg2f2b053a60fd5a852852568dc00605f0d&aid=1">"Support Element Operations Guide"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-304.ibm.com/support/docview.wss?uid=isg2f2b053a60fd5a852852568dc00605f0d&aid=1">the original</a> on 2014-03-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">30 December</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Support+Element+Operations+Guide&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww-304.ibm.com%2Fsupport%2Fdocview.wss%3Fuid%3Disg2f2b053a60fd5a852852568dc00605f0d%26aid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarvey_M._Deitel_and_Michael_S._Kogan1992" class="citation book cs1">Harvey M. Deitel and Michael S. Kogan (1992). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/designofos20000deit"><i>The Design of OS/2</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-201-54889-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-201-54889-5"><bdi>0-201-54889-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Design+of+OS%2F2&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-201-54889-5&rft.au=Harvey+M.+Deitel+and+Michael+S.+Kogan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdesignofos20000deit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLetwin,_Gordon1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Letwin" title="Gordon Letwin">Letwin, Gordon</a> (1988). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/insideos200letw"><i>Inside OS/2</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Press" title="Microsoft Press">Microsoft Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55615-117-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55615-117-9"><bdi>1-55615-117-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+OS%2F2&rft.pub=Microsoft+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=1-55615-117-9&rft.au=Letwin%2C+Gordon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Finsideos200letw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPascal,_Zachary1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pascal_Zachary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pascal Zachary (page does not exist)">Pascal, Zachary</a> (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/showstopperbreak00zach"><i>Showstopper! The Breakneck Race to Create Windows NT and the Next Generation at Microsoft</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Warner_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Books">Warner Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-02-935671-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-02-935671-7"><bdi>0-02-935671-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Showstopper%21+The+Breakneck+Race+to+Create+Windows+NT+and+the+Next+Generation+at+Microsoft&rft.pub=Warner+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-02-935671-7&rft.au=Pascal%2C+Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fshowstopperbreak00zach&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Moylan2004" class="citation web cs1">Peter Moylan (2004-07-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221217044750/http://www.pmoylan.org/pages/os2/concepts.html">"Some fundamental OS/2 concepts"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pmoylan.org/pages/os2/concepts.html">the original</a> on 2022-12-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Some+fundamental+OS%2F2+concepts&rft.date=2004-07-23&rft.au=Peter+Moylan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pmoylan.org%2Fpages%2Fos2%2Fconcepts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichal_Necasek2005" class="citation web cs1">Michal Necasek (2005-12-03). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100812090618/http://pages.prodigy.net/michaln/history/os2ppc/index.html">"OS/2 Warp, PowerPC Edition"</a>. <i>The History of OS/2</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pages.prodigy.net/michaln/history/os2ppc/index.html">the original</a> on August 12, 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 10,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+History+of+OS%2F2&rft.atitle=OS%2F2+Warp%2C+PowerPC+Edition&rft.date=2005-12-03&rft.au=Michal+Necasek&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpages.prodigy.net%2Fmichaln%2Fhistory%2Fos2ppc%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span>—Necasek discusses an aborted port to PowerPC machines.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReimer" class="citation web cs1">Reimer, Jeremy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131210112407/http://arstechnica.com/business/2013/11/half-an-operating-system-the-triumph-and-tragedy-of-os2/">"Half an operating system: The triumph and tragedy of OS/2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/business/2013/11/half-an-operating-system-the-triumph-and-tragedy-of-os2/">the original</a> on 10 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Half+an+operating+system%3A+The+triumph+and+tragedy+of+OS%2F2&rft.aulast=Reimer&rft.aufirst=Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fbusiness%2F2013%2F11%2Fhalf-an-operating-system-the-triumph-and-tragedy-of-os2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOS%2F2" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OS/2&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.os2world.com/cms/">os2world.com – Community of OS/2 users</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725180634/http://en.ecomstation.ru/community/?action=interviews">ecomstation.ru – Community of eComStation and OS/2 users</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040123160325/http://www.netlabs.org/">netlabs.org – OpenSource Software for OS/2 and eCS</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191113191021/http://www.mit.edu/activities/os2/faq/os2faq-toc.html">OS/2 FAQ</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hobbes.nmsu.edu/">hobbes.nmsu.edu – The OS/2 software repository</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200406045055/https://hobbes.nmsu.edu/">Archived</a> 2020-04-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516040622/http://www.edm2.com/">EDM/2 – The source for OS/2 developers</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ecomstation.it/ecsoft2/index.php?language=en">eCSoft/2 – The OS/2 and eComstation software guide</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608060051/http://www.ecomstation.it/ecsoft2/index.php?language=en">Archived</a> 2010-06-08 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.osfree.org/">osFree an open source project to build an OS/2 clone operating system</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071107025654/http://voyager.netlabs.org/en/site/index.xml">Voyager Project, a defunct project to reimplement OS/2 on modern technology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://os2linux.sourceforge.net/">OS/2 to Linux API porting project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://i1.dk/ntos2/">Open Source OS/2 API implementation for Windows</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080415165425/http://www.microsoft.com/technet/archive/ntwrkstn/reskit/os2comp.mspx?mfr=true">Microsoft documentation of OS/2 API compatibility with Windows NT</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040219074709/http://pages.prodigy.net/michaln/history/">The History of OS/2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070324064951/http://pclt.cis.yale.edu/pclt/OPSYS/OS2.HTM">Technical details of OS/2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elstel.org/OS2Warp/InstallUpdate.html">OS/2 Warp 4 Installation and Update Manual; with boot disks and many links</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OS/2" title="Template:OS/2"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OS/2" title="Template talk:OS/2"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OS/2" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OS/2"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="OS/2" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OS/2</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Developers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> (1.0 to 1.3 only)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Iacobucci" title="Ed Iacobucci">Ed Iacobucci</a> (chief architect)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Appelman" title="Barry Appelman">Barry Appelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Belfiore" title="Joe Belfiore">Joe Belfiore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Comaford" title="Christine Comaford">Christine Comaford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dunie" title="Moshe Dunie">Moshe Dunie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naveen_Jain" title="Naveen Jain">Naveen Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kare" title="Susan Kare">Susan Kare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galina_Kofman" title="Galina Kofman">Galina Kofman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Leiba" title="Barry Leiba">Barry Leiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Letwin" title="Gordon Letwin">Gordon Letwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_R._Patrick" title="John R. Patrick">John R. Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zbikowski" title="Mark Zbikowski">Mark Zbikowski</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Os2logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Os2logo.svg/110px-Os2logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Os2logo.svg/165px-Os2logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Os2logo.svg/220px-Os2logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="911" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS/2_1.0" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 1.0">1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/2_1.1" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 1.1">1.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/2_1.2" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 1.2">1.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/2_1.21" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 1.21">1.21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/2_1.3" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 1.3">1.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/2_2.0" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 2.0">2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/2_2.1" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 2.1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/2_Warp_3" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 Warp 3">Warp 3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/2_Warp_Connect" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 Warp Connect">Warp Connect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_OS" title="Workplace OS">Warp Connect (PowerPC Edition)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/2_Warp_4" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 Warp 4">Warp 4.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS/2_Warp_4.5" class="mw-redirect" title="OS/2 Warp 4.5">Warp 4.5</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Information_Presentation_Facility" title="Information Presentation Facility">Information Presentation Facility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installable_File_System" title="Installable File System">Installable File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_LAN_Server" title="IBM LAN Server">LAN Server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_Manager" title="Presentation Manager">Presentation Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Libraries_for_OS/2" title="Windows Libraries for OS/2">Windows Libraries for OS/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_Shell" title="Workplace Shell">Workplace Shell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology<br />and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Common_User_Access" title="IBM Common User Access">Common User Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Performance_File_System" title="High Performance File System">High Performance File System</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pinball_(file_system)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinball (file system)">Pinball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JFS_(file_system)" title="JFS (file system)">Journaled File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Executable" title="New Executable">New Executable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadow_(OS/2)" title="Shadow (OS/2)">Shadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_System_Object_Model" title="IBM System Object Model">System Object Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Systems_Application_Architecture" title="IBM Systems Application Architecture">Systems Application Architecture</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/EComStation" title="EComStation">eComStation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ArcaOS" title="ArcaOS">ArcaOS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Odin_(code_conversion_software)" title="Odin (code conversion software)">Odin (Win32-OS/2)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Team_OS/2" title="Team OS/2">Team OS/2</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" 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title="commons:Category:OS/2">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems_by_IBM" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IBM_operating_systems" title="Template:IBM operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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<li><a href="/wiki/IBM_PC_DOS" title="IBM PC DOS">PC DOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DOS/V" title="DOS/V">DOS/V</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PC/IX" class="mw-redirect" title="PC/IX">PC/IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_AIX" title="IBM AIX">AIX</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OS/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_RT_PC#Software" title="IBM RT PC">AOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux" title="Red Hat Enterprise Linux">Red Hat Enterprise Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">Point of sale</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FlexOS#4680_OS" title="FlexOS">4680 OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4690_Operating_System" title="4690 Operating System">4690 OS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Projects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taligent" title="Taligent">Taligent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workplace_OS" title="Workplace OS">Workplace OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Monterey" title="Project Monterey">Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Trillian" class="mw-redirect" title="Project Trillian">Trillian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K42" title="K42">K42</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fedora_Linux" title="Fedora Linux">Fedora Linux</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:IBM_operating_systems" title="Category:IBM operating systems">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operating_systems_by_Microsoft" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Microsoft_operating_systems" title="Template:Microsoft operating systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Microsoft_operating_systems" title="Template talk:Microsoft operating systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft_operating_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Microsoft operating systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operating_systems_by_Microsoft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Operating systems by Microsoft</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Desktop / Server</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Windows_1.0" title="Windows 1.0">1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2.0" title="Windows 2.0">2.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_2.1" title="Windows 2.1">2.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_3.0" title="Windows 3.0">3.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_3.1" title="Windows 3.1">3.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_9x" title="Windows 9x">9x</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_NT" title="Windows NT">NT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS" title="MS-DOS">MS-DOS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MSX-DOS" title="MSX-DOS">MSX-DOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_4.0_(multitasking)" title="MS-DOS 4.0 (multitasking)">Multitasking MS-DOS 4.0/4.1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MS-DOS_7" title="MS-DOS 7">MS-DOS 7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DOS/V" title="DOS/V">DOS/V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z-DOS" title="Z-DOS">Z-DOS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OS/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenix" title="Xenix">Xenix</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_Asha_platform" title="Nokia Asha platform">Nokia Asha platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokia_X_platform" title="Nokia X platform">Nokia X platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Kin" title="Microsoft Kin">KIN OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Mobile" title="Windows Mobile">Windows Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Phone" title="Windows Phone">Windows Phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zune#Firmware" title="Zune">Zune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_10_Mobile" title="Windows 10 Mobile">Windows 10 Mobile</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Embedded / IoT</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ThreadX" title="ThreadX">Azure RTOS ThreadX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Sphere" title="Azure Sphere">Azure Sphere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modular_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Modular Windows">Modular Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Automotive" title="Windows Embedded Automotive">Windows Embedded Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Compact" title="Windows Embedded Compact">Windows Embedded Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_Embedded_Industry" title="Windows Embedded Industry">Windows Embedded Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windows_IoT" title="Windows IoT">Windows IoT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Network</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MS-Net" title="MS-Net">MS-Net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LAN_Manager" title="LAN Manager">LAN Manager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SONiC_(operating_system)" title="SONiC (operating system)">SONiC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azure_Linux" title="Azure Linux">Azure Linux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrelfish_(operating_system)" title="Barrelfish (operating system)">Barrelfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_(operating_system)" title="Cairo (operating system)">Cairo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeOS" title="HomeOS">HomeOS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midori_(operating_system)" title="Midori (operating system)">Midori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singularity_(operating_system)" title="Singularity (operating system)">Singularity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Venus" title="Microsoft Venus">Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verve_(operating_system)" title="Verve (operating system)">Verve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xbox_system_software" title="Xbox system software">Xbox system software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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