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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Cabraline_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Pre-Cabraline era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Cabraline_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portuguese_colonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portuguese_colonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Portuguese colonization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portuguese_colonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Elevation_to_kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Elevation_to_kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Elevation to kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Elevation_to_kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independent_empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independent_empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Independent empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independent_empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Early republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Contemporary era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Topography_and_hydrography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Topography_and_hydrography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Topography and hydrography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Topography_and_hydrography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity_and_conservation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity_and_conservation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Biodiversity and conservation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity_and_conservation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Foreign policy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_crime" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_enforcement_and_crime"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Law enforcement and crime </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_enforcement_and_crime-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Human rights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_subdivisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_subdivisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Political subdivisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_subdivisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Transportation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_and_ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Race and ethnicity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_and_ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Urbanization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Urbanization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Urbanization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Urbanization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Visual arts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Brazil</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 297 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-297" aria-hidden="true" > 297 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Бразилэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Бразилэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Бразилие – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бразилие" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasili%C3%AB" title="Brasilië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Brasilië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%9A%E1%88%8D" title="ብራዚል – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ብራዚል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia" title="Brasilia – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Brasilia" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राजील – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ब्राजील" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0" title="Бразилиа – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Бразилиа" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="البرازيل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البرازيل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%99%DC%9D%DC%A0" title="ܒܪܐܙܝܠ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܪܐܙܝܠ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AC" title="Պրազիլ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Պրազիլ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A8silo" title="Brèsilo – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Brèsilo" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="ব্ৰাজিল – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ব্ৰাজিল" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राजिल – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ब्राजिल" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pindor%C3%A1ma" title="Pindoráma – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pindoráma" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasil" title="Parasil – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Parasil" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziliya" title="Braziliya – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Braziliya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برزیل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="برزیل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Bambara" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="Bambara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bamanankan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="ব্রাজিল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্রাজিল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa-se" title="Pa-se – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Pa-se" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бразілія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бразілія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бразылія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бразылія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राज़ील – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ब्राज़ील" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9F%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8D" title="པུ་རུ་ཟིལ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པུ་རུ་ཟིལ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Бразил – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бразил" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бразили – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бразили" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braz%C3%ADlie" title="Brazílie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Brazílie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ch mw-list-item"><a href="https://ch.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Chamorro" lang="ch" hreflang="ch" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Chamoru" data-language-local-name="Chamorro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chamoru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasile" title="Brasile – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Brasile" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="لبريزيل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لبريزيل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia" title="Brasilia – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Brasilia" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AA%DE%83%DE%AC%DE%92%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0" title="ބުރެޒިލް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބުރެޒިލް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kintaa%CA%BCan%C3%A9h%C3%A9_Dine%CA%BC%C3%A9_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Kintaaʼanéhé Dineʼé Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Kintaaʼanéhé Dineʼé Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilska" title="Brazilska – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Brazilska" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राजिल – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ब्राजिल" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B1%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%9B%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A3%E0%BC%8B" title="བཱརཱ་ཛིལ་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="བཱརཱ་ཛིལ་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiilia" title="Brasiilia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Brasiilia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B6%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βραζιλία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βραζιλία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%E1%B9%A1il" title="Braṡil – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Braṡil" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Бразилия Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Бразилия Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilo" title="Brazilo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Brazilo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eʋegbe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برزیل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="برزیل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9sil" title="Brésil – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Brésil" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazylje" title="Brazylje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Brazylje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barazil" title="Barazil – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Barazil" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bras%C3%AEl" title="Brasîl – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Brasîl" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Bhrasa%C3%ADl" title="An Bhrasaíl – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Bhrasaíl" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Vrasseel" title="Yn Vrasseel – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Vrasseel" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziliya" title="Braziliya – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Braziliya" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braisil" title="Braisil – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Braisil" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%85%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Бразилехье – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Бразилехье" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="巴西" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="برزيل – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="برزيل" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%9D%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%B2" title="બ્રાઝિલ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="બ્રાઝિલ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B1%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%B6%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB" title="𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌹𐌻 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌱𐍂𐌰𐌶𐌹𐌻" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राझील – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ब्राझील" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A2-s%C3%AE" title="Pâ-sî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Pâ-sî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B8%8C%EB%9D%BC%EC%A7%88" title="브라질 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="브라질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palakila" title="Palakila – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Palakila" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Բրազիլիա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բրազիլիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राज़ील – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ब्राज़ील" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilska" title="Brazilska – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Brazilska" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilia" title="Brazilia – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Brazilia" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2" title="ব্রাজিল – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ব্রাজিল" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasilaq" title="Parasilaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Parasilaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бразили – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Бразили" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBrazili" title="IBrazili – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="IBrazili" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil%C3%ADa" title="Brasilía – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Brasilía" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasile" title="Brasile – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Brasile" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C" title="ברזיל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ברזיל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piresiili" title="Piresiili – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Piresiili" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ಬ್ರೆಜಿಲ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ರೆಜಿಲ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბრაზილია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბრაზილია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%9B%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%96%D9%84" title="برٛازیٖل – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="برٛازیٖل" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazylsk%C3%B4" title="Brazylskô – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Brazylskô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burezile" title="Burezile – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Burezile" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilia" title="Brazilia – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Brazilia" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasila" title="Brasila – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Brasila" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezil" title="Brezil – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Brezil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9zil" title="Brézil – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Brézil" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brez%C3%AEl" title="Brezîl – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Brezîl" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бразили – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Бразили" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດບຣາຊິນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດບຣາຊິນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazileja" title="Brazileja – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Brazileja" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latgaļu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia" title="Brasilia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Brasilia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braz%C4%ABlija" title="Brazīlija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Brazīlija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilija" title="Brazilija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Brazilija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brax%C3%AE" title="Braxî – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Braxî" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazili%C3%AB" title="Brazilië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Brazilië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziilii" title="Braziilii – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Braziilii" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/razgu%27e" title="razgu'e – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="razgu'e" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braz%C3%ADlia" title="Brazília – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Brazília" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राजिल – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ब्राजिल" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Бразил – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бразил" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezila" title="Brezila – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Brezila" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BD" title="ബ്രസീൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്രസീൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bra%C5%BCil" title="Brażil – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Brażil" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C4%ABhi" title="Parīhi – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Parīhi" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9D%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राझील – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ब्राझील" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბრაზილია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბრაზილია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="برازيل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="برازيل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برزیل – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="برزیل" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%93%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9C" title="ꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯓꯤꯜ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕ꯭ꯔꯥꯓꯤꯜ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C4%83-s%C4%83%CC%A4" title="Bă-să̤ – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Bă-să̤" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Бразил – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бразил" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="ဘရာဇီးနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘရာဇီးနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barasila" title="Barasila – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Barasila" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazili%C3%AB" title="Brazilië – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Brazilië" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazili%C3%AB" title="Brazilië – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Brazilië" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राजिल – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ब्राजिल" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्राजिल – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्राजिल" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%96%E3%83%A9%E3%82%B8%E3%83%AB" title="ブラジル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ブラジル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasile" title="Brasile – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Brasile" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%93%DF%99%DF%8B%DF%96%DF%AD%DF%8C%DF%9F" title="ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߓߙߋߖ߭ߌߟ" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8" title="Бразили – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бразили" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiilien" title="Brasiilien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Brasiilien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bresel" title="Bresel – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Bresel" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9si" title="Brési – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Brési" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia" title="Brasilia – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Brasilia" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Бразилий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Бразилий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biraazil" title="Biraazil – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Biraazil" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziliya" title="Braziliya – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Braziliya" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8D%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2" title="ਬ੍ਰਾਜ਼ੀਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬ੍ਰਾਜ਼ੀਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्रासील – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ब्रासील" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برازیل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="برازیل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="ဗရာသီးခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဗရာသီးခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target">ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برازیل – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="برازیل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9B" title="ប្រេស៊ីល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ប្រេស៊ីល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9sil" title="Brésil – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Brésil" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazylia" title="Brazylia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Brazylia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braziliya" title="Braziliya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Braziliya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ty mw-list-item"><a href="https://ty.wikipedia.org/wiki/Par%C4%ABihi" title="Parīihi – Tahitian" lang="ty" hreflang="ty" data-title="Parīihi" data-language-autonym="Reo tahiti" data-language-local-name="Tahitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Reo tahiti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilia" title="Brazilia – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Brazilia" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia" title="Brasilia – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Brasilia" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parasil" title="Parasil – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Parasil" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бразілія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бразілія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasila" title="Pasila – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Pasila" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2" title="ब्रासील – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ब्रासील" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9sil" title="Brésil – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Brésil" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%9E" title="ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱵᱨᱟᱡᱤᱞ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasile" title="Brasile – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Brasile" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazili" title="Brazili – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Brazili" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasili" title="Brasili – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Brasili" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B6%BA" title="බ්‍රසීලය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බ්‍රසීලය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%8A%D9%84" title="برازيل – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="برازيل" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBhurazili" title="IBhurazili – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="IBhurazili" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braz%C3%ADlia" title="Brazília – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Brazília" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilija" title="Brazilija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Brazilija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%EA%99%81%D1%97%D0%BB%D1%97%EA%99%97" title="Браꙁїлїꙗ – Church Slavic" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Браꙁїлїꙗ" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="Church Slavic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazylijo" title="Brazylijo – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Brazylijo" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barasiil" title="Barasiil – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Barasiil" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%95%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="بەڕازیل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەڕازیل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilkondre" title="Brasilkondre – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Brasilkondre" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB" title="Бразил – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бразил" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilia" title="Brasilia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Brasilia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasilien" title="Brasilien – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Brasilien" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பிரேசில் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பிரேசில்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lbrazil" title="Lbrazil – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Lbrazil" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasile" title="Brasile – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Brasile" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%9B%E1%82%83%E1%82%87%E1%81%B8%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းပရႃႇၸီး – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းပရႃႇၸီး" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D" title="బ్రెజిల్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బ్రెజిల్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braz%C3%ADl" title="Brazíl – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Brazíl" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="ประเทศบราซิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศบราซิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A5%E1%88%AB%E1%8B%9A%E1%88%8D" title="ብራዚል – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ብራዚል" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pal%C4%81sili" title="Palāsili – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Palāsili" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%86%E1%8F%8F%E1%8E%B5" title="ᏆᏏᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏆᏏᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tsetsêhestâhese</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ve mw-list-item"><a href="https://ve.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Venda" lang="ve" hreflang="ve" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Tshivenda" data-language-local-name="Venda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tshivenda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezilya" title="Brezilya – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Brezilya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazili%C3%BDa" title="Braziliýa – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Braziliýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%CC%B1razi%CC%B1t" title="Bi̱razi̱t – Tyap" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="Bi̱razi̱t" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="Tyap" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tyap</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бразилия – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Бразилия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Бразилія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бразилія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%DB%8C%D9%84" title="برازیل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="برازیل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%84%D9%89%D9%8A%DB%95" title="برازىلىيە – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="برازىلىيە" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahsih" title="Bahsih – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Bahsih" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazi%C5%82e" title="Braziłe – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Braziłe" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilii" title="Brazilii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Brazilii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil%C3%A4n" title="Brasilän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Brasilän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiilia" title="Brasiilia – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Brasiilia" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Braezi" title="Braezi – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Braezi" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="巴西" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazili%C3%AB" title="Brazilië – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Brazilië" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Breesil" title="Breesil – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Breesil" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巴西" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%96%D7%99%D7%9C" title="בראזיל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בראזיל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴西" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezilya" title="Brezilya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Brezilya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brezili%C3%AB" title="Brezilië – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Brezilië" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Brazilėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Brazilėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E8%A5%BF" title="巴西 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴西" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burazilu" title="Burazilu – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Burazilu" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bbc mw-list-item"><a href="https://bbc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Batak Toba" lang="bbc" hreflang="bbc" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Batak Toba" data-language-local-name="Batak Toba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Toba</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasil" title="Brasil – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Brasil" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fon mw-list-item"><a href="https://fon.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A9silt%C3%B2" title="Brésiltò – Fon" lang="fon" hreflang="fon" data-title="Brésiltò" data-language-autonym="Fɔ̀ngbè" data-language-local-name="Fon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fɔ̀ngbè</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Brazil" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brazilij%C9%99" title="Brazilijə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Brazilijə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%95%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A3%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D" title="ⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⵕⴰⵣⵉⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q155#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" 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.geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brazil&params=10_S_52_W_">10°S 52°W / 10°S 52°W / -10; -52</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#semi" title="This article is semi-protected."><img alt="Page semi-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1b/Semi-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Semi-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in South America</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Brazilian Republic" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Brazil_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brazil (disambiguation)">Brazil (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Republic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Brazilian Republic (disambiguation)">Brazilian Republic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Brasil" redirects here. For the phantom island, see <a href="/wiki/Brasil_(mythical_island)" title="Brasil (mythical island)">Brasil (mythical island)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Federative Republic of Brazil</div><div class="ib-country-names">República Federativa do Brasil</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Brazil"><img alt="Flag of Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/125px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/188px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/250px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brazil" title="Flag of Brazil">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of Brazil"><img alt="Coat of arms of Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/85px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/128px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg/170px-Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="515" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Brazil" title="Coat of arms of Brazil"> Coat of arms</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto:  Ordem e Progresso "Order and Progress"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem:  <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_National_Anthem" title="Brazilian National Anthem">Hino Nacional Brasileiro</a> "Brazilian National Anthem" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="202" data-mwtitle="Hino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0d/Hino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg/Hino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/Hino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg&lang=de&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="de" label="Deutsch ‪(de)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track 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src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg&lang=pt-br&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt-BR" label="português do Brasil ‪(pt-br)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg&lang=pt&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="pt" label="português ‪(pt)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3AHino-Nacional-Brasil-instrumental-mec.ogg&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div><div class="ib-country-anthem"><a href="/wiki/Flag_anthem" title="Flag anthem">Flag anthem</a>:  <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Flag_Anthem" title="Brazilian Flag Anthem">Hino à Bandeira Nacional</a><a href="#cite_note-HinoBandeira-1">[1]</a> "National Flag Anthem" <div style="display:inline-block;margin-top:0.4em;"><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="243" data-mwtitle="Brazilian_Flag_Anthem_(Ministry_of_Education).ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/8/84/Brazilian_Flag_Anthem_%28Ministry_of_Education%29.ogg/Brazilian_Flag_Anthem_%28Ministry_of_Education%29.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/84/Brazilian_Flag_Anthem_%28Ministry_of_Education%29.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">National Seal <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Seal_of_Brazil" title="National Seal of Brazil">Selo Nacional do Brasil</a> National Seal of Brazil <a href="/wiki/National_Seal_of_Brazil" title="National Seal of Brazil"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Seal_of_Brazil_%28color%29.svg/100px-National_Seal_of_Brazil_%28color%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Seal_of_Brazil_%28color%29.svg/150px-National_Seal_of_Brazil_%28color%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/National_Seal_of_Brazil_%28color%29.svg/200px-National_Seal_of_Brazil_%28color%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="570" /></a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:BRA_orthographic.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Brazil"><img alt="Location of Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BRA_orthographic.svg/250px-BRA_orthographic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BRA_orthographic.svg/375px-BRA_orthographic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/BRA_orthographic.svg/500px-BRA_orthographic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="551" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brazil&params=15_47_S_47_52_W_type:city">15°47′S 47°52′W / 15.783°S 47.867°W / -15.783; -47.867</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Largest city</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brazil&params=23_33_S_46_38_W_">23°33′S 46°38′W / 23.550°S 46.633°W / -23.550; -46.633</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official language <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>and national language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Recognized regional languages</th><td class="infobox-data">See <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil#Language_co-officialization" title="Languages of Brazil">regional official languages</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-census2022-2">[2]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>45.3% <a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians">Pardo</a></li> <li>43.5% <a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">White</a></li> <li>10.2% <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Black</a></li> <li>0.6% <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous</a></li> <li>0.4% <a href="/wiki/Asian_Brazilians" title="Asian Brazilians">East Asian</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1116488514"><div class="treeview"> <ul><li>79% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Christianity in Brazil">Christianity</a> <ul><li>51% <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholicism</a></li> <li>28% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li>12% <a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_Brazil" title="Irreligion in Brazil">no religion</a></li> <li>5% other religions <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a>, etc.</li></ul></li></ul></div> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Federal <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Brazil" title="Vice President of Brazil">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Geraldo_Alckmin" title="Geraldo Alckmin">Geraldo Alckmin</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="President of the Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">President of the Chamber of Deputies</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lira" title="Arthur Lira">Arthur Lira</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="President of the Federal Senate (Brazil)">President of the Federal Senate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rodrigo_Pacheco_(politician)" title="Rodrigo Pacheco (politician)">Rodrigo Pacheco</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Supreme_Federal_Court" title="President of the Supreme Federal Court">President of the Supreme Federal Court</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lu%C3%ADs_Roberto_Barroso" title="Luís Roberto Barroso">Luís Roberto Barroso</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Upper_house" title="Upper house">Upper house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Senate_(Brazil)" title="Federal Senate (Brazil)">Federal Senate</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/Lower_house" title="Lower house">Lower house</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_(Brazil)" title="Chamber of Deputies (Brazil)">Chamber of Deputies</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence</a> <div class="ib-country-sovereignty">from <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">Portugal</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Declared</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">7 September 1822</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1825)" title="Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)">Recognized</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">29 August 1825</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Republic</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 November 1889</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">5 October 1988</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">8,515,767 km2 (3,287,956 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">5th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">0.65</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• <a href="/wiki/2022_Brazilian_census" title="2022 Brazilian census">2022</a> census</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 203,080,756<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">7th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">23.8<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a>/km2 (61.6/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">193rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $4.702 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BR-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">8th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $22,122<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BR-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">78th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $2.188 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BR-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">8th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $10,296<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BR-8">[7]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">78th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 52<a href="#cite_note-WBgini-9">[8]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>high inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.760<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-10">[9]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">89th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Real</a> (R$) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">BRL</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>−2 to −5 (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">BRT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a> is not observed.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date format</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Date_and_time_notation_in_Brazil" title="Date and time notation in Brazil">dd/mm/yyyy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Brazil" title="Telephone numbers in Brazil">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Brazil" title="Telephone numbers in Brazil">+55</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:BR" title="ISO 3166-2:BR">BR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.br" title=".br">.br</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-11">[b]</a> officially the Federative Republic of Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-13">[c]</a> is the largest and easternmost country in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>. It is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">fifth-largest country by area</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">most populated countries</a>. Its capital is <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">its most populous city</a> is <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>. Brazil is a <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> composed of 26 <a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">states</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal District</a>. It is the only country in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a> where <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> is an <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_territories_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and territories where Portuguese is an official language">official language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Philander2012-14">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-CrocittiVallance2011-15">[12]</a> Brazil is among the world's most <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">multicultural</a> and ethnically diverse nations, due to over a century of mass <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">immigration from around the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[13]</a> Bounded by the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a> on the east, Brazil has a <a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Brazil" title="Coastline of Brazil">coastline</a> of 7,491 kilometers (4,655 mi).<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-17">[14]</a> Covering roughly half of South America's land area, it borders all other countries and territories on the continent except <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-18">[15]</a> Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> includes a <a href="/wiki/Amazon_rainforest" title="Amazon rainforest">vast tropical forest</a> home to diverse <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">wildlife</a>, a variety of <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Brazil" title="Environment of Brazil">ecological systems</a>, and extensive natural resources spanning numerous <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">protected habitats</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-17">[14]</a> This unique environmental heritage positions Brazil at number one of 17 <a href="/wiki/Megadiverse_countries" title="Megadiverse countries">megadiverse countries</a>. The country's natural richness is also the subject of significant global interest, as <a href="/wiki/Environmental_degradation" title="Environmental degradation">environmental degradation</a> (through processes such as <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Brazil" title="Deforestation in Brazil">deforestation</a>) has direct impacts on global issues such as <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">biodiversity loss</a>. The territory of present-day Brazil was inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">numerous tribal nations</a> prior to the landing of explorer <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> in 1500. Subsequently claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a>, Brazil remained a <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Portuguese colony</a> until 1808, when the capital of the empire was <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_court_to_Brazil" title="Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil">transferred from Lisbon to Rio de Janeiro</a>. In 1815, the colony was elevated to the rank of kingdom upon the formation of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a>. <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence</a> was achieved in 1822 with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary state</a> governed under a <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_imperial_family" title="Brazilian imperial family">constitutional monarchy</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_sovereignty" title="Parliamentary sovereignty">parliamentary system</a>. The ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Constitution_of_1824" title="Brazilian Constitution of 1824">first constitution in 1824</a> led to the formation of a bicameral legislature, now called the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a>. <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery</a> was <a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">abolished</a> in 1888. The country <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">became a presidential republic</a> in 1889 following a military <a href="/wiki/Coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Coup d'état">coup d'état</a>. An authoritarian <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">military dictatorship</a> emerged <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">in 1964</a> and ruled until 1985, after which civilian governance resumed. Brazil's current <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">constitution</a>, formulated in 1988, defines it as a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Federal_republic" title="Federal republic">federal republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> Due to its rich culture and history, the country ranks <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Brazil" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil">thirteenth in the world</a> by number of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[17]</a> Brazil is a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_power" title="Middle power">middle power</a><a href="#cite_note-SchaeferPoffenbarger2014-21">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Burges2016-22">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gina-23">[20]</a> that is an <a href="/wiki/Emerging_power" title="Emerging power">emerging power</a><a href="#cite_note-FRIDE-24">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collecott-25">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-DominguezKim2013-27">[24]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">major non-NATO ally</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-28">[25]</a> Categorized as a <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a>, Brazil is considered an advanced <a href="/wiki/Emerging_market" title="Emerging market">emerging economy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[26]</a> having the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">one of the-largest GDP</a> in the world in both nominal and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">PPP</a> terms—the largest in Latin America and the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.BR-8">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[27]</a> Classified as an upper-middle income economy by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>,<a href="#cite_note-wb-upper-middle-31">[28]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Newly_industrialized_country" title="Newly industrialized country">newly industrialized country</a> by the <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[29]</a> Brazil has the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_wealth" title="List of countries by total wealth">largest share of wealth</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Complexity_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Complexity Index">most complex economy</a> in South America. It is also one of the world's major <a href="/wiki/Breadbasket" title="Breadbasket">breadbaskets</a>, being the largest <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Brazil" title="Coffee production in Brazil">producer of coffee</a> for the last 150 years.<a href="#cite_note-Neilson102-33">[30]</a> Despite its growing economic and global profile, the country continues to face high levels of <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">corruption</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Brazil" title="Crime in Brazil">crime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Brazil" title="Social issues in Brazil">social inequality</a>. Brazil is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>, <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>, <a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a> and also an observer state of the <a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[31]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Brazil" title="Name of Brazil">Name of Brazil</a></div> The word Brazil probably comes from the Portuguese word for <a href="/wiki/Caesalpinia_echinata" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesalpinia echinata">brazilwood</a>, a tree that once grew plentifully along the Brazilian coast.<a href="#cite_note-Fausto1999-35">[32]</a> In Portuguese, brazilwood is called pau-brasil, with the word brasil commonly given the etymology "red like an <a href="/wiki/Ember" title="Ember">ember</a>", formed from brasa ('ember') and the suffix -il (from -iculum or -ilium).<a href="#cite_note-Vincent2003-36">[33]</a> It has alternatively been suggested that this is a folk etymology for a word for the plant related to an Arabic or Asian word for a red plant.<a href="#cite_note-37">[34]</a> As <a href="/wiki/Paubrasilia" title="Paubrasilia">brazilwood</a> produces a deep red dye, it was highly valued by the European textile industry and was the earliest commercially exploited product from Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker2007-38">[35]</a> Throughout the 16th century, massive amounts of brazilwood were harvested by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">indigenous peoples</a> (mostly <a href="/wiki/Tupi_people" title="Tupi people">Tupi</a>) along the Brazilian coast, who sold the timber to European traders (mostly Portuguese, but also French) in return for assorted European consumer goods.<a href="#cite_note-Lee2011-39">[36]</a> The official Portuguese name of the land, in original Portuguese records, was the "Land of the Holy Cross" (Terra da Santa Cruz),<a href="#cite_note-Corporation1880-40">[37]</a> but European sailors and merchants commonly called it the "Land of Brazil" (Terra do Brasil) because of the brazilwood trade.<a href="#cite_note-Léry1990-41">[38]</a> The popular appellation eclipsed and eventually supplanted the official Portuguese name. Some early sailors called it the "Land of Parrots".<a href="#cite_note-Sokolow2003-42">[39]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Guaraní language">Guaraní language</a>, an official language of <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a>, Brazil is called "Pindorama", meaning 'land of the palm trees'.<a href="#cite_note-Herrera-Sobek2012-43">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">History of Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For a chronological guide, see <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazilian_history" title="Timeline of Brazilian history">Timeline of Brazilian history</a>.</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Cabraline_era">Pre-Cabraline era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_history_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian history of Brazil">Pre-Cabraline history of Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples in Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">Marajoara culture</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pinturas_Rupestres_-_Serra_da_Capivara_I.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pinturas_Rupestres_-_Serra_da_Capivara_I.jpg/220px-Pinturas_Rupestres_-_Serra_da_Capivara_I.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pinturas_Rupestres_-_Serra_da_Capivara_I.jpg/330px-Pinturas_Rupestres_-_Serra_da_Capivara_I.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Pinturas_Rupestres_-_Serra_da_Capivara_I.jpg/440px-Pinturas_Rupestres_-_Serra_da_Capivara_I.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> at <a href="/wiki/Serra_da_Capivara_National_Park" title="Serra da Capivara National Park">Serra da Capivara National Park</a>, one of the largest and oldest concentrations of prehistoric sites in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a></figcaption></figure> Some of the earliest human remains found in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luzia_Woman" title="Luzia Woman">Luzia Woman</a>, were found in the area of <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Leopoldo" title="Pedro Leopoldo">Pedro Leopoldo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> and provide evidence of human habitation going back at least 11,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-LevineCrocitti1999-46">[43]</a> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">pottery</a> ever found in the Western Hemisphere was excavated in the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a> of Brazil and <a href="/wiki/Radiocarbon_dating" title="Radiocarbon dating">radiocarbon dated</a> to 8,000 years ago (6000 BC). The pottery was found near <a href="/wiki/Santar%C3%A9m,_Par%C3%A1" title="Santarém, Pará">Santarém</a> and provides evidence that the region supported a complex prehistoric culture.<a href="#cite_note-Eighth_Millennium_Pottery_from_a_Prehistoric_Shell_Midden_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon-47">[44]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Marajoara_culture" title="Marajoara culture">Marajoara culture</a> flourished on <a href="/wiki/Maraj%C3%B3" title="Marajó">Marajó</a> in the Amazon delta from AD 400 to 1400, developing sophisticated pottery, <a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">social stratification</a>, large populations, <a href="/wiki/Mound_building" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound building">mound building</a>, and complex social formations such as <a href="/wiki/Chiefdom" title="Chiefdom">chiefdoms</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mann-48">[45]</a> Around the time of the Portuguese arrival, the territory of current day Brazil had an estimated indigenous population of 7 million people,<a href="#cite_note-49">[46]</a> mostly semi-nomadic, who subsisted on hunting, fishing, gathering, and migrant agriculture. The population comprised several large indigenous ethnic groups (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/Tup%C3%AD_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupí people">Tupis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guaran%C3%AD_people" title="Guaraní people">Guaranis</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%AA_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Gê peoples">Gês</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arawak_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Arawak peoples">Arawaks</a>). The Tupi people were subdivided into the <a href="/wiki/Tupiniquim" title="Tupiniquim">Tupiniquins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tupinamb%C3%A1_people" title="Tupinambá people">Tupinambás</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200331-50">[47]</a> Before the arrival of the Europeans, the boundaries between these groups and their subgroups were marked by wars that arose from differences in culture, language and moral beliefs.<a href="#cite_note-Fausto-51">[48]</a> These wars also involved large-scale military actions on land and water, with <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalistic</a> rituals on <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoners of war</a>.<a href="#cite_note-52">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto200078–80-53">[50]</a> While heredity had some weight, leadership was a status more won over time than assigned in succession ceremonies and conventions.<a href="#cite_note-Fausto-51">[48]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slavery" title="Slavery">Slavery</a> among the indigenous groups had a different meaning than it had for Europeans, since it originated from a diverse socioeconomic organization, in which asymmetries were translated into <a href="/wiki/Kinship" title="Kinship">kinship</a> relations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto200050-54">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Portuguese_colonization">Portuguese colonization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">Slavery in Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Emboabas" title="War of the Emboabas">War of the Emboabas</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inconfid%C3%AAncia_Mineira" title="Inconfidência Mineira">Minas Gerais Conspiracy</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_(1865%E2%80%931939).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg/220px-Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg/330px-Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg/440px-Desembarque_de_Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral_em_Porto_Seguro_em_1500_by_Oscar_Pereira_da_Silva_%281865%E2%80%931939%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2775" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> landing in <a href="/wiki/Porto_Seguro" title="Porto Seguro">Porto Seguro</a> in 1500, ushering in more than 300 years of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese rule</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Conjunto_arquitet%C3%B4nico_e_urban%C3%ADstico_de_Ouro_Preto.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Conjunto_arquitet%C3%B4nico_e_urban%C3%ADstico_de_Ouro_Preto.JPG/220px-Conjunto_arquitet%C3%B4nico_e_urban%C3%ADstico_de_Ouro_Preto.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Conjunto_arquitet%C3%B4nico_e_urban%C3%ADstico_de_Ouro_Preto.JPG/330px-Conjunto_arquitet%C3%B4nico_e_urban%C3%ADstico_de_Ouro_Preto.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Conjunto_arquitet%C3%B4nico_e_urban%C3%ADstico_de_Ouro_Preto.JPG/440px-Conjunto_arquitet%C3%B4nico_e_urban%C3%ADstico_de_Ouro_Preto.JPG 2x" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ouro_Preto" title="Ouro Preto">Ouro Preto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a>, was the center of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Gold_Rush" title="Brazilian Gold Rush">Brazilian Gold Rush</a> and was designated a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> due to its <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Baroque colonial architecture</a>.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg/220px-L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg/330px-L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg/440px-L%27Ex%C3%A9cution_de_la_Punition_de_Fouet_by_Jean-Baptiste_Debret.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4191" data-file-height="2762" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Execution of the Punishment of the Whip by <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret" title="Jean-Baptiste Debret">Jean-Baptiste Debret</a>. Nearly 5 million enslaved Africans were <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">imported to Brazil</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Atlantic slave trade">Atlantic slave trade</a>, more than any country.<a href="#cite_note-55">[52]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Following the 1494 <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tordesillas" title="Treaty of Tordesillas">Treaty of Tordesillas</a>, the land now called Brazil was claimed for the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese Empire</a> on 22 April 1500, with <a href="/wiki/Discovery_of_Brazil" title="Discovery of Brazil">the arrival of the Portuguese fleet commanded by Pedro Álvares Cabral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boxer,_p._98-56">[53]</a> The Portuguese encountered indigenous peoples divided into several ethnic societies, most of whom spoke languages of the <a href="/wiki/Tupi%E2%80%93Guaran%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupi–Guaraní">Tupi–Guarani</a> family and fought among themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Boxer,_p._100-57">[54]</a> Though the first settlement was founded in 1532, <a href="/wiki/Colonization" title="Colonization">colonization</a> effectively began in 1534, when King <a href="/wiki/John_III_of_Portugal" title="John III of Portugal">John III of Portugal</a> divided the territory into the fifteen private and autonomous <a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_Brazil" title="Captaincies of Brazil">captaincies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-58">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Skidmore,_p._27-59">[56]</a> However, the decentralized and unorganized tendencies of the captaincies proved problematic, and in 1549 the Portuguese king restructured them into the <a href="/wiki/Governorate_General_of_Brazil" title="Governorate General of Brazil">Governorate General of Brazil</a> in the city of <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, which became the capital of a single and centralized Portuguese colony in South America.<a href="#cite_note-Skidmore,_p._27-59">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[57]</a> In the first two centuries of colonization, Indigenous and European groups lived in constant war, establishing opportunistic alliances in order to gain advantages against each other.<a href="#cite_note-61">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012-63">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[61]</a> By the mid-16th century, <a href="/wiki/Sugar#Sugarcane" title="Sugar">cane sugar</a> had become Brazil's most important export,<a href="#cite_note-Boxer,_p._100-57">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[62]</a> while slaves purchased in <a href="/wiki/Sub-Saharan_Africa" title="Sub-Saharan Africa">Sub-Saharan Africa</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Africa#Atlantic_slave_trade" title="Slavery in Africa">slave market of Western Africa</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a> (not only those from Portuguese allies of their colonies in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Angola" title="Portuguese Angola">Angola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Mozambique" title="Portuguese Mozambique">Mozambique</a>), had become its largest import,<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a> to cope with <a href="/wiki/Engenho" title="Engenho">sugarcane plantations</a>, due to increasing international demand for Brazilian sugar.<a href="#cite_note-Boxer,_p._102-69">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a> Brazil received more than 2.8 million slaves from Africa between the years 1500 and 1800.<a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> By the end of the 17th century, sugarcane exports began to decline<a href="#cite_note-72">[69]</a> and the discovery of gold by <a href="/wiki/Bandeirantes" title="Bandeirantes">bandeirantes</a> in the 1690s would become the new backbone of the colony's economy, fostering a <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Gold_Rush" title="Brazilian Gold Rush">gold rush</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> which attracted thousands of new <a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">settlers</a> to Brazil from Portugal and all Portuguese colonies around the world.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a> This increased level of immigration in turn caused <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Emboabas" title="War of the Emboabas">some conflicts</a> between newcomers and old settlers.<a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> Portuguese expeditions known as bandeiras gradually <a href="/wiki/Uti_possidetis#The_Brazilian_frontier_movement_into_Spanish-claimed_lands" title="Uti possidetis">expanded Brazil's original colonial frontiers</a> in South America to its approximately current borders.<a href="#cite_note-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[74]</a> In this era other European powers tried to colonize parts of Brazil, in incursions that the Portuguese had to fight, notably the French <a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">in Rio during the 1560s</a>, <a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">in Maranhão during the 1610s</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_invasions_of_Brazil" title="Dutch invasions of Brazil">Dutch in Bahia and Pernambuco</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Portuguese_War" title="Dutch–Portuguese War">Dutch–Portuguese War</a>, after the end of <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Union" title="Iberian Union">Iberian Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[75]</a> The Portuguese colonial administration in Brazil had two objectives that would ensure colonial order and the <a href="/wiki/Monopoly" title="Monopoly">monopoly</a> of Portugal's wealthiest and largest colony: to keep under control and eradicate all forms of <a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion" title="Slave rebellion">slave rebellion</a> and resistance, such as the <a href="/wiki/Palmares_(quilombo)" title="Palmares (quilombo)">Quilombo of Palmares</a>,<a href="#cite_note-79">[76]</a> and to repress all movements for autonomy or <a href="/wiki/Independence" title="Independence">independence</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Inconfid%C3%AAncia_Mineira" title="Inconfidência Mineira">Minas Gerais Conspiracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[77]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elevation_to_kingdom">Elevation to kingdom</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Portugal_(1807)" title="Invasion of Portugal (1807)">Invasion of Portugal (1807)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_court_to_Brazil" title="Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil">Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_rei_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_no_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_rei_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_no_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg/220px-Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_rei_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_no_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_rei_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_no_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg/330px-Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_rei_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_no_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_rei_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_no_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg/440px-Aclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_rei_Dom_Jo%C3%A3o_VI_no_Rio_de_Janeiro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1408" data-file-height="836" /></a><figcaption>The Acclamation of <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">King João VI</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, 6 February 1818</figcaption></figure> In late 1807, Spanish and Napoleonic forces threatened the security of <a href="/wiki/Continental_Portugal" title="Continental Portugal">continental Portugal</a>, causing <a href="/wiki/John_VI_of_Portugal" title="John VI of Portugal">Prince Regent John</a>, in the name of <a href="/wiki/Maria_I_of_Portugal" title="Maria I of Portugal">Queen Maria I</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Transfer_of_the_Portuguese_court_to_Brazil" title="Transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil">move the royal court</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> to <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Boxer,_p._213-81">[78]</a> There they established some of Brazil's first financial institutions, such as its local <a href="/wiki/Stock_exchange" title="Stock exchange">stock exchanges</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[79]</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Banco_do_Brasil" title="Banco do Brasil">National Bank</a>, additionally ending the Portuguese monopoly on Brazilian trade and opening Brazil's ports to other nations. In 1809, in retaliation for being forced into exile, the Prince Regent ordered the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_conquest_of_French_Guiana" title="Portuguese conquest of French Guiana">conquest of French Guiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[80]</a> With the end of the <a href="/wiki/Peninsular_War" title="Peninsular War">Peninsular War</a> in 1814, the courts of Europe demanded that Queen Maria I and Prince Regent John return to Portugal, deeming it unfit for the head of an ancient European monarchy to reside in a <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a>. In 1815, to justify continuing to live in Brazil, where the royal court had thrived for six years, the Crown established the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves</a>, thus creating a <a href="/wiki/Pluricontinental" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluricontinental">pluricontinental</a> transatlantic monarchic state.<a href="#cite_note-Mosher2008-84">[81]</a> However, the leadership in Portugal, resentful of the new status of its larger colony, continued to demand the return of the court to Lisbon (see <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution of 1820</a>). In 1821, acceding to the demands of revolutionaries who had taken the city of <a href="/wiki/Porto" title="Porto">Porto</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Adelman2006-85">[82]</a> John VI departed for Lisbon. There he swore an oath to the new constitution, leaving his son, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Prince Pedro de Alcântara</a>, as Regent of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Brazil" title="Kingdom of Brazil">Kingdom of Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-86">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independent_empire">Independent empire</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Brazil" title="Independence of Brazil">Independence of Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_cores_ajustadas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_cores_ajustadas.jpg/220px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_cores_ajustadas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_cores_ajustadas.jpg/330px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_cores_ajustadas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_cores_ajustadas.jpg/440px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_Independ%C3%AAncia_ou_Morte_-_cores_ajustadas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3694" data-file-height="1997" /></a><figcaption>Declaration of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_Independence_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="War of Independence of Brazil">Brazilian independence</a> by <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a> on <a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(Brazil)" title="Independence Day (Brazil)">7 September 1822</a></figcaption></figure> Tensions between Portuguese and Brazilians increased and the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Cortes" title="Portuguese Cortes">Portuguese Cortes</a>, guided by the new political regime imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Revolution_of_1820" title="Liberal Revolution of 1820">Liberal Revolution</a>, tried to re-establish Brazil as a colony.<a href="#cite_note-87">[84]</a> The Brazilians refused to yield, and Prince Pedro decided to stand with them, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Declaration_of_Independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Declaration of Independence">declaring the country's independence from Portugal</a> on 7 September 1822.<a href="#cite_note-88">[85]</a> A month later, Prince Pedro was declared the first <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a>, with the royal title of Dom <a href="/wiki/Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Pedro I of Brazil">Pedro I</a>, resulting in the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-89">[86]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_War_of_Independence" title="Brazilian War of Independence">Brazilian War of Independence</a>, which had already begun along this process, spread through the northern, northeastern regions and in the <a href="/wiki/Cisplatina" title="Cisplatina">Cisplatina</a> province.<a href="#cite_note-90">[87]</a> The last Portuguese soldiers surrendered on 8 March 1824;<a href="#cite_note-91">[88]</a> Portugal <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Rio_de_Janeiro_(1825)" title="Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)">officially recognized</a> Brazilian independence on 29 August 1825.<a href="#cite_note-92">[89]</a> On 7 April 1831, worn down by years of administrative turmoil and political dissent with both liberal and conservative sides of politics, including an attempt of <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_the_Equator" title="Confederation of the Equator">republican secession</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto199982–83-93">[90]</a> and unreconciled to the way that absolutists in Portugal had given in the succession of King John VI, Pedro I departed for Portugal to <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Wars" title="Liberal Wars">reclaim his daughter's crown</a> after <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Pedro_I_of_Brazil" title="Abdication of Pedro I of Brazil">abdicating the Brazilian throne</a> in favor of his five-year-old son and heir (Dom <a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>).<a href="#cite_note-94">[91]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg/170px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg/255px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg/340px-Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico_-_D._Pedro_II_na_abertura_da_Assembl%C3%A9ia_Geral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2531" data-file-height="3844" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pedro_II_of_Brazil" title="Pedro II of Brazil">Pedro II</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Brazil" title="List of monarchs of Brazil">Emperor of Brazil</a> between 1831 and 1889</figcaption></figure> As the new Emperor could not exert his constitutional powers until he came of age, a <a href="/wiki/Regency_period_(Empire_of_Brazil)" title="Regency period (Empire of Brazil)">regency</a> was set up by the National Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-95">[92]</a> In the absence of a charismatic figure who could represent a moderate face of power, during this period a series of localized rebellions took place, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cabanagem" title="Cabanagem">Cabanagem</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A3o-Par%C3%A1_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Grão-Pará Province">Grão-Pará</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mal%C3%AA_Revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Malê Revolt">Malê Revolt</a> in Salvador, the <a href="/wiki/Balaiada" title="Balaiada">Balaiada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Sabinada" title="Sabinada">Sabinada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Ragamuffin_War" title="Ragamuffin War">Ragamuffin War</a>, which began in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a> and was supported by <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>. These emerged from the provinces' dissatisfaction with the central power, coupled with old and latent social tensions peculiar to a vast, slaveholding and newly independent <a href="/wiki/Nation_state" title="Nation state">nation state</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_2,_2.1_to_2.3-96">[93]</a> This period of internal political and social upheaval, which included the <a href="/wiki/Praieira_revolt" title="Praieira revolt">Praieira revolt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a>, was overcome only at the end of the 1840s, years after the end of the regency, which occurred with the <a href="/wiki/Dom_Pedro_II#Early_coronation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dom Pedro II">premature coronation of Pedro II</a> in 1841.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999-97">[94]</a> During the last phase of the monarchy, internal political debate centered on the issue of slavery. The <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_slave_trade_to_Brazil" title="Atlantic slave trade to Brazil">Atlantic slave trade</a> was abandoned in 1850,<a href="#cite_note-98">[95]</a> as a result of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Act" title="Aberdeen Act">Aberdeen Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eus%C3%A9bio_de_Queir%C3%B3s_Law" title="Eusébio de Queirós Law">Eusébio de Queirós Law</a>, but only in May 1888, after a long process of internal mobilization and debate for an ethical and legal dismantling of <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Brazil" title="Slavery in Brazil">slavery in the country</a>, was the institution formally abolished with the approval of the <a href="/wiki/Lei_%C3%81urea" title="Lei Áurea">Golden Law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[96]</a> The foreign-affairs policies of the monarchy dealt with issues with the countries of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Cone" title="Southern Cone">Southern Cone</a> with whom Brazil had borders. Long after the <a href="/wiki/Cisplatine_War" title="Cisplatine War">Cisplatine War</a> that resulted in the independence of <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>,<a href="#cite_note-100">[97]</a> Brazil won three international wars during the 58-year reign of Pedro II: the <a href="/wiki/Platine_War" title="Platine War">Platine War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_War" title="Uruguayan War">Uruguayan War</a> and the devastating <a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_War" title="Paraguayan War">Paraguayan War</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/War_effort" title="War effort">war effort</a> in Brazilian history.<a href="#cite_note-101">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_2,_p._83,_and_2.6_"The_Paraguayan_War"-102">[99]</a> Although there was no desire among the majority of Brazilians to change the country's <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEErmakoff2006189-103">[100]</a> on 15 November 1889, in disagreement with the majority of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brazilian_Army" title="Imperial Brazilian Army">Imperial Army</a> officers, as well as with rural and financial elites (for different reasons), the monarchy was overthrown by a military coup.<a href="#cite_note-104">[101]</a> A few days later, the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Brazil" title="Flag of Brazil">national flag</a> was replaced with a new design that included the national motto "Ordem e Progresso", influenced by <a href="/wiki/Positivism" title="Positivism">positivism</a>. 15 November is now <a href="/wiki/Republic_Day" title="Republic Day">Republic Day</a>, a national holiday.<a href="#cite_note-105">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_republic">Early republic</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First Brazilian Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Second_Brazilian_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Brazilian Republic">Second Brazilian Republic</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_by_Benedito_Calixto_1893.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_by_Benedito_Calixto_1893.jpg/220px-Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_by_Benedito_Calixto_1893.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_by_Benedito_Calixto_1893.jpg/330px-Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_by_Benedito_Calixto_1893.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_by_Benedito_Calixto_1893.jpg/440px-Proclama%C3%A7%C3%A3o_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_by_Benedito_Calixto_1893.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5799" data-file-height="3574" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Republic_(Brazil)" title="Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)">Proclamation of the Republic</a>, 1893, oil on canvas by <a href="/wiki/Benedito_Calixto" title="Benedito Calixto">Benedito Calixto</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Revolu%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1930_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="613" data-file-height="432" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a> (center) during the <a href="/wiki/Revolution_of_1930" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolution of 1930">Revolution of 1930</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Massarosaw.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Massarosaw.jpg/220px-Massarosaw.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Massarosaw.jpg/330px-Massarosaw.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Massarosaw.jpg/440px-Massarosaw.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1261" data-file-height="915" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Brazilian Expeditionary Force">Brazilian Expeditionary Force</a> in <a href="/wiki/Massarosa" title="Massarosa">Massarosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italy</a>, during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">WWII</a></div></div></div></div></div> The early republican government was a military dictatorship, with the army dominating affairs both in Rio de Janeiro and in the states. Freedom of the press disappeared and elections were controlled by those in power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallman2002end_of_Chapter_1,_from_p._18_"Military_rule"-106">[103]</a> Not until 1894, following an <a href="/wiki/Encilhamento" title="Encilhamento">economic crisis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revolta_da_Armada" title="Revolta da Armada">a military one</a>, did civilians take power, remaining there until October 1930.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmallman200221–26-107">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[106]</a> In relation to its foreign policy, the country in this first republican period maintained a relative balance characterized by a success in resolving border disputes with neighboring countries,<a href="#cite_note-110">[107]</a> only broken by the <a href="/wiki/Acre_War" title="Acre War">Acre War</a> (1899–1902) and <a href="/wiki/Brazil_during_World_War_I" title="Brazil during World War I">its involvement</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> (1914–1918),<a href="#cite_note-111">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[110]</a> followed by a failed attempt to exert a prominent role in the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Nations" title="League of Nations">League of Nations</a>;<a href="#cite_note-114">[111]</a> Internally, from the crisis of Encilhamento<a href="#cite_note-115">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[114]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Revolta_da_Armada" title="Revolta da Armada">Navy Revolts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[115]</a> a prolonged cycle of financial, political and social instability began until the 1920s, keeping the country besieged by various rebellions, both civilian<a href="#cite_note-119">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[118]</a> and military.<a href="#cite_note-122">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[121]</a> Little by little, <a href="/wiki/Rebellions_and_revolutions_in_Brazil#1st_Republican_period_(1889–1930)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rebellions and revolutions in Brazil">a cycle of general instability</a> sparked by these crises undermined the regime to such an extent that in the wake of the murder of his running mate, the defeated opposition presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/Get%C3%BAlio_Vargas" title="Getúlio Vargas">Getúlio Vargas</a>, supported by most of the military, successfully led the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Revolution_of_1930" title="Brazilian Revolution of 1930">Revolution of 1930</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[123]</a> Vargas and the military were supposed to assume power temporarily, but instead closed down Congress, extinguished the Constitution, ruled with emergency powers and replaced the states' governors with his own supporters.<a href="#cite_note-127">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[125]</a> In the 1930s, three attempts to remove Vargas and his supporters from power failed. The first was the <a href="/wiki/Constitutionalist_Revolution" title="Constitutionalist Revolution">Constitutionalist Revolution</a> in 1932, led by São Paulo's <a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">oligarchy</a>. The second was a <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_uprising_of_1935" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian uprising of 1935">Communist uprising</a> in November 1935, and the last one a <a href="/wiki/Integralist_Uprising" title="Integralist Uprising">putsch</a> attempt by <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">local fascists</a> in May 1938.<a href="#cite_note-129">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[128]</a> The 1935 uprising created a security crisis in which Congress transferred more power to the executive branch. The <a href="/wiki/1937_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1937 Brazilian coup d'état">1937 coup d'état</a> resulted in the cancellation of the 1938 election and formalized Vargas as dictator, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Brazil)" title="Estado Novo (Brazil)">Estado Novo</a> era. During this period, government brutality and censorship of the press increased.<a href="#cite_note-132">[129]</a> During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Brazil remained neutral until August 1942, when the country suffered <a href="/wiki/Submarine_warfare#Atlantic_ocean" title="Submarine warfare">retaliation</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy_under_fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy under fascism">Fascist Italy</a> in a strategic dispute over the South Atlantic, and, therefore, <a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">entered the war</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">allied side</a>.<a href="#cite_note-133">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[132]</a> In addition to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic#South_Atlantic_(May_1942_–_September_1943)" title="Battle of the Atlantic">its participation in the battle of the Atlantic</a>, Brazil also sent an <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Expeditionary_Force" title="Brazilian Expeditionary Force">expeditionary force</a> to fight in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Campaign_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Campaign (World War II)">Italian campaign</a>.<a href="#cite_note-136">[133]</a> With the Allied victory in 1945 and the end of the fascist regimes in Europe, Vargas's position became unsustainable, and he was <a href="/wiki/1945_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1945 Brazilian coup d'état">swiftly overthrown</a> in another military coup, with democracy "reinstated" by the same army that had ended it 15 years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-137">[134]</a> Vargas committed suicide in August 1954 amid a political crisis, after having returned to power by election in 1950.<a href="#cite_note-138">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_era">Contemporary era</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship in Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_since_1985" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazil since 1985">History of Brazil since 1985</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Constru%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_Congresso_Nacional_Esplanada_dos_Minist%C3%A9rios_1959-10_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1430" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption>Construction of the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_Palace" title="National Congress Palace">National Congress building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, 1959, during the <a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek#Presidency" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">JK administration</a></figcaption></figure> Several brief interim governments followed Vargas's suicide.<a href="#cite_note-140">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Juscelino_Kubitschek" title="Juscelino Kubitschek">Juscelino Kubitschek</a> became president in 1956 and assumed a conciliatory posture towards the <a href="/wiki/Opposition_(politics)" title="Opposition (politics)">political opposition</a> that allowed him to govern without major crises.<a href="#cite_note-141">[138]</a> The economy and industrial sector grew remarkably,<a href="#cite_note-142">[139]</a> but his greatest achievement was the construction of the new capital city of <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, inaugurated in 1960.<a href="#cite_note-143">[140]</a> Kubitschek's successor, <a href="/wiki/J%C3%A2nio_Quadros" title="Jânio Quadros">Jânio Quadros</a>, resigned in 1961 less than a year after taking office.<a href="#cite_note-144">[141]</a> His vice-president, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Goulart" title="João Goulart">João Goulart</a>, assumed the presidency, but aroused strong political opposition<a href="#cite_note-145">[142]</a> and was <a href="/wiki/1964_Brazilian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1964 Brazilian coup d'état">deposed in April 1964</a> by a coup that resulted in a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">military dictatorship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[143]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas,_1968-04-04.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg/220px-Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg/330px-Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg/440px-Tanques_ocupam_a_Avenida_Presidente_Vargas%2C_1968-04-04.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="499" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/M41_Walker_Bulldog" title="M41 Walker Bulldog">M41s</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Avenida_Presidente_Vargas" title="Avenida Presidente Vargas">Avenida Presidente Vargas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, in April 1968, during the <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">military dictatorship</a></figcaption></figure> The new regime was intended to be transitory<a href="#cite_note-147">[144]</a> but gradually closed in on itself and became a full dictatorship with the promulgation of the <a href="/wiki/AI-5" class="mw-redirect" title="AI-5">Fifth Institutional Act</a> in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-Gaspari_p.35-148">[145]</a> Oppression was not limited to those who resorted to guerrilla tactics to fight the regime, but also reached institutional opponents, artists, journalists and other members of civil society,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA395_395],_last_paragraph-149">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[147]</a> inside and outside the country through the infamous "<a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>".<a href="#cite_note-151">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA396_396]-152">[149]</a> Like other brutal <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarian regimes</a>, due to an economic boom, known as the "<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Miracle" title="Brazilian Miracle">economic miracle</a>", the regime reached a peak in popularity in the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA395_395–97]-153">[150]</a> Slowly, however, the wear and tear of years of dictatorial power had not slowed the repression, even after the defeat of the leftist guerrillas.<a href="#cite_note-154">[151]</a> The inability to deal with the economic crises of the period and popular pressure made an opening policy inevitable, which from the regime side was led by Generals <a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Geisel" title="Ernesto Geisel">Ernesto Geisel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Golbery_do_Couto_e_Silva" title="Golbery do Couto e Silva">Golbery do Couto e Silva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_6_"The_military_government_and_the_transition_to_democracy_(1964–1984)"-155">[152]</a> With the enactment of the <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_law#Brazil" title="Amnesty law">Amnesty Law</a> in 1979, Brazil began a slow <a href="/wiki/Political_opening_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Political opening of Brazil">return to democracy</a>, which was completed during the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999-97">[94]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao.jpg/220px-Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao.jpg/330px-Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao.jpg/440px-Ulyssesguimaraesconstituicao.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2595" data-file-height="1772" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_Guimar%C3%A3es" title="Ulysses Guimarães">Ulysses Guimarães</a> holding the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution of 1988</a></figcaption></figure> Civilians returned to power in 1985 when <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Sarney" title="José Sarney">José Sarney</a> assumed the presidency. He became unpopular during his tenure through failure to control the economic crisis and <a href="/wiki/Hyperinflation" title="Hyperinflation">hyperinflation</a> he inherited from the military regime.<a href="#cite_note-156">[153]</a> Sarney's unsuccessful government led to the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 1989">election in 1989</a> of the almost-unknown <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Collor_de_Mello" title="Fernando Collor de Mello">Fernando Collor</a>, who was subsequently impeached by the National Congress in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-157">[154]</a> Collor was succeeded by his vice-president, <a href="/wiki/Itamar_Franco" title="Itamar Franco">Itamar Franco</a>, who appointed <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Henrique_Cardoso" title="Fernando Henrique Cardoso">Fernando Henrique Cardoso</a> Minister of Finance. In 1994, Cardoso produced a highly successful <a href="/wiki/Plano_Real" title="Plano Real">Plano Real</a>,<a href="#cite_note-158">[155]</a> that, after decades of failed economic plans made by previous governments attempting to curb hyperinflation, finally stabilized the Brazilian economy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Epilogue-159">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[157]</a> Cardoso won the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_1994" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 1994">1994 election</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_1998" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 1998">again in 1998</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[158]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Peaceful_transition_of_power" title="Peaceful transition of power">peaceful transition of power</a> from Cardoso to his main opposition leader, <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_2002" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 2002">elected in 2002</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_2006" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 2006">re-elected in 2006</a>), was seen as proof that Brazil had achieved a long-sought political stability.<a href="#cite_note-162">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[160]</a> However, sparked by indignation and frustrations accumulated over decades from corruption, <a href="/wiki/Police_brutality_by_country#Brazil" title="Police brutality by country">police brutality</a>, inefficiencies of the political <a href="/wiki/The_Establishment" title="The Establishment">establishment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_service" title="Public service">public service</a>, <a href="/wiki/2013_protests_in_Brazil" title="2013 protests in Brazil">numerous peaceful protests</a> erupted in Brazil in the middle of the first term of <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a>, who had succeeded Lula after winning election <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_2010" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 2010">in 2010</a> and again <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_presidential_election,_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian presidential election, 2014">in 2014</a> by narrow margins.<a href="#cite_note-164">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[162]</a> Rousseff <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Dilma_Rousseff" title="Impeachment of Dilma Rousseff">was impeached</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Congress">Brazilian Congress</a> in 2016, halfway into her second term,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-166">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[164]</a> and replaced by her Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Michel_Temer" title="Michel Temer">Michel Temer</a>, who assumed full presidential powers after Rousseff's impeachment was accepted on 31 August. Large street <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%9316_protests_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="2015–16 protests in Brazil">protests for and against her</a> took place during the impeachment process.<a href="#cite_note-168">[165]</a> The charges against her were fueled by political and economic crises along with evidence of involvement with politicians from all the primary political parties. In 2017, the Supreme Court requested the investigation of 71 Brazilian lawmakers and nine ministers of President <a href="/wiki/Michel_Temer" title="Michel Temer">Michel Temer</a>'s cabinet who were allegedly linked to the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Car_Wash" title="Operation Car Wash">Petrobras corruption scandal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[166]</a> President Temer himself was also accused of <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">corruption</a>.<a href="#cite_note-170">[167]</a> According to a 2018 poll, 62% of the population said that corruption was Brazil's biggest problem.<a href="#cite_note-171">[168]</a> In the fiercely disputed <a href="/wiki/2018_Brazilian_general_election" title="2018 Brazilian general election">2018 elections</a>, the controversial conservative candidate <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Liberal_Party_(Brazil)" title="Social Liberal Party (Brazil)">Social Liberal Party</a> (PSL) was elected president, winning in the second round against <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Haddad" title="Fernando Haddad">Fernando Haddad</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)" title="Workers' Party (Brazil)">Workers Party</a> (PT), with the support of 55.13% of the valid votes.<a href="#cite_note-172">[169]</a> In the early 2020s, Brazil became <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Brazil" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil">one of the hardest hit countries</a> during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, receiving the second-highest death toll worldwide after the United States.<a href="#cite_note-BBCGuerin-173">[170]</a> In May 2021, <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> stated that he would run for a third term in the <a href="/wiki/2022_Brazilian_general_election" title="2022 Brazilian general election">2022 Brazilian general election</a> against Bolsonaro.<a href="#cite_note-Valor2021-05-20a-174">[171]</a> In October 2022, Lula was in first place in the first round, with 48.43% of the support from the electorate, and received 50.90% of the votes in the second round.<a href="#cite_note-175">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[173]</a> On 8 January 2023, a week after Lula's inauguration, a mob of Bolsonaro's supporters <a href="/wiki/2023_Brazilian_Congress_attack" title="2023 Brazilian Congress attack">attacked Brazil's federal government buildings</a> in the capital, <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a>, after several weeks of unrest.<a href="#cite_note-177">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-178">[175]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Geography of Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Amanhecer_no_Hercules_--.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Amanhecer_no_Hercules_--.jpg/220px-Amanhecer_no_Hercules_--.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Amanhecer_no_Hercules_--.jpg/330px-Amanhecer_no_Hercules_--.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Amanhecer_no_Hercules_--.jpg/440px-Amanhecer_no_Hercules_--.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Serra_dos_%C3%93rg%C3%A3os_National_Park" title="Serra dos Órgãos National Park">Serra dos Órgãos National Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teres%C3%B3polis" title="Teresópolis">Teresópolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Rio de Janeiro state">Rio de Janeiro state</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg/220px-Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg/330px-Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg/440px-Amazon_River_ESA387332.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Satellite image of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Delta" title="Amazon Delta">Amazon Delta</a></div></div></div></div></div> Brazil occupies a large area along the eastern coast of South America and includes much of the continent's interior,<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_6-179">[176]</a> sharing land borders with <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a> to the south; <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a> to the southwest; <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a> to the west; <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a> to the northwest; and <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a> and France (French overseas region of <a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a>) to the north. It shares a border with every South American country except <a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-17">[14]</a> The brazilian territory also encompasses a number of oceanic <a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">archipelagos</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Fernando_de_Noronha" title="Fernando de Noronha">Fernando de Noronha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocas_Atoll" title="Rocas Atoll">Rocas Atoll</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_and_Saint_Paul_Archipelago" title="Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago">Saint Peter and Paul Rocks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Trindade_and_Martim_Vaz" title="Trindade and Martim Vaz">Trindade and Martim Vaz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-17">[14]</a> Its size, relief, climate, and natural resources make Brazil geographically diverse.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_6-179">[176]</a> Including its <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> islands, Brazil lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/6th_parallel_north" title="6th parallel north">6°N</a> and <a href="/wiki/34th_parallel_south" title="34th parallel south">34°S</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/28th_meridian_west" title="28th meridian west">28°</a> and <a href="/wiki/74th_meridian_west" title="74th meridian west">74°W</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-17">[14]</a> Brazil is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_outlying_territories_by_total_area" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries and outlying territories by total area">fifth largest</a> country in the world, and third largest in the Americas, with a total area of 8,515,767.049 km2 (3,287,956 sq mi),<a href="#cite_note-Official_Area-180">[177]</a> including 55,455 km2 (21,411 sq mi) of water. North to South, Brazil is also the longest country in the world, spanning 4,395 km (2,731 mi) from north to south,<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-17">[14]</a> and the only country in the world that has the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">equator</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tropic_of_Capricorn" title="Tropic of Capricorn">Tropic of Capricorn</a> running through it.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-17">[14]</a> It spans four <a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">time zones</a>; from <a href="/wiki/UTC-05" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC-05">UTC−5</a> comprising the state of <a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a> and the westernmost portion of <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>, to <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9204" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−04">UTC−4</a> in the western states, to <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9203" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−03">UTC−3</a> in the eastern states (the <a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">national time</a>) and <a href="/wiki/UTC%E2%88%9202" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC−02">UTC−2</a> in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Brazil" title="List of islands of Brazil">Atlantic islands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-timezones-181">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brazil" title="Climate of Brazil">Climate of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K%C3%B6ppen_climate_types_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_types_of_Brazil.svg/220px-K%C3%B6ppen_climate_types_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_types_of_Brazil.svg/330px-K%C3%B6ppen_climate_types_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_types_of_Brazil.svg/440px-K%C3%B6ppen_climate_types_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>Brazil map of <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> zones</figcaption></figure> The climate of Brazil comprises a wide range of weather conditions across a large area and varied topography, but most of the country is tropical.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-17">[14]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen system</a>, Brazil hosts six major climatic subtypes: <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_rainforest_climate" title="Tropical rainforest climate">equatorial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tropical_climate" title="Tropical climate">tropical</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semiarid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Humid_subtropical_climate" title="Humid subtropical climate">subtropical</a>. The different climatic conditions produce environments ranging from <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_moist_broadleaf_forests" title="Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests">equatorial rainforests</a> in the north and semiarid deserts in the northeast, to <a href="/wiki/Temperate_coniferous_forest" title="Temperate coniferous forest">temperate coniferous forests</a> in the south and <a href="/wiki/Tropical_and_subtropical_grasslands,_savannas,_and_shrublands" title="Tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands">tropical savannas</a> in central Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Weather-182">[179]</a> In Brazil, <a href="/wiki/Forest_cover" title="Forest cover">forest cover</a> is around 59% of the total land area, equivalent to 496,619,600 hectares (ha) of forest in 2020, down from 588,898,000 hectares (ha) in 1990. In 2020, naturally regenerating forest covered 485,396,000 hectares (ha) and planted forest covered 11,223,600 hectares (ha). Of the naturally regenerating forest, 44% was reported to be <a href="/wiki/Primary_forest" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary forest">primary forest</a> (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 30% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For 2015, 56.% of the forest area was reported to be under <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">public ownership</a> and 44% <a href="/wiki/Private_property" title="Private property">private ownership</a>.<a href="#cite_note-183">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[181]</a> Many regions have starkly different <a href="/wiki/Microclimate" title="Microclimate">microclimates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_9-185">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-BT-186">[183]</a> An equatorial climate characterizes much of northern Brazil. There is no real <a href="/wiki/Dry_season" title="Dry season">dry season</a>, but there are some variations in the period of the year when most rain falls.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Weather-182">[179]</a> Temperatures average 25 °C (77 °F),<a href="#cite_note-BT-186">[183]</a> with more significant temperature variation between night and day than between seasons.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_9-185">[182]</a> Over central Brazil, rainfall is more seasonal, characteristic of a savanna climate.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_9-185">[182]</a> This region is as extensive as the Amazon basin but has a very different climate as it lies farther south at a higher altitude.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Weather-182">[179]</a> In the interior northeast, seasonal rainfall is even more extreme.<a href="#cite_note-Rain-187">[184]</a> South of Bahia, near the coasts, and more southerly most of the state of São Paulo, the distribution of rainfall changes, with rain falling throughout the year.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Weather-182">[179]</a> The south enjoys subtropical conditions, with cool winters and average annual temperatures not exceeding 18 °C (64.4 °F);<a href="#cite_note-BT-186">[183]</a> winter frosts and <a href="/wiki/Snow_in_Brazil" title="Snow in Brazil">snowfall</a> are not rare in the highest areas.<a href="#cite_note-BBC_Weather-182">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-Encarta_9-185">[182]</a> The semiarid climatic region generally receives less than 800 millimeters (31.5 in) of rain,<a href="#cite_note-Rain-187">[184]</a> most of which generally falls in a period of three to five months of the year<a href="#cite_note-188">[185]</a> and occasionally less than this, creating long periods of drought.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_9-185">[182]</a> Brazil's 1877–78 <a href="/wiki/Grande_Seca" title="Grande Seca">Grande Seca</a> (Great Drought), the worst in Brazil's history,<a href="#cite_note-189">[186]</a> caused approximately half a million deaths.<a href="#cite_note-190">[187]</a> A similarly devastating drought occurred in 1915.<a href="#cite_note-191">[188]</a> In 2024, for the first time, "a drought has covered all the way from the North to the country’s Southeast". It is the strongest drought in Brazil since the beginning of measurement in the 1950s, covering almost 60% of the country's territory. The drought is linked to deforestation and climate change.<a href="#cite_note-192">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[191]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Topography_and_hydrography">Topography and hydrography</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Brazil" title="List of rivers of Brazil">List of rivers of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_topo.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Brazil_topo.jpg/220px-Brazil_topo.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Brazil_topo.jpg/330px-Brazil_topo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Brazil_topo.jpg/440px-Brazil_topo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="1419" /></a><figcaption>Topographic map of Brazil</figcaption></figure> Brazilian topography is also diverse and includes hills, mountains, plains, highlands, and scrublands. Much of the terrain lies between 200 meters (660 ft) and 800 meters (2,600 ft) in elevation.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_7-195">[192]</a> The main upland area occupies most of the southern half of the country.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_7-195">[192]</a> The northwestern parts of the plateau consist of broad, rolling terrain broken by low, rounded hills.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_7-195">[192]</a> The southeastern section is more rugged, with a complex mass of ridges and mountain ranges reaching elevations of up to 1,200 meters (3,900 ft).<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_7-195">[192]</a> These ranges include the <a href="/wiki/Mantiqueira_Mountains" title="Mantiqueira Mountains">Mantiqueira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Espinha%C3%A7o_Mountains" title="Espinhaço Mountains">Espinhaço</a> mountains and the <a href="/wiki/Serra_do_Mar" title="Serra do Mar">Serra do Mar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_7-195">[192]</a> In the north, the <a href="/wiki/Guiana_Shield" title="Guiana Shield">Guiana Highlands</a> form a major drainage divide, separating rivers that flow south into the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Basin">Amazon Basin</a> from rivers that empty into the <a href="/wiki/Orinoco" title="Orinoco">Orinoco</a> River system, in Venezuela, to the north. The highest point in Brazil is the <a href="/wiki/Pico_da_Neblina" title="Pico da Neblina">Pico da Neblina</a> at 2,994 meters (9,823 ft), and the lowest is the Atlantic Ocean.<a href="#cite_note-CIA_Geo-17">[14]</a> Brazil has a dense and complex system of rivers, one of the world's most extensive, with eight major drainage basins, all of which drain into the Atlantic.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_8-196">[193]</a> Major rivers include the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_River" title="Amazon River">Amazon</a> (the world's second-longest river and the largest in terms of volume of water), the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná</a> and its major tributary the <a href="/wiki/Iguazu_River" title="Iguazu River">Iguaçu</a> (which includes the <a href="/wiki/Iguazu_Falls" title="Iguazu Falls">Iguazu Falls</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Negro_(Amazon)" title="Rio Negro (Amazon)">Negro</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Francisco_River" title="São Francisco River">São Francisco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xingu_River" title="Xingu River">Xingu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madeira_River" title="Madeira River">Madeira</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tapaj%C3%B3s" title="Tapajós">Tapajós</a> rivers.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_8-196">[193]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity_and_conservation">Biodiversity and conservation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Brazil" title="Environment of Brazil">Environment of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">Wildlife of Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Conservation_in_Brazil" title="Conservation in Brazil">Conservation in Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Environmental issues in Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">Protected areas of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Toco_Toucan_(Ramphastos_toco)_-_48153967707.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Toco_Toucan_%28Ramphastos_toco%29_-_48153967707.jpg/220px-Toco_Toucan_%28Ramphastos_toco%29_-_48153967707.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Toco_Toucan_%28Ramphastos_toco%29_-_48153967707.jpg/330px-Toco_Toucan_%28Ramphastos_toco%29_-_48153967707.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Toco_Toucan_%28Ramphastos_toco%29_-_48153967707.jpg/440px-Toco_Toucan_%28Ramphastos_toco%29_-_48153967707.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4662" data-file-height="2986" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Toco_toucan" title="Toco toucan">toco toucan</a> is an animal typical of the <a href="/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado">Brazilian savannas</a>.</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">wildlife of Brazil</a> comprises all naturally occurring <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">animals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South American</a> country. Home to 60% of the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon rainforest</a>, which accounts for approximately one-tenth of all <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> in the world,<a href="#cite_note-197">[194]</a> Brazil is considered to have the greatest <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> of any country on the planet, containing over 70% of all animal and plant species catalogued.<a href="#cite_note-198">[195]</a> Brazil has the most known species of <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plants</a> (55,000), freshwater <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> (3,000) and <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a> (over 689).<a href="#cite_note-DannyP_2007_shoestring-199">[196]</a> It also ranks third on the list of countries with the most <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">bird</a> species (1,832) and second with the most <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptile</a> species (744).<a href="#cite_note-DannyP_2007_shoestring-199">[196]</a> The number of fungal species is unknown but is large.<a href="#cite_note-Silva,_M_1995-200">[197]</a> Brazil is second only to <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> as the country with the most <a href="/wiki/Endemic" class="mw-redirect" title="Endemic">endemic</a> species.<a href="#cite_note-201">[198]</a> Brazil's large territory comprises different ecosystems, such as the Amazon rainforest, recognized as having the greatest <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biological diversity</a> in the world,<a href="#cite_note-WWF-202">[199]</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Forest" title="Atlantic Forest">Atlantic Forest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Cerrado" title="Cerrado">Cerrado</a> sustaining the greatest biodiversity.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_10-203">[200]</a> In the south, the <a href="/wiki/Araucaria_moist_forests" title="Araucaria moist forests">Araucaria moist forests</a> grow under temperate conditions.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_10-203">[200]</a> The rich wildlife of Brazil reflects the variety of natural habitats. Scientists estimate that the total number of <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">plant</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">animal species</a> in Brazil could approach four million, mostly invertebrates.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_10-203">[200]</a> Larger mammals include carnivores <a href="/wiki/Cougar" title="Cougar">pumas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaguar" title="Jaguar">jaguars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocelot" title="Ocelot">ocelots</a>, rare <a href="/wiki/Bush_dog" title="Bush dog">bush dogs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>, and herbivores <a href="/wiki/Peccary" title="Peccary">peccaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tapir" title="Tapir">tapirs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anteater" title="Anteater">anteaters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sloth" title="Sloth">sloths</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opossum" title="Opossum">opossums</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armadillo" title="Armadillo">armadillos</a>. <a href="/wiki/Deer" title="Deer">Deer</a> are plentiful in the south, and many species of <a href="/wiki/New_World_monkey" title="New World monkey">New World monkeys</a> are found in the northern <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rain forests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_10-203">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[201]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation,_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg/220px-20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg/330px-20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg/440px-20220910_Amazon_deforestation_and_degradation%2C_by_country_-_Amazon_Watch.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="675" /></a><figcaption>Cumulatively, Brazil has the highest percentage of deforested and degraded rainforest of any Amazonia nation.<a href="#cite_note-AmazonWatch_202209-205">[202]</a></figcaption></figure> More than one-fifth of the Amazon rainforest in Brazil has been completely destroyed, and more than 70 mammals are endangered.<a href="#cite_note-DannyP_2007_shoestring-199">[196]</a> The threat of extinction comes from several sources, including <a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Brazil" title="Deforestation in Brazil">deforestation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poaching" title="Poaching">poaching</a>. Extinction is even more problematic in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Forest" title="Atlantic Forest">Atlantic Forest</a>, where nearly 93% of the forest has been cleared.<a href="#cite_note-206">[203]</a> Of the 202 endangered animals in Brazil, 171 are in the Atlantic Forest.<a href="#cite_note-mre.gov-207">[204]</a> The Amazon rainforest has been under direct threat of deforestation since the 1970s because of rapid <a href="/wiki/Economic" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic">economic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Demographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic">demographic</a> expansion. Extensive legal and <a href="/wiki/Illegal_logging" title="Illegal logging">illegal</a> <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> destroy <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forests</a> the size of a small country per year, and with it a diverse series of species through <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a> and <a href="/wiki/Habitat_fragmentation" title="Habitat fragmentation">habitat fragmentation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-usda-208">[205]</a> Since 1970, over 600,000 square kilometers (230,000 sq mi) of the Amazon rainforest have been cleared by logging.<a href="#cite_note-209">[206]</a> In 2017, preserved native vegetation occupied 61% of the Brazilian territory. Agriculture occupied only 8% of the national territory and pastures 19.7%.<a href="#cite_note-210">[207]</a> For comparison, in 2019, although 43% of the entire European continent has forests, only 3% of the total forest area in Europe is of native forest.<a href="#cite_note-211">[208]</a> Brazil has a strong interest in conservation, as its agriculture sector directly depends on its forests.<a href="#cite_note-212">[209]</a> In 2020, the government of Brazil pledged to reduce its annual <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas" title="Greenhouse gas">greenhouse gas</a> emissions by 43% by 2030. It also sets an indicative target of reaching <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a> by 2060 if the country gets 10 billion dollars per year.<a href="#cite_note-213">[210]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Politics of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Federal government of Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Elections in Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pal%C3%A1cio_Nereu_Ramos_-_Bras%C3%ADlia_-_20150603172246.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pal%C3%A1cio_Nereu_Ramos_-_Bras%C3%ADlia_-_20150603172246.jpg/220px-Pal%C3%A1cio_Nereu_Ramos_-_Bras%C3%ADlia_-_20150603172246.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pal%C3%A1cio_Nereu_Ramos_-_Bras%C3%ADlia_-_20150603172246.jpg/330px-Pal%C3%A1cio_Nereu_Ramos_-_Bras%C3%ADlia_-_20150603172246.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Pal%C3%A1cio_Nereu_Ramos_-_Bras%C3%ADlia_-_20150603172246.jpg/440px-Pal%C3%A1cio_Nereu_Ramos_-_Bras%C3%ADlia_-_20150603172246.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4123" data-file-height="2727" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a>, seat of the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_branch" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative branch">legislative branch</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palacio_do_Planalto_(5348220087).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Palacio_do_Planalto_%285348220087%29.jpg/220px-Palacio_do_Planalto_%285348220087%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Palacio_do_Planalto_%285348220087%29.jpg/330px-Palacio_do_Planalto_%285348220087%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Palacio_do_Planalto_%285348220087%29.jpg/440px-Palacio_do_Planalto_%285348220087%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pal%C3%A1cio_do_Planalto" title="Palácio do Planalto">Palácio do Planalto</a>, the official workplace of the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of Brazil</a></figcaption></figure> The form of government is a <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democratic</a> <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federative</a> <a href="/wiki/Republic" title="Republic">republic</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> The president is both head of state and head of government of the Union and is elected for a four-year term,<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> with the possibility of re-election for a second successive term. The current president is <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-214">[211]</a> The President appoints the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_State" title="Minister of State">Ministers of State</a>, who assist in government.<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> Legislative houses in each political entity are the main source of law in Brazil. The <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a> is the Federation's bicameral legislature, consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Chamber_of_Deputies_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamber of Deputies of Brazil">Chamber of Deputies</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Senate of Brazil">Federal Senate</a>. Judiciary authorities exercise jurisdictional duties almost exclusively. In 2021, the <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a> categorized Brazil as a "<a href="/wiki/Flawed_democracy" class="mw-redirect" title="Flawed democracy">flawed democracy</a>", ranking 46th in the report,<a href="#cite_note-215">[212]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> classified it as a <a href="/wiki/Free_World" title="Free World">free country</a> at <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> report.<a href="#cite_note-FITW-TG-2021-216">[213]</a> The political-administrative organization of the Federative Republic of Brazil comprises the Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> The Union, the states, the Federal District, and the municipalities, are the "spheres of government". The <a href="/wiki/Federation" title="Federation">federation</a> is set on five fundamental principles: sovereignty, citizenship, dignity of human beings, the social values of labor and freedom of enterprise, and political <a href="/wiki/Pluralism_(political_theory)" title="Pluralism (political theory)">pluralism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> The classic tripartite branches of government (executive, legislative and judicial under a checks and balances system) are formally established by the Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> The executive and legislative are organized <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">independently in all three spheres of government</a>, while the judiciary is organized only at the federal and state and Federal District spheres. All members of the executive and legislative branches are directly elected.<a href="#cite_note-embassy-217">[214]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[216]</a> For most of its democratic history, Brazil has had a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>. Voting is <a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">compulsory</a> for the literate between 18 and 70 years old and optional for illiterates and those between 16 and 18 or beyond 70.<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> The country has around <a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">30 registered political parties</a>. Twenty political parties are represented in Congress. It is common for politicians to switch parties, and thus the proportion of congressional seats held by particular parties changes regularly.<a href="#cite_note-220">[217]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Law of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Supremo_Tribunal_de_Justi%C3%A7a_(4893152130).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Supremo_Tribunal_de_Justi%C3%A7a_%284893152130%29.jpg/220px-Supremo_Tribunal_de_Justi%C3%A7a_%284893152130%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Supremo_Tribunal_de_Justi%C3%A7a_%284893152130%29.jpg/330px-Supremo_Tribunal_de_Justi%C3%A7a_%284893152130%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Supremo_Tribunal_de_Justi%C3%A7a_%284893152130%29.jpg/440px-Supremo_Tribunal_de_Justi%C3%A7a_%284893152130%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1156" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Supreme Federal Court of Brazil">Supreme Federal Court of Brazil</a> serves primarily as the Constitutional Court of the country.</figcaption></figure> Brazilian law is based on the <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> legal system<a href="#cite_note-221">[218]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">civil law</a> concepts prevail over common law practice. Most of Brazilian law is codified, although non-codified statutes also represent a substantial part, playing a complementary role. Court decisions set out interpretive guidelines; however, they are seldom binding on other specific cases. Doctrinal works and the works of academic jurists have strong influence in law creation and in law cases. Judges and other judicial officials are appointed after passing entry exams.<a href="#cite_note-embassy-217">[214]</a> The legal system is based on the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Federal Constitution</a>, promulgated on 5 October 1988, and the fundamental law of Brazil. All other legislation and court decisions must conform to its rules.<a href="#cite_note-222">[219]</a> As of July 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit">[update]</a>, there have been 124 amendments.<a href="#cite_note-223">[220]</a> The highest court is the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Federal_Court" title="Supreme Federal Court">Supreme Federal Court</a>. States have their own constitutions, which must not contradict the Federal Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-224">[221]</a> Municipalities and the Federal District have "organic laws" (leis orgânicas), which act in a similar way to constitutions.<a href="#cite_note-DeffentiBarral2011-225">[222]</a> Legislative entities are the main source of statutes, although in certain matters judiciary and executive bodies may enact legal norms.<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> Jurisdiction is administered by the judiciary entities, although in rare situations the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Federal Constitution</a> allows the Federal Senate to pass on legal judgments.<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> There are also specialized military, labor and electoral courts.<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Brazilian Armed Forces</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:200923ASO_Anderson_Soares_50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/200923ASO_Anderson_Soares_50.jpg/220px-200923ASO_Anderson_Soares_50.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/200923ASO_Anderson_Soares_50.jpg/330px-200923ASO_Anderson_Soares_50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/200923ASO_Anderson_Soares_50.jpg/440px-200923ASO_Anderson_Soares_50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5049" data-file-height="3366" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">Brazilian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Saab_JAS_39_Gripen#Brazil" title="Saab JAS 39 Gripen">Saab Gripen NG</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%22Poseidon_2021%22_(51475998419).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%22Poseidon_2021%22_%2851475998419%29.jpg/220px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%22Poseidon_2021%22_%2851475998419%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%22Poseidon_2021%22_%2851475998419%29.jpg/330px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%22Poseidon_2021%22_%2851475998419%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%22Poseidon_2021%22_%2851475998419%29.jpg/440px-Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%22Poseidon_2021%22_%2851475998419%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5533" data-file-height="3689" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Navy" title="Brazilian Navy">Brazilian Navy</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Flagship" title="Flagship">flagship</a> <a href="/wiki/PHM_Atl%C3%A2ntico" class="mw-redirect" title="PHM Atlântico">PHM Atlântico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_frigate_Liberal_(F-43)" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian frigate Liberal (F-43)">frigate Liberal (F-43)</a> (background)</div></div></div></div></div> The armed forces of Brazil are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">largest</a> in Latin America by active personnel and the largest in terms of military equipment.<a href="#cite_note-226">[223]</a> The country was considered the 9th largest military power on the planet in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-227">[224]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[225]</a> It consists of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Army" title="Brazilian Army">Brazilian Army</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Army_Aviation_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Army Aviation Command">Army Aviation Command</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Navy" title="Brazilian Navy">Brazilian Navy</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Marine_Corps" title="Brazilian Marine Corps">Marine Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Naval_Aviation" title="Brazilian Naval Aviation">Naval Aviation</a>) and the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Air_Force" title="Brazilian Air Force">Brazilian Air Force</a>. Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Conscription" title="Conscription">conscription</a> policy gives it one of the world's largest military forces, estimated at more than 1.6 million <a href="/wiki/Military_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Military Reserve">reservists</a> annually.<a href="#cite_note-229">[226]</a> The Air Force is the largest in Latin America and has about 700 crewed aircraft in service and effective about 67,000 personnel.<a href="#cite_note-230">[227]</a> Numbering close to 236,000 active personnel,<a href="#cite_note-231">[228]</a> the Brazilian Army has the largest number of armored vehicles in South America, including armored transports and <a href="/wiki/Battle_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle tank">tanks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-militarypower1-232">[229]</a> The states' <a href="/wiki/Military_Police_(Brazil)" title="Military Police (Brazil)">Military Police</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Military_Firefighters_Corps" title="Military Firefighters Corps">Military Firefighters Corps</a> are described as an ancillary forces of the Army by the constitution, but are under the control of each state's governor.<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> Brazil's navy once operated some of the most powerful warships in the world with the two <a href="/wiki/Minas_Geraes-class_battleship" title="Minas Geraes-class battleship">Minas Geraes-class</a> <a href="/wiki/Dreadnought" title="Dreadnought">dreadnoughts</a>, sparking a <a href="/wiki/South_American_dreadnought_race" title="South American dreadnought race">naval arms race between Argentina, Brazil, and Chile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[230]</a> Today, it is a <a href="/wiki/Green-water_navy" title="Green-water navy">green water</a> force and has a group of specialized elite in retaking ships and naval facilities, <a href="/wiki/GRUMEC" title="GRUMEC">GRUMEC</a>, unit specially trained to protect Brazilian oil platforms along its coast.<a href="#cite_note-234">[231]</a> As of 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit">[update]</a>, it is the only navy in Latin America that operates a <a href="/wiki/Helicopter_carrier" title="Helicopter carrier">helicopter carrier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_aircraft_carrier_Atl%C3%A2ntico" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian aircraft carrier Atlântico">NAM Atlântico</a> and one of twelve navies in the world to operate or have one under construction.<a href="#cite_note-Poder_Naval-235">[232]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy">Foreign policy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Itamaraty_Palace_at_night,_January_2010.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Itamaraty_Palace_at_night%2C_January_2010.jpg/220px-Itamaraty_Palace_at_night%2C_January_2010.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Itamaraty_Palace_at_night%2C_January_2010.jpg/330px-Itamaraty_Palace_at_night%2C_January_2010.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Itamaraty_Palace_at_night%2C_January_2010.jpg/440px-Itamaraty_Palace_at_night%2C_January_2010.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4101" data-file-height="2724" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Itamaraty_Palace" title="Itamaraty Palace">Itamaraty Palace</a>, the seat of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Brazil)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Brazil)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a></figcaption></figure> Brazil's international relations are based on Article 4 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Federal Constitution</a>, which establishes <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-intervention</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">international cooperation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Peacebuilding" title="Peacebuilding">peaceful settlement of conflicts</a> as the guiding principles of Brazil's relationship with other countries and multilateral organizations.<a href="#cite_note-236">[233]</a> According to the Constitution, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President</a> has ultimate authority over foreign policy, while the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">Congress</a> is tasked with reviewing and considering all diplomatic nominations and <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">international treaties</a>, as well as legislation relating to Brazilian foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-237">[234]</a> Brazil's foreign policy is a by-product of the country's position as a <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a> in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, a leader among <a href="/wiki/Developing_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Developing countries">developing countries</a>, and an emerging <a href="/wiki/World_power" class="mw-redirect" title="World power">world power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-238">[235]</a> Brazilian foreign policy has generally been based on the principles of <a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">multilateralism</a>, peaceful dispute settlement, and <a href="/wiki/Non-interventionism" title="Non-interventionism">non-intervention</a> in the affairs of other countries.<a href="#cite_note-239">[236]</a> Brazil is a founding member state of the <a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a> (CPLP), also known as the Lusophone Commonwealth, an international organization and political association of <a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a> nations. An increasingly well-developed tool of Brazil's foreign policy is providing aid as a donor to other developing countries.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-240">[237]</a> Brazil does not just use its growing economic strength to provide financial aid, but it also provides high levels of expertise and most importantly of all, a quiet non-confrontational diplomacy to improve governance levels.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-240">[237]</a> Total aid is estimated to be around $1 billion per year, which includes.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-240">[237]</a> In addition, Brazil already managed a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Stabilisation_Mission_in_Haiti" title="United Nations Stabilisation Mission in Haiti">peacekeeping mission in Haiti</a> ($350 million) and makes in-kind contributions to the <a href="/wiki/World_Food_Programme" title="World Food Programme">World Food Programme</a> ($300 million).<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-240">[237]</a> The scale of this aid places it on par with China and India.<a href="#cite_note-ODI1-240">[237]</a> The Brazilian <a href="/wiki/South-South" class="mw-redirect" title="South-South">South-South</a> aid has been described as a "global model in waiting".<a href="#cite_note-241">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law_enforcement_and_crime">Law enforcement and crime</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Law enforcement in Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Brazil" title="Crime in Brazil">Crime in Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sede_da_Pol%C3%ADcia_Federal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Sede_da_Pol%C3%ADcia_Federal.jpg/220px-Sede_da_Pol%C3%ADcia_Federal.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Sede_da_Pol%C3%ADcia_Federal.jpg/330px-Sede_da_Pol%C3%ADcia_Federal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Sede_da_Pol%C3%ADcia_Federal.jpg/440px-Sede_da_Pol%C3%ADcia_Federal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="862" data-file-height="646" /></a><figcaption>Headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_of_Brazil" title="Federal Police of Brazil">Federal Police of Brazil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a></figcaption></figure> In Brazil, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a> establishes six different police agencies for law enforcement: <a href="/wiki/Federal_Police_Department" class="mw-redirect" title="Federal Police Department">Federal Police Department</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Highway_Police_(Brazil)" title="Federal Highway Police (Brazil)">Federal Highway Police</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federal_Railroad_Police" title="Federal Railroad Police">Federal Railroad Police</a>, Federal, District and State Penal Police (included by the Constitutional Amendment No. 104, of 2019), <a href="/wiki/Military_Police_(Brazil)" title="Military Police (Brazil)">Military Police</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_Police_(Brazil)" title="Civil Police (Brazil)">Civil Police</a>. Of these, the first three are affiliated with federal authorities, the last two are subordinate to state governments and the Penal Police can be subordinated to the federal or state/district government. All police forces are overseen by the executive branch of the federal or state government.<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Public_Security_Force" title="National Public Security Force">National Public Security Force</a> also can act in public disorder situations arising anywhere in the country.<a href="#cite_note-242">[239]</a> The country has high levels of violent crime, such as gun violence and homicides. In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) estimated the number of 32 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_intentional_homicide_rate" title="List of countries by intentional homicide rate">highest rates of homicide of the world</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[240]</a> The number considered acceptable by the WHO is about 10 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-244">[241]</a> In 2018, Brazil had a record 63,880 murders.<a href="#cite_note-245">[242]</a> However, there are differences between the crime rates in the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">Brazilian states</a>. While in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a> the homicide rate registered in 2013 was 10.8 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants, in <a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a> it was 64.7 homicides per 100,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-246">[243]</a> Brazil also has high levels of incarceration. It had the third largest prison population in the world of approximately 700,000 prisoners as of June 2014, which put it only behind the United States (2,228,424) and China (1,701,344).<a href="#cite_note-247">[244]</a> The high number of prisoners eventually overloaded the Brazilian prison system, leading to a shortfall of about 200,000 accommodations.<a href="#cite_note-248">[245]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brazil" title="Human rights in Brazil">Human rights in Brazil</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><div class="excerpt"> <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brazil" title="Human rights in Brazil">Human rights in Brazil</a> include the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_life" title="Right to life">right to life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>; and condemnation of slavery and torture. The nation ratified the <a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-249">[246]</a> The 2017 <a href="/wiki/Freedom_in_the_World" title="Freedom in the World">Freedom in the World</a> report by <a href="/wiki/Freedom_House" title="Freedom House">Freedom House</a> gives Brazil a score of "2" for both political rights and civil liberties; "1" represents the most free, and "7", the least.<a href="#cite_note-250">[247]</a> However, the following human rights problems have been reported: torture of detainees and inmates by police and prison security forces; inability to protect witnesses involved in criminal cases; harsh conditions; prolonged pretrial detention and inordinate delays of trials; reluctance to prosecute as well as inefficiency in prosecuting government officials for <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">corruption</a>; violence and discrimination against women;<a href="#cite_note-251">[248]</a> violence against children, including <a href="/wiki/Sexual_abuse" title="Sexual abuse">sexual abuse</a>; human trafficking; police brutality;<a href="#cite_note-252">[249]</a> discrimination against black and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous</a> people;<a href="#cite_note-Human_rights_in_Brazil_EARTH_PEOPLES-253">[250]</a> failure to enforce labour laws; and <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labour</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Informal_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal sector">informal sector</a>. Human rights violators often enjoy impunity.<a href="#cite_note-254">[251]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, "Brazil promotes a vast array of actions for the advancement and defense of human rights, even though it faces enormous social and economic inequalities".<a href="#cite_note-255">[252]</a></div></div>Same-sex couples in Brazil have held nationwide <a href="/wiki/Same-sex_marriage_in_Brazil" title="Same-sex marriage in Brazil">marriage rights</a> since May 2013.<a href="#cite_note-edition.cnn.com-256">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_subdivisions">Political subdivisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Brazil" title="Subdivisions of Brazil">Subdivisions of Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil" title="Municipalities of Brazil">Municipalities of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">States of Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions of Brazil</a></div> Brazil is a federation composed of 26 <a href="/wiki/Federated_state" title="Federated state">states</a>, one <a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">federal district</a>, and the 5,570 <a href="/wiki/Municipality" title="Municipality">municipalities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> States have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the Federal government. They have a governor and a unicameral legislative body elected directly by their voters. They also have independent <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Justice_(Brazil)" title="Court of Justice (Brazil)">Courts of Law</a> for common justice. Despite this, states have much less autonomy to create their own laws than in other federal states such as the United States. For example, criminal and civil laws can be voted by only the federal bicameral Congress and are uniform throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 700px; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; font-size: 90%; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg/700px-Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="700" height="617" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg/1050px-Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg/1400px-Brazil_Labelled_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="780" data-file-height="687" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; left:582px; top:55px"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:22px; top:482px"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:519px; top:482.7px"><a href="/wiki/North_Region,_Brazil" title="North Region, Brazil">North</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:519px; top:507.9px"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:519px; top:533.1px"><a href="/wiki/Central-West_Region,_Brazil" title="Central-West Region, Brazil">Central-West</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:519px; top:558.3px"><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Southeast Region, Brazil">Southeast</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:519px; top:583.5px"><a href="/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil" title="South Region, Brazil">South</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:64px; top:223px"><a href="/wiki/Acre_(state)" title="Acre (state)">Acre</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:134px; top:146px"><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:330px; top:146px"><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:183px; top:48px"><a href="/wiki/Roraima" title="Roraima">Roraima</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:330px; top:58.5px"><a href="/wiki/Amap%C3%A1" title="Amapá">Amapá</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:162px; top:265px"><a href="/wiki/Rond%C3%B4nia" title="Rondônia">Rondônia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:375.5px; top:244px"><a href="/wiki/Tocantins_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tocantins (state)">Tocantins</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:421px; top:167px"><a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:484px; top:272px"><a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:484px; top:202px"><a href="/wiki/Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:519px; top:153px"><a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:582px; top:153px"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:589px; top:195px"><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:533px; top:216px"><a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:589px; top:237px"><a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:568px; top:258px"><a href="/wiki/Sergipe" title="Sergipe">Sergipe</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:260px; top:293px"><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:267px; top:398px"><a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso_do_Sul" title="Mato Grosso do Sul">Mato Grosso do Sul</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:389.5px; top:307px"><a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal District</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:358px; top:349px"><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:414px; top:384px"><a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:358px; top:426px"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:484px; top:433px"><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:519px; top:398px"><a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:330px; top:468px"><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:351px; top:503px"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:295px; top:538px"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:148px; top:552px"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:148px; top:349px"><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:92px; top:447px"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:29px; top:41px"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:330px; top:13px"><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:239px; top:41px"><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:225px; top:440px"><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:29px; top:293px"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:274px; top:27px"><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:270.5px; top:594px"><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; left:134px; top:13px"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></div> </div> Municipalities, as the states, have autonomous administrations, collect their own taxes and receive a share of taxes collected by the federal and state government.<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> Each has an elected mayor and legislative body, but no separate Court of Law. Indeed, a Court of Law organized by the state can encompass many municipalities in a single justice administrative division called <a href="/wiki/Comarca" title="Comarca">comarca</a> (county).<a href="#cite_note-Constituição-19">[16]</a> Brazil's constitution also provides for the creation of <a href="/wiki/Federal_territories_of_Brazil" title="Federal territories of Brazil">federal territories</a>, which are administrative divisions directly controlled by the federal government. However, there are currently no federal territories in the country, as the 1988 Constitution abolished the last three: Amapá and Roraima (which gained statehood status) and Fernando de Noronha, which became a state district of Pernambuco.<a href="#cite_note-:4-257">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Economy of Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">Agriculture in Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Mining in Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Brazil" title="Industry in Brazil">Industry in Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Avenida_Paulista_no_p%C3%B4r_do_sol.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Avenida_Paulista_no_p%C3%B4r_do_sol.jpg/220px-Avenida_Paulista_no_p%C3%B4r_do_sol.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Avenida_Paulista_no_p%C3%B4r_do_sol.jpg/330px-Avenida_Paulista_no_p%C3%B4r_do_sol.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Avenida_Paulista_no_p%C3%B4r_do_sol.jpg/440px-Avenida_Paulista_no_p%C3%B4r_do_sol.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5984" data-file-height="3990" /></a><figcaption>Paulista Avenue, in São Paulo, is considered the main financial center of Brazil</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg/220px-Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg/330px-Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg/440px-Sao_Paulo_Stock_Exchange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3612" data-file-height="1918" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B3_(stock_exchange)" title="B3 (stock exchange)">B3</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">largest stock exchange of Latin America by market capitalization</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[256]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soja_Tangar%C3%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Soja_Tangar%C3%A1.jpg/220px-Soja_Tangar%C3%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Soja_Tangar%C3%A1.jpg/330px-Soja_Tangar%C3%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Soja_Tangar%C3%A1.jpg/440px-Soja_Tangar%C3%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soybean" title="Soybean">Soybean</a> crop in <a href="/wiki/Tangar%C3%A1_da_Serra" title="Tangará da Serra">Tangará da Serra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mato_Grosso" title="Mato Grosso">Mato Grosso</a><a href="#cite_note-exportaçãoagrícola-260">[257]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_03_2022_Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Repatria%C3%A7%C3%A3o_-_Chegada_dos_Brasileiros_e_Estrangeiros_provenientes_da_Ucr%C3%A2nia_(51931465965).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/10_03_2022_Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Repatria%C3%A7%C3%A3o_-_Chegada_dos_Brasileiros_e_Estrangeiros_provenientes_da_Ucr%C3%A2nia_%2851931465965%29.jpg/220px-10_03_2022_Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Repatria%C3%A7%C3%A3o_-_Chegada_dos_Brasileiros_e_Estrangeiros_provenientes_da_Ucr%C3%A2nia_%2851931465965%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/10_03_2022_Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Repatria%C3%A7%C3%A3o_-_Chegada_dos_Brasileiros_e_Estrangeiros_provenientes_da_Ucr%C3%A2nia_%2851931465965%29.jpg/330px-10_03_2022_Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Repatria%C3%A7%C3%A3o_-_Chegada_dos_Brasileiros_e_Estrangeiros_provenientes_da_Ucr%C3%A2nia_%2851931465965%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/10_03_2022_Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Repatria%C3%A7%C3%A3o_-_Chegada_dos_Brasileiros_e_Estrangeiros_provenientes_da_Ucr%C3%A2nia_%2851931465965%29.jpg/440px-10_03_2022_Opera%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Repatria%C3%A7%C3%A3o_-_Chegada_dos_Brasileiros_e_Estrangeiros_provenientes_da_Ucr%C3%A2nia_%2851931465965%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4176" data-file-height="2196" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Embraer_C-390_Millennium" title="Embraer C-390 Millennium">C-390</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/Embraer" title="Embraer">Embraer</a>, the third largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Civil_aircraft" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil aircraft">civil aircraft</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus" title="Airbus">Airbus</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[258]</a></figcaption></figure> Brazil's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GNI_(nominal)_per_capita#Upper-middle_income_group" title="List of countries by GNI (nominal) per capita">upper-middle income</a> <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixed</a> <a href="/wiki/Market_economy" title="Market economy">market economy</a> is rich in natural resources.<a href="#cite_note-262">[259]</a> It has the largest national economy in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">eighth-largest economy</a> in the world by nominal GDP, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">eighth-largest</a> by <a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>. After rapid growth in preceding decades, the country <a href="/wiki/2014%E2%80%932016_Brazilian_economic_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="2014–2016 Brazilian economic recession">entered an ongoing recession in 2014</a> amid a political corruption scandal and nationwide protests. A <a href="/wiki/Developing_country" title="Developing country">developing country</a>, Brazil has a <a href="/wiki/Labor_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor force">labor force</a> of roughly 100 million,<a href="#cite_note-263">[260]</a> which is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labour_force" title="List of countries by labour force">fifth-largest</a>; with a high unemployment rate of 14.4% as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-264">[261]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Foreign_exchange_reserves" title="Foreign exchange reserves">foreign exchange reserves</a> are the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_foreign_exchange_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by foreign exchange reserves">tenth-highest</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-265">[262]</a> The <a href="/wiki/B3_(stock_exchange)" title="B3 (stock exchange)">B3</a> in São Paulo is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_stock_exchanges" class="mw-redirect" title="List of stock exchanges">largest stock exchange of Latin America by market capitalization</a>. In regards to poverty, about 1.9% of the total population lives at $2.15 a day,<a href="#cite_note-266">[263]</a> while about 19% live at $6.85 a day.<a href="#cite_note-267">[264]</a> Brazil's economy suffers from <a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">endemic corruption</a> and <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">high income inequality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-268">[265]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a> is the national currency. Brazil's diversified economy includes agriculture, industry and a wide range of services.<a href="#cite_note-BansalPhatak2009-269">[266]</a> The large service sector accounts for about 72.7% of total GDP, followed by the industrial sector (20.7%), while the <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">agriculture sector</a> is by far the smallest, making up 6.6% of total GDP.<a href="#cite_note-270">[267]</a> Brazil is one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_producing_countries_of_agricultural_commodities" title="List of largest producing countries of agricultural commodities">largest producers of various agricultural commodities</a>,<a href="#cite_note-271">[268]</a> and also has a large <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperative</a> sector that provides 50% of the food in the country.<a href="#cite_note-272">[269]</a> It has been the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Coffee_production_in_Brazil" title="Coffee production in Brazil">producer of coffee</a> for the last 150 years.<a href="#cite_note-Neilson102-33">[30]</a> Brazil is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugarcane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soy" class="mw-redirect" title="Soy">soy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">orange</a>; is one of the top 5 producers of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lemon" title="Lemon">lemon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beans" class="mw-redirect" title="Beans">beans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a>, <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>; and is one of the top 10 world producers of <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tomato" title="Tomato">tomato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorghum" title="Sorghum">sorghum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tangerine" title="Tangerine">tangerine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avocado" title="Avocado">avocado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persimmon" title="Persimmon">persimmon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, among others. Regarding livestock, it is one of the 5 largest producers of <a href="/wiki/Chicken_meat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicken meat">chicken meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pork" title="Pork">pork</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cow%27s_milk" class="mw-redirect" title="Cow's milk">cow's milk</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-273">[270]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">mining sector</a>, Brazil is among the largest producers of <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, copper, gold,<a href="#cite_note-274">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manganese" title="Manganese">manganese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Niobium" title="Niobium">niobium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-275">[272]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nickel" title="Nickel">nickel</a>. In terms of precious stones, Brazil is the world's largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Amethyst" title="Amethyst">amethyst</a>, <a href="/wiki/Topaz" title="Topaz">topaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a> and one of the main producers of <a href="/wiki/Tourmaline" title="Tourmaline">tourmaline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald" title="Emerald">emerald</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquamarine_(gemstone)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquamarine (gemstone)">aquamarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garnet" title="Garnet">garnet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opal" title="Opal">opal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-276">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[274]</a> The country is a major exporter of soy, iron ore, pulp (cellulose), maize, beef, chicken meat, soybean meal, sugar, coffee, tobacco, cotton, orange juice, footwear, airplanes, cars, vehicle parts, gold, ethanol and semi-finished iron, among other products.<a href="#cite_note-278">[275]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[276]</a> Brazil is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">24th-largest exporter</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_imports" title="List of countries by imports">26th-largest importer</a> as of 2021<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Brazil&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-281">[278]</a> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> is its largest trading partner, accounting for 32% of the total trade. Other large trading partners include the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-282">[279]</a> Its <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">automotive industry</a> is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of countries by motor vehicle production">eighth-largest</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-283">[280]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Food_industry" title="Food industry">food industry</a>, Brazil was the second-largest exporter of processed foods in the world in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-284">[281]</a> The country was the second-largest producer of <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">pulp</a> in the world and the eighth-largest producer of paper in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-285">[282]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Footwear_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Footwear industry">footwear industry</a>, Brazil was the fourth-largest producer in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-286">[283]</a> It was also the ninth-largest producer of steel in the world.<a href="#cite_note-287">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[286]</a> In 2018, the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_industry" title="Chemical industry">chemical industry</a> of Brazil was the eighth-largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-290">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-292">[289]</a> Although it was among the five largest world producers in 2013, Brazil's textile industry is very little integrated into world trade.<a href="#cite_note-293">[290]</a> The tertiary sector (trade and services) represented 75.8% of the country's GDP in 2018, according to the IBGE. The service sector was responsible for 60% of GDP and trade for 13%. It covers commerce, transport, education, social and health services, research and development, sports activities, etc.<a href="#cite_note-294">[291]</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[292]</a> Micro and small businesses represent 30% of the country's GDP. In the commercial sector, for example, they represent 53% of the GDP within the activities of the sector.<a href="#cite_note-296">[293]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brazil" title="Tourism in Brazil">Tourism in Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cataratas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cataratas.jpg/220px-Cataratas.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cataratas.jpg/330px-Cataratas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cataratas.jpg/440px-Cataratas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3961" data-file-height="2644" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Igua%C3%A7u_National_Park" title="Iguaçu National Park">Iguaçu National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Len%C3%A7%C3%B3is_Maranhenses_2018_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Len%C3%A7%C3%B3is_Maranhenses_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Len%C3%A7%C3%B3is_Maranhenses_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Len%C3%A7%C3%B3is_Maranhenses_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Len%C3%A7%C3%B3is_Maranhenses_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Len%C3%A7%C3%B3is_Maranhenses_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Len%C3%A7%C3%B3is_Maranhenses_2018_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5061" data-file-height="3641" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Len%C3%A7%C3%B3is_Maranhenses_National_Park" title="Lençóis Maranhenses National Park">Lençóis Maranhenses National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a></figcaption></figure> Tourism in Brazil is a growing sector and key to the economies of several regions of the country. The country had 6.36 million visitors in 2015, ranking in terms of the international tourist arrivals as the main destination in South America and second in <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> after Mexico.<a href="#cite_note-297">[294]</a> Revenues from international tourists reached US$6 billion in 2010, showing a recovery from the <a href="/wiki/Late-2000s_recession" class="mw-redirect" title="Late-2000s recession">2008–2009 economic crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UNWTO2011-298">[295]</a> Historical records of 5.4 million visitors and US$6.8 billion in receipts were reached in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-MT1_2011-299">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-MT2_2011-300">[297]</a> In the list of world tourist destinations, in 2018, Brazil was the 48th most visited country, with 6.6 million tourists (and revenues of 5.9 billion dollars).<a href="#cite_note-301">[298]</a> Natural areas are its most popular tourism product, a combination of <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> with leisure and recreation, mainly sun and beach, and adventure travel, as well as cultural tourism. Among the most popular destinations are the <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Rainforest" class="mw-redirect" title="Amazon Rainforest">Amazon Rainforest</a>, beaches and dunes in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast Region</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Center-West_Region,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Center-West Region, Brazil">Center-West Region</a>, beaches at <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a>, cultural tourism in <a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a> and business trips to <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Palhares2012-302">[299]</a> In terms of the 2015 <a href="/wiki/Travel_and_Tourism_Competitiveness_Report" title="Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report">Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Index</a> (TTCI), which is a measurement of the factors that make it attractive to develop business in the travel and tourism industry of individual countries, Brazil ranked in the 28th place at the world's level, third in the <a href="/wiki/Americas" title="Americas">Americas</a>, after Canada and United States.<a href="#cite_note-303">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-TTCI2013-304">[301]</a> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_tourism" title="Domestic tourism">Domestic tourism</a> is a key market segment for the tourism industry in Brazil. In 2005, 51 million Brazilian nationals made ten times more trips than foreign tourists and spent five times more money than their international counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-FIPE007-305">[302]</a> The main destination states in 2023 were <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>.<a href="#cite_note-306">[303]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[304]</a> The main source of tourists for the entire country is São Paulo state.<a href="#cite_note-308">[305]</a> In terms of tourism revenues, the top earners by state were <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-309">[306]</a> For 2005, the three main trip purposes were visiting friends and family (53.1%), sun and beach (40.8%), and cultural tourism (12.5%).<a href="#cite_note-FIPE006-310">[307]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brazil" title="Science and technology in Brazil">Science and technology in Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vls1-mockup-test.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vls1-mockup-test.jpg/220px-Vls1-mockup-test.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vls1-mockup-test.jpg/330px-Vls1-mockup-test.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Vls1-mockup-test.jpg/440px-Vls1-mockup-test.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/VLS-1" title="VLS-1">VLS-1</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A2ntara_Launch_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcântara Launch Center">Alcântara Launch Center</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">Brazilian Space Agency</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A2ntara,_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Alcântara, Maranhão">Alcântara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ministro_participa_da_inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_acelerador_de_part%C3%ADculas_Sirius._(30970744907).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ministro_participa_da_inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_acelerador_de_part%C3%ADculas_Sirius._%2830970744907%29.jpg/220px-Ministro_participa_da_inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_acelerador_de_part%C3%ADculas_Sirius._%2830970744907%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ministro_participa_da_inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_acelerador_de_part%C3%ADculas_Sirius._%2830970744907%29.jpg/330px-Ministro_participa_da_inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_acelerador_de_part%C3%ADculas_Sirius._%2830970744907%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Ministro_participa_da_inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_acelerador_de_part%C3%ADculas_Sirius._%2830970744907%29.jpg/440px-Ministro_participa_da_inaugura%C3%A7%C3%A3o_do_acelerador_de_part%C3%ADculas_Sirius._%2830970744907%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="10462" data-file-height="3840" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sirius_(synchrotron_light_source)" title="Sirius (synchrotron light source)">Sirius</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Diffraction-limited_storage_ring" title="Diffraction-limited storage ring">diffraction-limited storage ring</a> <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron_light_source" title="Synchrotron light source">synchrotron light source</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Laborat%C3%B3rio_Nacional_de_Luz_S%C3%ADncrotron" title="Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron">Laboratório Nacional de Luz Síncrotron</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Campinas" title="Campinas">Campinas</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></figcaption></figure> Technological research in Brazil is largely carried out in public universities and research institutes, with the majority of funding for basic research coming from various government agencies.<a href="#cite_note-DevelopmentStaff2006v-311">[308]</a> Brazil's most esteemed technological hubs are the <a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Oswaldo_Cruz" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Oswaldo Cruz">Oswaldo Cruz Institute</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Butantan" title="Instituto Butantan">Butantan Institute</a>, the Air Force's <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_General_Command_for_Aerospace_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian General Command for Aerospace Technology">Aerospace Technical Center</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Empresa_Brasileira_de_Pesquisa_Agropecu%C3%A1ria" class="mw-redirect" title="Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária">Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation</a> and the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_for_Space_Research" title="National Institute for Space Research">National Institute for Space Research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Scientific2010f-312">[309]</a><a href="#cite_note-HarveySmid2010-313">[310]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Space_Agency" title="Brazilian Space Agency">Brazilian Space Agency</a> has the most advanced space program in Latin America, with significant resources to launch vehicles, and manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Artificial_satellite" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial satellite">satellites</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvP9jHaoL_s4CpgPA628_628]-314">[311]</a> The country develops <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a> and aircraft, as well as being involved in space research, having a Vehicle Launch Center Light and being the only country in the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Hemisphere" title="Southern Hemisphere">Southern Hemisphere</a> to integrate a team building the well-known <a href="/wiki/International_Space_Station" title="International Space Station">International Space Station</a> (ISS).<a href="#cite_note-NASA-315">[312]</a> The country is also a pioneer in the search for oil in deep water, from where it extracts 73% of its reserves. <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">Uranium</a> is enriched at the <a href="/wiki/Resende_Nuclear_Fuel_Factory" title="Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory">Resende Nuclear Fuel Factory</a>, mostly for research purposes (as Brazil obtains 88% of its electricity from <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[313]</a>) and the country's <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_submarine_%C3%81lvaro_Alberto" title="Brazilian submarine Álvaro Alberto">first nuclear submarine</a> is expected to be launched in 2029.<a href="#cite_note-317">[314]</a> Brazil is one of the three countries in Latin America<a href="#cite_note-318">[315]</a> with an operational <a href="/wiki/Synchrotron" title="Synchrotron">Synchrotron</a> Laboratory, a research facility on physics, chemistry, material science and life sciences, and Brazil is the only Latin American country to have a <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor" title="Semiconductor">semiconductor</a> company with its own <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_fabrication_plant" title="Semiconductor fabrication plant">fabrication plant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/CEITEC" title="CEITEC">CEITEC</a>.<a href="#cite_note-319">[316]</a> According to the Global Information Technology Report 2009–2010 of the World Economic Forum, Brazil is the world's 61st largest developer of information technology.<a href="#cite_note-320">[317]</a> Brazil was ranked 50th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024, up from 66th in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-321">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-322">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-323">[320]</a> Among the most renowned Brazilian inventors are priests <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeu_de_Gusm%C3%A3o" title="Bartolomeu de Gusmão">Bartolomeu de Gusmão</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landell_de_Moura" class="mw-redirect" title="Landell de Moura">Landell de Moura</a> and Francisco João de Azevedo, besides <a href="/wiki/Alberto_Santos-Dumont" title="Alberto Santos-Dumont">Alberto Santos-Dumont</a>,<a href="#cite_note-324">[321]</a> <a href="/wiki/Evaristo_Conrado_Engelberg" title="Evaristo Conrado Engelberg">Evaristo Conrado Engelberg</a>,<a href="#cite_note-patentbritish-325">[322]</a> <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Dias_de_Abreu" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel Dias de Abreu">Manuel Dias de Abreu</a>,<a href="#cite_note-326">[323]</a> <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Pavel" title="Andreas Pavel">Andreas Pavel</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[324]</a> and Nélio José Nicolai.<a href="#cite_note-328">[325]</a> Brazilian science is represented by the likes of <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Lattes" title="César Lattes">César Lattes</a> (Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Physicist" title="Physicist">physicist</a> Pathfinder of <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">Pi Meson</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Lattes-329">[326]</a> <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1rio_Schenberg" title="Mário Schenberg">Mário Schenberg</a> (considered the greatest theoretical physicist of Brazil),<a href="#cite_note-330">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Leite_Lopes" title="José Leite Lopes">José Leite Lopes</a> (the only Brazilian physicist holder of the UNESCO Science Prize),<a href="#cite_note-331">[328]</a> <a href="/wiki/Artur_%C3%81vila" class="mw-redirect" title="Artur Ávila">Artur Ávila</a> (the first Latin American winner of the <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a>)<a href="#cite_note-332">[329]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_M%C3%BCller" title="Fritz Müller">Fritz Müller</a> (pioneer in factual support of the theory of evolution by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a>).<a href="#cite_note-West,_David_A_2003-333">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brazil" title="Energy in Brazil">Energy in Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Itaipu_geral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Itaipu_geral.jpg/220px-Itaipu_geral.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Itaipu_geral.jpg/330px-Itaipu_geral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Itaipu_geral.jpg/440px-Itaipu_geral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3593" data-file-height="2283" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipu Dam</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_River" title="Paraná River">Paraná River</a>, the second largest of the world. <a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy policy of Brazil">Brazilian energy matrix</a> is one of the <a href="/wiki/Clean_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Clean energy">cleanest</a> in the world</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Energia_Eolica.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Energia_Eolica.jpg/220px-Energia_Eolica.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Energia_Eolica.jpg/330px-Energia_Eolica.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Energia_Eolica.jpg/440px-Energia_Eolica.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3467" data-file-height="2554" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wind_farm" title="Wind farm">Wind farm</a> in <a href="/wiki/Parna%C3%ADba" title="Parnaíba">Parnaíba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piau%C3%AD" title="Piauí">Piauí</a>. Brazil is one of the 5 largest producers of wind energy in the world</figcaption></figure> Brazil is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_total_primary_energy_consumption_and_production" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by total primary energy consumption and production">ninth-largest</a> energy consumer.<a href="#cite_note-334">[331]</a> Much of its energy comes from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable sources</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectricity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethanol" title="Ethanol">ethanol</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Itaipu_Dam" title="Itaipu Dam">Itaipu Dam</a> is the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric plant</a> by energy generation,<a href="#cite_note-SchmidtOnyango2011-335">[332]</a> and the country has other large plants such as <a href="/wiki/Belo_Monte_Dam" title="Belo Monte Dam">Belo Monte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tucuru%C3%AD_Dam" title="Tucuruí Dam">Tucuruí</a>. The first car with an ethanol engine was produced in 1978 and the first airplane engine running on ethanol in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-OECDDevelopment2001-336">[333]</a> At the end of 2021 Brazil was the 2nd country in the world in terms of installed <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> (109.4 GW) and <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a> (15.8 GW), the 7th country in the world in terms of installed <a href="/wiki/Wind_power" title="Wind power">wind power</a> (21.1 GW) and the 14th country in the world in terms of installed <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar power</a> (13.0 GW)—on track to also become one of the top 10 in the world in solar energy.<a href="#cite_note-337">[334]</a> At the end of 2021, Brazil was the 4th largest producer of wind energy in the world (72 TWh), behind only China, the United States and Germany, and the 11th largest producer of solar energy in the world (16.8 TWh).<a href="#cite_note-338">[335]</a> The main characteristic of the Brazilian energy matrix is that it is much more renewable than that of the world. While in 2019, the world matrix was only 14% made up of renewable energy, Brazil's was at 45%. Petroleum and oil products made up 34.3% of the matrix; sugar cane derivatives, 18%; hydraulic energy, 12.4%; natural gas, 12.2%; firewood and charcoal, 8.8%; varied renewable energies, 7%; mineral coal, 5.3%; nuclear, 1.4%, and other non-renewable energies, 0.6%.<a href="#cite_note-Matriz_Energética_e_Elétrica-339">[336]</a> In the electric energy matrix, the difference between Brazil and the world is even greater: while the world only had 25% of renewable electric energy in 2019, Brazil had 83%. The Brazilian electric matrix was composed of: hydraulic energy, 64.9%; biomass, 8.4%; wind energy, 8.6%; solar energy, 1%; natural gas, 9.3%; oil products, 2%; nuclear, 2.5%; coal and derivatives, 3.3%.<a href="#cite_note-Matriz_Energética_e_Elétrica-339">[336]</a> Brazil has the largest electricity sector in Latin America. Its capacity at the end of 2021 was 181,532 MW.<a href="#cite_note-Ministério_de_Minas_e_Energia-340">[337]</a> As for <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a>, the Brazilian government has embarked on a program over the decades to reduce dependence on imported oil, which previously accounted for more than 70% of the country's oil needs. Brazil became self-sufficient in oil in 2006–2007. In 2021, the country closed the year as the 7th oil producer in the world, with an average of close to three million barrels per day, becoming an exporter of the product.<a href="#cite_note-341">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[339]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brazil" title="Transport in Brazil">Transport in Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sao_paulo_airport_terminal_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sao_paulo_airport_terminal_3.jpg/220px-Sao_paulo_airport_terminal_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sao_paulo_airport_terminal_3.jpg/330px-Sao_paulo_airport_terminal_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Sao_paulo_airport_terminal_3.jpg/440px-Sao_paulo_airport_terminal_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4893" data-file-height="2541" /></a><figcaption>Terminal 3 of the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo%E2%80%93Guarulhos_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport">São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_South_America" title="List of the busiest airports in South America">busiest airport in South America</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rodovia_Dutra_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rodovia_Dutra_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Rodovia_Dutra_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rodovia_Dutra_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Rodovia_Dutra_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Rodovia_Dutra_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Rodovia_Dutra_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1591" data-file-height="1030" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/BR-116" class="mw-redirect" title="BR-116">BR-116</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Jos%C3%A9_dos_Campos" title="São José dos Campos">São José dos Campos</a>, <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a>, the longest <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">highway</a> in the country,<a href="#cite_note-343">[340]</a> with 4,542 km (2,822 mi) of extension<a href="#cite_note-Extensão-344">[341]</a></figcaption></figure> Brazilian roads are the primary carriers of freight and passenger traffic. The <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Highway_System" title="Brazilian Highway System">road system</a> totaled 1,720,000 km (1,068,758 mi) in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-345">[342]</a> The total of paved roads increased from 35,496 km (22,056 mi) in 1967 to 215,000 km (133,595 mi) in 2018.<a href="#cite_note-346">[343]</a><a href="#cite_note-347">[344]</a> Brazil's <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">railway system</a> has been declining since 1945, when emphasis shifted to highway construction. The country's total railway track length was 30,576 km (18,999 mi) in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-348">[345]</a> as compared with 31,848 km (19,789 mi) in 1970, making it the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_rail_transport_network_size" title="List of countries by rail transport network size">ninth largest network</a> in the world. Most of the railway system belonged to the <a href="/wiki/RFFSA" title="RFFSA">Federal Railroad Network Corporation</a> (RFFSA), which was privatized in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-349">[346]</a> The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_Metro" title="São Paulo Metro">São Paulo Metro</a> began operating on 14 September 1974 as the first underground transit system in Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-350">[347]</a> There are about 2,500 airports in Brazil, including landing fields: the second-largest number in the world, after the United States.<a href="#cite_note-351">[348]</a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo%E2%80%93Guarulhos_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport">São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport</a>, near São Paulo, is the largest and busiest airport with nearly 43 million passengers annually, while handling the vast majority of commercial traffic for the country.<a href="#cite_note-Palhares2012x-352">[349]</a><a href="#cite_note-353">[350]</a> For freight transport, <a href="/wiki/Waterways" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterways">waterways</a> are of importance. The <a href="/wiki/Free_Economic_Zone_of_Manaus" title="Free Economic Zone of Manaus">industrial zones of Manaus</a> can be reached only by means of the Solimões–Amazonas waterway (3,250 kilometers or 2,020 miles in length, with a minimum depth of six meters or 20 feet). The country also has 50,000 kilometers (31,000 miles) of waterways.<a href="#cite_note-2012ciagini-354">[351]</a> Coastal shipping links widely separated parts of the country. Bolivia and Paraguay have been given free ports at <a href="/wiki/Santos,_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Santos, São Paulo">Santos</a>. Of the 36 deep-water ports, Santos, Itajaí, Rio Grande, Paranaguá, Rio de Janeiro, Sepetiba, Vitória, Suape, Manaus and São Francisco do Sul are the most important.<a href="#cite_note-355">[352]</a> Bulk carriers have to wait up to 18 days before being serviced; container ships take 36.3 hours on average.<a href="#cite_note-356">[353]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Demographics of Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilians</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration to Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_population_density" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Brazilian states by population density">List of Brazilian states by population density</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Population_density_Brazil_2020.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Population_density_Brazil_2020.svg/220px-Population_density_Brazil_2020.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Population_density_Brazil_2020.svg/330px-Population_density_Brazil_2020.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Population_density_Brazil_2020.svg/440px-Population_density_Brazil_2020.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Population density of Brazilian municipalities</figcaption></figure> According to the latest official projection, it is estimated that Brazil’s population was 210,862,983 on July 1, 2022—an adjustment of 3.9% from the initial figure of 203 million reported by the 2022 census.<a href="#cite_note-357">[354]</a> The population of Brazil, as recorded by the 2008 PNAD, was approximately 190 million<a href="#cite_note-358">[355]</a> (22.31 inhabitants per square kilometer or 57.8/sq mi), with a ratio of men to women of 0.95:1<a href="#cite_note-359">[356]</a> and 83.75% of the population defined as urban.<a href="#cite_note-360">[357]</a> The population is heavily concentrated in the Southeastern (79.8 million inhabitants) and Northeastern (53.5 million inhabitants) regions, while the two most extensive regions, the Center-West and the North, which together make up 64.12% of the Brazilian territory, have a total of only 29.1 million inhabitants. The first census in Brazil was carried out in 1872 and recorded a population of 9,930,478.<a href="#cite_note-361">[358]</a> From 1880 to 1930, 4 million Europeans arrived.<a href="#cite_note-362">[359]</a> Brazil's population increased significantly between 1940 and 1970, because of a decline in the <a href="/wiki/Mortality_rate" title="Mortality rate">mortality rate</a>, even though the <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rate</a> underwent a slight decline. In the 1940s the annual <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a> rate was 2.4%, rising to 3.0% in the 1950s and remaining at 2.9% in the 1960s, as life expectancy rose from 44 to 54 years<a href="#cite_note-363">[360]</a> and to 72.6 years in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-364">[361]</a> It has been steadily falling since the 1960s, from 3.04% per year between 1950 and 1960 to 1.05% in 2008 and is expected to fall to a negative value of –0.29% by 2050<a href="#cite_note-365">[362]</a> thus completing the <a href="/wiki/Demographic_transition" title="Demographic transition">demographic transition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-366">[363]</a> In 2008, the illiteracy rate was 11.48%.<a href="#cite_note-367">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_and_ethnicity">Race and ethnicity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Brazil" title="Race and ethnicity in Brazil">Race and ethnicity in Brazil</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:#FFE135; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 3978.035783976px; border-left-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Red"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Red"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 1589.4544843865px; border-left-color:MediumAquamarine"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:MediumAquamarine"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:MediumAquamarine"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 117.83254560581px; border-left-color:LightBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:LightBlue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:LightBlue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:0; border-width:0 328.72617241532px 100px 0; border-right-color:#9966CC"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;right:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 100px 0;border-color:#9966CC"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="/wiki/Race_and_ethnicity_in_Brazil" title="Race and ethnicity in Brazil">Race and ethnicity in Brazil</a> 2022 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians">Mixed</a> (45.3%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">White</a> (43.5%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Black</a> (10.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous</a> (0.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Asian_Brazilians" title="Asian Brazilians">East Asian</a> (0.4%)</div> </div> </div></div> According to the <a href="/wiki/2022_Brazilian_census" title="2022 Brazilian census">2022 Brazilian census</a>, 45.3% of the population (92,1 million) described themselves as <a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians">Pardo</a> (meaning <a href="/wiki/Brown_(racial_classification)" title="Brown (racial classification)">brown</a> or mixed), 43.5% (88,2 million) as <a href="/wiki/White_Brazilians" title="White Brazilians">White</a>, 10.2% (20,7 million) as <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilians" title="Afro-Brazilians">Black</a>, 0.6% (1,2 million) as <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous</a> and 0.4% (850 thousand) as <a href="/wiki/Asian_Brazilians" title="Asian Brazilians">East Asian</a> (officially called <a href="/wiki/Mongoloid" title="Mongoloid">yellow</a> or amarela).<a href="#cite_note-PNADIBGE-368">[365]</a> Since the arrival of the Portuguese in 1500, considerable genetic mixing between Amerindians, Europeans, and Africans has taken place in all regions of the country: European ancestry being dominant nationwide according to the vast majority of all autosomal studies undertaken covering the entire population, accounting for between 65% and 77%,<a href="#cite_note-alvaro.com.br2-369">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-www1.folha.uol.com.br2-370">[367]</a><a href="#cite_note-bdtd.bce.unb.br2-371">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-plosone.org2-372">[369]</a> while the African ancestry among the Brazilians is estimated at 14.30% to 25%<a href="#cite_note-bdtd.bce.unb.br2-371">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-wiley1-373">[370]</a> and more than 80% of Brazilians have over 10% African ancestry,<a href="#cite_note-scielo.br2-374">[371]</a> and the Indigenous ancestry is significant and present in all regions of Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-wiley12-375">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-alvaro.com.br3-376">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-bdtd.bce.unb.br3-377">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-plosone.org3-378">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-hereditas.com.br2-379">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid145958742-380">[377]</a><a href="#cite_note-381">[378]</a> From the 19th century, Brazil opened its borders to <a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">immigration</a>. About five million people from over 60 countries migrated to Brazil between 1808 and 1972, most of them of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Brazilian">Portuguese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Brazilian">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilians_of_Spanish_descent" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilians of Spanish descent">Spanish</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Brazilian">German</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="English Brazilian">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian Brazilian">Ukrainian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish Brazilian">Polish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Brazilian">Jewish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afro-Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Afro-Brazilian">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russians_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Russians in Brazil">Russian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese Brazilian">Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Brazilian">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Brazilian">Korean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Brazilian">Arab</a> origin.<a href="#cite_note-382">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-383">[380]</a><a href="#cite_note-384">[381]</a> Brazil has the second-largest Jewish community in Latin America making up 0.06% of its population.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-385">[382]</a> Outside in the <a href="/wiki/Arab_world" title="Arab world">Arab world</a>, Brazil also has the largest <a href="/wiki/Arab_diaspora" title="Arab diaspora">population</a> of Arab ancestry in the world, with 15–20 million people.<a href="#cite_note-Ferabolli2014-386">[383]</a><a href="#cite_note-Amar2014-387">[384]</a> According to Brazil's Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Brazil is home to a Lebanese diaspora of 7 million to 10 million, surpassing the population of Lebanese individuals residing in Lebanon.<a href="#cite_note-388">[385]</a> Brazilian society is more <a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Brazil" title="Social issues in Brazil">markedly divided by social class lines</a>, although a high <a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">income disparity</a> is found <a href="/wiki/Social_apartheid_in_Brazil" title="Social apartheid in Brazil">between race groups</a>, so <a href="/wiki/Racism" title="Racism">racism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Class_discrimination" title="Class discrimination">classism</a> often overlap. The brown population (officially called <a href="/wiki/Pardo_Brazilians" title="Pardo Brazilians">pardo</a> in Portuguese, also colloquially <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/moreno" class="extiw" title="wikt:moreno">moreno</a>)<a href="#cite_note-Coelho_1996,_p._268-389">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vesentini_1988,_p._117-390">[387]</a> is a broad category that includes <a href="/wiki/Caboclo" title="Caboclo">caboclos</a> (assimilated Amerindians in general, and descendants of Whites and Natives), <a href="/wiki/Mulatto" title="Mulatto">mulatos</a> (descendants of primarily Whites and Afro-Brazilians) and <a href="/wiki/Zambo" title="Zambo">cafuzos</a> (descendants of Afro-Brazilians and Natives).<a href="#cite_note-Coelho_1996,_p._268-389">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vesentini_1988,_p._117-390">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-391">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-Moreira_1981,_p._108-393">[390]</a> Higher percents of Blacks, mulattoes and tri-racials can be found in the eastern coast of the Northeastern region from Bahia to Paraíba<a href="#cite_note-Moreira_1981,_p._108-393">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[391]</a> and also in northern Maranhão,<a href="#cite_note-395">[392]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[393]</a> southern Minas Gerais<a href="#cite_note-Azevedo_1971,_p._161-397">[394]</a> and eastern Rio de Janeiro.<a href="#cite_note-Moreira_1981,_p._108-393">[390]</a><a href="#cite_note-Azevedo_1971,_p._161-397">[394]</a> People of considerable Amerindian ancestry form the majority of the population in the Northern, Northeastern and Center-Western regions.<a href="#cite_note-398">[395]</a> In 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o_Nacional_do_%C3%8Dndio" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundação Nacional do Índio">National Indian Foundation</a> estimated that Brazil has 67 different uncontacted tribes, up from their estimate of 40 in 2005. Brazil is believed to have the largest number of <a href="/wiki/Uncontacted_peoples" title="Uncontacted peoples">uncontacted peoples</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-399">[396]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion in Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholic Church in Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism in Brazil</a></div> <div class="PieChartTemplate thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:202px"> <div class="mw-no-invert" style="background-color:white;margin:auto;position:relative;width:200px;height:200px;overflow:hidden;border-radius:100px;border:1px solid black;transform:scaleX(-1)rotate(-90deg)"> <div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:0; top:0; border-width:0 200px 200px 0; border-color:WhiteSmoke; z-index:-1"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 181.89932472811px; border-left-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Chartreuse"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 117.83254560581px; border-left-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Pink"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Pink"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;left:100px; top:100px; border-width:100px 0 0 91.568921586116px; border-left-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Blue"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 100px 200px 0;border-color:Blue"></div><div style="border:solid transparent;background-color:initial;position:absolute;width:100px;line-height:0;right:100px; top:100px; border-width:79.399039864784px 60.793029769461px 0 0; border-top-color:Purple"></div> <div style="position:absolute;line-height:0;border-style:solid;left:0;top:0;border-width:0 200px 100px 0;border-color:Purple"></div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption"> <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion in Brazil</a> (2010 Census) <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholicism</a> (64.6%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a> (22.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a> (2.0%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Other (3.2%)</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">No religion</a> (8.0%)</div> </div> </div></div> <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> is the country's predominant faith, with <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a> being its largest denomination. Brazil has the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_by_country" title="Catholic Church by country">world's largest Catholic population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PEWCATHOLIC-400">[397]</a><a href="#cite_note-USDS-401">[398]</a> According to the 2010 Demographic Census (the PNAD survey does not inquire about religion), 64.63% of the population followed <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Brazil">Roman Catholicism</a>; 22.2% <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a>; 2.0% Kardecist spiritism; 3.2% other religions, undeclared or undetermined; while 8.0% had no religion.<a href="#cite_note-census2010-402">[399]</a> Religion in Brazil was formed from the meeting of the Catholic Church with the religious traditions of enslaved African peoples and indigenous peoples.<a href="#cite_note-BoyleSheen2013-403">[400]</a> This confluence of faiths during the Portuguese colonization of Brazil led to the development of a diverse array of syncretistic practices within the overarching umbrella of Brazilian Catholic Church, characterized by traditional Portuguese festivities.<a href="#cite_note-georgetown1-404">[401]</a> Religious pluralism increased during the 20th century,<a href="#cite_note-Morris2006a-405">[402]</a> and the Protestant community has grown to include over 22% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-JeynesRobinson2012-406">[403]</a> The most common Protestant denominations are <a href="/wiki/Evangelicalism" title="Evangelicalism">Evangelical</a> <a href="/wiki/Pentecostalism" title="Pentecostalism">Pentecostal</a> ones. Other Protestant branches with a notable presence in the country include the <a href="/wiki/Baptists" title="Baptists">Baptists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seventh-day_Adventist_Church" title="Seventh-day Adventist Church">Seventh-day Adventists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lutheranism" title="Lutheranism">Lutherans</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Calvinism" class="mw-redirect" title="Calvinism">Reformed tradition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-407">[404]</a> In recent decades, <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a>, particularly in forms of Pentecostalism and Evangelicalism, has spread in Brazil, while the proportion of Catholics has dropped significantly.<a href="#cite_note-georgetown2-408">[405]</a> After Protestantism, individuals professing no religion are also a significant group, exceeding 8% of the population as of the 2010 census. The cities of <a href="/wiki/Boa_Vista,_Roraima" title="Boa Vista, Roraima">Boa Vista</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Porto_Velho" title="Porto Velho">Porto Velho</a> have the greatest proportion of <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligious</a> residents in Brazil. <a href="/wiki/Teresina" title="Teresina">Teresina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis" title="Florianópolis">Florianópolis</a> were the most Roman Catholic in the country.<a href="#cite_note-FGV_no_G1-409">[406]</a> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Greater Rio de Janeiro</a>, not including the <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">city proper</a>, is the most irreligious and least Roman Catholic Brazilian periphery, while <a href="/wiki/Greater_Porto_Alegre" title="Greater Porto Alegre">Greater Porto Alegre</a> and Greater <a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a> are on the opposite sides of the lists, respectively.<a href="#cite_note-FGV_no_G1-409">[406]</a> In October 2009, the Brazilian Senate approved and enacted by the President of Brazil in February 2010, an agreement with the <a href="/wiki/Holy_See" title="Holy See">Vatican</a>, in which the Legal Statute of the Catholic Church in Brazil is recognized.<a href="#cite_note-410">[407]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[408]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brazil" title="Health in Brazil">Health in Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sistema_%C3%9Anico_de_Sa%C3%BAde" title="Sistema Único de Saúde">Sistema Único de Saúde</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hospital_de_Cl%C3%ADnicas_PMPA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hospital_de_Cl%C3%ADnicas_PMPA.jpg/220px-Hospital_de_Cl%C3%ADnicas_PMPA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hospital_de_Cl%C3%ADnicas_PMPA.jpg/330px-Hospital_de_Cl%C3%ADnicas_PMPA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Hospital_de_Cl%C3%ADnicas_PMPA.jpg/440px-Hospital_de_Cl%C3%ADnicas_PMPA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2480" data-file-height="1395" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Hospital_de_Cl%C3%ADnicas_de_Porto_Alegre" title="Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre">Clinical Hospital of Porto Alegre</a> is academically linked to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul">Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul</a> and is part of the <a href="/wiki/Sistema_%C3%9Anico_de_Sa%C3%BAde" title="Sistema Único de Saúde">SUS</a>, the Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Publicly_funded_health_care" title="Publicly funded health care">publicly funded health care</a> system.</figcaption></figure> The Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> system, the <a href="/wiki/Sistema_%C3%9Anico_de_Sa%C3%BAde" title="Sistema Único de Saúde">Unified Health System</a> (Sistema Único de Saúde – SUS), is managed and provided by all levels of government,<a href="#cite_note-ForgiaCouttolenc2008-412">[409]</a> being the largest system of this type in the world.<a href="#cite_note-413">[410]</a> On the other hand, private healthcare systems play a complementary role.<a href="#cite_note-Wolper2004-414">[411]</a> Public health services are universal and offered to all citizens of the country for free. However, the construction and maintenance of health centers and hospitals are financed by taxes, and the country spends about 9% of its GDP on expenditures in the area. In 2012, Brazil had 1.85 doctors and 2.3 hospital beds for every 1,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-415">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-416">[413]</a> Despite all the progress made since the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Universal_health_care" title="Universal health care">universal health care</a> system in 1988, there are still several public health problems in Brazil. In 2006, the main points to be solved were the high <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_infant_mortality_rate" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by infant mortality rate">infant</a> (2.51%) and maternal mortality rates (73.1 deaths per 1000 births).<a href="#cite_note-Radar_social-417">[414]</a> The number of deaths from noncommunicable diseases, such as <a href="/wiki/Cardiovascular_diseases" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiovascular diseases">cardiovascular diseases</a> (151.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants) and <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> (72.7 deaths per 100,000 inhabitants), also has a considerable impact on the health of the Brazilian population. Finally, external but preventable factors such as car accidents, violence and suicide caused 14.9% of all deaths in the country.<a href="#cite_note-Radar_social-417">[414]</a> The Brazilian health system was ranked 125th among the 191 countries evaluated by the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (WHO) in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-418">[415]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Education in Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg/220px-Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg/330px-Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg/440px-Arquitetura_Pr%C3%A9dio_Hist%C3%B3rico_da_Universidade_Federal_do_Paran%C3%A1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Historical building of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_University_of_Paran%C3%A1" title="Federal University of Paraná">Federal University of Paraná</a>, one of the oldest universities in Brazil, located in <a href="/wiki/Curitiba" title="Curitiba">Curitiba</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">Federal Constitution</a> and the Law of Guidelines and Bases of National Education determine that the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">states</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal District</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Brazil" title="Municipalities of Brazil">municipalities</a> must manage and organize their respective education systems. Each of these public educational systems is responsible for its own maintenance, which manages funds as well as the mechanisms and funding sources. The constitution reserves 25% of the state budget and 18% of federal taxes and municipal taxes for education.<a href="#cite_note-Usa2005-419">[416]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">IBGE</a>, in 2019, the literacy rate of the population was 93.4%, meaning that 11.3 million (6.6% of population) people are still illiterate in the country, with some states such as <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a> reaching around 97% of literacy rate;<a href="#cite_note-:0-420">[417]</a> functional illiteracy has reached 21.6% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-Agency2010-421">[418]</a> Illiteracy is higher in the <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">Northeast</a>, where 13.87% of the population is illiterate, while the <a href="/wiki/South_Region,_Brazil" title="South Region, Brazil">South</a>, has 3.3% of its population illiterate.<a href="#cite_note-Bank2001-422">[419]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-420">[417]</a> Brazil's private institutions tend to be more exclusive and offer better quality education, so many high-income families send their children there. The result is a segregated educational system that reflects extreme income disparities and reinforces social inequality. However, efforts to change this are making impacts.<a href="#cite_note-423">[420]</a> The <a href="/wiki/University_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="University of São Paulo">University of São Paulo</a> is often considered <a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">the best in Brazil and Latin America</a>.<a href="#cite_note-424">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-425">[422]</a> Of the top 20 Latin American universities, eight are Brazilian. Most of them are <a href="/wiki/Public_university" title="Public university">public</a>. Attending an institution of higher education is required by Law of Guidelines and Bases of Education. <a href="/wiki/Kindergarten" title="Kindergarten">Kindergarten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elementary_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementary school">elementary</a> and medium education are required of all students.<a href="#cite_note-426">[423]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Language">Language</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages of Brazil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_endangered_languages_in_Brazil" title="List of endangered languages in Brazil">List of endangered languages in Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Interior_do_Museu_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo,_Brasil.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Interior_do_Museu_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brasil.jpg/220px-Interior_do_Museu_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brasil.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Interior_do_Museu_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brasil.jpg/330px-Interior_do_Museu_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brasil.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Interior_do_Museu_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brasil.jpg/440px-Interior_do_Museu_da_L%C3%ADngua_Portuguesa_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo%2C_Brasil.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Portuguese_Language" title="Museum of the Portuguese Language">Museum of the Portuguese Language</a> in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:AssuncaodoIcana.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AssuncaodoIcana.jpg/220px-AssuncaodoIcana.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AssuncaodoIcana.jpg/330px-AssuncaodoIcana.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/AssuncaodoIcana.jpg/440px-AssuncaodoIcana.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Alto_Rio_Negro_Indigenous_Territory" title="Alto Rio Negro Indigenous Territory">Alto Rio Negro Indigenous Territory</a>, in <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Gabriel_da_Cachoeira" title="São Gabriel da Cachoeira">São Gabriel da Cachoeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Nhengatu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nhengatu">Nhengatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tucano_language" title="Tucano language">Tucano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karu_language" title="Karu language">Baniwa</a> are co-official languages</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruas_de_Pomerode_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ruas_de_Pomerode_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Ruas_de_Pomerode_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ruas_de_Pomerode_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Ruas_de_Pomerode_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Ruas_de_Pomerode_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Ruas_de_Pomerode_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2968" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pomerode" title="Pomerode">Pomerode</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Catarina_(state)" title="Santa Catarina (state)">Santa Catarina</a>, where the <a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_dialect" title="East Pomeranian dialect">East Pomeranian</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Second_language" title="Second language">second language</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_German" title="Brazilian German">Brazilian German</a>)</div></div></div></div></div> The official language of Brazil is <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a> (Article 13 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution of the Federal Republic of Brazil</a>), which almost all of the population speaks and is virtually the only language used in newspapers, radio, television, and for business and administrative purposes. Brazil is the only Portuguese-speaking nation in the Americas, making the language an important part of Brazilian national identity and giving it a national culture distinct from those of its Spanish-speaking neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-language2-427">[424]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Portuguese" title="Brazilian Portuguese">Brazilian Portuguese</a> has had its own development, mostly similar to 16th-century Central and Southern dialects of European Portuguese<a href="#cite_note-428">[425]</a> (despite a very substantial number of Portuguese colonial settlers, and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese Brazilian">more recent immigrants</a>, coming from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Portugal">Northern regions</a>, and in minor degree Portuguese <a href="/wiki/Macaronesia" title="Macaronesia">Macaronesia</a>), with a few influences from the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Amerindian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Africa" title="Languages of Africa">African languages</a>, especially <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> restricted to the vocabulary only.<a href="#cite_note-Portuguese-429">[426]</a> As a result, the language is somewhat different, mostly in phonology, from the language of Portugal and other <a href="/wiki/Portuguese-speaking_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese-speaking countries">Portuguese-speaking countries</a> (the dialects of the other countries, partly because of the more recent end of <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Empire" title="Portuguese Empire">Portuguese colonialism</a> in these regions, have a closer connection to contemporary <a href="/wiki/European_Portuguese" title="European Portuguese">European Portuguese</a>). These differences are comparable to those between <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">British English</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Portuguese-429">[426]</a> The 2002 <a href="/wiki/Recognition_of_sign_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Recognition of sign languages">sign language law</a><a href="#cite_note-Libras_2002-430">[427]</a> requires government authorities and public agencies to accept and provide information in Língua Brasileira dos Sinais or "LIBRAS", the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Sign_Language" title="Brazilian Sign Language">Brazilian Sign Language</a>, while a 2005 presidential edict<a href="#cite_note-Libras_2005-431">[428]</a> extends this to require teaching of the language as a part of the <a href="/wiki/School_of_education" title="School of education">education</a> and <a href="/wiki/Speech_and_language_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech and language pathology">speech and language pathology</a> curricula. LIBRAS teachers, instructors and translators are recognized professionals. Schools and health services must provide access ("<a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(education)" title="Inclusion (education)">inclusion</a>") to <a href="/wiki/Deaf_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Deaf community">deaf people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Russo2011-432">[429]</a> Minority languages are spoken throughout the nation. One hundred and eighty <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Amerindian languages</a> are spoken in remote areas and a significant number of other languages are spoken by immigrants and their descendants.<a href="#cite_note-Portuguese-429">[426]</a> In the municipality of <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Gabriel_da_Cachoeira" title="São Gabriel da Cachoeira">São Gabriel da Cachoeira</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nheengatu_language" title="Nheengatu language">Nheengatu</a> (a currently endangered South American <a href="/wiki/Creole_language" title="Creole language">creole language</a>—or an 'anti-creole', according to some linguists—with mostly Indigenous Brazilian languages lexicon and Portuguese-based grammar that, together with its southern relative <a href="/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_geral_paulista" class="mw-redirect" title="Língua geral paulista">língua geral paulista</a>, once was a major <a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a> in Brazil,<a href="#cite_note-433">[430]</a> being replaced by Portuguese only after governmental prohibition led by <a href="/wiki/Suppression_of_the_Society_of_Jesus#Portugal" title="Suppression of the Society of Jesus">major political changes</a>),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:TERSE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:TERSE">excessive detail?</a>] <a href="/wiki/Baniwa_of_I%C3%A7ana" class="mw-redirect" title="Baniwa of Içana">Baniwa</a> and Tucano languages had been granted co-official status with Portuguese.<a href="#cite_note-nyt-language-434">[431]</a> There are significant communities of German (mostly the <a href="/wiki/Riograndenser_Hunsr%C3%BCckisch" class="mw-redirect" title="Riograndenser Hunsrückisch">Brazilian Hunsrückisch</a>, a High German language dialect) and Italian (mostly the <a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> dialect) origins in the Southern and Southeastern regions, whose ancestors' native languages were carried along to Brazil, and which, still alive there, are influenced by the Portuguese language.<a href="#cite_note-435">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[433]</a> Talian is officially a historic patrimony of <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>,<a href="#cite_note-437">[434]</a> and two German dialects possess co-official status in a few municipalities.<a href="#cite_note-Stevenson1997-438">[435]</a> Italian is also recognized as ethnic language in the <a href="/wiki/Microregions_of_Brazil" title="Microregions of Brazil">Santa Teresa</a> microregion and <a href="/wiki/Vila_Velha" title="Vila Velha">Vila Velha</a> (Espirito Santo state), and is taught as mandatory second language at school.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-439">[436]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Urbanization">Urbanization</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">List of cities in Brazil by population</a></div> According to IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) urban areas already concentrate 84.35% of the population, while the Southeast region remains the most populated one, with over 80 million inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-440">[437]</a> The largest urban agglomerations in Brazil are <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>—all in the Southeastern Region—with 21.1, 12.3, and 5.1 million inhabitants respectively.<a href="#cite_note-concentrações_urbanas-441">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[440]</a> The majority of state capitals are the largest cities in their states, except for <a href="/wiki/Vit%C3%B3ria,_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitória, Brazil">Vitória</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florian%C3%B3polis" title="Florianópolis">Florianópolis</a>, the capital of Santa Catarina.<a href="#cite_note-444">[441]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_urban_agglomerations_in_Brazil" title="Template:Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_urban_agglomerations_in_Brazil" title="Template talk:Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_urban_agglomerations_in_Brazil" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2017 <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Institute_of_Geography_and_Statistics" title="Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics">Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics</a> estimates<a href="#cite_note-concentrações_urbanas-441">[438]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-446">[443]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Brazil">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Brazil">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/States_of_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="States of Brazil">State</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Pop.</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Bairro_dos_jardins_em_s%C3%A3o_paulo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="São Paulo"><img alt="São Paulo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bairro_dos_jardins_em_s%C3%A3o_paulo.jpg/120px-Bairro_dos_jardins_em_s%C3%A3o_paulo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bairro_dos_jardins_em_s%C3%A3o_paulo.jpg/180px-Bairro_dos_jardins_em_s%C3%A3o_paulo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Bairro_dos_jardins_em_s%C3%A3o_paulo.jpg/240px-Bairro_dos_jardins_em_s%C3%A3o_paulo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1422" data-file-height="800" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">São Paulo</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rio de Janeiro"><img alt="Rio de Janeiro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg/120px-Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg/180px-Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg/240px-Cidade_Maravilhosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="1948" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Greater São Paulo">São Paulo</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">21,314,716</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bel%C3%A9m" title="Belém">Belém</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Par%C3%A1" title="Pará">Pará</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,157,180 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Greater Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_(state)" title="Rio de Janeiro (state)">Rio de Janeiro</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">12,389,775</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manaus" title="Greater Manaus">Manaus</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Amazonas_(Brazilian_state)" title="Amazonas (Brazilian state)">Amazonas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,130,264 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Belo_Horizonte" title="Greater Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Minas_Gerais" title="Minas Gerais">Minas Gerais</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">5,142,260</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Campinas_metropolitan_area" title="Campinas metropolitan area">Campinas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,105,600 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Recife" title="Greater Recife">Recife</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pernambuco" title="Pernambuco">Pernambuco</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">4,021,641</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Vit%C3%B3ria" title="Greater Vitória">Vitória</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Esp%C3%ADrito_Santo" title="Espírito Santo">Espírito Santo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,837,047 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_District_(Brazil)" title="Federal District (Brazil)">Federal District</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,986,425</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Baixada_Santista" title="Baixada Santista">Baixada Santista</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,702,343 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Porto_Alegre" title="Greater Porto Alegre">Porto Alegre</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,894,232</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba_Valley_and_North_Coast_metropolitan_area" title="Paraíba Valley and North Coast metropolitan area">São José dos Campos</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_(state)" title="São Paulo (state)">São Paulo</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,572,943 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Salvador,_Bahia" title="Salvador, Bahia">Salvador</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bahia" title="Bahia">Bahia</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,863,154</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Lu%C3%ADs,_Maranh%C3%A3o" title="São Luís, Maranhão">São Luís</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Maranh%C3%A3o" title="Maranhão">Maranhão</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,421,569 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fortaleza" title="Fortaleza">Fortaleza</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Cear%C3%A1" title="Ceará">Ceará</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,594,924</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Natal,_Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Natal, Rio Grande do Norte">Natal</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Norte" title="Rio Grande do Norte">Rio Grande do Norte</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,349,743 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Curitiba" title="Greater Curitiba">Curitiba</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Paran%C3%A1_(state)" title="Paraná (state)">Paraná</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,387,985</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Macei%C3%B3" title="Maceió">Maceió</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alagoas" title="Alagoas">Alagoas</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,231,965 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Goi%C3%A2nia" title="Greater Goiânia">Goiânia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Goi%C3%A1s" title="Goiás">Goiás</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,347,557</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Pessoa,_Para%C3%ADba" title="João Pessoa, Paraíba">João Pessoa</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Para%C3%ADba" title="Paraíba">Paraíba</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,168,941 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil" title="Culture of Brazil">Culture of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Desfile_Portela_2014_(906185).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg/220px-Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg/330px-Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg/440px-Desfile_Portela_2014_%28906185%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>Parade of <a href="/wiki/Portela_(samba_school)" title="Portela (samba school)">Portela</a> <a href="/wiki/Samba_school" title="Samba school">samba school</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Carnival" title="Rio Carnival">Rio Carnival</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Carnival" title="Carnival">carnival</a> in the world<a href="#cite_note-Guiness-447">[444]</a></figcaption></figure> The core culture of Brazil is derived from <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Portugal" title="Culture of Portugal">Portuguese culture</a>, because of its strong colonial ties with the Portuguese Empire.<a href="#cite_note-Meade2009-448">[445]</a> Among other influences, the Portuguese introduced the <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Roman Catholicism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manueline" title="Manueline">colonial architectural styles</a>. The culture was also strongly influenced by <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_of_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups of Africa">African</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">indigenous</a> and non-Portuguese European cultures and traditions.<a href="#cite_note-Levinson1998-449">[446]</a> Some aspects of Brazilian culture were influenced by the contributions of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Brazilian">Italian</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="German Brazilian">German</a> and other European as well as <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Brazilian">Japanese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Brazilian">Jewish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arab_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Brazilian">Arab</a> immigrants who arrived in large numbers in the South and Southeast of Brazil during the 19th and 20th centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Lesser2013a-450">[447]</a> The indigenous Amerindians influenced Brazil's language and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">cuisine</a>; and the Africans influenced language, cuisine, <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">music</a>, dance and religion.<a href="#cite_note-451">[448]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_art" title="Brazilian art">Brazilian art</a> has developed since the 16th century into different styles that range from <a href="/wiki/Baroque_in_Brazil" title="Baroque in Brazil">Baroque</a> (the dominant style in Brazil until the early 19th century)<a href="#cite_note-452">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-itaucultural.org.br-453">[450]</a> to <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_academic_art" title="Brazilian academic art">Romanticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modern_art" title="Modern art">Modernism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstractionism</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Brazilian cinema</a> dates back to the birth of the medium in the late 19th century and has gained a new level of international acclaim since the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Marsh2012-454">[451]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Brazil" title="Architecture of Brazil">Architecture of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Catedral1_Rodrigo_Marfan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Catedral1_Rodrigo_Marfan.jpg/220px-Catedral1_Rodrigo_Marfan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Catedral1_Rodrigo_Marfan.jpg/330px-Catedral1_Rodrigo_Marfan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Catedral1_Rodrigo_Marfan.jpg/440px-Catedral1_Rodrigo_Marfan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Cathedral of Brasília">Cathedral of Brasília</a>, designed by Brazilian architect <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">federal capital</a>, an example of <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">Modern architecture</a></figcaption></figure> The architecture of Brazil is influenced by Europe, especially Portugal. It has a history that goes back 500 years to the time, when <a href="/wiki/Pedro_%C3%81lvares_Cabral" title="Pedro Álvares Cabral">Pedro Álvares Cabral</a> landed in Brazil in 1500. <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_colonial_architecture" title="Portuguese colonial architecture">Portuguese colonial architecture</a> was the first wave of architecture to go to Brazil.<a href="#cite_note-455">[452]</a> It is the basis for all Brazilian architecture of later centuries.<a href="#cite_note-456">[453]</a> In the 19th century, during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire of Brazil</a>, the country followed European trends and adopted <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic Revival architecture</a>. Then, in the 20th century, especially in Brasília, Brazil experimented with <a href="/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">modernist architecture</a>. The colonial architecture of Brazil dates to the early 16th century, when Brazil was first explored, conquered and settled by the Portuguese. The Portuguese built architecture familiar to them in Europe in their aim to colonize Brazil. They built Portuguese colonial architecture, which included churches and civic architecture, including houses and forts, in Brazilian cities and the countryside.<a href="#cite_note-Guimaraens-457">[454]</a> During the 19th century, Brazilian architecture saw the introduction of more European styles to Brazil, such as Neoclassical and Gothic Revival architecture. This was usually mixed with Brazilian influences from their own heritage.<a href="#cite_note-Guimaraens-457">[454]</a> In the 1950s <a href="/wiki/Modernist_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Modernist architecture">modernist architecture</a> was introduced when <a href="/wiki/Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Brasília">Brasília</a> was built as a new federal capital in the interior of Brazil to help develop the interior. The architect <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Niemeyer" title="Oscar Niemeyer">Oscar Niemeyer</a> idealized and built government buildings, churches and civic buildings in the modernist style.<a href="#cite_note-Claro-458">[455]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Music of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tom_Jobim_e_Chico_Buarque_no_Festival_Internacional_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_(FIC).tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tom_Jobim_e_Chico_Buarque_no_Festival_Internacional_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28FIC%29.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Tom_Jobim_e_Chico_Buarque_no_Festival_Internacional_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28FIC%29.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tom_Jobim_e_Chico_Buarque_no_Festival_Internacional_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28FIC%29.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Tom_Jobim_e_Chico_Buarque_no_Festival_Internacional_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28FIC%29.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Tom_Jobim_e_Chico_Buarque_no_Festival_Internacional_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28FIC%29.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Tom_Jobim_e_Chico_Buarque_no_Festival_Internacional_da_Can%C3%A7%C3%A3o_%28FIC%29.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9075" data-file-height="8752" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tom_Jobim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Jobim">Tom Jobim</a>, one of the creators of <a href="/wiki/Bossa_nova" title="Bossa nova">bossa nova</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Chico_Buarque" title="Chico Buarque">Chico Buarque</a>, one of the leading names of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%BAsica_popular_brasileira" title="Música popular brasileira">MPB</a></figcaption></figure> The music of Brazil was formed mainly from the fusion of European, Native Indigenous, and African elements.<a href="#cite_note-FonsecaWeiner1991-459">[456]</a> Until the nineteenth century, Portugal was the gateway to most of the influences that built Brazilian music, although many of these elements were not of Portuguese origin, but generally European. The first was <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Maur%C3%ADcio_Nunes_Garcia" title="José Maurício Nunes Garcia">José Maurício Nunes Garcia</a>, author of sacred pieces with an influence of Viennese classicism.<a href="#cite_note-Grazia2013-460">[457]</a> The major contribution of the African element was the rhythmic diversity and some dances and instruments.<a href="#cite_note-FonsecaWeiner1991-459">[456]</a> Popular music since the late eighteenth century, <a href="/wiki/Samba_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba (music)">samba</a> was considered the most typical and on the UNESCO cultural heritage list.<a href="#cite_note-461">[458]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samba-reggae" class="mw-redirect" title="Samba-reggae">Samba-reggae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maracatu" title="Maracatu">Maracatu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frevo" title="Frevo">Frevo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Afox%C3%AA" title="Afoxê">Afoxê</a> are four music traditions that have been popularized by their appearance in the annual <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Brazilian Carnivals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crook2009-462">[459]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a> is usually played with its own music referred to as <a href="/wiki/Capoeira_music" title="Capoeira music">capoeira music</a>, which is usually considered to be a call-and-response type of folk music.<a href="#cite_note-Fryer2000-463">[460]</a> <a href="/wiki/Forr%C3%B3" title="Forró">Forró</a> is a type of folk music prominent during the <a href="/wiki/Festa_Junina" title="Festa Junina">Festa Junina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Region,_Brazil" title="Northeast Region, Brazil">northeastern Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-464">[461]</a> Jack A. Draper III, a professor of Portuguese at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Missouri" title="University of Missouri">University of Missouri</a>,<a href="#cite_note-465">[462]</a> argues that Forró was used as a way to subdue feelings of nostalgia for a rural lifestyle.<a href="#cite_note-466">[463]</a> <a href="/wiki/Choro" title="Choro">Choro</a> is a popular musical instrumental style. Its origins are in 19th-century Rio de Janeiro. The style often has a fast and happy rhythm, characterized by subtle <a href="/wiki/Modulation_(music)" title="Modulation (music)">modulations</a> and full of <a href="/wiki/Syncopation" title="Syncopation">syncopation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterpoint" title="Counterpoint">counterpoint</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MacGowanPessanha1998-467">[464]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bossa_nova" title="Bossa nova">Bossa nova</a> is also a well-known style of Brazilian music developed and popularized in the 1950s and 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGowanPessanha1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7MFD-EoTR7MCpgPA6_6]-468">[465]</a> The phrase "bossa nova" means literally 'new trend'.<a href="#cite_note-Kassing2007-469">[466]</a> A lyrical fusion of samba and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a>, bossa nova acquired a large following starting in the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-Campbell2011b-470">[467]</a> Some international Brazilian music artists are, for example: <a href="/wiki/Villa-Lobos" class="mw-redirect" title="Villa-Lobos">Villa-Lobos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Jobim" class="mw-redirect" title="Tom Jobim">Tom Jobim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Gilberto" title="João Gilberto">João Gilberto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mendes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergio Mendes">Sergio Mendes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eumir_Deodato" title="Eumir Deodato">Eumir Deodato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaoma" title="Kaoma">Kaoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sepultura" title="Sepultura">Sepultura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olodum" title="Olodum">Olodum</a> and <a href="/wiki/CSS_(band)" title="CSS (band)">CSS</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Brazilian literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Machado_de_Assis_aos_57_anos_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Machado_de_Assis_aos_57_anos_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Machado_de_Assis_aos_57_anos_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Machado_de_Assis_aos_57_anos_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Machado_de_Assis_aos_57_anos_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Machado_de_Assis_aos_57_anos_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Machado_de_Assis_aos_57_anos_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1263" data-file-height="1034" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a>, poet and novelist, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Academia_Brasileira_de_Letras" title="Academia Brasileira de Letras">Brazilian Academy of Letters</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Brazilian literature</a> dates back to the 16th century, to the writings of the first Portuguese explorers in Brazil, such as <a href="/wiki/Pero_Vaz_de_Caminha" class="mw-redirect" title="Pero Vaz de Caminha">Pero Vaz de Caminha</a>, filled with descriptions of <a href="/wiki/Fauna" title="Fauna">fauna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flora" title="Flora">flora</a> and commentary about the indigenous population that fascinated European readers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA360_360]-471">[468]</a> Brazil produced significant works in <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>—novelists such as <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Manuel_de_Macedo" title="Joaquim Manuel de Macedo">Joaquim Manuel de Macedo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_de_Alencar" title="José de Alencar">José de Alencar</a> wrote novels about love and pain. Alencar, in his long career, also treated indigenous people as heroes in the <a href="/wiki/Indianism_(arts)" title="Indianism (arts)">Indigenist</a> novels <a href="/wiki/The_Guarani" title="The Guarani">O Guarani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iracema" title="Iracema">Iracema</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ubirajara_(novel)" title="Ubirajara (novel)">Ubirajara</a>.<a href="#cite_note-472">[469]</a> <a href="/wiki/Machado_de_Assis" title="Machado de Assis">Machado de Assis</a>, one of his contemporaries, wrote in virtually all genres and continues to gain international prestige from critics worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-473">[470]</a><a href="#cite_note-474">[471]</a><a href="#cite_note-475">[472]</a> <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature#Modernism" title="Brazilian literature">Brazilian Modernism</a>, evidenced by the <a href="/wiki/Modern_Art_Week" title="Modern Art Week">Modern Art Week</a> in 1922, was concerned with a nationalist avant-garde literature,<a href="#cite_note-476">[473]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature#Post-Modernism" title="Brazilian literature">Post-Modernism</a> brought a generation of distinct poets such as <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Cabral_de_Melo_Neto" title="João Cabral de Melo Neto">João Cabral de Melo Neto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Drummond_de_Andrade" title="Carlos Drummond de Andrade">Carlos Drummond de Andrade</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vinicius_de_Moraes" title="Vinicius de Moraes">Vinicius de Moraes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cora_Coralina" title="Cora Coralina">Cora Coralina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graciliano_Ramos" title="Graciliano Ramos">Graciliano Ramos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cec%C3%ADlia_Meireles" title="Cecília Meireles">Cecília Meireles</a>, and internationally known writers dealing with universal and regional subjects such as <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Amado" title="Jorge Amado">Jorge Amado</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_Guimar%C3%A3es_Rosa" title="João Guimarães Rosa">João Guimarães Rosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clarice_Lispector" title="Clarice Lispector">Clarice Lispector</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Bandeira" title="Manuel Bandeira">Manuel Bandeira</a>.<a href="#cite_note-477">[474]</a><a href="#cite_note-478">[475]</a><a href="#cite_note-479">[476]</a> Brazil's most significant literary award is the <a href="/wiki/Cam%C3%B5es_Prize" title="Camões Prize">Camões Prize</a>, which it shares with the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Portuguese-speaking world</a>. As of 2016, Brazil has eleven recipients of the prize.<a href="#cite_note-480">[477]</a> Brazil also holds its own literary academy, the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Academy_of_Letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Academy of Letters">Brazilian Academy of Letters</a>, a non-profit cultural organization aimed at perpetuating the care of the national language and literature.<a href="#cite_note-481">[478]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Cinema of Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pal%C3%A1cio_dos_Festivais_de_Gramado.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pal%C3%A1cio_dos_Festivais_de_Gramado.jpg/220px-Pal%C3%A1cio_dos_Festivais_de_Gramado.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pal%C3%A1cio_dos_Festivais_de_Gramado.jpg/330px-Pal%C3%A1cio_dos_Festivais_de_Gramado.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Pal%C3%A1cio_dos_Festivais_de_Gramado.jpg/440px-Pal%C3%A1cio_dos_Festivais_de_Gramado.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3483" data-file-height="2717" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Festival_de_Gramado" title="Festival de Gramado">Gramado Film Festival</a>, the biggest <a href="/wiki/Film_festival" title="Film festival">film festival</a> in the country</figcaption></figure> The Brazilian film industry began in the late 19th century, during the early days of the <a href="/wiki/Belle_%C3%89poque" title="Belle Époque">Belle Époque</a>. While there were national film productions during the early 20th century, American films such as Rio the Magnificent were made in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> to promote tourism in the city.<a href="#cite_note-482">[479]</a> The films <a href="/wiki/Limite" title="Limite">Limite</a> (1931) and <a href="/wiki/Ganga_Bruta" title="Ganga Bruta">Ganga Bruta</a> (1933), the latter being produced by <a href="/wiki/Adhemar_Gonzaga" title="Adhemar Gonzaga">Adhemar Gonzaga</a> through the prolific studio Cinédia, were poorly received at release and failed at the box office, but are acclaimed nowadays and placed among the finest Brazilian films of all time.<a href="#cite_note-483">[480]</a> The 1941 unfinished film <a href="/wiki/It%27s_All_True_(film)" title="It's All True (film)">It's All True</a> was divided into four segments, two of which were filmed in Brazil and directed by <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a>; it was originally produced as part of the United States' <a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_Policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Good Neighbor Policy">Good Neighbor Policy</a> during Getúlio Vargas' Estado Novo government. During the 1960s, the <a href="/wiki/Cinema_Novo" title="Cinema Novo">Cinema Novo</a> movement rose to prominence with directors such as <a href="/wiki/Glauber_Rocha" title="Glauber Rocha">Glauber Rocha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Pereira_dos_Santos" title="Nelson Pereira dos Santos">Nelson Pereira dos Santos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paulo_Cesar_Saraceni" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulo Cesar Saraceni">Paulo Cesar Saraceni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arnaldo_Jabor" title="Arnaldo Jabor">Arnaldo Jabor</a>. Rocha's films <a href="/wiki/Deus_e_o_Diabo_na_Terra_do_Sol" class="mw-redirect" title="Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol">Deus e o Diabo na Terra do Sol</a> (1964) and <a href="/wiki/Terra_em_Transe" class="mw-redirect" title="Terra em Transe">Terra em Transe</a> (1967) are considered to be some of the greatest and most influential in Brazilian film history.<a href="#cite_note-484">[481]</a> During the 1990s, Brazil saw a surge of critical and commercial success with films such as <a href="/wiki/O_Quatrilho" title="O Quatrilho">O Quatrilho</a> (<a href="/wiki/F%C3%A1bio_Barreto" title="Fábio Barreto">Fábio Barreto</a>, 1995), <a href="/wiki/O_Que_%C3%89_Isso,_Companheiro%3F" class="mw-redirect" title="O Que É Isso, Companheiro?">O Que É Isso, Companheiro?</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bruno_Barreto" title="Bruno Barreto">Bruno Barreto</a>, 1997) and <a href="/wiki/Central_Station_(film)" title="Central Station (film)">Central do Brasil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walter_Salles" title="Walter Salles">Walter Salles</a>, 1998), all of which were nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film</a>, the latter receiving a <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Best Actress</a> nomination for <a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Montenegro" title="Fernanda Montenegro">Fernanda Montenegro</a>. The 2002 crime film <a href="/wiki/City_of_God_(2002_film)" title="City of God (2002 film)">City of God</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Meirelles" title="Fernando Meirelles">Fernando Meirelles</a>, was critically acclaimed, scoring 90% on <a href="/wiki/Rotten_Tomatoes" title="Rotten Tomatoes">Rotten Tomatoes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-485">[482]</a> being placed in <a href="/wiki/Roger_Ebert" title="Roger Ebert">Roger Ebert</a>'s Best Films of the Decade list<a href="#cite_note-486">[483]</a> and receiving four <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> nominations in 2004, including <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Director" title="Academy Award for Best Director">Best Director</a>. Notable film festivals in Brazil include the <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo_International_Film_Festival" title="São Paulo International Film Festival">São Paulo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro_International_Film_Festival" title="Rio de Janeiro International Film Festival">Rio de Janeiro International Film Festivals</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Festival_de_Gramado" title="Festival de Gramado">Gramado Festival</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Visual_arts">Visual arts</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Brazilian painting</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mural_painting_%22Entry_into_the_Forest%22_by_Candido_Portinari,_on_the_vestibule_wall_of_the_Hispanic_Reading_room,_Library_of_Congress,_Thomas_Jefferson_Building,_Washington,_D.C_LCCN2011631432.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mural_painting_%22Entry_into_the_Forest%22_by_Candido_Portinari%2C_on_the_vestibule_wall_of_the_Hispanic_Reading_room%2C_Library_of_Congress%2C_Thomas_Jefferson_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C_LCCN2011631432.tif/lossy-page1-220px-thumbnail.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mural_painting_%22Entry_into_the_Forest%22_by_Candido_Portinari%2C_on_the_vestibule_wall_of_the_Hispanic_Reading_room%2C_Library_of_Congress%2C_Thomas_Jefferson_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C_LCCN2011631432.tif/lossy-page1-330px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Mural_painting_%22Entry_into_the_Forest%22_by_Candido_Portinari%2C_on_the_vestibule_wall_of_the_Hispanic_Reading_room%2C_Library_of_Congress%2C_Thomas_Jefferson_Building%2C_Washington%2C_D.C_LCCN2011631432.tif/lossy-page1-440px-thumbnail.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3773" data-file-height="2784" /></a><figcaption>Entry in the Forest mural at the <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_Building" title="Thomas Jefferson Building">Thomas Jefferson Building</a> by <a href="/wiki/Candido_Portinari" title="Candido Portinari">Candido Portinari</a>, one of the most important <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Brazilian painters</a></figcaption></figure> Brazilian painting emerged in the late 16th century,<a href="#cite_note-487">[484]</a> influenced by <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rococo" title="Rococo">Rococo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">Expressionism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surrealism" title="Surrealism">Surrealism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cubism" title="Cubism">Cubism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abstract_art" title="Abstract art">Abstracionism</a> making it a major <a href="/wiki/Style_(visual_arts)" title="Style (visual arts)">art style</a> called <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_academic_art" title="Brazilian academic art">Brazilian academic art</a>.<a href="#cite_note-488">[485]</a><a href="#cite_note-Biscardi-489">[486]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Miss%C3%A3o_Art%C3%ADstica_Francesa" title="Missão Artística Francesa">French Artistic Mission</a> arrived in Brazil in 1816 proposing the creation of an art academy modeled after the respected Académie des Beaux-Arts, with graduation courses both for artists and craftsmen for activities such as modeling, decorating, carpentry and others and bringing artists such as <a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Debret" title="Jean-Baptiste Debret">Jean-Baptiste Debret</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Biscardi-489">[486]</a> Upon the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Academia_Imperial_de_Belas_Artes" class="mw-redirect" title="Academia Imperial de Belas Artes">Imperial Academy of Fine Arts</a>, new artistic movements spread across the country during the 19th century and later the event called <a href="/wiki/Modern_Art_Week" title="Modern Art Week">Modern Art Week</a> broke with academic tradition in 1922 and started a nationalist trend which was influenced by modernist arts.<a href="#cite_note-Amaral-490">[487]</a> Among the best-known Brazilian painters are <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_do_Pilar" title="Ricardo do Pilar">Ricardo do Pilar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manuel_da_Costa_Ata%C3%ADde" class="mw-redirect" title="Manuel da Costa Ataíde">Manuel da Costa Ataíde</a> (baroque and rococo), <a href="/wiki/Victor_Meirelles" title="Victor Meirelles">Victor Meirelles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pedro_Am%C3%A9rico" title="Pedro Américo">Pedro Américo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ferraz_de_Almeida_J%C3%BAnior" title="José Ferraz de Almeida Júnior">Almeida Júnior</a> (romanticism and realism), <a href="/wiki/Anita_Malfatti" title="Anita Malfatti">Anita Malfatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ismael_Nery" title="Ismael Nery">Ismael Nery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lasar_Segall" title="Lasar Segall">Lasar Segall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emiliano_di_Cavalcanti" class="mw-redirect" title="Emiliano di Cavalcanti">Emiliano di Cavalcanti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicente_do_Rego_Monteiro" title="Vicente do Rego Monteiro">Vicente do Rego Monteiro</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tarsila_do_Amaral" title="Tarsila do Amaral">Tarsila do Amaral</a> (expressionism, surrealism and cubism), <a href="/wiki/Aldo_Bonadei" title="Aldo Bonadei">Aldo Bonadei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Pancetti" title="José Pancetti">José Pancetti</a> and <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2ndido_Portinari" class="mw-redirect" title="Cândido Portinari">Cândido Portinari</a> (modernism).<a href="#cite_note-491">[488]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre">Theatre</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augusto_Boal_nyc3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Augusto_Boal_nyc3.jpg/220px-Augusto_Boal_nyc3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Augusto_Boal_nyc3.jpg/330px-Augusto_Boal_nyc3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Augusto_Boal_nyc3.jpg/440px-Augusto_Boal_nyc3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3768" data-file-height="2516" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augusto_Boal" title="Augusto Boal">Augusto Boal</a> presenting a workshop on the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Oppressed" title="Theatre of the Oppressed">Theatre of the Oppressed</a> at <a href="/wiki/Riverside_Church" title="Riverside Church">Riverside Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in 2008</figcaption></figure> The theatre in Brazil has its origins in the period of <a href="/wiki/Jesuits" title="Jesuits">Jesuit</a> expansion, when theater was used for the dissemination of Catholic doctrine in the 16th century. In the 17th and 18th centuries, dramatists on the scene of European derivation were for court or private performances.<a href="#cite_note-492">[489]</a> During the 19th century, the playwrights <a href="/wiki/Gon%C3%A7alves_Dias" title="Gonçalves Dias">Antônio Gonçalves Dias</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martins_Pena" title="Martins Pena">Luís Carlos Martins Pena</a> were known for their performance.<a href="#cite_note-teatro-493">[490]</a> There were also numerous operas and orchestras. The Brazilian conductor <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B4nio_Carlos_Gomes" title="Antônio Carlos Gomes">Antônio Carlos Gomes</a> became internationally known with operas such as <a href="/wiki/Il_Guarany" title="Il Guarany">Il Guarany</a>. At the end of the 19th century, orchestrated dramaturgias were accompanied with songs of famous artists such as the conductress <a href="/wiki/Chiquinha_Gonzaga" title="Chiquinha Gonzaga">Chiquinha Gonzaga</a>.<a href="#cite_note-494">[491]</a> Already in the early 20th century there was the presence of theaters, entrepreneurs and actor companies. In 1940, Paschoal Carlos Magno and his student's theater, the comedians group and the Italian actors <a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Celi" title="Adolfo Celi">Adolfo Celi</a>, Ruggero Jacobbi and Aldo Calvo, founders of the Teatro Brasileiro de Comédia, renewed the Brazilian theater. From the 1960s, it was attended by a theater dedicated to social and religious issues. The most prominent authors at this stage were Jorge Andrade and <a href="/wiki/Ariano_Suassuna" title="Ariano Suassuna">Ariano Suassuna</a>.<a href="#cite_note-teatro-493">[490]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian cuisine</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_dishes" title="List of Brazilian dishes">List of Brazilian dishes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Feijoada_%C3%A0_brasileira_-.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Feijoada_%C3%A0_brasileira_-.jpg/220px-Feijoada_%C3%A0_brasileira_-.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Feijoada_%C3%A0_brasileira_-.jpg/330px-Feijoada_%C3%A0_brasileira_-.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Feijoada_%C3%A0_brasileira_-.jpg/440px-Feijoada_%C3%A0_brasileira_-.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="838" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Feijoada_(Brazilian_dish)" title="Feijoada (Brazilian dish)">Feijoada</a> is the <a href="/wiki/National_dish" title="National dish">national dish</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Brazilian cuisine</a>.</figcaption></figure> Brazilian cuisine varies greatly by region, reflecting the country's varying mix of indigenous and immigrant populations. This has created a national cuisine marked by the preservation of regional differences.<a href="#cite_note-Encarta_4-495">[492]</a> Examples are <a href="/wiki/Feijoada" title="Feijoada">Feijoada</a>, considered the country's national dish;<a href="#cite_note-496">[493]</a> and regional foods such as beiju, feijão tropeiro, <a href="/wiki/Vatap%C3%A1" title="Vatapá">vatapá</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moqueca" title="Moqueca">moqueca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polenta" title="Polenta">polenta</a> (from Italian cuisine) and <a href="/wiki/Acaraj%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Acarajé">acarajé</a> (from African cuisine).<a href="#cite_note-497">[494]</a> The national beverage is <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>; <a href="/wiki/Cacha%C3%A7a" title="Cachaça">cachaça</a> is Brazil's native <a href="/wiki/Distilled_beverage" class="mw-redirect" title="Distilled beverage">liquor</a>. Cachaça is distilled from <a href="/wiki/Sugarcane" title="Sugarcane">sugar cane</a> and is the main ingredient in the national cocktail, <a href="/wiki/Caipirinha" title="Caipirinha">Caipirinha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bayor2011-498">[495]</a> A typical meal consists mostly of <a href="/wiki/Rice_and_beans" title="Rice and beans">rice and beans</a> with <a href="/wiki/Beef" title="Beef">beef</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salad" title="Salad">salad</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_fries" title="French fries">french fries</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Fried_egg" title="Fried egg">fried egg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-499">[496]</a> Often, it is mixed with cassava flour (<a href="/wiki/Farofa" title="Farofa">farofa</a>). Fried potatoes, fried cassava, fried banana, fried meat and fried cheese are very often eaten in lunch and served in most typical restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-500">[497]</a> Popular snacks are <a href="/wiki/Pastel_(food)" title="Pastel (food)">pastel</a> (a fried pastry); <a href="/wiki/Coxinha" title="Coxinha">coxinha</a> (a variation of chicken croquete); <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A3o_de_queijo" title="Pão de queijo">pão de queijo</a> (cheese bread and cassava flour / <a href="/wiki/Tapioca" title="Tapioca">tapioca</a>); <a href="/wiki/Pamonha" title="Pamonha">pamonha</a> (corn and milk paste); <a href="/wiki/Sfiha" title="Sfiha">esfirra</a> (a variation of Lebanese pastry); <a href="/wiki/Kibbeh" title="Kibbeh">kibbeh</a> (from Arabic cuisine); <a href="/wiki/Empanada" title="Empanada">empanada</a> (pastry) and empada, little salt pies filled with shrimps or heart of palm. Brazil has a variety of desserts such as <a href="/wiki/Brigadeiro" title="Brigadeiro">brigadeiros</a> (chocolate fudge balls), <a href="/wiki/Bolo_de_rolo" title="Bolo de rolo">bolo de rolo</a> (roll cake with <a href="/wiki/Goiabada" title="Goiabada">goiabada</a>), <a href="/wiki/Cocada" title="Cocada">cocada</a> (a coconut sweet), <a href="/wiki/Beijinho" title="Beijinho">beijinhos</a> (coconut truffles and clove) and <a href="/wiki/Romeu_e_Julieta" title="Romeu e Julieta">Romeu e Julieta</a> (cheese with goiabada). Peanuts are used to make <a href="/wiki/Pa%C3%A7oca" title="Paçoca">paçoca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rapadura" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapadura">rapadura</a> and <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9-de-moleque" class="mw-redirect" title="Pé-de-moleque">pé-de-moleque</a>. Local common fruits such as <a href="/wiki/A%C3%A7a%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Açaí">açaí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cupua%C3%A7u" class="mw-redirect" title="Cupuaçu">cupuaçu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mango" title="Mango">mango</a>, <a href="/wiki/Papaya" title="Papaya">papaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">cocoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashew" title="Cashew">cashew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guava" title="Guava">guava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_(fruit)" title="Orange (fruit)">orange</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">lime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Passionfruit" class="mw-redirect" title="Passionfruit">passionfruit</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pineapple" title="Pineapple">pineapple</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spondias" title="Spondias">hog plum</a> are turned in <a href="/wiki/Juice" title="Juice">juices</a> and used to make <a href="/wiki/Chocolate" title="Chocolate">chocolates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ice_pop" title="Ice pop">ice pops</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ice_cream" title="Ice cream">ice cream</a>.<a href="#cite_note-501">[498]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Telecommunications in Brazil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Brazil" title="Television in Brazil">Television in Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Concentration_of_media_ownership#Brazil" title="Concentration of media ownership">Concentration of media ownership § Brazil</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_regulation_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass media regulation in Brazil">Mass media regulation in Brazil</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jornal_Nacional_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jornal_Nacional_3.jpg/220px-Jornal_Nacional_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jornal_Nacional_3.jpg/330px-Jornal_Nacional_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Jornal_Nacional_3.jpg/440px-Jornal_Nacional_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>Former President <a href="/wiki/Dilma_Rousseff" title="Dilma Rousseff">Dilma Rousseff</a> at <a href="/wiki/Jornal_Nacional" title="Jornal Nacional">Jornal Nacional</a> news program. <a href="/wiki/Rede_Globo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rede Globo">Rede Globo</a> is the world's second-largest commercial television network.<a href="#cite_note-502">[499]</a></figcaption></figure> The Brazilian press was officially born in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio de Janeiro</a> on 13 May 1808 with the creation of the Royal Printing National Press by the <a href="/wiki/Prince_Regent" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Regent">Prince Regent</a> <a href="/wiki/Jo%C3%A3o_VI_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="João VI of Portugal">Dom João</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EchevarríaPupo-Walker1996-503">[500]</a> The Gazeta do Rio de Janeiro, the first newspaper published in the country, began to circulate on 10 September 1808.<a href="#cite_note-Johnston2003-504">[501]</a> The largest newspapers nowadays are <a href="/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo" title="Folha de S.Paulo">Folha de S.Paulo</a>, Super Notícia, <a href="/wiki/O_Globo" title="O Globo">O Globo</a> and <a href="/wiki/O_Estado_de_S._Paulo" title="O Estado de S. Paulo">O Estado de S. Paulo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Vincent2003B-505">[502]</a> Radio broadcasting began on 7 September 1922, with a speech by then President Pessoa, and was formalized on 20 April 1923 with the creation of the "Radio Society of Rio de Janeiro".<a href="#cite_note-McCann2004-506">[503]</a> Television in Brazil began officially on 18 September 1950, with the founding of <a href="/wiki/TV_Tupi" class="mw-redirect" title="TV Tupi">TV Tupi</a> by <a href="/wiki/Assis_Chateaubriand" title="Assis Chateaubriand">Assis Chateaubriand</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Ward2007-507">[504]</a> Since then, television has grown in the country, creating large commercial broadcast networks such as <a href="/wiki/Rede_Globo" class="mw-redirect" title="Rede Globo">Globo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o" title="Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão">SBT</a>, <a href="/wiki/RecordTV" class="mw-redirect" title="RecordTV">RecordTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rede_Bandeirantes" title="Rede Bandeirantes">Bandeirantes</a> and <a href="/wiki/RedeTV!" title="RedeTV!">RedeTV</a>. Today it is the most important factor in the popular culture of Brazilian society, as indicated by research showing that as much as 67%<a href="#cite_note-508">[505]</a><a href="#cite_note-509">[506]</a> of the general population follow the same daily <a href="/wiki/Telenovela" title="Telenovela">telenovela</a> broadcast. By the mid-1960s, <a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Brazil_by_state" title="List of universities in Brazil by state">Brazilian universities</a> had installed <a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">mainframe computers</a> from <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burroughs_Large_Systems" title="Burroughs Large Systems">Burroughs Large Systems</a>. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Brazilian government restricted foreign <a href="/wiki/Import" title="Import">imports</a> to protect the local manufacturing of computers. In the 1980s, Brazil produced half of the computers sold in the country. By 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a> use in Brazil was the fifth largest in the world.<a href="#cite_note-510">[507]</a> In May 2010, the Brazilian government launched <a href="/wiki/TV_Brasil_Internacional" title="TV Brasil Internacional">TV Brasil Internacional</a>, an international <a href="/wiki/Television_station" title="Television station">television station</a>, initially broadcasting to 49 countries.<a href="#cite_note-511">[508]</a> Commercial television channels broadcast internationally include <a href="/wiki/Globo_Internacional" class="mw-redirect" title="Globo Internacional">Globo Internacional</a>, <a href="/wiki/RecordTV_Internacional" class="mw-redirect" title="RecordTV Internacional">RecordTV Internacional</a> and <a href="/wiki/Band_Internacional" title="Band Internacional">Band Internacional</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Brazil" title="Sport in Brazil">Sport in Brazil</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Brazil_at_the_Olympics" title="Brazil at the Olympics">Brazil at the Olympics</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pele_con_brasil_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pele_con_brasil_%28cropped%29.jpg/141px-Pele_con_brasil_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pele_con_brasil_%28cropped%29.jpg/212px-Pele_con_brasil_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Pele_con_brasil_%28cropped%29.jpg/282px-Pele_con_brasil_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="388" data-file-height="526" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Footballer" class="mw-redirect" title="Footballer">footballer</a> as well as sport figures of the 20th century<a href="#cite_note-fifa-512">[509]</a><a href="#cite_note-513">[510]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:145px;max-width:145px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:190px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayrton_Senna_Imola_1989_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ayrton_Senna_Imola_1989_%28cropped%29.jpg/143px-Ayrton_Senna_Imola_1989_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="143" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ayrton_Senna_Imola_1989_%28cropped%29.jpg/215px-Ayrton_Senna_Imola_1989_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Ayrton_Senna_Imola_1989_%28cropped%29.jpg/286px-Ayrton_Senna_Imola_1989_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="548" data-file-height="730" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ayrton_Senna" title="Ayrton Senna">Ayrton Senna</a>, the driver with <a href="/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_driver_records#Most_consecutive_wins_at_the_same_Grand_Prix" title="List of Formula One driver records">most consecutive wins</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_driver_records#Most_consecutive_pole_positions_at_the_same_Grand_Prix" title="List of Formula One driver records">pole positions</a> at the same <a href="/wiki/List_of_Formula_One_Grands_Prix" title="List of Formula One Grands Prix">Grand Prix</a> of <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a></div></div></div></div></div> The most popular sport in Brazil is <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>.<a href="#cite_note-514">[511]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Brazil_national_football_team" title="Brazil national football team">Brazilian men's national team</a> is ranked among the best in the world according to the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Rankings">FIFA World Rankings</a>, and has won the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a> tournament a record five times.<a href="#cite_note-515">[512]</a><a href="#cite_note-516">[513]</a> <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">auto racing</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martial_arts" title="Martial arts">martial arts</a> also has large audiences. The <a href="/wiki/Brazil_men%27s_national_volleyball_team" title="Brazil men's national volleyball team">Brazil men's national volleyball team</a>, for example, currently holds the titles of the <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_League" title="FIVB Volleyball World League">World League</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_World_Grand_Champions_Cup" title="FIVB Volleyball World Grand Champions Cup">World Grand Champions Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB Volleyball Men's World Championship">World Championship</a> and the <a href="/wiki/FIVB_Volleyball_Men%27s_World_Cup" title="FIVB Volleyball Men's World Cup">World Cup</a>. In auto racing, three Brazilian drivers have won the <a href="/wiki/Formula_One" title="Formula One">Formula One</a> world championship eight times.<a href="#cite_note-517">[514]</a><a href="#cite_note-518">[515]</a><a href="#cite_note-519">[516]</a> The country has also produced significant achievements in other sports such as <a href="/wiki/Sailing_(sport)" title="Sailing (sport)">sailing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Surfing" title="Surfing">surfing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skateboarding" title="Skateboarding">skateboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/MMA" class="mw-redirect" title="MMA">MMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gymnastics" title="Gymnastics">gymnastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boxing" title="Boxing">boxing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judo" title="Judo">judo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Track_and_field" title="Track and field">athletics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Table_tennis" title="Table tennis">table tennis</a>. Some sport variations have their origins in Brazil: <a href="/wiki/Beach_soccer" title="Beach soccer">beach football</a>,<a href="#cite_note-520">[517]</a> <a href="/wiki/Futsal" title="Futsal">futsal</a> (indoor football)<a href="#cite_note-521">[518]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Footvolley" title="Footvolley">footvolley</a> emerged in Brazil as variations of football. In martial arts, Brazilians developed <a href="/wiki/Capoeira" title="Capoeira">Capoeira</a>,<a href="#cite_note-522">[519]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vale_tudo" class="mw-redirect" title="Vale tudo">Vale tudo</a><a href="#cite_note-523">[520]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_jiu-jitsu" title="Brazilian jiu-jitsu">Brazilian jiu-jitsu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-524">[521]</a> Brazil has hosted several high-profile international sporting events, such as the <a href="/wiki/1950_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1950 FIFA World Cup">1950 FIFA World Cup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-525">[522]</a> and recently has hosted the <a href="/wiki/2014_FIFA_World_Cup" title="2014 FIFA World Cup">2014 FIFA World Cup</a>, <a href="/wiki/2019_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="2019 Copa América">2019 Copa América</a> and <a href="/wiki/2021_Copa_Am%C3%A9rica" title="2021 Copa América">2021 Copa América</a> .<a href="#cite_note-526">[523]</a> The <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="São Paulo">São Paulo</a> circuit, <a href="/wiki/Aut%C3%B3dromo_Jos%C3%A9_Carlos_Pace" class="mw-redirect" title="Autódromo José Carlos Pace">Autódromo José Carlos Pace</a>, hosts the annual <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Grand_Prix" title="Brazilian Grand Prix">Grand Prix of Brazil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-527">[524]</a> São Paulo organized the <a href="/wiki/1963_Pan_American_Games" title="1963 Pan American Games">IV Pan American Games</a> in 1963, and Rio de Janeiro hosted the <a href="/wiki/2007_Pan_American_Games" title="2007 Pan American Games">XV Pan American Games</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-LiMacIntosh2011-528">[525]</a> On 2 October 2009, Rio de Janeiro was selected to host the <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Olympics" title="2016 Summer Olympics">2016 Olympic Games</a> and <a href="/wiki/2016_Summer_Paralympics" title="2016 Summer Paralympics">2016 Paralympic Games</a>, making it the first South American city to host the games<a href="#cite_note-guardian_olympics-529">[526]</a> and second in Latin America, after <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>. Furthermore, the country hosted the <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Basketball_World_Cup" title="FIBA Basketball World Cup">FIBA Basketball World Cups</a> in <a href="/wiki/1954_FIBA_World_Championship" title="1954 FIBA World Championship">1954</a> and <a href="/wiki/1963_FIBA_World_Championship" title="1963 FIBA World Championship">1963</a>. At the 1963 event, the <a href="/wiki/Brazil_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazil national basketball team">Brazil national basketball team</a> won one of its two world championship titles.<a href="#cite_note-FIBA_History-530">[527]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/32px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/48px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/64px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Brazil portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Latin_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Latin_America" title="Portal:Latin America">Latin America portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Outline of Brazil</a><div style="clear:right;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> The Brazilian census uses the term amarela (or yellow in English) as a racial category to describe people of East Asian background. This category therefore excludes those of other Asian origins, such as West Asians/<a href="/wiki/Arab_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab Brazilian">Arabs</a>, who are included in the white category, and South Asians. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>: Brasil, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[bɾaˈziw]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d2\/Pt-br-brasil.ogg\/Pt-br-brasil.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pt-br-brasil.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d2/Pt-br-brasil.ogg/Pt-br-brasil.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pt-br-brasil.ogg" title="File:Pt-br-brasil.ogg">ⓘ</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Portuguese: República Federativa do Brasil,<a href="#cite_note-Bello1966v-12">[10]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">[ʁeˈpublikɐ fedeɾaˈtʃivɐ du bɾaˈziw]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b7\/Pt-br-Rep%C3%BAblica_Federativa_do_Brasil.ogg\/Pt-br-Rep%C3%BAblica_Federativa_do_Brasil.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Pt-br-Rep\u00fablica Federativa do Brasil.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Pt-br-Rep%C3%BAblica_Federativa_do_Brasil.ogg/Pt-br-Rep%C3%BAblica_Federativa_do_Brasil.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Pt-br-Rep%C3%BAblica_Federativa_do_Brasil.ogg" title="File:Pt-br-República Federativa do Brasil.ogg">ⓘ</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-HinoBandeira-1"><a href="#cite_ref-HinoBandeira_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFExército_Brasileiro" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Exército Brasileiro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140222123948/http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional">"Hino à Bandeira Nacional"</a> (in Portuguese). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eb.mil.br/web/midia-eletronica/hino-a-bandeira-nacional">the original</a> on 22 February 2014. Retrieved 29 January 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hino+%C3%A0+Bandeira+Nacional&rft.au=Ex%C3%A9rcito+Brasileiro&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eb.mil.br%2Fweb%2Fmidia-eletronica%2Fhino-a-bandeira-nacional&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2022-2"><a href="#cite_ref-census2022_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml">"Censo 2022: Pela 1ª vez, Brasil se declara mais pardo que branco; populações preta e indígena também crescem"</a>. 22 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231222234415/https://g1.globo.com/google/amp/economia/censo/noticia/2023/12/22/censo-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2023. Retrieved 22 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Censo+2022%3A+Pela+1%C2%AA+vez%2C+Brasil+se+declara+mais+pardo+que+branco%3B+popula%C3%A7%C3%B5es+preta+e+ind%C3%ADgena+tamb%C3%A9m+crescem&rft.date=2023-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fgoogle%2Famp%2Feconomia%2Fcenso%2Fnoticia%2F2023%2F12%2F22%2Fcenso-2022-cor-ou-raca.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/brazil/#:~:text=Religious%20Demography,-The%20U.S.%20government&text=Datafolha's%202022%20electoral%20polls%20also,do%20not%20specify%20a%20religion.">"2022 Report on International Religious Freedom: Brazil"</a>. United States Department of State. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240312161743/https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom/brazil/#:~:text=Religious%20Demography,-The%20U.S.%20government&text=Datafolha's%202022%20electoral%20polls%20also,do%20not%20specify%20a%20religion.">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2024. Retrieved 12 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Department+of+State&rft.atitle=2022+Report+on+International+Religious+Freedom%3A+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.state.gov%2Freports%2F2022-report-on-international-religious-freedom%2Fbrazil%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DReligious%2520Demography%2C-The%2520U.S.%2520government%26text%3DDatafolha%27s%25202022%2520electoral%2520polls%2520also%2Cdo%2520not%2520specify%2520a%2520religion.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www1.folha.uol.com.br/internacional/en/brazil/2022/06/datafolha-brazilians-go-to-church-less-and-give-less-contributions.shtml">"Datafolha: Brazilians Go to Church Less and Give Less Contributions"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/brazil-census-shows-population-growth-its-slowest-since-1872-2023-06-28/">the original</a> on 29 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Brazil+census+shows+population+growth+at+its+slowest+since+1872&rft.date=2023-06-28&rft.aulast=Araujo&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fbrazil-census-shows-population-growth-its-slowest-since-1872-2023-06-28%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/37238-pais-tem-90-milhoes-de-domicilios-34-a-mais-que-em-2010">"País tem 90 milhões de domicílios, 34% a mais que em 2010 | Agência de Notícias"</a>. Agência de Notícias – IBGE (in Brazilian Portuguese). 28 June 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230705200605/https://agenciadenoticias.ibge.gov.br/agencia-noticias/2012-agencia-de-noticias/noticias/37238-pais-tem-90-milhoes-de-domicilios-34-a-mais-que-em-2010">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2023. 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(Brazil)"</a>. www.imf.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. 22 October 2024. 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Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Global+Warming+and+Climate+Change%2C+Second+Edition&rft.place=Los+Angeles&rft.pages=148&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Princeton+University&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F970592418&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-9261-9&rft.aulast=Philander&rft.aufirst=S.+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DB8VE92tDqEEC%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrocittiVallance2011-15"><a href="#cite_ref-CrocittiVallance2011_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrocittiVallance2012" class="citation book cs1">Vallance, Monique M. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vP9jHaoL_s4C&pg=PR23">"Preface and Observations on Contemporary Brazil"</a>. In Crocitti, John J. (ed.). Brazil Today: An Encyclopedia of Life in the Republic. Contributing editor Monique M. Vallance. ABC-CLIO. p. xxiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34672-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34672-9"><bdi>978-0-313-34672-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/787850982">787850982</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231025210603/https://books.google.com/books?id=vP9jHaoL_s4C&pg=PR23">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2023. 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Springer. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38794-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-137-38794-3"><bdi>978-1-137-38794-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183440/https://books.google.com/books?id=yXdaBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT32#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 17 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Formation+of+the+BRICS+and+its+Implication+for+the+United+States%3A+Emerging+Together&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-137-38794-3&rft.au=M.+Schaefer&rft.au=J.+Poffenbarger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyXdaBQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT32&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Burges2016-22"><a href="#cite_ref-Burges2016_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSean_W._Burges2016" class="citation book cs1">Sean W. Burges (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tolwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114">Latin America and the Shifting Sands of Globalization</a>. Routledge. pp. 114–15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-69658-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-69658-2"><bdi>978-1-317-69658-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183445/https://books.google.com/books?id=tolwCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA114#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latin+America+and+the+Shifting+Sands+of+Globalization&rft.pages=114-15&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-317-69658-2&rft.au=Sean+W.+Burges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtolwCwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gina-23"><a href="#cite_ref-Gina_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardini2016" class="citation journal cs1">Gardini, Gian Luca (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fblar.12417">"Brazil: What Rise of What Power?"</a>. Bulletin of Latin American Research. 35: 5–19. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fblar.12417">10.1111/blar.12417</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3050">0261-3050</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+Latin+American+Research&rft.atitle=Brazil%3A+What+Rise+of+What+Power%3F&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=5-19&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fblar.12417&rft.issn=0261-3050&rft.aulast=Gardini&rft.aufirst=Gian+Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fblar.12417&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FRIDE-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FRIDE_24-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGratius2008" class="citation web cs1">Gratius, Susanne (April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160615194931/http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf">"The international arena and emerging powers: stabilising or destabilising forces?"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/FRIDE" title="FRIDE">FRIDE</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fride.org/descarga/com_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 15 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FRIDE&rft.atitle=The+international+arena+and+emerging+powers%3A+stabilising+or+destabilising+forces%3F&rft.date=2008-04&rft.aulast=Gratius&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffride.org%2Fdescarga%2Fcom_emerging_powers_eng_abr08.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Collecott-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Collecott_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Collecott2011" class="citation web cs1">Peter Collecott (29 October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/">"Brazil's Quest for Superpower Status"</a>. The Diplomatic Courier. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190402030604/https://www.diplomaticourier.com/2011/10/29/brazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 April 2019. Retrieved 10 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil%27s+Quest+for+Superpower+Status&rft.pub=The+Diplomatic+Courier&rft.date=2011-10-29&rft.au=Peter+Collecott&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diplomaticourier.com%2F2011%2F10%2F29%2Fbrazil-s-quest-for-superpower-status%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClendenning2008" class="citation news cs1">Clendenning, Alan (17 April 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm">"Booming Brazil could be world power soon"</a>. USA Today. The Associated Press. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110820003302/http://www.usatoday.com/money/economy/2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 20 August 2011. Retrieved 12 December 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Booming+Brazil+could+be+world+power+soon&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2008-04-17&rft.aulast=Clendenning&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Fmoney%2Feconomy%2F2008-04-17-310212789_x.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DominguezKim2013-27"><a href="#cite_ref-DominguezKim2013_27-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJorge_DominguezByung_Kook_Kim2013" class="citation book cs1">Jorge Dominguez; Byung Kook Kim (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=c0I_4JmjFbwC&pg=PA98">Between Compliance and Conflict: East Asia Latin America and the New Pax Americana</a>. Center for International Affairs, Harvard University. pp. 98–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-76983-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-76983-2"><bdi>978-1-136-76983-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Between+Compliance+and+Conflict%3A+East+Asia+Latin+America+and+the+New+Pax+Americana&rft.pages=98-99&rft.pub=Center+for+International+Affairs%2C+Harvard+University&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-76983-2&rft.au=Jorge+Dominguez&rft.au=Byung+Kook+Kim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dc0I_4JmjFbwC%26pg%3DPA98&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVandiver2019" class="citation web cs1">Vandiver, John (9 May 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.stripes.com/news/trump-bumps-up-brazil-to-major-non-nato-ally-1.580256">"Trump bumps up Brazil to 'major non-NATO' ally"</a>. Stars and Stripes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191013035014/https://www.stripes.com/news/trump-bumps-up-brazil-to-major-non-nato-ally-1.580256">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2019. Retrieved 2 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Stars+and+Stripes&rft.atitle=Trump+bumps+up+Brazil+to+%27major+non-NATO%27+ally&rft.date=2019-05-09&rft.aulast=Vandiver&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.stripes.com%2Fnews%2Ftrump-bumps-up-brazil-to-major-non-nato-ally-1.580256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf">"FTSE Country Classification"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/FTSE_Group" title="FTSE Group">FTSE Group</a>. September 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181121072632/https://www.ftse.com/products/downloads/FTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 21 November 2018. Retrieved 20 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FTSE+Country+Classification&rft.pub=FTSE+Group&rft.date=2018-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ftse.com%2Fproducts%2Fdownloads%2FFTSE-Country-Classification-Update-2018.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110604195034/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">"CIA – The World Factbook – Country Comparisons – GDP (purchasing power parity)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2001rank.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=CIA+%E2%80%93+The+World+Factbook+%E2%80%93+Country+Comparisons+%E2%80%93+GDP+%28purchasing+power+parity%29&rft.pub=Central+Intelligence+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Flibrary%2Fpublications%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Frankorder%2F2001rank.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wb-upper-middle-31"><a href="#cite_ref-wb-upper-middle_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110318125456/http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups">"Country and Lending Groups"</a>. World Bank. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.worldbank.org/about/country-classifications/country-and-lending-groups#Upper_middle_income">the original</a> on 18 March 2011. Retrieved 5 March 2011. <q>Uppermiddle Income defined as a per capita income between $3,976 – $12,275</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Country+and+Lending+Groups&rft.pub=World+Bank&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Fabout%2Fcountry-classifications%2Fcountry-and-lending-groups%23Upper_middle_income&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190617091704/https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies">"World Economic Outlook Database, April 2019"</a>. IMF.org. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/weo/2019/01/weodata/weoselco.aspx?g=2200&sg=All+countries+%2f+Emerging+market+and+developing+economies">the original</a> on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMF.org&rft.atitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+April+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2Fpubs%2Fft%2Fweo%2F2019%2F01%2Fweodata%2Fweoselco.aspx%3Fg%3D2200%26sg%3DAll%2Bcountries%2B%252f%2BEmerging%2Bmarket%2Band%2Bdeveloping%2Beconomies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Neilson102-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Neilson102_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Neilson102_33-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_NeilsonBill_Pritchard2011" class="citation book cs1">Jeff Neilson; Bill Pritchard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wokuHhx1AOUC&pg=PA1834">Value Chain Struggles</a>. John Wiley & Sons. p. 102. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5544-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5544-4"><bdi>978-1-4443-5544-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231025210521/https://books.google.com/books?id=wokuHhx1AOUC&pg=PA1834#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Value+Chain+Struggles&rft.pages=102&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5544-4&rft.au=Jeff+Neilson&rft.au=Bill+Pritchard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwokuHhx1AOUC%26pg%3DPA1834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anba.com.br/en/brazil-must-be-a-facilitator-in-the-middle-east-says-vp/">"Brazil must be a 'facilitator' in the Middle East, says VP"</a>. 14 August 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526041219/https://anba.com.br/en/brazil-must-be-a-facilitator-in-the-middle-east-says-vp/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 May 2023. Retrieved 26 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil+must+be+a+%27facilitator%27+in+the+Middle+East%2C+says+VP&rft.date=2019-08-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanba.com.br%2Fen%2Fbrazil-must-be-a-facilitator-in-the-middle-east-says-vp%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fausto1999-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Fausto1999_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFausto1999" class="citation book cs1">Fausto, Boris (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00faus">A Concise History of Brazil</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof00faus/page/9">9</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56526-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56526-4"><bdi>978-0-521-56526-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Brazil&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56526-4&rft.aulast=Fausto&rft.aufirst=Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof00faus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vincent2003-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Vincent2003_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJon_S._Vincent.2003" class="citation book cs1">Jon S. Vincent. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc">Culture and Customs of Brazil</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/culturecustomsof0000vinc/page/36">36</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30495-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-30495-8"><bdi>978-0-313-30495-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Culture+and+Customs+of+Brazil&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-313-30495-8&rft.au=Jon+S.+Vincent.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fculturecustomsof0000vinc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/Brazil#etymonline_v_17075">"Brazil | Etymology of the name Brazil by etymonline"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240324183937/https://www.etymonline.com/word/Brazil#etymonline_v_17075">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2024. 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University of Michigan. p. 186. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5365-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7425-5365-1"><bdi>978-0-7425-5365-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183601/https://books.google.com/books?id=2V2q30BdEJ8C&pg=PA186#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Insatiable+Appetite%3A+The+Ecological+Degradation+of+the+Tropical+World&rft.pages=186&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7425-5365-1&rft.au=Richard+P.+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2V2q30BdEJ8C%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee2011-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Lee2011_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayne_E._Lee2011" class="citation book cs1">Wayne E. Lee (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xatMrooibacC&pg=PA196">Empires and Indigenes: Intercultural Alliance, Imperial Expansion, and Warfare in the Early Modern World</a>. NYU Press. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6527-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6527-2"><bdi>978-0-8147-6527-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240215221303/https://books.google.com/books?id=xatMrooibacC&pg=PA196#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Empires+and+Indigenes%3A+Intercultural+Alliance%2C+Imperial+Expansion%2C+and+Warfare+in+the+Early+Modern+World&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6527-2&rft.au=Wayne+E.+Lee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxatMrooibacC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Corporation1880-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Corporation1880_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly1880" class="citation magazine cs1">Daly, Charles P. (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hiQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA493">"Maps and Map-making Before Mercator"</a>. The Popular Science Monthly. Bonnier Corporation. 473–495, see page 493. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240215221315/https://books.google.com/books?id=hiQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA493#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=Maps+and+Map-making+Before+Mercator&rft.pages=473-495%2C+see+page+493&rft.date=1880&rft.issn=0161-7370&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Charles+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhiQDAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA493&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Léry1990-41"><a href="#cite_ref-Léry1990_41-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean_de_Léry1990" class="citation book cs1">Jean de Léry (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F8qqKoCSWVkC&pg=PA242">History of a Voyage to the Land of Brazil, Otherwise Called America</a>. University of California Press. p. 242. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91380-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-91380-6"><bdi>978-0-520-91380-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240215221327/https://books.google.com/books?id=F8qqKoCSWVkC&pg=PA242#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+a+Voyage+to+the+Land+of+Brazil%2C+Otherwise+Called+America&rft.pages=242&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-91380-6&rft.au=Jean+de+L%C3%A9ry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF8qqKoCSWVkC%26pg%3DPA242&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sokolow2003-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Sokolow2003_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayme_A._Sokolow.2003" class="citation book cs1">Jayme A. Sokolow. (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ytghV9q6v3cC&pg=PA84">The Great Encounter: Native Peoples and European Settlers in the Americas, 1492–1800</a>. M.E. Sharpe. p. 84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0982-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-0982-3"><bdi>978-0-7656-0982-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240215221351/https://books.google.com/books?id=ytghV9q6v3cC&pg=PA84#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Encounter%3A+Native+Peoples+and+European+Settlers+in+the+Americas%2C+1492%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=84&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-0982-3&rft.au=Jayme+A.+Sokolow.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DytghV9q6v3cC%26pg%3DPA84&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herrera-Sobek2012-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Herrera-Sobek2012_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Herrera-Sobek2012" class="citation book cs1">Maria Herrera-Sobek (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lY-tY62V1FIC&pg=PA155">Celebrating Latino Folklore</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 155. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34340-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-34340-7"><bdi>978-0-313-34340-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240215221353/https://books.google.com/books?id=lY-tY62V1FIC&pg=PA155">Archived</a> from the original on 15 February 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celebrating+Latino+Folklore&rft.pages=155&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-313-34340-7&rft.au=Maria+Herrera-Sobek&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlY-tY62V1FIC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRomero2014" class="citation news cs1">Romero, Simon (27 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220101/https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/world/americas/discoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html">"Discoveries Challenge Beliefs on Humans' Arrival in the Americas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2014/03/28/world/americas/discoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html">the original</a> on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 31 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Discoveries+Challenge+Beliefs+on+Humans%27+Arrival+in+the+Americas&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.aulast=Romero&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2014%2F03%2F28%2Fworld%2Famericas%2Fdiscoveries-challenge-beliefs-on-humans-arrival-in-the-americas.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibeiro2014" class="citation web cs1">Ribeiro, Patricia (27 March 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170812171650/http://gobrazil.about.com/od/ecotourismadventure/ss/Peter-Lund-Museum.htm">"Peter Lund Museum"</a>. <a href="/wiki/About.com" class="mw-redirect" title="About.com">About.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gobrazil.about.com/od/ecotourismadventure/ss/Peter-Lund-Museum.htm">the original</a> on 12 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About.com&rft.atitle=Peter+Lund+Museum&rft.date=2014-03-27&rft.aulast=Ribeiro&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgobrazil.about.com%2Fod%2Fecotourismadventure%2Fss%2FPeter-Lund-Museum.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LevineCrocitti1999-46"><a href="#cite_ref-LevineCrocitti1999_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_M._LevineJohn_J._Crocitti1999" class="citation book cs1">Robert M. Levine; John J. Crocitti (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R28K2JA9PM8C&pg=PA11">The Brazil Reader: History, Culture, Politics</a>. Duke University Press. pp. 11–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2290-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-2290-0"><bdi>978-0-8223-2290-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182919/https://books.google.com/books?id=R28K2JA9PM8C&pg=PA11#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 12 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brazil+Reader%3A+History%2C+Culture%2C+Politics&rft.pages=11-&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-8223-2290-0&rft.au=Robert+M.+Levine&rft.au=John+J.+Crocitti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR28K2JA9PM8C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eighth_Millennium_Pottery_from_a_Prehistoric_Shell_Midden_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Eighth_Millennium_Pottery_from_a_Prehistoric_Shell_Midden_in_the_Brazilian_Amazon_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooseveltHousleyImazio_da_SilveiraMaranca1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anna_Curtenius_Roosevelt" title="Anna Curtenius Roosevelt">Roosevelt AC</a>, Housley RA, Imazio da Silveira M, Maranca S, Johnson RI (13 December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.254.5038.1621">"Eighth Millennium Pottery from a Prehistoric Shell Midden [sic] in the Brazilian Amazon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_(journal)" title="Science (journal)">Science</a>. 254 (5038): 1621–1624. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991Sci...254.1621R">1991Sci...254.1621R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.254.5038.1621">10.1126/science.254.5038.1621</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17782213">17782213</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34969614">34969614</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231016114734/https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.254.5038.1621">Archived</a> from the original on 16 October 2023. Retrieved 4 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Eighth+Millennium+Pottery+from+a+Prehistoric+Shell+Midden+%5Bsic%5D+in+the+Brazilian+Amazon&rft.volume=254&rft.issue=5038&rft.pages=1621-1624&rft.date=1991-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34969614%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1991Sci...254.1621R&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.254.5038.1621&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17782213&rft.aulast=Roosevelt&rft.aufirst=Anna+Curtenius&rft.au=Housley%2C+Rupert+A.&rft.au=Imazio+da+Silveira%2C+Maura&rft.au=Maranca%2C+Silvia&rft.au=Johnson%2C+Richard+Irwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.science.org%2Fdoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.254.5038.1621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mann-48"><a href="#cite_ref-Mann_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_C._Mann" title="Charles C. Mann">Mann, Charles C.</a> (2006) [2005]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/149100char/page/326">1491: New Revelations of the Americas Before Columbus</a>. Vintage Books. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/149100char/page/326">326–33</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3205-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4000-3205-1"><bdi>978-1-4000-3205-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1491%3A+New+Revelations+of+the+Americas+Before+Columbus&rft.pages=326-33&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4000-3205-1&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Charles+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2F149100char%2Fpage%2F326&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2003" class="citation book cs1">Levine, Robert M. (2003). The History of Brazil. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6255-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6255-3"><bdi>978-1-4039-6255-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Brazil&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6255-3&rft.aulast=Levine&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELevine200331-50"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELevine200331_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLevine2003">Levine (2003)</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-Fausto-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fausto_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fausto_51-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFausto2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fausto, Carlos (2000). Zahar, Jorge (ed.). Os Índios antes do Brasil [The Indians before Brazil] (in Portuguese). Jorge Zahar Editor. pp. 45–46, 55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7110-543-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7110-543-0"><bdi>978-85-7110-543-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+%C3%8Dndios+antes+do+Brasil&rft.pages=45-46%2C+55&rft.pub=Jorge+Zahar+Editor&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-85-7110-543-0&rft.aulast=Fausto&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Gomes, Mercio P. The Indians and Brazil University Press of Florida 2000 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8130-1720-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8130-1720-3">0-8130-1720-3</a> pp. 28–29 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto200078–80-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto200078–80_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFausto2000">Fausto (2000)</a>, pp. 78–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto200050-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto200050_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFausto2000">Fausto (2000)</a>, p. 50. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrence_McCoy2022" class="citation news cs1">Terrence McCoy (17 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/01/17/brazil-slavery-valongo-wharf/">"More enslaved Africans came to the Americas through this port than anywhere else. Why have so few heard of it?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Washington_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Post">Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010164227/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2022/01/17/brazil-slavery-valongo-wharf/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2022. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Washington+Post&rft.atitle=More+enslaved+Africans+came+to+the+Americas+through+this+port+than+anywhere+else.+Why+have+so+few+heard+of+it%3F&rft.date=2022-01-17&rft.au=Terrence+McCoy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fworld%2F2022%2F01%2F17%2Fbrazil-slavery-valongo-wharf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxer,_p._98-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Boxer,_p._98_56-0">^</a> Boxer, p. 98. </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxer,_p._100-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Boxer,_p._100_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Boxer,_p._100_57-1">b</a> Boxer, p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Boxer, pp. 100–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-Skidmore,_p._27-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Skidmore,_p._27_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Skidmore,_p._27_59-1">b</a> Skidmore, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Boxer, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Meuwese, Mark "Brothers in Arms, Partners in Trade: Dutch-Indigenous Alliances in the Atlantic World, 1595–1674" Koninklijke Brill NV 2012 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21083-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-21083-7">978-90-04-21083-7</a> Chapter III </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> Metcalf, Alida C. "Go-betweens And the Colonization of Brazil: 1500–1600" University of Texas Press 2005, pp. 70, 79, 202 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lWuNIISvBqIC&pg=PA202">View on Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182912/https://books.google.com/books?id=lWuNIISvBqIC&pg=PA202#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 29 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrocittiVallance2012">Crocitti & Vallance (2012)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Minahan, James B. "Ethnic Groups of the Americas" ABC-CLIO 2013 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-163-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61069-163-5">978-1-61069-163-5</a> p. 300, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jVig0ysnu8C&pg=PA300">View on Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182912/https://books.google.com/books?id=8jVig0ysnu8C&pg=PA300">Archived</a> 29 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Skidmore, p. 36. </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> Richard Middleton and Anne Lombard "Colonial America: A History to 1763" Wiley-Blackwell Publishing 1st edition 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9628-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-9628-7">978-1-4443-9628-7</a> Chapter 2, Section 4 (final, last page and half of previous one) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2hexv5SmqLgC&pg=PT54">View on Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129182805/https://books.google.com/books?id=2hexv5SmqLgC&pg=PT54#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 29 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Boxer, p. 110 </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Skidmore, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxer,_p._102-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Boxer,_p._102_69-0">^</a> Boxer, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Skidmore, pp. 32–33. </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2009" class="citation book cs1">Murray, Stuart A. P. (2009). The Library An Illustrated History. New York: Skyhorse Publishing. p. 101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-706-4"><bdi>978-1-60239-706-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Library+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=101&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-706-4&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Stuart+A.+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Boxer, p. 164. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Boxer, pp. 168, 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Boxer, p. 169. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohn1986" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, George C. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&pg=PT186">Dictionary of Wars</a> (1st ed.). Facts on File, Inc. p. 174. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2916-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-2916-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-2916-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183330/https://books.google.com/books?id=OIzreCGlHxIC&pg=PT186#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Wars&rft.pages=174&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Facts+on+File%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-2916-7&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOIzreCGlHxIC%26pg%3DPT186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorge_Richard_PotterHenry_Clifford_DarbyHarold_Fullard1957" class="citation book cs1">George Richard Potter; Henry Clifford Darby; Harold Fullard (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA498">The New Cambridge Modern History</a>. Vol. 3 (1st ed.). CUP Archive. p. 498. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183451/https://books.google.com/books?id=1BY9AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA498#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Modern+History&rft.pages=498&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=CUP+Archive&rft.date=1957&rft.au=George+Richard+Potter&rft.au=Henry+Clifford+Darby&rft.au=Harold+Fullard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1BY9AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA498&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Corrado, Jacopo "The Creole Elite and the Rise of Angolan Protonationalism" <a href="/wiki/Cambria_Press" title="Cambria Press">Cambria Press</a> 2008 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-529-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60497-529-1">978-1-60497-529-1</a> pp. 95 (Brazil) and 145, note 5 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BKKf4PYI-IIC&q=tordesilha+bandeira+portugal+brazil+advance&pg=PA145">View on Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230502120801/https://books.google.com/books?id=BKKf4PYI-IIC&q=tordesilha+bandeira+portugal+brazil+advance&pg=PA145">Archived</a> 2 May 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Bethell, Leslie "Colonial Brazil" Cambridge University Press 1987 pp. 19, 74, 86, 169–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Schwartz, Stuart B. "Slaves, Peasants, and Rebels" Board of Trustees of the University of Illinois 1992 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-252-06549-2">0-252-06549-2</a> Chapter 4 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YTnY5h0NE3sC&pg=PA103">View on Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183446/https://books.google.com/books?id=YTnY5h0NE3sC&pg=PA103#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 29 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> MacLachlan, Colin M. "A History of Modern Brazil: The Past Against the Future"; Scholarly Resources Inc. 2003 p. 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8m3RcnkKwJgC&pg=PA3">View on Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183443/https://books.google.com/books?id=8m3RcnkKwJgC&pg=PA3#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 29 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boxer,_p._213-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Boxer,_p._213_81-0">^</a> Boxer, p. 213 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Marta Barcellos & Simone Azevedo; Histórias do Mercado de Capitais no Brasil ("Financial Markets' Histories in Brazil") (Portuguese) Campus Elsevier 2011 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-352-3994-4" title="Special:BookSources/85-352-3994-4">85-352-3994-4</a> Introduction (by Ney Carvalho), Intro. p. xiv </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Bueno, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-Mosher2008-84"><a href="#cite_ref-Mosher2008_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeffrey_C._Mosher2008" class="citation book cs1">Jeffrey C. Mosher (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T_yszWOZUCkC&pg=PA9">Political Struggle, Ideology, and State Building: Pernambuco and the Construction of Brazil, 1817–1850</a>. U of Nebraska Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3247-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8032-3247-1"><bdi>978-0-8032-3247-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183447/https://books.google.com/books?id=T_yszWOZUCkC&pg=PA9#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Struggle%2C+Ideology%2C+and+State+Building%3A+Pernambuco+and+the+Construction+of+Brazil%2C+1817%E2%80%931850&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8032-3247-1&rft.au=Jeffrey+C.+Mosher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT_yszWOZUCkC%26pg%3DPA9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adelman2006-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Adelman2006_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeremy_Adelman2006" class="citation book cs1">Jeremy Adelman (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nvFpURNsBRIC&pg=PA334">Sovereignty and Revolution in the Iberian Atlantic</a>. Princeton University Press. pp. 334–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12664-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-12664-7"><bdi>978-0-691-12664-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183956/https://books.google.com/books?id=nvFpURNsBRIC&pg=PA334#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sovereignty+and+Revolution+in+the+Iberian+Atlantic&rft.pages=334-&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-691-12664-7&rft.au=Jeremy+Adelman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnvFpURNsBRIC%26pg%3DPA334&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Lustosa, pp. 109–110 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Lustosa, pp. 117–19 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Lustosa, pp. 150–153 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Vianna, p. 418 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Diégues 2004, pp. 168, 164, 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Diégues 2004, pp. 179–80 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Lustosa, p. 208 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto199982–83-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto199982–83_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFausto1999">Fausto (1999)</a>, pp. 82–83. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Lyra (v. 1), p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Carvalho 2007, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_2,_2.1_to_2.3-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_2,_2.1_to_2.3_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFausto1999">Fausto (1999)</a>, Chapter 2, 2.1 to 2.3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1999_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1999_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFFausto1999">Fausto (1999)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Bethell" title="Leslie Bethell">Bethell, Leslie</a> "The Abolition of the Brazilian Slave Trade: Britain, Brazil and the Slave Trade" <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a> 1970, "Cambridge Latin American Studides", Chapters 9 to 12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2LsNTUPI_6sC">View on Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183843/https://books.google.com/books?id=2LsNTUPI_6sC">Archived</a> 29 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Scott, Rebecca and others, The Abolition of Slavery and the Aftermath of Emancipation in Brazil, Duke University Press 1988 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8223-0888-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8223-0888-6">0-8223-0888-6</a> <a href="/wiki/Seymour_Drescher" title="Seymour Drescher">Seymour Drescher</a>, Chap. 2: "Brazilian Abolition in Comparative Perspective" </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Levine, Robert M. "The history of Brazil" Greenwood Publishing Group, Inc. 1999, p. 62, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8RpIxe2utj8C&pg=PA62">View on Google Books</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183943/https://books.google.com/books?id=8RpIxe2utj8C&pg=PA62">Archived</a> 29 November 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Lyra (v.1), pp. 164, 225, 272 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_2,_p._83,_and_2.6_"The_Paraguayan_War"-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFausto1999Chapter_2,_p._83,_and_2.6_"The_Paraguayan_War"_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFausto1999">Fausto (1999)</a>, Chapter 2, p. 83, and 2.6 "The Paraguayan War". </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEErmakoff2006189-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEErmakoff2006189_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFErmakoff2006">Ermakoff 2006</a>, p. 189. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmallman2002" class="citation book cs1">Smallman, Shawn C. (2002). "The Overthrow of the Empire". Fear in Memory in the Brazilian Army and Society. <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina" title="University of North Carolina">University of North Carolina</a> Press. pp. 16–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5359-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-5359-7"><bdi>978-0-8078-5359-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Overthrow+of+the+Empire&rft.btitle=Fear+in+Memory+in+the+Brazilian+Army+and+Society&rft.pages=16-18&rft.pub=University+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-5359-7&rft.aulast=Smallman&rft.aufirst=Shawn+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brazilian.report/opinion/2017/11/15/brazils-press-republic-day/">"Brazil's Proclamation of the Republic through the press"</a>. 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"Banking and Economic Development: Brazil, 1889–1930" Palgrave 2000, pp. 69–74 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-23399-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-23399-X">0-312-23399-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> Needell, Jeffrey D. "A Tropical Belle Epoque: Elite Culture and Society in Turn-of-the-Century Rio de Janeiro" Cambridge University Press 2010, pp. 10, 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> David R. Mares; "Violent peace: militarized interstate bargaining in Latin America" <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> Press 2001 Chapter 5 p. 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Bradford Burns 1993, p. 305 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> M.Sharp, I. Westwell & J.Westwood; "History of World War I, Volume 1" Marshall Cavendish Corporation 2002, p. 97 </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">Uma história diplomática do Brasil, 1531–1945, pp. 265–69</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Uma+hist%C3%B3ria+diplom%C3%A1tica+do+Brasil%2C+1531%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=265-69&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Charles Howard Ellis; "The origin, structure & working of the League of Nations" The LawBook Exchange Ltd 2003 pp. 105, 145 </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFViscount_of_Taunay1893" class="citation cs2">Viscount of Taunay (1893), O encilhamento: scenas contemporaneas da bolsa em 1890, 1891 e 1892, Melhoramentos</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=O+encilhamento%3A+scenas+contemporaneas+da+bolsa+em+1890%2C+1891+e+1892&rft.pub=Melhoramentos&rft.date=1893&rft.au=Viscount+of+Taunay&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNassif2007" class="citation cs2">Nassif, Luís (2007), Os cabeças-de-planilha, Ediouro, pp. 69–107, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-00-02094-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-00-02094-0"><bdi>978-85-00-02094-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Os+cabe%C3%A7as-de-planilha&rft.pages=69-107&rft.pub=Ediouro&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-85-00-02094-0&rft.aulast=Nassif&rft.aufirst=Lu%C3%ADs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Carvalho2004" class="citation cs2">de Carvalho, Ney O. 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(identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-275-95899-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-275-95899-X">0-275-95899-X</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> Keen & Haynes 2004, pp. 361–62 </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> Skidmore, p. 201 </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Skidmore, pp. 202–203 </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> Skidmore, p. 204 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Skidmore, pp. 204–205 </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Skidmore, pp. 209–210 </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Skidmore, p. 210 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> Fausto (2005), p. 397 </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada, pp. 141–42. </li> <li id="cite_note-Gaspari_p.35-148"><a href="#cite_ref-Gaspari_p.35_148-0">^</a> Gaspari, A Ditadura Envergonhada, 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Retrieved 9 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Brasil+ser%C3%A1+maior+exportador+agr%C3%ADcola+mundial+em+2024&rft.date=2015-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexame.abril.com.br%2Feconomia%2Fbrasil-sera-maior-exportador-agricola-mundial-em-2024%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728095448/http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/empresas/noticias/embraer-ve-clientes-mais-dispostos-compra-avioes-554715">"Embraer vê clientes mais dispostos à compra de aviões"</a>. Exame Magazine. 10 October 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://exame.abril.com.br/negocios/empresas/noticias/embraer-ve-clientes-mais-dispostos-compra-avioes-554715">the original</a> on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 8 February 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Embraer+v%C3%AA+clientes+mais+dispostos+%C3%A0+compra+de+avi%C3%B5es&rft.pub=Exame+Magazine&rft.date=2010-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fexame.abril.com.br%2Fnegocios%2Fempresas%2Fnoticias%2Fembraer-ve-clientes-mais-dispostos-compra-avioes-554715&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fao.org/3/w7560e/W7560E06.htm">"6. Brazil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Agriculture_Organization" title="Food and Agriculture Organization">Food and Agriculture Organization</a> (FAO). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003111320/https://www.fao.org/3/w7560e/W7560E06.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022. <q>Brazil is rich in a variety of natural resources and is the world's leading producer of tin, iron ore and phosphate. It has large deposits of diamonds, manganese, chromium, copper, bauxite and many other minerals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=6.+Brazil&rft.pub=Food+and+Agriculture+Organization+%28FAO%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2F3%2Fw7560e%2FW7560E06.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=Br">"Labor force, total – Brazil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003105226/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.TLF.TOTL.IN?locations=Br">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Labor+force%2C+total+%E2%80%93+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSL.TLF.TOTL.IN%3Flocations%3DBr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=BR">"Unemployment, total (% of total labor force) (modeled ILO estimate) – Brazil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200813064142/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.UEM.TOTL.ZS?locations=BR">Archived</a> from the original on 13 August 2020. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Unemployment%2C+total+%28%25+of+total+labor+force%29+%28modeled+ILO+estimate%29+%E2%80%93+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSL.UEM.TOTL.ZS%3Flocations%3DBR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bcb.gov.br/en/financialstability/internationalreserves">"Banco Central do Brasil – SDDS"</a>. www.bcb.gov.br. <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank of Brazil</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210721234432/https://www.bcb.gov.br/en/financialstability/internationalreserves">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2021. Retrieved 21 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bcb.gov.br&rft.atitle=Banco+Central+do+Brasil+%E2%80%93+SDDS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcb.gov.br%2Fen%2Ffinancialstability%2Finternationalreserves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=BR">"Poverty headcount ratio at $2.15 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) – Brazil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003111321/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.DDAY?locations=BR">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Poverty+headcount+ratio+at+%242.15+a+day+%282017+PPP%29+%28%25+of+population%29+%E2%80%93+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.DDAY%3Flocations%3DBR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?locations=BR">"Poverty headcount ratio at $6.85 a day (2017 PPP) (% of population) – Brazil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221003111317/https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SI.POV.UMIC?locations=BR">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Bank&rft.atitle=Poverty+headcount+ratio+at+%246.85+a+day+%282017+PPP%29+%28%25+of+population%29+%E2%80%93+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdata.worldbank.org%2Findicator%2FSI.POV.UMIC%3Flocations%3DBR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrance2019" class="citation web cs1">France, Guilherme (29 January 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/Brazil-Country-Profile-2019_PR.pdf">"Brazil: Overview of corruption and anti-corruption"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Transparency_International" title="Transparency International">Transparency International</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://knowledgehub.transparency.org/assets/uploads/helpdesk/Brazil-Country-Profile-2019_PR.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 3 October 2022. <q>Corruption remains one of the biggest impediments to economic development in Brazil.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+Overview+of+corruption+and+anti-corruption&rft.pub=Transparency+International&rft.date=2019-01-29&rft.aulast=France&rft.aufirst=Guilherme&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fknowledgehub.transparency.org%2Fassets%2Fuploads%2Fhelpdesk%2FBrazil-Country-Profile-2019_PR.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BansalPhatak2009-269"><a href="#cite_ref-BansalPhatak2009_269-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlok_BansalYogeshwari_PhatakI_C_GuptaRajendra_Jain2009" class="citation book cs1">Alok Bansal; Yogeshwari Phatak; I C Gupta; Rajendra Jain (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm4IWvB4rEUC&pg=PA29">Transcending Horizons Through Innovative Global Practices</a>. Excel Books. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7446-708-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7446-708-9"><bdi>978-81-7446-708-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183849/https://books.google.com/books?id=Wm4IWvB4rEUC&pg=PA29#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcending+Horizons+Through+Innovative+Global+Practices&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Excel+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-7446-708-9&rft.au=Alok+Bansal&rft.au=Yogeshwari+Phatak&rft.au=I+C+Gupta&rft.au=Rajendra+Jain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWm4IWvB4rEUC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gdp-composition-by-sector-of-origin/">"GDP – composition, by sector of origin"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230419042310/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gdp-composition-by-sector-of-origin/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 April 2023. 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Retrieved 11 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fao.org&rft.atitle=FAOSTAT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQC%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ica.coop/en/media/news/how-are-agricultural-co-operatives-making-difference-brazil">"How are agricultural co-operatives making a difference in Brazil? | ICA"</a>. ica.coop. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193227/https://www.ica.coop/en/media/news/how-are-agricultural-co-operatives-making-difference-brazil">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 1 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ica.coop&rft.atitle=How+are+agricultural+co-operatives+making+a+difference+in+Brazil%3F+%26%23124%3B+ICA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ica.coop%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Fnews%2Fhow-are-agricultural-co-operatives-making-difference-brazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/">"Production of Brazil, by FAO"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161112130804/http://www.fao.org/faostat/en/#data/QCL/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 November 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Production+of+Brazil%2C+by+FAO&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fao.org%2Ffaostat%2Fen%2F%23data%2FQCL%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/brasil-extrai-cerca-de-2-gramas-de-ouro-por-habitante-em-5-anos-29062019">"Brasil extrai cerca de 2 gramas de ouro por habitante em 5 anos"</a>. R7.com. 29 June 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200712095924/https://noticias.r7.com/brasil/brasil-extrai-cerca-de-2-gramas-de-ouro-por-habitante-em-5-anos-29062019">Archived</a> from the original on 12 July 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=R7.com&rft.atitle=Brasil+extrai+cerca+de+2+gramas+de+ouro+por+habitante+em+5+anos&rft.date=2019-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnoticias.r7.com%2Fbrasil%2Fbrasil-extrai-cerca-de-2-gramas-de-ouro-por-habitante-em-5-anos-29062019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2019/12/12/niobio-g1-visita-em-mg-complexo-industrial-do-maior-produtor-do-mundo.ghtml">"Nióbio: G1 visita em MG complexo industrial do maior produtor do mundo"</a>. G1. 12 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191212144838/https://g1.globo.com/economia/noticia/2019/12/12/niobio-g1-visita-em-mg-complexo-industrial-do-maior-produtor-do-mundo.ghtml">Archived</a> from the original on 12 December 2019. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=G1&rft.atitle=Ni%C3%B3bio%3A+G1+visita+em+MG+complexo+industrial+do+maior+produtor+do+mundo&rft.date=2019-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Feconomia%2Fnoticia%2F2019%2F12%2F12%2Fniobio-g1-visita-em-mg-complexo-industrial-do-maior-produtor-do-mundo.ghtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cprm.gov.br/publique/Redes-Institucionais/Rede-de-Bibliotecas---Rede-Ametista/Algumas-Gemas-Classicas-1104.html">"Serviço Geológico do Brasil"</a>. cprm.gov.br. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190906194936/http://www.cprm.gov.br/publique/Redes-Institucionais/Rede-de-Bibliotecas---Rede-Ametista/Algumas-Gemas-Classicas-1104.html">Archived</a> from the original on 6 September 2019. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bnb.gov.br/documents/80223/2509338/textil_16_2017%28V2%29.pdf/063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3">the original</a> on 19 June 2020. Retrieved 15 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Industria+Textil+no+Brasil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bnb.gov.br%2Fdocuments%2F80223%2F2509338%2Ftextil_16_2017%2528V2%2529.pdf%2F063d7521-342f-e81e-232a-e251964fa1c3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://veja.abril.com.br/economia/setor-de-servicos-sustenta-o-crescimento-do-pib-de-2018/">"Setor de serviços sustenta o crescimento do PIB de 2018"</a>. VEJA. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193256/https://veja.abril.com.br/economia/setor-de-servicos-sustenta-o-crescimento-do-pib-de-2018/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=VEJA&rft.atitle=Setor+de+servi%C3%A7os+sustenta+o+crescimento+do+PIB+de+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fveja.abril.com.br%2Feconomia%2Fsetor-de-servicos-sustenta-o-crescimento-do-pib-de-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.br/produtividade-e-comercio-exterior/pt-br/index">"Produtividade e Comércio Exterior"</a>. SECINT e SEPEC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193204/https://www.gov.br/produtividade-e-comercio-exterior/pt-br/index">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 1 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SECINT+e+SEPEC&rft.atitle=Produtividade+e+Com%C3%A9rcio+Exterior&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.br%2Fprodutividade-e-comercio-exterior%2Fpt-br%2Findex&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistapegn.globo.com/Negocios/noticia/2020/04/pequenos-negocios-ja-representam-30-do-produto-interno-bruto-do-pais.html">"Pequenos negócios já representam 30% do Produto Interno Bruto do país"</a>. 7 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413193345/https://revistapegn.globo.com/Negocios/noticia/2020/04/pequenos-negocios-ja-representam-30-do-produto-interno-bruto-do-pais.html">Archived</a> from the original on 13 April 2021. Retrieved 6 January 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pequenos+neg%C3%B3cios+j%C3%A1+representam+30%25+do+Produto+Interno+Bruto+do+pa%C3%ADs&rft.date=2022-11-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistapegn.globo.com%2FNegocios%2Fnoticia%2F2020%2F04%2Fpequenos-negocios-ja-representam-30-do-produto-interno-bruto-do-pais.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">UNWTO Tourism Highlights, 2016 Edition. 2016. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18111%2F9789284418145">10.18111/9789284418145</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-844-1814-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-844-1814-5"><bdi>978-92-844-1814-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNWTO+Tourism+Highlights%2C+2016+Edition&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18111%2F9789284418145&rft.isbn=978-92-844-1814-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNWTO2011-298"><a href="#cite_ref-UNWTO2011_298-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120105081502/http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf">"UNWTO Tourism Highlights – 2011 Edition"</a> (PDF). World Tourism Organization. June 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mkt.unwto.org/sites/all/files/docpdf/unwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 January 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UNWTO+Tourism+Highlights+%E2%80%93+2011+Edition&rft.pub=World+Tourism+Organization&rft.date=2011-06&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmkt.unwto.org%2Fsites%2Fall%2Ffiles%2Fdocpdf%2Funwtohighlights11enhr_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MT1_2011-299"><a href="#cite_ref-MT1_2011_299-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/dadosefatos/home.html">"Estatisticas e Indicadores: Receita Cambial"</a> (in Portuguese). Ministério do Turismo. 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120924012902/http://www.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br/dadosefatos/home.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estatisticas+e+Indicadores%3A+Receita+Cambial&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A9rio+do+Turismo&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dadosefatos.turismo.gov.br%2Fdadosefatos%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MT2_2011-300"><a href="#cite_ref-MT2_2011_300-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMinistério_do_Turismo2012" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ministério do Turismo (13 January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130822074421/http://www.nopatio.com.br/o-que-acontece/turismo-brasileiro-com-novo-recorde-em-2011/">"Turismo Brasileiro com novo recorde em 2011"</a> (in Portuguese). No Pátio. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nopatio.com.br/o-que-acontece/turismo-brasileiro-com-novo-recorde-em-2011/">the original</a> on 22 August 2013. Retrieved 13 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Turismo+Brasileiro+com+novo+recorde+em+2011&rft.pub=No+P%C3%A1tio&rft.date=2012-01-13&rft.au=Minist%C3%A9rio+do+Turismo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nopatio.com.br%2Fo-que-acontece%2Fturismo-brasileiro-com-novo-recorde-em-2011%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190830135934/https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152">International Tourism Highlights, 2019 Edition</a>. World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). 2019. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18111%2F9789284421152">10.18111/9789284421152</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-844-2115-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-844-2115-2"><bdi>978-92-844-2115-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240665765">240665765</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.e-unwto.org/doi/pdf/10.18111/9789284421152 ">the original</a> on 30 August 2019. Retrieved 20 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Tourism+Highlights%2C+2019+Edition&rft.pub=World+Tourism+Organization+%28UNWTO%29&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240665765%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18111%2F9789284421152&rft.isbn=978-92-844-2115-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.e-unwto.org%2Fdoi%2Fpdf%2F10.18111%2F9789284421152+&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palhares2012-302"><a href="#cite_ref-Palhares2012_302-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuilherme_Lohmann_Palhares2012" class="citation book cs1">Guilherme Lohmann Palhares (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=O91SVF9nH8gC&pg=PA126">Tourism in Brazil: Environment, Management and Segments</a>. Routledge. p. 126. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67432-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-67432-4"><bdi>978-0-415-67432-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129183955/https://books.google.com/books?id=O91SVF9nH8gC&pg=PA126#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tourism+in+Brazil%3A+Environment%2C+Management+and+Segments&rft.pages=126&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-415-67432-4&rft.au=Guilherme+Lohmann+Palhares&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DO91SVF9nH8gC%26pg%3DPA126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/TT15/WEF_Global_Travel&Tourism_Report_2015.pdf">"The Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2015"</a> (PDF). World Economic Forum. May 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/TT15/WEF_Global_Travel&Tourism_Report_2015.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Travel+%26+Tourism+Competitiveness+Report+2015&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum&rft.date=2015-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FTT15%2FWEF_Global_Travel%26Tourism_Report_2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TTCI2013-304"><a href="#cite_ref-TTCI2013_304-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJennifer_BlankeThea_Chiesa2013" class="citation web cs1">Jennifer Blanke; Thea Chiesa, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TT_Competitiveness_Report_2013.pdf">"Travel & Tourism Competitiveness Report 2013"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/World_Economic_Forum" title="World Economic Forum">World Economic Forum</a>, Geneva, Switzerland. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191105024651/http://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_TT_Competitiveness_Report_2013.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 November 2019. Retrieved 14 April 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travel+%26+Tourism+Competitiveness+Report+2013&rft.pub=World+Economic+Forum%2C+Geneva%2C+Switzerland&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.weforum.org%2Fdocs%2FWEF_TT_Competitiveness_Report_2013.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> See Table 4, pp. 18–19 and Country/Economy Profile: Brazil, pp. 116–17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FIPE007-305"><a href="#cite_ref-FIPE007_305-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFundação_Instituto_de_Pesquisas_Econômicas2007" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003062341/http://200.189.169.141/site/arquivos/dados_fatos/demanda%20turistica/relatorio_executivo___turismo_domestico___2002_e_2006.pdf">"Caracterização e Dimensionamento do Turismo Domêstico no Brasil 2002 e 2006"</a> (PDF) (in Portuguese). Ministério do Turismo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://200.189.169.141/site/arquivos/dados_fatos/demanda%20turistica/relatorio_executivo___turismo_domestico___2002_e_2006.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 3 October 2008. Retrieved 21 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caracteriza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Dimensionamento+do+Turismo+Dom%C3%AAstico+no+Brasil+2002+e+2006&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A9rio+do+Turismo&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Instituto+de+Pesquisas+Econ%C3%B4micas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2F200.189.169.141%2Fsite%2Farquivos%2Fdados_fatos%2Fdemanda%2520turistica%2Frelatorio_executivo___turismo_domestico___2002_e_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.estadao.com.br/web-stories/economia/brasil-qual-estado-brasileiro-atrai-mais-turistas-estrangeiros-ranking-2024-quais-estados-embratur-sao-paulo-sp-rio-de-janeiro-rj-nprei/">"Veja ranking dos Estados brasileiros que atraem mais turistas estrangeiros"</a>. Estadão (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240625212216/https://www.estadao.com.br/web-stories/economia/brasil-qual-estado-brasileiro-atrai-mais-turistas-estrangeiros-ranking-2024-quais-estados-embratur-sao-paulo-sp-rio-de-janeiro-rj-nprei/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Estad%C3%A3o&rft.atitle=Veja+ranking+dos+Estados+brasileiros+que+atraem+mais+turistas+estrangeiros&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.estadao.com.br%2Fweb-stories%2Feconomia%2Fbrasil-qual-estado-brasileiro-atrai-mais-turistas-estrangeiros-ranking-2024-quais-estados-embratur-sao-paulo-sp-rio-de-janeiro-rj-nprei%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedação2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Redação, Da (18 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panrotas.com.br/mercado/pesquisas-e-estatisticas/2024/01/brasil-recebe-59-milhoes-de-estrangeiros-em-2023_202520.html">"Brasil recebe 5,9 milhões de estrangeiros em 2023"</a>. Portal PANROTAS (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628014430/https://www.panrotas.com.br/mercado/pesquisas-e-estatisticas/2024/01/brasil-recebe-59-milhoes-de-estrangeiros-em-2023_202520.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal+PANROTAS&rft.atitle=Brasil+recebe+5%2C9+milh%C3%B5es+de+estrangeiros+em+2023&rft.date=2024-01-18&rft.aulast=Reda%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft.aufirst=Da&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panrotas.com.br%2Fmercado%2Fpesquisas-e-estatisticas%2F2024%2F01%2Fbrasil-recebe-59-milhoes-de-estrangeiros-em-2023_202520.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCedeño2024" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cedeño, Karina (12 June 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panrotas.com.br/mercado/destinos/2024/06/turismo-e-grande-negocio-e-sao-paulo-seguira-investindo-nele-diz-lucena_206258.html">"Turismo é grande negócio e São Paulo seguirá investindo nele, diz Lucena"</a>. Portal PANROTAS (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240628014439/https://www.panrotas.com.br/mercado/destinos/2024/06/turismo-e-grande-negocio-e-sao-paulo-seguira-investindo-nele-diz-lucena_206258.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal+PANROTAS&rft.atitle=Turismo+%C3%A9+grande+neg%C3%B3cio+e+S%C3%A3o+Paulo+seguir%C3%A1+investindo+nele%2C+diz+Lucena&rft.date=2024-06-12&rft.aulast=Cede%C3%B1o&rft.aufirst=Karina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.panrotas.com.br%2Fmercado%2Fdestinos%2F2024%2F06%2Fturismo-e-grande-negocio-e-sao-paulo-seguira-investindo-nele-diz-lucena_206258.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://agenciagov.ebc.com.br/noticias/202404/movimentacao-do-turismo-cresce-e-bate-recorde-em-varios-estados">"Movimentação do turismo bate recorde em vários estados e aquece economia"</a>. Agência Gov (in Brazilian Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240619181329/https://agenciagov.ebc.com.br/noticias/202404/movimentacao-do-turismo-cresce-e-bate-recorde-em-varios-estados">Archived</a> from the original on 19 June 2024. Retrieved 19 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ag%C3%AAncia+Gov&rft.atitle=Movimenta%C3%A7%C3%A3o+do+turismo+bate+recorde+em+v%C3%A1rios+estados+e+aquece+economia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fagenciagov.ebc.com.br%2Fnoticias%2F202404%2Fmovimentacao-do-turismo-cresce-e-bate-recorde-em-varios-estados&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FIPE006-310"><a href="#cite_ref-FIPE006_310-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFundação_Instituto_de_Pesquisas_Econômicas_e_EMBRATUR2006" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Fundação Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas e EMBRATUR (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061130164741/http://www.braziltour.com/site/arquivos/dados_fatos/demanda%20turistica/demanda_turismo_domestico_setembro_2006.pdf">"Caracterização e Dimensionamento do Turismo Domêstico no Brasil 2002 e 2006: Metodologia e Desenvolvimento"</a> (PDF) (in Portuguese). Ministério do Turismo. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.braziltour.com/site/arquivos/dados_fatos/demanda%20turistica/demanda_turismo_domestico_setembro_2006.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 30 November 2006. Retrieved 22 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caracteriza%C3%A7%C3%A3o+e+Dimensionamento+do+Turismo+Dom%C3%AAstico+no+Brasil+2002+e+2006%3A+Metodologia+e+Desenvolvimento&rft.pub=Minist%C3%A9rio+do+Turismo&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Funda%C3%A7%C3%A3o+Instituto+de+Pesquisas+Econ%C3%B4micas+e+EMBRATUR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.braziltour.com%2Fsite%2Farquivos%2Fdados_fatos%2Fdemanda%2520turistica%2Fdemanda_turismo_domestico_setembro_2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DevelopmentStaff2006v-311"><a href="#cite_ref-DevelopmentStaff2006v_311-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_DevelopmentOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-Operation_and_Development_Staff2006" class="citation book cs1">Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development; Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development Staff (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lI8pqyWIluYC&pg=PA94">OECD Economic Surveys: Brazil 2006</a>. OECD Publishing. p. 94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02999-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-02999-6"><bdi>978-92-64-02999-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=OECD+Economic+Surveys%3A+Brazil+2006&rft.pages=94&rft.pub=OECD+Publishing&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-92-64-02999-6&rft.au=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development&rft.au=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-Operation+and+Development+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlI8pqyWIluYC%26pg%3DPA94&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scientific2010f-312"><a href="#cite_ref-Scientific2010f_312-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_Nations_Educational,_Scientific2010" class="citation book cs1">United Nations Educational, Scientific (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZTLCOe_fqwC&pg=PA110">UNESCO Science Report 2010: The Current Status of Science Around the World</a>. UNESCO. pp. 110–18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104132-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-3-104132-7"><bdi>978-92-3-104132-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129184347/https://books.google.com/books?id=2ZTLCOe_fqwC&pg=PA110#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=UNESCO+Science+Report+2010%3A+The+Current+Status+of+Science+Around+the+World&rft.pages=110-18&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-92-3-104132-7&rft.au=United+Nations+Educational%2C+Scientific&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2ZTLCOe_fqwC%26pg%3DPA110&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-HarveySmid2010-313"><a href="#cite_ref-HarveySmid2010_313-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_HarveyHenk_H.F._SmidThâeo_Pirard2010" class="citation book cs1">Brian Harvey; Henk H.F. Smid; Thâeo Pirard (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC&pg=PA324">Emerging Space Powers: The New Space Programs of Asia, the Middle East and South-America</a>. Springer. p. 324. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0874-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4419-0874-2"><bdi>978-1-4419-0874-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129184349/https://books.google.com/books?id=XD1ZaYbiWwMC&pg=PA324#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. Retrieved 16 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Emerging+Space+Powers%3A+The+New+Space+Programs+of+Asia%2C+the+Middle+East+and+South-America&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4419-0874-2&rft.au=Brian+Harvey&rft.au=Henk+H.F.+Smid&rft.au=Th%C3%A2eo+Pirard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXD1ZaYbiWwMC%26pg%3DPA324&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvP9jHaoL_s4CpgPA628_628]-314"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidvP9jHaoL_s4CpgPA628_628]_314-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrocittiVallance2012">Crocitti & Vallance (2012)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vP9jHaoL_s4C&pg=PA628">628</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA-315"><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_315-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/releases/1996_1998/h97-233.html">NASA Signs International Space Station Agreement With Brazil</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201127012829/http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/releases/1996_1998/h97-233.html">Archived</a> 27 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO.C._Ferreira" class="citation web cs1">O.C. 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Marinha do Brasil (in Portuguese). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125114741/https://www.marinha.mil.br/programas-estrategicos/prosub">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022. Retrieved 25 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marinha+do+Brasil&rft.atitle=Previs%C3%A3o+de+lan%C3%A7amento&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marinha.mil.br%2Fprogramas-estrategicos%2Fprosub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/accelerator_list.html">"Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität"</a>. Elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de. 18 August 2008. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080804121907/http://www-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de/accelerator_list.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 August 2008. Retrieved 30 October 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rheinische+Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universit%C3%A4t&rft.pub=Elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de&rft.date=2008-08-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-elsa.physik.uni-bonn.de%2Faccelerator_list.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111117055936/http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/science-and-technology/the-digital-electronics-industry/ceitec/br_model1?set_language=en">"CEITEC"</a>. Portal Brasil. Brasil.gov.br. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brasil.gov.br/sobre/science-and-technology/the-digital-electronics-industry/ceitec/br_model1?set_language=en">the original</a> on 17 November 2011. Retrieved 8 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Portal+Brasil&rft.atitle=CEITEC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.brasil.gov.br%2Fsobre%2Fscience-and-technology%2Fthe-digital-electronics-industry%2Fceitec%2Fbr_model1%3Fset_language%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/dinheiro/fi2603201010.htm">"Brasil cai duas posições em ranking mundial"</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folha_de_S.Paulo" title="Folha de S.Paulo">Folha de S.Paulo</a>, 26 March 2010, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130926123816/http://www1.folha.uol.com.br/fsp/dinheiro/fi2603201010.htm">archived</a> from the original on 26 September 2013, retrieved 26 March 2010</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Folha+de+S.Paulo&rft.atitle=Brasil+cai+duas+posi%C3%A7%C3%B5es+em+ranking+mundial&rft.date=2010-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.folha.uol.com.br%2Ffsp%2Fdinheiro%2Ffi2603201010.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a> (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wipo.int/web-publications/global-innovation-index-2024/en/">Global Innovation Index 2024: Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</a>. World Intellectual Property Organization. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 2 September 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wipo.int&rft.atitle=Global+Innovation+Index+2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wipo.int%2Fglobal_innovation_index%2Fen%2F2019%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210902101622/https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930">"Global Innovation Index"</a>. INSEAD Knowledge. 28 October 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowledge.insead.edu/entrepreneurship-innovation/global-innovation-index-2930">the original</a> on 2 September 2021. 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Retrieved 29 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=M.+Santos+Dumont+Rounds+Eiffel+Tower&rft.date=1901-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimesmachine.nytimes.com%2Ftimesmachine%2F1901%2F10%2F20%2F106920457.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-patentbritish-325"><a href="#cite_ref-patentbritish_325-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vintagemachinery.org/mfgindex/detail.aspx?id=294">"Engelberg, Inc"</a>. Vintage Machinery. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321054057/http://vintagemachinery.org/mfgindex/detail.aspx?id=294">Archived</a> from the original on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 17 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Engelberg%2C+Inc&rft.pub=Vintage+Machinery&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvintagemachinery.org%2Fmfgindex%2Fdetail.aspx%3Fid%3D294&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> Abreu, Manuel de, pag. 17 – Grande Enciclopédia Universal – edição de 1980 – Ed.Amazonas </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090309065937/http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/16/news/profile.php">"Portable stereo's creator got his due, eventually"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iht.com/articles/2005/12/16/news/profile.php">the original</a> on 9 March 2009. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbpf.br/meson/meson.html">the original</a> on 26 May 2011. Retrieved 29 December 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=50+anos+do+M%C3%A9son-Pi&rft.au=Minist%C3%A9rio+da+Ci%C3%AAncia%2C+Tecnologia+e+Inova%C3%A7%C3%A3o&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbpf.br%2Fmeson%2Fmeson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130331194248/http://cbpfindex.cbpf.br/publication_pdfs/dh00186.2011_08_16_15_20_32.pdf">"Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas – Coleção Galileo: Textos de Física"</a> (PDF). 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Fritz Müller: a naturalist in Brazil. Blacksburg: Pocahontas Press </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=44&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=01/01/2021&ev=false">"International – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"</a>. www.eia.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231026222938/https://www.eia.gov/international/rankings/world?pa=44&u=2&f=A&v=none&y=1">Archived</a> from the original on 26 October 2023. Retrieved 23 October 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eia.gov&rft.atitle=International+%E2%80%93+U.S.+Energy+Information+Administration+%28EIA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eia.gov%2Finternational%2Frankings%2Fworld%3Fpa%3D44%26u%3D2%26f%3DA%26v%3Dnone%26y%3D01%2F01%2F2021%26ev%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SchmidtOnyango2011-335"><a href="#cite_ref-SchmidtOnyango2011_335-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_SchmidtVincent_OnyangoDmytro_Palekhov2011" class="citation book cs1">Michael Schmidt; Vincent Onyango; Dmytro Palekhov (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=67bRqegVVcwC&pg=PA42">Implementing Environmental and Resource Management</a>. Springer. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-77568-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-77568-3"><bdi>978-3-540-77568-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129184349/https://books.google.com/books?id=67bRqegVVcwC&pg=PA42#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. 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OECD Publishing. p. 193. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-64-19141-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-64-19141-9"><bdi>978-92-64-19141-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231129184453/https://books.google.com/books?id=T6U8AUm1ef4C&pg=PA193">Archived</a> from the original on 29 November 2023. 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Beit Hatfutsot.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Beit+Hatfutsot&rft.atitle=The+Jewish+Community+in+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bh.org.il%2Fjewish-community-brazil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ferabolli2014-386"><a href="#cite_ref-Ferabolli2014_386-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSilvia_Ferabolli2014" class="citation book cs1">Silvia Ferabolli (25 September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=R5CbBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA151">Arab Regionalism: A Post-Structural Perspective</a>. Routledge. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-65803-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-65803-0"><bdi>978-1-317-65803-0</bdi></a>. <q>According to estimates by the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), countersigned by the League of Arab States, Brazil has the largest Arab colony outside their countries of origin. There are estimated 15 million Arabs living in Brazil today, with some researchers suggesting numbers around 20 million.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arab+Regionalism%3A+A+Post-Structural+Perspective&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014-09-25&rft.isbn=978-1-317-65803-0&rft.au=Silvia+Ferabolli&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DR5CbBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Amar2014-387"><a href="#cite_ref-Amar2014_387-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Amar2014" class="citation book cs1">Paul Amar (15 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XGKuCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">The Middle East and Brazil: Perspectives on the New Global South</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01496-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-01496-2"><bdi>978-0-253-01496-2</bdi></a>. <q>there are, according to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, more than sixteen million Arabs and descendants of Arabs in Brazil, constituting the largest community of Arabs descent outside the Middle East.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Middle+East+and+Brazil%3A+Perspectives+on+the+New+Global+South&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2014-07-15&rft.isbn=978-0-253-01496-2&rft.au=Paul+Amar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXGKuCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA40&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-388"><a href="#cite_ref-388">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcl12892021" class="citation web cs1">cl1289 (8 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccas.georgetown.edu/2021/06/08/from-beirut-to-brazil/">"From Beirut to Brazil"</a>. CCAS. Retrieved 7 November 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CCAS&rft.atitle=From+Beirut+to+Brazil&rft.date=2021-06-08&rft.au=cl1289&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fccas.georgetown.edu%2F2021%2F06%2F08%2Ffrom-beirut-to-brazil%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Coelho_1996,_p._268-389">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coelho_1996,_p._268_389-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coelho_1996,_p._268_389-1">b</a> Coelho (1996), p. 268. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vesentini_1988,_p._117-390">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vesentini_1988,_p._117_390-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vesentini_1988,_p._117_390-1">b</a> Vesentini (1988), p. 117. </li> <li id="cite_note-391"><a href="#cite_ref-391">^</a> Adas, Melhem Panorama geográfico do Brasil, 4th ed (São Paulo: Moderna, 2004), p. 268 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-16-04336-3" title="Special:BookSources/85-16-04336-3">85-16-04336-3</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> Azevedo (1971), pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Moreira_1981,_p._108-393">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Moreira_1981,_p._108_393-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moreira_1981,_p._108_393-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Moreira_1981,_p._108_393-2">c</a> Moreira (1981), p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-394"><a href="#cite_ref-394">^</a> Azevedo (1971), pp. 74–75. </li> <li id="cite_note-395"><a href="#cite_ref-395">^</a> Enciclopédia Barsa, vol. 10 (Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987), p. 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> Azevedo (1971), p. 74. </li> <li id="cite_note-Azevedo_1971,_p._161-397">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Azevedo_1971,_p._161_397-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Azevedo_1971,_p._161_397-1">b</a> Azevedo (1971), p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-398"><a href="#cite_ref-398">^</a> Enciclopédia Barsa, vol. 4, pp. 254–55, 258, 265. </li> <li id="cite_note-399"><a href="#cite_ref-399">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/07/07/AR2007070701312.html">"In Amazonia, Defending the Hidden Tribes"</a>, The Washington Post (8 July 2007). </li> <li id="cite_note-PEWCATHOLIC-400"><a href="#cite_ref-PEWCATHOLIC_400-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pewforum.org/2013/02/13/the-global-catholic-population/">"The Global Catholic Population"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pew_Research_Center" title="Pew Research Center">Pew Research Center</a>. 13 February 2013. Retrieved 10 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Global+Catholic+Population&rft.pub=Pew+Research+Center&rft.date=2013-02-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pewforum.org%2F2013%2F02%2F13%2Fthe-global-catholic-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-USDS-401"><a href="#cite_ref-USDS_401-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation conference cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/j/drl/rls/irf/2005/51629.htm">"Brazil"</a>. International Religious Freedom Report. U.S. Department of State. 8 November 2005. Retrieved 8 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Brazil&rft.btitle=International+Religious+Freedom+Report&rft.pub=U.S.+Department+of+State&rft.date=2005-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fj%2Fdrl%2Frls%2Firf%2F2005%2F51629.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-census2010-402"><a href="#cite_ref-census2010_402-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Censos/Censo_Demografico_2010/Caracteristicas_Gerais_Religiao_Deficiencia/tab1_4.pdf">IBGE – Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (Brazilian Institute for Geography and Statistics). 2010 Census</a>. Retrieved 7 August 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-BoyleSheen2013-403"><a href="#cite_ref-BoyleSheen2013_403-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKevin_BoyleJuliet_Sheen2013" class="citation book cs1">Kevin Boyle; Juliet Sheen (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JxgFWwK8dXwC&pg=PT211">Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report</a>. Routledge. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72229-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-72229-7"><bdi>978-1-134-72229-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Freedom+of+Religion+and+Belief%3A+A+World+Report&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-134-72229-7&rft.au=Kevin+Boyle&rft.au=Juliet+Sheen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJxgFWwK8dXwC%26pg%3DPT211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-georgetown1-404"><a href="#cite_ref-georgetown1_404-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825203019/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil">"Brazil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs" title="Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil">the original</a> on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresources%2Fcountries%2Fbrazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morris2006a-405"><a href="#cite_ref-Morris2006a_405-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrian_Morris2006" class="citation book cs1">Brian Morris (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PguGB_uEQh4C&pg=PA223">Religion and Anthropology: A Critical Introduction</a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 223. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85241-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-85241-8"><bdi>978-0-521-85241-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+Anthropology%3A+A+Critical+Introduction&rft.pages=223&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-85241-8&rft.au=Brian+Morris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPguGB_uEQh4C%26pg%3DPA223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JeynesRobinson2012-406"><a href="#cite_ref-JeynesRobinson2012_406-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_JeynesDavid_W._Robinson2012" class="citation book cs1">William Jeynes; David W. Robinson (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NIBlry_2oLQC&pg=PA405">International Handbook of Protestant Education</a>. Springer. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2386-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-2386-3"><bdi>978-94-007-2386-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Handbook+of+Protestant+Education&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-007-2386-3&rft.au=William+Jeynes&rft.au=David+W.+Robinson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNIBlry_2oLQC%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-407"><a href="#cite_ref-407">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Censos/Censo_Demografico_2010/Caracteristicas_Gerais_Religiao_Deficiencia/tab1_4.pdf">"2010 census results"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2010+census+results&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.ibge.gov.br%2FCensos%2FCenso_Demografico_2010%2FCaracteristicas_Gerais_Religiao_Deficiencia%2Ftab1_4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-georgetown2-408"><a href="#cite_ref-georgetown2_408-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110825203019/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil">"Brazil"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Berkley_Center_for_Religion,_Peace,_and_World_Affairs" title="Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs">Berkley Center for Religion, Peace, and World Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/countries/brazil">the original</a> on 25 August 2011. Retrieved 7 December 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazil&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace%2C+and+World+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresources%2Fcountries%2Fbrazil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> See drop-down essay on "The Growth of Religious Pluralism" </li> <li id="cite_note-FGV_no_G1-409">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FGV_no_G1_409-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FGV_no_G1_409-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDo_G1,_em_São_Paulo2011" class="citation web cs1">Do G1, em São Paulo (23 August 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://g1.globo.com/brasil/noticia/2011/08/pais-tem-menor-nivel-de-adeptos-do-catolicismo-desde-1872-diz-estudo.html">"G1 – País tem menor nível de adeptos do catolicismo desde 1872, diz estudo"</a>. G1.globo.com. Retrieved 7 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=G1+%E2%80%93+Pa%C3%ADs+tem+menor+n%C3%ADvel+de+adeptos+do+catolicismo+desde+1872%2C+diz+estudo&rft.pub=G1.globo.com&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft.au=Do+G1%2C+em+S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fg1.globo.com%2Fbrasil%2Fnoticia%2F2011%2F08%2Fpais-tem-menor-nivel-de-adeptos-do-catolicismo-desde-1872-diz-estudo.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-410"><a href="#cite_ref-410">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oglobo.globo.com/economia/senado-aprova-acordo-com-vaticano-3161783">"Senado aprova acordo com o Vaticano"</a>. <a href="/wiki/O_Globo" title="O Globo">O Globo</a>. 2009. Retrieved 28 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Senado+aprova+acordo+com+o+Vaticano&rft.pub=O+Globo&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foglobo.globo.com%2Feconomia%2Fsenado-aprova-acordo-com-vaticano-3161783&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_Ato2007-2010/2010/Decreto/D7107.htm">"Decreto nº 7.107, de 11 de fevereiro de 2010"</a>. Casa Civil da Presidência da República. Retrieved 28 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Decreto+n%C2%BA+7.107%2C+de+11+de+fevereiro+de+2010.&rft.pub=Casa+Civil+da+Presid%C3%AAncia+da+Rep%C3%BAblica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planalto.gov.br%2Fccivil_03%2F_Ato2007-2010%2F2010%2FDecreto%2FD7107.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ForgiaCouttolenc2008-412"><a href="#cite_ref-ForgiaCouttolenc2008_412-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerard_Martin_La_ForgiaBernard_F._Couttolenc2008" class="citation book cs1">Gerard Martin La Forgia; Bernard F. Couttolenc (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i3R43xW5KqcC&pg=PA17">Hospital Performance in Brazil: The Search for Excellence</a>. World Bank Publications. p. 17. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-7359-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8213-7359-0"><bdi>978-0-8213-7359-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hospital+Performance+in+Brazil%3A+The+Search+for+Excellence&rft.pages=17&rft.pub=World+Bank+Publications&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8213-7359-0&rft.au=Gerard+Martin+La+Forgia&rft.au=Bernard+F.+Couttolenc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di3R43xW5KqcC%26pg%3DPA17&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-413"><a href="#cite_ref-413">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://conselho.saude.gov.br/web_sus20anos/index.html">"20 Anos do SUS"</a>. Conselho Nacional de Saúde. Retrieved 13 April 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20+Anos+do+SUS&rft.pub=Conselho+Nacional+de+Sa%C3%BAde&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fconselho.saude.gov.br%2Fweb_sus20anos%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wolper2004-414"><a href="#cite_ref-Wolper2004_414-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawrence_F._Wolper2004" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence F. Wolper (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Zts-QdpDiWUC&pg=PA33">Health Care Administration: Planning, Implementing, and Managing Organized Delivery Systems</a>. 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Walter de Gruyter. p. 247. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025803-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-025803-5"><bdi>978-3-11-025803-5</bdi></a>. <q>Nheengatú (also called língua geral of Amazonia, or lingua Brasilica) originated in the 17th century in what are now the states of Pará Maranhão, as lingua franca on the basis of Tupinambá lexicon but with strong grammatical influence from Portuguese, also due to intervention by Jesuit missionaries [...] Around 1700 it was spoken in a large area in Brazil, as a contact language between whites and indians, but it lost some support with the expulsion of the Jesuits in 1758 [...] Its sister language in the colonial period was Língua Geral Paulista (in the state of São Paolo) a lingua franca which is now extinct.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contacts+between+indigenous+languages+in+South+America&rft.btitle=The+Indigenous+Languages+of+South+America%3A+A+Comprehensive+Guide&rft.pages=247&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-3-11-025803-5&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rft.au=Grondona%2C+Ver%C3%B3nica&rft.au=Muysken%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-language-434"><a href="#cite_ref-nyt-language_434-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohter2005" class="citation news cs1">Rohter, Larry (28 August 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/08/28/international/americas/28amazon.html">"Language Born of Colonialism Thrives Again in Amazon"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved 14 July 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Language+Born+of+Colonialism+Thrives+Again+in+Amazon&rft.date=2005-08-28&rft.aulast=Rohter&rft.aufirst=Larry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F08%2F28%2Finternational%2Famericas%2F28amazon.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-435"><a href="#cite_ref-435">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,1174391,00.html">"O alemão lusitano do Sul do Brasil"</a>. DW-World.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=O+alem%C3%A3o+lusitano+do+Sul+do+Brasil&rft.pub=DW-World.de&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.de%2Fdw%2Farticle%2F0%2C%2C1174391%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.labeurb.unicamp.br/elb/europeias/talian.htm">"ELB"</a>. labeurb.unicamp.br.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=labeurb.unicamp.br&rft.atitle=ELB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.labeurb.unicamp.br%2Felb%2Feuropeias%2Ftalian.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120304160633/http://www.sitoveneto.org/talian_patrimonio_de_rio_grando_do_sul.html">"Approvato il progetto che dichiara il 'Talian' come patrimonio del Rio Grande del Sud – Brasile"</a>. 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Retrieved 9 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Approvato+il+progetto+che+dichiara+il+%27Talian%27+come+patrimonio+del+Rio+Grande+del+Sud+%E2%80%93+Brasile&rft.pub=Sitoveneto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sitoveneto.org%2Ftalian_patrimonio_de_rio_grando_do_sul.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevenson1997-438"><a href="#cite_ref-Stevenson1997_438-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Stevenson1997" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Stevenson (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AviTvt-cPaUC&pg=PA39">The German Language and the Real World: Sociolinguistic, Cultural, and Pragmatic Perspectives on Contemporary German</a>. Oxford University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823738-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-823738-9"><bdi>978-0-19-823738-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+German+Language+and+the+Real+World%3A+Sociolinguistic%2C+Cultural%2C+and+Pragmatic+Perspectives+on+Contemporary+German&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-19-823738-9&rft.au=Patrick+Stevenson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAviTvt-cPaUC%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-439"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_439-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://pt.m.wikisource.org/wiki/Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o_de_1988_da_Rep%C3%BAblica_Federativa_do_Brasil/T%C3%ADtulo_II#Artigo_13">"Constituição de 1988 da República Federativa do Brasil/Título II – Wikisource"</a>. pt.m.wikisource.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pt.m.wikisource.org&rft.atitle=Constitui%C3%A7%C3%A3o+de+1988+da+Rep%C3%BAblica+Federativa+do+Brasil%2FT%C3%ADtulo+II+%E2%80%93+Wikisource&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpt.m.wikisource.org%2Fwiki%2FConstitui%25C3%25A7%25C3%25A3o_de_1988_da_Rep%25C3%25BAblica_Federativa_do_Brasil%2FT%25C3%25ADtulo_II%23Artigo_13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-440"><a href="#cite_ref-440">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/censo2010/default.shtm">"IDBGE"</a> (in Portuguese). IBGE. 2011. Retrieved 8 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=IDBGE&rft.pub=IBGE&rft.date=2011&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fhome%2Festatistica%2Fpopulacao%2Fcenso2010%2Fdefault.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-concentrações_urbanas-441">^ <a href="#cite_ref-concentrações_urbanas_441-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-concentrações_urbanas_441-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saladeimprensa.ibge.gov.br/noticias?view=noticia&id=1&busca=1&idnoticia=2855">"Mais da metade da população vive em 294 arranjos formados por contiguidade urbana e por deslocamentos para trabalho e estudo"</a> (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mais+da+metade+da+popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o+vive+em+294+arranjos+formados+por+contiguidade+urbana+e+por+deslocamentos+para+trabalho+e+estudo&rft.pub=Brazilian+Institute+of+Geography+and+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaladeimprensa.ibge.gov.br%2Fnoticias%3Fview%3Dnoticia%26id%3D1%26busca%3D1%26idnoticia%3D2855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/organizacao_do_territorio/divisao_regional/arranjos_populacionais/arranjos_populacionais.pdf">"Arranjos Populacionais e Concentrações Urbanas do Brasil"</a> (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. p. 148. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/organizacao_do_territorio/divisao_regional/arranjos_populacionais/arranjos_populacionais.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 16 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arranjos+Populacionais+e+Concentra%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Urbanas+do+Brasil&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Brazilian+Institute+of+Geography+and+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeoftp.ibge.gov.br%2Forganizacao_do_territorio%2Fdivisao_regional%2Farranjos_populacionais%2Farranjos_populacionais.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://ftp.ibge.gov.br/Estimativas_de_Populacao/Estimativas_2016/estimativa_dou_2016.pdf">"Estimativas da população residente no Brasil e Unidades da Federação com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2016"</a> (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved 16 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimativas+da+popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o+residente+no+Brasil+e+Unidades+da+Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+com+data+de+refer%C3%AAncia+em+1%C2%BA+de+julho+de+2016&rft.pub=Brazilian+Institute+of+Geography+and+Statistics&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fftp.ibge.gov.br%2FEstimativas_de_Populacao%2FEstimativas_2016%2Festimativa_dou_2016.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091029034959/http://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_3/Brazil.html">"Principal Cities"</a>. Encarta. MSN. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://encarta.msn.com/encyclopedia_761554342_3/Brazil.html">the original</a> on 29 October 2009. Retrieved 10 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Principal+Cities&rft.btitle=Encarta&rft.pub=MSN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fencarta.msn.com%2Fencyclopedia_761554342_3%2FBrazil.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Brazil#Dubious" title="Talk:Brazil">discuss</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="ftp://geoftp.ibge.gov.br/organizacao_do_territorio/divisao_regional/arranjos_populacionais/arranjos_populacionais.pdf">"Arranjos Populacionais e Concentrações Urbanas do Brasil"</a> (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. p. 148. Retrieved 16 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arranjos+Populacionais+e+Concentra%C3%A7%C3%B5es+Urbanas+do+Brasil&rft.pages=148&rft.pub=Brazilian+Institute+of+Geography+and+Statistics&rft_id=ftp%3A%2F%2Fgeoftp.ibge.gov.br%2Forganizacao_do_territorio%2Fdivisao_regional%2Farranjos_populacionais%2Farranjos_populacionais.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/estimativa2017/estimativa_dou.shtm">"Estimativas da população residente no Brasil e Unidades da Federação com data de referência em 1º de julho de 2017"</a> (PDF) (in Portuguese). Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. Retrieved 14 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Estimativas+da+popula%C3%A7%C3%A3o+residente+no+Brasil+e+Unidades+da+Federa%C3%A7%C3%A3o+com+data+de+refer%C3%AAncia+em+1%C2%BA+de+julho+de+2017&rft.pub=Brazilian+Institute+of+Geography+and+Statistics&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibge.gov.br%2Fhome%2Festatistica%2Fpopulacao%2Festimativa2017%2Festimativa_dou.shtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guiness-447"><a href="#cite_ref-Guiness_447-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.guinnessworldrecords.com/records-11000/largest-carnival/">Largest Carnival</a> Guinness World Records. </li> <li id="cite_note-Meade2009-448"><a href="#cite_ref-Meade2009_448-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeresa_A._Meade2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Teresa_Meade" title="Teresa Meade">Teresa A. 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Infobase Publishing. p. 146. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7788-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-7788-5"><bdi>978-0-8160-7788-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Brief+History+of+Brazil&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-7788-5&rft.au=Teresa+A.+Meade&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De6Jw-KNq2QUC%26pg%3DPA146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Levinson1998-449"><a href="#cite_ref-Levinson1998_449-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_Levinson1998" class="citation book cs1">David Levinson (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uwi-rv3VV6cC&pg=PA325">Ethnic Groups Worldwide: A Ready Reference Handbook</a>. 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Cambridge University Press. pp. 150–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19362-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-19362-7"><bdi>978-0-521-19362-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Immigration%2C+Ethnicity%2C+and+National+Identity+in+Brazil%2C+1808+to+the+Present&rft.pages=150-55&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-521-19362-7&rft.au=Jeffrey+Lesser&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHJW029DYOZoC%26pg%3DPA150&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-451"><a href="#cite_ref-451">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreyre1986" class="citation news cs1">Freyre, Gilberto (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120530050909/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1986_May-June/ai_4375022">"The Afro-Brazilian experiment: African influence on Brazilian culture"</a>. UNESCO. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1310/is_1986_May-June/ai_4375022">the original</a> on 30 May 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Afro-Brazilian+experiment%3A+African+influence+on+Brazilian+culture&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Freyre&rft.aufirst=Gilberto&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_m1310%2Fis_1986_May-June%2Fai_4375022&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-452"><a href="#cite_ref-452">^</a> Leandro Karnal, Teatro da fé: Formas de representação religiosa no Brasil e no México do século XVI, São Paulo, Editora Hucitec, 1998; available on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fflch.usp.br/dh/ceveh/public_html/biblioteca/livros/teatro_fe/index.htm">fflch.usp.br</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130724010418/http://www.fflch.usp.br/dh/ceveh/public_html/biblioteca/livros/teatro_fe/index.htm">Archived</a> 24 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-itaucultural.org.br-453"><a href="#cite_ref-itaucultural.org.br_453-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicExternas/enciclopedia_IC/index.cfm?fuseaction=termos_texto_ing&cd_verbete=3738&lst_palavras=&cd_idioma=28556&cd_item=8">"The Brazilian Baroque"</a>, Encyclopaedia Itaú Cultural <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110430001754/http://www.itaucultural.org.br/aplicExternas/enciclopedia_IC/index.cfm?fuseaction=termos_texto_ing&cd_verbete=3738&lst_palavras=&cd_idioma=28556&cd_item=8">Archived</a> 30 April 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marsh2012-454"><a href="#cite_ref-Marsh2012_454-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeslie_Marsh2012" class="citation book cs1">Leslie Marsh (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I5F7E6BQ5ukC&pg=PA3">Brazilian Women's Filmmaking: From Dictatorship to Democracy</a>. University of Illinois Press. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09437-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-09437-8"><bdi>978-0-252-09437-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazilian+Women%27s+Filmmaking%3A+From+Dictatorship+to+Democracy&rft.pages=3&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-252-09437-8&rft.au=Leslie+Marsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI5F7E6BQ5ukC%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-455"><a href="#cite_ref-455">^</a> Hue, Jorge de Souza (1999). Uma visão da arquitectura colonial no Brasil [A vision of Colonial Architecture in Brazil] (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro. </li> <li id="cite_note-456"><a href="#cite_ref-456">^</a> Boxer, Charles Ralph (1962). The Golden Age of Brazil, 1695–1750: Growing Pains of a Colonial Society. University of California Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-Guimaraens-457">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guimaraens_457-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guimaraens_457-1">b</a> Guimaraens, Cêça de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mre.gov.br/cdbrasil/itamaraty/web/port/artecult/arqurb/arquitet/index.htm">Arquitetura</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030908051315/http://www.mre.gov.br/CDBRASIL/ITAMARATY/WEB/port/artecult/arqurb/arquitet/index.htm">Archived</a> 8 September 2003 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Portal do Ministério das Relações Exteriores. </li> <li id="cite_note-Claro-458"><a href="#cite_ref-Claro_458-0">^</a> Claro, Mauro. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vitruvius.com.br/revistas/read/drops/09.025/1775">"Ambientes modernos. A casa modernista da Rua Santa Cruz, de Gregori Warchavchik, e outras casas da modernidade"</a>. In: Drops, 2008; 09 (025.03) </li> <li id="cite_note-FonsecaWeiner1991-459">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FonsecaWeiner1991_459-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FonsecaWeiner1991_459-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuduka_Da_FonsecaBob_Weiner1991" class="citation book cs1">Duduka Da Fonseca; Bob Weiner (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HuZQUm_hhygC&pg=PA7">Brazilian Rhythms for Drumset</a>. Alfred Music Publishing. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7692-0987-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7692-0987-6"><bdi>978-0-7692-0987-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazilian+Rhythms+for+Drumset&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Alfred+Music+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7692-0987-6&rft.au=Duduka+Da+Fonseca&rft.au=Bob+Weiner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHuZQUm_hhygC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grazia2013-460"><a href="#cite_ref-Grazia2013_460-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonna_M._Di_Grazia2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Donna_Di_Grazia" title="Donna Di Grazia">Donna M. Di Grazia</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qyPz1PUFxW8C&pg=PA457">Nineteenth-Century Choral Music</a>. Routledge. p. 457. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-29409-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-29409-9"><bdi>978-1-136-29409-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nineteenth-Century+Choral+Music&rft.pages=457&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-136-29409-9&rft.au=Donna+M.+Di+Grazia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqyPz1PUFxW8C%26pg%3DPA457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-461"><a href="#cite_ref-461">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/index.php?RL=00101">"UNESCO Culture Sector – Intangible Heritage – 2003 Convention"</a>. Unesco.org. 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Taylor & Francis. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96066-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-96066-3"><bdi>978-0-415-96066-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Focus%3A+Music+of+Northeast+Brazil&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-415-96066-3&rft.au=Larry+Crook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSkjwor64MXwC%26pg%3DPA78&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fryer2000-463"><a href="#cite_ref-Fryer2000_463-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_Fryer2000" class="citation book cs1">Peter Fryer (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rhythmsofresista0000frye">Rhythms of Resistance: African Musical Heritage in Brazil</a>. Pluto Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rhythmsofresista0000frye/page/39">39</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0731-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-0731-2"><bdi>978-0-7453-0731-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rhythms+of+Resistance%3A+African+Musical+Heritage+in+Brazil&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Pluto+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-0731-2&rft.au=Peter+Fryer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frhythmsofresista0000frye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-464"><a href="#cite_ref-464">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brazilianexperience.com/brazil-from-a-to-z-forro/">"Brazil From A TO Z: FORRÓ"</a>. Brazilian Experience. 25 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Brazilian+Experience&rft.atitle=Brazil+From+A+TO+Z%3A+FORR%C3%93&rft.date=2015-12-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbrazilianexperience.com%2Fbrazil-from-a-to-z-forro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-465"><a href="#cite_ref-465">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://romancelanguages.missouri.edu/people/draper">"Jack A. Draper III"</a>. Romance Languages and Literatures: University of Missouri.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Romance+Languages+and+Literatures%3A+University+of+Missouri&rft.atitle=Jack+A.+Draper+III&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fromancelanguages.missouri.edu%2Fpeople%2Fdraper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-466"><a href="#cite_ref-466">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper2010" class="citation book cs1">Draper, Jack A. III (2010). <a href="/wiki/Forr%C3%B3_and_Redemptive_Regionalism_from_the_Brazilian_Northeast" title="Forró and Redemptive Regionalism from the Brazilian Northeast">Forró and redemptive regionalism from the Brazilian northeast: popular music in a culture of migration</a>. New York: Lang. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-1076-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4331-1076-4"><bdi>978-1-4331-1076-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/643568832">643568832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forr%C3%B3+and+redemptive+regionalism+from+the+Brazilian+northeast%3A+popular+music+in+a+culture+of+migration&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Lang&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F643568832&rft.isbn=978-1-4331-1076-4&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Jack+A.+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacGowanPessanha1998-467"><a href="#cite_ref-MacGowanPessanha1998_467-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacGowanPessanha1998" class="citation book cs1">MacGowan, Chris; Pessanha, Ricardo (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/braziliansoundsa00mcgowa">The Brazilian Sound: Samba, Bossa Nova, and the Popular Music of Brazil</a>. Temple University Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/braziliansoundsa00mcgowa/page/159">159</a>–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-545-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-545-8"><bdi>978-1-56639-545-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Brazilian+Sound%3A+Samba%2C+Bossa+Nova%2C+and+the+Popular+Music+of+Brazil&rft.pages=159-61&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56639-545-8&rft.aulast=MacGowan&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft.au=Pessanha%2C+Ricardo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbraziliansoundsa00mcgowa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacGowanPessanha1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7MFD-EoTR7MCpgPA6_6]-468"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacGowanPessanha1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7MFD-EoTR7MCpgPA6_6]_468-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacGowanPessanha1998">MacGowan & Pessanha (1998)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7MFD-EoTR7MC&pg=PA6">6</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Kassing2007-469"><a href="#cite_ref-Kassing2007_469-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGayle_Kassing2007" class="citation book cs1">Gayle Kassing (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofdancein00kass">History of Dance: An Interactive Arts Approach</a>. Human Kinetics 10%. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofdancein00kass/page/236">236</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-6035-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7360-6035-6"><bdi>978-0-7360-6035-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Dance%3A+An+Interactive+Arts+Approach&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics+10%25&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7360-6035-6&rft.au=Gayle+Kassing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofdancein00kass&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell2011b-470"><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell2011b_470-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Campbell2011" class="citation book cs1">Michael Campbell (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rK5DMAZsuAgC&pg=PT299">Popular Music in America: The Beat Goes on</a>. Cengage Learning. p. 299. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8400-2976-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8400-2976-8"><bdi>978-0-8400-2976-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+Music+in+America%3A+The+Beat+Goes+on&rft.pages=299&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-8400-2976-8&rft.au=Michael+Campbell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrK5DMAZsuAgC%26pg%3DPT299&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA360_360]-471"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrocittiVallance2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidVhkvhllLooUCpgPA360_360]_471-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCrocittiVallance2012">Crocitti & Vallance (2012)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VhkvhllLooUC&pg=PA360">360</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110725100730/http://www.brasembottawa.org/en/culture_academic/literature.html">"Brazilian Literature: An Introduction"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ottawa.itamaraty.gov.br/pt-br/">Embassy of Brasil – Ottawa</a>. 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Retrieved 6 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brazilian+Vale+Tudo&rft.pub=I.V.C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvaletudo.com.br%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-524"><a href="#cite_ref-524">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080420155232/http://www.ibjjf.org/index.htm">"International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Brazilian_Jiu-Jitsu_Federation" title="International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation">International Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu Federation</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibjjf.org/index.htm">the original</a> on 20 April 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=International+Brazilian+Jiu-Jitsu+Federation&rft.pub=International+Brazilian+Jiu-Jitsu+Federation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibjjf.org%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-525"><a href="#cite_ref-525">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070603185404/http://fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=7/index.html">"1950 FIFA World Cup Brazil"</a>. Previous FIFA World Cups. International Federation of Association Football. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/archive/edition=7/index.html">the original</a> on 3 June 2007. Retrieved 6 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Previous+FIFA+World+Cups&rft.atitle=1950+FIFA+World+Cup+Brazil&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fworldcup%2Farchive%2Fedition%3D7%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-526"><a href="#cite_ref-526">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080609044247/http://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminarydraw/index.html">"2014 FIFA World Cup Brazil"</a>. International Federation of Association Football. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fifa.com/worldcup/preliminarydraw/index.html">the original</a> on 9 June 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2014+FIFA+World+Cup+Brazil&rft.pub=International+Federation+of+Association+Football&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fifa.com%2Fworldcup%2Fpreliminarydraw%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-527"><a href="#cite_ref-527">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080604141640/http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_804/circuit_diagram.html">"The Official Formula 1 Website"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Formula_One_Administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Formula One Administration">Formula One Administration</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.formula1.com/races/in_detail/brazil_804/circuit_diagram.html">the original</a> on 4 June 2008. Retrieved 6 June 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Official+Formula+1+Website&rft.pub=Formula+One+Administration&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.formula1.com%2Fraces%2Fin_detail%2Fbrazil_804%2Fcircuit_diagram.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LiMacIntosh2011-528"><a href="#cite_ref-LiMacIntosh2011_528-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMing_LiEric_W._MacIntoshGonzalo_A._Bravo2011" class="citation book cs1">Ming Li; Eric W. MacIntosh; Gonzalo A. Bravo (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=udBgtzFSlBIC&pg=PA129">International Sport Management</a>. Human Kinetics – College of Business at Ohio University. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4504-2241-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4504-2241-3"><bdi>978-1-4504-2241-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=International+Sport+Management&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=Human+Kinetics+%E2%80%93+College+of+Business+at+Ohio+University&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4504-2241-3&rft.au=Ming+Li&rft.au=Eric+W.+MacIntosh&rft.au=Gonzalo+A.+Bravo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DudBgtzFSlBIC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian_olympics-529"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian_olympics_529-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2009/oct/02/olympics-2016-games-rio-pele">"Olympics 2016: Tearful Pele and weeping Lula greet historic win for Rio"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>, 2 October 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-FIBA_History-530"><a href="#cite_ref-FIBA_History_530-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.fiba.com/downloads/v3_abouFiba/mp/FIBA_world_championships_history.pdf">"FIBA World Championship History (pdf)"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/FIBA" title="FIBA">FIBA</a>. 1 January 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fiba.com/downloads/v3_abouFiba/mp/FIBA_world_championships_history.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 October 2022. Retrieved 24 February 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FIBA+World+Championship+History+%28pdf%29&rft.pub=FIBA&rft.date=2007-01-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fiba.com%2Fdownloads%2Fv3_abouFiba%2Fmp%2FFIBA_world_championships_history.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Azevedo, Aroldo. O Brasil e suas regiões. São Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional, 1971</li> <li>Barman, Roderick J. Citizen Emperor: Pedro II and the Making of Brazil, 1825–1891. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-3510-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-3510-7">0-8047-3510-7</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiscardiRocha2006" class="citation cs2">Biscardi, Afrânio; Rocha, Frederico Almeida (May 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dezenovevinte.net/ensino_artistico/mecenato_dpedro.htm">"O Mecenato Artístico de D. Pedro II e o Projeto Imperial"</a>, 19&20 – A revista eletrônica de DezenoveVinte, vol. I, no. 1</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=19%2620+%E2%80%93+A+revista+eletr%C3%B4nica+de+DezenoveVinte&rft.atitle=O+Mecenato+Art%C3%ADstico+de+D.+Pedro+II+e+o+Projeto+Imperial&rft.volume=I&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2006-05&rft.aulast=Biscardi&rft.aufirst=Afr%C3%A2nio&rft.au=Rocha%2C+Frederico+Almeida&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dezenovevinte.net%2Fensino_artistico%2Fmecenato_dpedro.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._R._Boxer" title="C. R. Boxer">Boxer, Charles R.</a> The Portuguese Seaborne Empire (1969) <ul><li>O império marítimo português 1415–1825. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-359-0292-9" title="Special:BookSources/85-359-0292-9">85-359-0292-9</a></li></ul></li> <li>Bueno, Eduardo. Brasil: uma História. São Paulo: Ática, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-08-08213-4" title="Special:BookSources/85-08-08213-4">85-08-08213-4</a></li> <li>Calmon, Pedro. História da Civilização Brasileira. Brasília: Senado Federal, 2002</li> <li>Carvalho, José Murilo de. D. Pedro II. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2007</li> <li>Coelho, Marcos Amorim. Geografia do Brasil. 4th ed. São Paulo: Moderna, 1996</li> <li>Diégues, Fernando. A revolução brasílica. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2004</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barsa_(encyclopedia)" title="Barsa (encyclopedia)">Enciclopédia Barsa</a>. Volume 4: Batráquio – Camarão, Filipe. Rio de Janeiro: Encyclopædia Britannica do Brasil, 1987</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErmakoff2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ermakoff, George (2006). Rio de Janeiro – 1840–1900 – Uma crônica fotográfica (in Portuguese). Rio de Janeiro: G. Ermakoff Casa Editorial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-98815-05-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-98815-05-3"><bdi>978-85-98815-05-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rio+de+Janeiro+%E2%80%93+1840%E2%80%931900+%E2%80%93+Uma+cr%C3%B4nica+fotogr%C3%A1fica&rft.place=Rio+de+Janeiro&rft.pub=G.+Ermakoff+Casa+Editorial&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-85-98815-05-3&rft.aulast=Ermakoff&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Fausto, Boris and Devoto, Fernando J. Brasil e Argentina: Um ensaio de história comparada (1850–2002), 2nd ed. São Paulo: Editoria 34, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-7326-308-3" title="Special:BookSources/85-7326-308-3">85-7326-308-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elio_Gaspari" title="Elio Gaspari">Gaspari, Elio</a>. A ditadura envergonhada. São Paulo: Companhia das Letras, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-359-0277-5" title="Special:BookSources/85-359-0277-5">85-359-0277-5</a></li> <li>Janotti, Aldo. O Marquês de Paraná: inícios de uma carreira política num momento crítico da história da nacionalidade. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1990</li> <li>Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Ascenção (1825–1870). v. 1. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977</li> <li>Lyra, Heitor. História de Dom Pedro II (1825–1891): Declínio (1880–1891). v. 3. Belo Horizonte: Itatiaia, 1977</li> <li>Lustosa, Isabel. D. Pedro I: um herói sem nenhum caráter. São Paulo: Companhia das letras, 2006. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-359-0807-2" title="Special:BookSources/85-359-0807-2">85-359-0807-2</a></li> <li>Moreira, Igor A. G. O Espaço Geográfico, geografia geral e do Brasil. 18. Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1981</li> <li>Munro, Dana Gardner. The Latin American Republics; A History. New York: D. Appleton, 1942.</li> <li>Peres, Damião (1949) O Descobrimento do Brasil por Pedro Álvares Cabral: antecedentes e intencionalidade Porto: Portucalense.</li> <li>Scheina, Robert L. Latin America: A Naval History, 1810–1987. Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, 1987. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87021-295-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-87021-295-8">0-87021-295-8</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwarcz1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Lilia_Moritz_Schwarcz" title="Lilia Moritz Schwarcz">Lilia Schwarcz</a> (30 November 1998). <a href="/wiki/As_Barbas_do_Imperador" title="As Barbas do Imperador">As barbas do imperador: D. Pedro II, um monarca nos trópicos</a> (in Portuguese). São Paulo: <a href="/wiki/Companhia_das_Letras" title="Companhia das Letras">Companhia das Letras</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-7164-837-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-7164-837-1"><bdi>978-85-7164-837-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL142027M">142027M</a>. <a href="/wiki/WDQ_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="WDQ (identifier)">Wikidata</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18238040" class="extiw" title="d:Q18238040">Q18238040</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=As+barbas+do+imperador%3A+D.+Pedro+II%2C+um+monarca+nos+tr%C3%B3picos&rft.place=S%C3%A3o+Paulo&rft.pub=Companhia+das+Letras&rft.date=1998-11-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL142027M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=978-85-7164-837-1&rft.au=Lilia+Schwarcz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_B._Schwartz" title="Stuart B. Schwartz">Stuart B. Schwartz</a> Sovereignty and Society in Colonial Brazil (1973) <ul><li>Early Latin America (1983)</li> <li>Sugar Plantations in the Formation of Brazilian Society (1985)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Skidmore" title="Thomas Skidmore">Skidmore, Thomas E</a>. Brazil: Five Centuries of Change (Oxford University Press, 1999) <ul><li>Uma História do Brasil. 4th ed. São Paulo: Paz e Terra, 2003. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-219-0313-8" title="Special:BookSources/85-219-0313-8">85-219-0313-8</a></li></ul></li> <li>Souza, Adriana Barreto de. Duque de Caxias: o homem por trás do monumento. Rio de Janeiro: Civilização Brasileira, 2008. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-85-200-0864-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-85-200-0864-5">978-85-200-0864-5</a>.</li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><cite class="citation wikicite" id="CITEREFWright1992">Wright, Simon. 1992. Villa-Lobos. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-315475-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-315475-7">0-19-315475-7</a></cite></li> <li>Vainfas, Ronaldo. Dicionário do Brasil Imperial. Rio de Janeiro: Objetiva, 2002. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/85-7302-441-0" title="Special:BookSources/85-7302-441-0">85-7302-441-0</a></li> <li>Vesentini, José William. Brasil, sociedade e espaço – Geografia do Brasil. 7th Ed. São Paulo: Ática, 1988</li> <li>Vianna, Hélio. História do Brasil: período colonial, monarquia e república, 15th ed. São Paulo: Melhoramentos, 1994</li> <li>Zirin, Dave. Brazil's Dance with the Devil: The World Cup, The Olympics, and the Fight for Democracy Haymarket Books 2014. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-360-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60846-360-2">978-1-60846-360-2</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li>Alencastro Felipe, Luiz Felipe de. The Trade in the Living: The Formation of Brazil in the South Atlantic, Sixteenth to Seventeenth Centuries (SUNY Press, 2019)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlves,_Maria_Helena_Moreira1985" class="citation book cs1">Alves, Maria Helena Moreira (1985). State and Opposition in Military Brazil. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State+and+Opposition+in+Military+Brazil&rft.place=Austin%2C+TX&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.au=Alves%2C+Maria+Helena+Moreira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmann,_Edmund1990" class="citation book cs1">Amann, Edmund (1990). The Illusion of Stability: The Brazilian Economy under Cardoso. World Development (pp. 1805–19).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Illusion+of+Stability%3A+The+Brazilian+Economy+under+Cardoso&rft.pub=World+Development+%28pp.+1805%E2%80%9319%29&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Amann%2C+Edmund&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35640.htm">"Background Note: Brazil"</a>. US Department of State. Retrieved 16 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Background+Note%3A+Brazil&rft.pub=US+Department+of+State&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2F2009-2017.state.gov%2Fr%2Fpa%2Fei%2Fbgn%2F35640.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBellos,_Alex2003" class="citation book cs1">Bellos, Alex (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/futebolbrazilian0000bell">Futebol: The Brazilian Way of Life</a>. London: Bloomsbury Publishing plc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Futebol%3A+The+Brazilian+Way+of+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing+plc&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Bellos%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffutebolbrazilian0000bell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBethell,_Leslie1991" class="citation book cs1">Bethell, Leslie (1991). Colonial Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+Brazil&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=1991&rft.au=Bethell%2C+Leslie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosta,_João_Cruz1964" class="citation book cs1">Costa, João Cruz (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofideasin0000cost">A History of Ideas in Brazil</a>. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Ideas+in+Brazil&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1964&rft.au=Costa%2C+Jo%C3%A3o+Cruz&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofideasin0000cost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFausto,_Boris1999" class="citation book cs1">Fausto, Boris (1999). A Concise History of Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Brazil&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Fausto%2C+Boris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFurtado,_Celso1963" class="citation book cs1">Furtado, Celso (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/economicgrowthof0000furt">The Economic Growth of Brazil: A Survey from Colonial to Modern Times</a>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Economic+Growth+of+Brazil%3A+A+Survey+from+Colonial+to+Modern+Times&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Furtado%2C+Celso&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feconomicgrowthof0000furt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamoureuxand_three_others1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lamoureux, Andrew Jackson; and three others (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Brazil">"Brazil" </a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 4 (11th ed.). pp. 438–463.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Brazil&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=438-463&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Lamoureux&rft.aufirst=Andrew+Jackson&rft.au=and+three+others&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeal,_Victor_Nunes1977" class="citation book cs1">Leal, Victor Nunes (1977). Coronelismo: The Municipality and Representative Government in Brazil. Cambridge: CUP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Coronelismo%3A+The+Municipality+and+Representative+Government+in+Brazil&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=CUP&rft.date=1977&rft.au=Leal%2C+Victor+Nunes&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Levine, Robert M. Historical Dictionary of Brazil (2019)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalathronas,_John2003" class="citation book cs1">Malathronas, John (2003). Brazil: Life, Blood, Soul. Chichester: Summersdale.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+Life%2C+Blood%2C+Soul&rft.place=Chichester&rft.pub=Summersdale&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Malathronas%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartinez-Lara,_Javier1995" class="citation book cs1">Martinez-Lara, Javier (1995). Building Democracy in Brazil: The Politics of Constitutional Change. Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Democracy+in+Brazil%3A+The+Politics+of+Constitutional+Change&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Martinez-Lara%2C+Javier&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrado_Júnior,_Caio1967" class="citation book cs1">Prado Júnior, Caio (1967). The Colonial Background of Modern Brazil. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+Background+of+Modern+Brazil&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.au=Prado+J%C3%BAnior%2C+Caio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneider,_Ronald1995" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Ronald (1995). Brazil: Culture and Politics in a New Economic Powerhouse. Boulder Westview.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brazil%3A+Culture+and+Politics+in+a+New+Economic+Powerhouse&rft.pub=Boulder+Westview&rft.date=1995&rft.au=Schneider%2C+Ronald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkidmore,_Thomas_E.1974" class="citation book cs1">Skidmore, Thomas E. (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackintowhitera0000skid">Black into White: Race and Nationality in Brazilian Thought</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501776-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-501776-2"><bdi>978-0-19-501776-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Black+into+White%3A+Race+and+Nationality+in+Brazilian+Thought&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=978-0-19-501776-2&rft.au=Skidmore%2C+Thomas+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackintowhitera0000skid&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagley,_Charles1963" class="citation book cs1">Wagley, Charles (1963). An Introduction to Brazil. New York, New York: Columbia University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+Brazil&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=1963&rft.au=Wagley%2C+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABrazil" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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.mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right mw-collapsible mw-collapsed sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow" style="clear: both"> Brazil at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex mw-collapsible-content"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Brazil" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Brazil">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" 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width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Brazil" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Brazil">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Brazil" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Brazil">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/27px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/41px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/54px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Brazil" class="extiw" title="voy:Brazil">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155" class="extiw" title="d:Q155">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> Government <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.br/">Brazilian Federal Government</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.visitbrasil.com/en/">Official Tourist Guide of Brazil</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibge.gov.br/english/">Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/24px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/32px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Atlas_of_Brazil" class="extiw" title="commons:Atlas of Brazil">Wikimedia Atlas of Brazil</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/16px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/24px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Openstreetmap_logo.svg/32px-Openstreetmap_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /> Geographic data related to <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/59470">Brazil</a> at <a href="/wiki/OpenStreetMap" title="OpenStreetMap">OpenStreetMap</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Brazil_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Brazil_topics" title="Template:Brazil topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Brazil_topics" title="Template talk:Brazil topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Brazil_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Brazil topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Brazil_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil" title="History of Brazil">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Brazilian_history" title="Timeline of Brazilian history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Brazil" title="Indigenous peoples in Brazil">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_history_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ history in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_history_in_Brazil" title="Transgender history in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Brazil" title="Colonial Brazil">Colonial Brazil (1500–1815)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Portugal,_Brazil_and_the_Algarves" title="United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves">United Kingdom (1815–1822)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Empire (1822–1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Brazilian_Republic" title="First Brazilian Republic">First (Old) Republic (1889–1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vargas_Era" title="Vargas Era">Vargas Era (1930–1946)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Brazilian_Republic" title="Fourth Brazilian Republic">Fourth Republic (1946–1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_Brazil" title="Military dictatorship in Brazil">Military dictatorship (1964–1985)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazil_(1985%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Brazil (1985–present)">Sixth (New) Republic (1985–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Brazil" title="Geography of Brazil">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_basin" title="Amazon basin">Amazon basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Antarctica" title="Brazilian Antarctica">Brazilian Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Brazil" title="Climate of Brazil">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Brazil" title="Climate change in Brazil">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastline_of_Brazil" title="Coastline of Brazil">Coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Brazil" title="Environment of Brazil">Environment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Brazil" title="Environmental issues in Brazil">Environmental issues</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extreme_points_of_Brazil" title="List of extreme points of Brazil">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Brazil" title="Geology of Brazil">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Brazil" title="List of islands of Brazil">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Brazil_by_population" title="List of cities in Brazil by population">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Brazil" title="List of mountains in Brazil">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantanal" title="Pantanal">Pantanal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Brazil" title="Protected areas of Brazil">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Brazil" title="Regions of Brazil">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Brazil" title="List of rivers of Brazil">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_in_Brazil" title="Time in Brazil">Time Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_resources_management_in_Brazil" title="Water resources management in Brazil">Water resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Brazil" title="Wildlife of Brazil">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Brazil" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Brazil">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Brazil" title="Politics of Brazil">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Brazil" title="Subdivisions of Brazil">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Brazil" title="Constitution of Brazil">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Brazil" title="Elections in Brazil">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Brazil" title="Foreign relations of Brazil">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Brazil" title="Federal government of Brazil">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Brazil" title="Human rights in Brazil">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of speech in Brazil">Freedom of speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ rights in Brazil">LGBTQ</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transgender_rights_in_Brazil" title="Transgender rights in Brazil">T</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Brazil" title="Women's rights in Brazil">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Brazil" title="Judiciary of Brazil">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Brazil" title="Law of Brazil">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Brazil" title="Law enforcement in Brazil">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Armed_Forces" title="Brazilian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Brazil" title="National Congress of Brazil">National Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Brazil" title="List of political parties in Brazil">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Brazil" title="President of Brazil">President of the Republic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Brazil" title="Economy of Brazil">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Brazil" title="Agriculture in Brazil">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animal_husbandry_in_Brazil" title="Animal husbandry in Brazil">Animal husbandry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Brazil" title="Automotive industry in Brazil">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Brazil" title="Central Bank of Brazil">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Brazil" title="Economic history of Brazil">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Brazil" title="Energy in Brazil">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Brazil" title="List of exports of Brazil">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_in_Brazil" title="Industry in Brazil">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Brazil" title="Mining in Brazil">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Real (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Brazil" title="Science and technology in Brazil">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Dndice_Bovespa" title="Índice Bovespa">Stock index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Brazil" title="Taxation in Brazil">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Brazil" title="Tourism in Brazil">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Brazil" title="Transport in Brazil">Transport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Brazil" title="Rail transport in Brazil">Rail transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Brazil" title="Category:Society of Brazil">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Brazil" title="Abortion in Brazil">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Brazil" title="Censorship in Brazil">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Brazil" title="Corruption in Brazil">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Brazil" title="Crime in Brazil">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Brazil" title="Demographics of Brazil">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Brazil" title="Education in Brazil">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Brazil" title="Health in Brazil">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Brazil" title="Immigration to Brazil">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Income_inequality_in_Brazil" title="Income inequality in Brazil">Income inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Brazil" title="Languages of Brazil">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_states_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Brazilian states by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_issues_in_Brazil" title="Social issues in Brazil">Social issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_federative_units_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of Brazilian federative units by Human Development Index">States by HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unemployment_in_Brazil" title="Unemployment in Brazil">Unemployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Brazil" title="Water supply and sanitation in Brazil">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolsa_Fam%C3%ADlia" title="Bolsa Família">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_in_Brazil" title="Youth in Brazil">Youth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Brazil" title="Culture of Brazil">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Brazilian_animation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Brazilian animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in Brazil">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_art" title="Brazilian art">Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Carnival" title="Brazilian Carnival">Carnaval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Brazil" title="Cinema of Brazil">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_cuisine" title="Brazilian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_people_in_Brazil" title="LGBTQ people in Brazil">LGBTQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_literature" title="Brazilian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malandragem" title="Malandragem">Malandragem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil" title="Music of Brazil">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_mythology" title="Brazilian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Brazil" title="National symbols of Brazil">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Brazil" title="List of newspapers in Brazil">Newspapers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_painting" title="Brazilian painting">Painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Brazil" title="Public holidays in Brazil">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_sculpture" title="Brazilian sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_science_fiction" title="Brazilian science fiction">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Brazil" title="Sport in Brazil">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Brazil" title="Television in Brazil">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Brazil" title="Religion in Brazil">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Brazil" title="Freedom of religion in Brazil">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Brazil" title="Baháʼí Faith in Brazil">Baháʼí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Buddhism</a></li> <li>Christianity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Brazil" title="Catholic Church in Brazil">Catholicism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Catholic_Apostolic_Exarchate_of_Latin_America_and_Mexico" title="Armenian Catholic Apostolic Exarchate of Latin America and Mexico">Armenian Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maronite_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Our_Lady_of_Lebanon_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Maronite Catholic Eparchy of Our Lady of Lebanon of São Paulo">Maronite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melkite_Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Nossa_Senhora_do_Para%C3%ADso_em_S%C3%A3o_Paulo" title="Melkite Greek Catholic Eparchy of Nossa Senhora do Paraíso em São Paulo">Melkite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Catholic_Archeparchy_of_S%C3%A3o_Jo%C3%A3o_Batista_em_Curitiba" title="Ukrainian Catholic Archeparchy of São João Batista em Curitiba">Ukrainian Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li>Eastern Orthodoxy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiochian_Orthodox_Archdiocese_of_S%C3%A3o_Paulo_and_All_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of São Paulo and All Brazil">Antiochian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Brazil" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Brazil">LDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Brazil" title="Protestantism in Brazil">Protestantism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Brazil" title="Islam in Brazil">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Brazil" title="Hinduism in Brazil">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Brazil" title="History of the Jews in Brazil">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Syncretic_Religions" title="Brazilian Syncretic Religions">Syncretic Religions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Candombl%C3%A9" title="Candomblé">Candomblé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quimbanda" title="Quimbanda">Quimbanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbanda" title="Umbanda">Umbanda</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Outline</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Brazil" title="Outline of Brazil">Index</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Brazil" title="Category:Brazil">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Brazil" title="Portal:Brazil">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Topics_related_to_Brazil" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Topics_related_to_Brazil" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Topics related to Brazil</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px_Geographic_locale" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="25px_Geographic_locale" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/File:Gnome-globe.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/25px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/38px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/50px-Gnome-globe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a> Geographic locale</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Lat. and Long.</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brazil&params=15_45_S_47_57_W_">15°45′S 47°57′W / 15.750°S 47.950°W / -15.750; -47.950</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">(Brasília) <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_South_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_South_America" title="Template:Countries of South America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_South_America" title="Template talk:Countries of South America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_South_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of South America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_South_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_South_America" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in South America">Countries and dependencies of South America</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Entire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">In part</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/80px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/120px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/160px-South_America_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a> / <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">UK</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_membership" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="International_membership" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">International membership</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries_(CPLP)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Template:Community of Portuguese Language Countries"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Template talk:Community of Portuguese Language Countries"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Community of Portuguese Language Countries"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries_(CPLP)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Community of Portuguese Language Countries</a> (CPLP)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Member states of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Membership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">Timor-Leste </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_Ibero-American_States" title="Organization of Ibero-American States">Organization of Ibero-American States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_CPLP.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_CPLP.svg/150px-Flag_CPLP.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_CPLP.svg/225px-Flag_CPLP.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Flag_CPLP.svg/300px-Flag_CPLP.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1052" data-file-height="701" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretary_of_the_Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Executive Secretary of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Executive Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Flag of the Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Flag of the CPLP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPLP_Games" title="CPLP Games">CPLP Games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries#CPLP_Summits" title="Community of Portuguese Language Countries">CPLP Summits</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_CPLP_Summit" title="1st CPLP Summit">I – Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_CPLP_Summit" title="2nd CPLP Summit">II – Praia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_CPLP_Summit" title="3rd CPLP Summit">III – Maputo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_CPLP_Summit" title="4th CPLP Summit">IV – Brasília</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_CPLP_Summit" title="5th CPLP Summit">V – São Tomé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_CPLP_Summit" title="6th CPLP Summit">VI – Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_CPLP_Summit" title="7th CPLP Summit">VII – Lisbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_CPLP_Summit" title="8th CPLP Summit">VIII – Luanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_CPLP_Summit" title="9th CPLP Summit">IX – Maputo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_CPLP_Summit" title="10th CPLP Summit">X – Díli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_CPLP_Summit" title="11th CPLP Summit">XI – Brasília</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_CPLP_Summit" title="12th CPLP Summit">XII – Ilha do Sal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=13th_CPLP_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="13th CPLP Summit (page does not exist)">XIII – Luanda</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_CPLP_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th CPLP Summit (page does not exist)">XIV – São Tomé</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_CPLP_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th CPLP Summit (page does not exist)">XIV – Bissau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_literature" title="Portuguese literature">Portuguese literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophone">Lusophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusophone_music" title="Lusophone music">Lusophone music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACOLOP" title="ACOLOP">ACOLOP</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lusophony_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Lusophony Games">Lusophony Games</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_where_Portuguese_is_an_official_language" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries where Portuguese is an official language">Countries with Portuguese as an official language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_organisations_which_have_Portuguese_as_an_official_language" title="List of international organisations which have Portuguese as an official language">International organizations with Portuguese as an official languages</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Community_of_Portuguese_Language_Countries" title="Category:Community of Portuguese Language Countries">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Union_of_South_American_Nations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Template:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Template talk:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Union_of_South_American_Nations_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Union of South American Nations topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Union_of_South_American_Nations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Union of South American Nations">Union of South American Nations</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_Mercosur" title="Member states of Mercosur">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_South_American_Summit" title="2004 South American Summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2008_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2008 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2008</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Ecuador_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 Ecuador South American Summit (page does not exist)">2009 Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2009_Argentina_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2009 Argentina South American Summit (page does not exist)">2009 Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2010_South_American_Summit" title="2010 South American Summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2011_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2011 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2012_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2012 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2012</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2013_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2013 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2014_South_American_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2014 South American Summit (page does not exist)">2014</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cusco_Declaration" title="Cusco Declaration">Cusco Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UNASUR_Constitutive_Treaty" title="UNASUR Constitutive Treaty">Constitutive Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="President pro tempore of the Union of South American Nations">President Pro Tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Union_of_South_American_Nations" title="Secretary General of the Union of South American Nations">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_South" title="Bank of the South">Bank of the South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_American_Parliament" title="South American Parliament">South American Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_the_Integration_of_the_Regional_Infrastructure_of_South_America" title="Initiative for the Integration of the Regional Infrastructure of South America">Initiative for Infrastructure Integration of South America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_South_American_Defense" title="Council of South American Defense">Council of South American Defense</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andean_Community_of_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Andean Community of Nations">Andean Community</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mercosur_·_Mercosul" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mercosur" title="Template:Mercosur"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mercosur" title="Template talk:Mercosur"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mercosur" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mercosur"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mercosur_·_Mercosul" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mercosur" title="Mercosur">Mercosur · Mercosul</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>(Southern Common Market)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Asunci%C3%B3n" title="Treaty of Asunción">Treaty of Asunción</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protocol_of_Ouro_Preto" title="Protocol of Ouro Preto">Protocol of Ouro Preto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_the_Mercosur" title="Visa policy of the Mercosur">Visa policies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_Mercosur" title="Member states of Mercosur">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Full_members" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a> (suspended)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Associated states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Institutions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_pro_tempore_of_Mercosur" title="President pro tempore of Mercosur">President pro tempore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercosur_Parliament" title="Mercosur Parliament">Parliament</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Currencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_peso" title="Argentine peso">Argentine peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_real" title="Brazilian real">Brazilian real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguayan_guaran%C3%AD" title="Paraguayan guaraní">Paraguayan guaraní</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayan_peso" title="Uruguayan peso">Uruguayan peso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_bol%C3%ADvar" title="Venezuelan bolívar">Venezuelan bolívar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Integration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Citizenship_of_the_Mercosur" title="Citizenship of the Mercosur">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_the_Mercosur" title="Vehicle registration plates of the Mercosur">Vehicle registration plates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/European_Union%E2%80%93Mercosur_relations" title="European Union–Mercosur relations">European Union</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_of_American_States_(OAS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organization_of_American_States" title="Template:Organization of American States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organization_of_American_States" title="Template talk:Organization of American States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organization_of_American_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organization of American States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_of_American_States_(OAS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States" title="Organization of American States">Organization of American States (OAS)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Member states of the Organization of American States">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras" title="Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama" title="Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Assembly_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="General Assembly of the Organization of American States">General Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Political_Affairs" title="Organization of American States Secretariat for Political Affairs">Secretariat for Political Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Secretary_for_Integral_Development" title="Executive Secretary for Integral Development">Secretariat for Integral Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organization_of_American_States_Secretariat_for_Multidimensional_Security" title="Organization of American States Secretariat for Multidimensional Security">Secretariat for Multidimensional Security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_of_Women" title="Inter-American Commission of Women">Inter-American Commission of Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Commission on Human Rights">Inter-American Commission on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Telecommunication_Commission" title="Inter-American Telecommunication Commission">Inter-American Telecommunication Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Court_of_Human_Rights" title="Inter-American Court of Human Rights">Inter-American Court of Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Union_Building" title="Pan American Union Building">Pan American Union Building</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Organization_of_American_States" title="Charter of the Organization of American States">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-American_Treaty_of_Reciprocal_Assistance" title="Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance">Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Declaration_of_the_Rights_and_Duties_of_Man" title="American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man">American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Convention_on_Human_Rights" title="American Convention on Human Rights">American Convention on Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-American_Conference" title="Pan-American Conference">Pan-American Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summit_of_the_Americas" title="Summit of the Americas">Summit of the Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Group_of_Eight_(G8)_and_Group_of_Eight_+_Five_(G8+5)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G8_nations" title="Template:G8 nations"><abbr 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title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (suspended)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Representative</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/G8%2B5" title="G8+5">G8+5</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Seven" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Seven">G7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_Eight#History" class="mw-redirect" title="Group of Eight">G7+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(Western_Europe)" title="Big Four (Western Europe)">G4 (Europe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4 (UN)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="G20_major_economies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G20" title="Template:G20"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G20" title="Template talk:G20"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G20" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G20"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="G20_major_economies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20 major economies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G-15_nations" title="Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G-15_nations" title="Template talk:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G-15_nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_G-15_summit" title="9th G-15 summit">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_G-15_summit" title="12th G-15 summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_G-15_summit" title="13th G-15 summit">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_G-15_summit" title="14th G-15 summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_G-15_summit" title="15th G-15 summit">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="BRICS" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:BRICS" title="Template:BRICS"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:BRICS" title="Template talk:BRICS"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:BRICS"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="BRICS" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_BRICS" title="Member states of BRICS">Membership</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/1st_BRIC_summit" title="1st BRIC summit">Yekaterinburg 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_BRIC_summit" title="2nd BRIC summit">Brasília 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_BRICS_summit" title="3rd BRICS summit">Sanya 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_BRICS_summit" title="4th BRICS summit">New Delhi 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_BRICS_summit" title="5th BRICS summit">Durban 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_BRICS_summit" title="6th BRICS summit">Fortaleza 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7th_BRICS_summit" title="7th BRICS summit">Ufa 2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_BRICS_summit" title="8th BRICS summit">Goa 2016</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_BRICS_summit" title="9th BRICS summit">Xiamen 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_BRICS_summit" title="10th BRICS summit">Johannesburg 2018</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_BRICS_summit" title="11th BRICS summit">Brasília 2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_BRICS_summit" title="12th BRICS summit">Saint Petersburg 2020</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_BRICS_summit" title="13th BRICS summit">New Delhi 2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_BRICS_summit" title="14th BRICS summit">Beijing 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_BRICS_summit" title="15th BRICS summit">Johannesburg 2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_BRICS_summit" title="16th BRICS summit">Kazan 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17th_BRICS_summit" class="mw-redirect" title="17th BRICS summit">TBD 2025</a></li></ol> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bilateral relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93China_relations" title="Brazil–China relations">Brazil–China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brazil–India relations">Brazil–India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="Brazil–Russia relations">Brazil–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Brazil–South Africa relations">Brazil–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">China–India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="China–Russia relations">China–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="China–South Africa relations">China–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">India–Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="India–South Africa relations">India–South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="Russia–South Africa relations">Russia–South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_BRICS_leaders" class="mw-redirect" title="List of BRICS leaders">Leaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Lula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia"><img alt="Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Putin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China"><img alt="China" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Cyril_Ramaphosa" title="Cyril Ramaphosa">Ramaphosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt"><img alt="Egypt" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abdel_Fattah_el-Sisi" title="Abdel Fattah el-Sisi">Sisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia"><img alt="Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ethiopia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Abiy_Ahmed" title="Abiy Ahmed">Ahmed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran"><img alt="Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian" title="Masoud Pezeshkian">Pezeshkian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates"><img alt="United Arab Emirates" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mohamed_bin_Zayed_Al_Nahyan" title="Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan">Al Nahyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="BRICS U-17 Football Cup">BRICS U-17 Football Cup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="2016 BRICS U-17 Football Cup">2016 Goa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_BRICS_U-17_Football_Cup" title="2018 BRICS U-17 Football Cup">2018 Johannesburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Games" title="BRICS Games">BRICS Games</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_BRICS_Games" title="2024 BRICS Games">2024 Kazan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Athletics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Athletics at the 2024 BRICS Games">Athletics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Badminton_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Badminton at the 2024 BRICS Games">Badminton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gymnastics_at_the_2024_BRICS_Games" title="Gymnastics at the 2024 BRICS Games">Gymnastics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Contingent_Reserve_Arrangement" title="BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement">BRICS Contingent Reserve Arrangement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Cable" title="BRICS Cable">BRICS Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_Universities_League" title="BRICS Universities League">BRICS Universities League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Development_Bank" title="New Development Bank">New Development Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS_PAY" title="BRICS PAY">BRICS PAY</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Arab_League" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arab_League" title="Template:Arab League"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arab_League" title="Template talk:Arab League"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arab_League" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arab League"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Arab_League" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_League" title="Category:Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_the_Arab_League" title="Lists of the Arab League">Lists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_the_Arab_League" title="Politics of the Arab League">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charter_of_the_Arab_League" title="Charter of the Arab League">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_the_Arab_League" title="Council of the Arab League">Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Arab_League" title="Flag of the Arab League">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_the_Arab_world" title="Geography of the Arab world">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headquarters_of_the_Arab_League" title="Headquarters of the Arab League">Headquarters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Arab League">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Arab_League" title="Military of the Arab League">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Central_Command" title="United States Central Command">United States Central Command</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_military_bases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States military bases">United States military bases</a>)</li> <li>Joint Defence Council</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Parliament" title="Arab Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Union" title="Arab Union">Arab Union</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/55px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png" decoding="async" width="55" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/83px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg/110px-Emblem_of_the_Arab_League.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="450" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Arab_League" title="Member states of the Arab League">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan" title="South Sudan">South Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Peace_Initiative" title="Arab Peace Initiative">Arab Peace Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League_monitors_in_Syria" title="Arab League monitors in Syria">Arab League monitors in Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Arab League–European Union relations">Arab League–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_Arab_League" title="Foreign relations of the Arab League">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Arab_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographics of the Arab League">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Arab_League" title="Economy of the Arab League">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arab_League_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of Arab League countries by GDP (nominal)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_and_Social_Council_(Arab_League)" title="Economic and Social Council (Arab League)">Economic and Social Council</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institutions_of_the_Arab_League" title="Institutions of the Arab League">Institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_policies_of_the_Arab_League" title="Sport policies of the Arab League">Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Arabism" title="Pan-Arabism">Pan-Arabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Arab_National_Olympic_Committees" title="Union of Arab National Olympic Committees">Union of Arab National Olympic Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Arab Games">Pan Arab Games</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q155#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121766679">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/129679518">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1206830/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QbtfRB9KGtqfkFTFbfB77QY">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4008003-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79128015">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868637v">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11868637v">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00561061">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128817&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575422">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://katalog.nsk.hr/F/?func=direct&doc_number=000193398&local_base=nsk10">Croatia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAB202012222">Korea</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhgvzm2hg6014">Sweden</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007554945905171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058616158306706">Catalonia</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/f45b47f8-5796-386e-b172-6c31b009a5d8">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA15339025?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/9767d091-8739-4987-b46d-3387c91bfa3f">KulturNav</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/Z4hAtaK8">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02643895X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003393">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035712">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=37570">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Brazil&params=10_S_52_W_">10°S 52°W / 10°S 52°W / -10; -52</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFButler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCallegari-JacquesGrattapagliaSalzanoSalamoni2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbellGrondonaMuysken2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCapobianco\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastroIzecksohnKraay2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCedeño2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChapman2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCharles_J._Russo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClendenning2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFComércio2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCosta,_João_Cruz1964\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCrocittiVallance2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaly1880\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Levinson1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_Ward2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDe_Assis_PoiaresDe_Sá_OsorioSpanholColtre2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDo_G1,_em_São_Paulo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonald_H._Johnston2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonaldson\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFDonna_M._Di_Grazia2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDraper2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuduka_Da_FonsecaBob_Weiner1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbert2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmbrapa\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErmakoff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExército_Brasileiro\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFabiano_DeffentiWelber_Oliveira_Barral2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFausto,_Boris1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFausto1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFausto2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelin2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerraccioli,_PatríciaSilveira,_Eliane_Augusta_da2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFontaine1872\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForjaz1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrance2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreyre1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFundação_Instituto_de_Pesquisas_Econômicas2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFundação_Instituto_de_Pesquisas_Econômicas_e_EMBRATUR2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFurtado,_Celso1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG1Brasília2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardini2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGayle_Kassing2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGeorge_Richard_PotterHenry_Clifford_DarbyHarold_Fullard1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGerard_Martin_La_ForgiaBernard_F._Couttolenc2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGodinho,_Neide_Maria_de_Oliveira2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGratius2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrün1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuerin2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuilherme_Lohmann_Palhares2012\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJayme_A._Sokolow.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean_de_Léry1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeff_NeilsonBill_Pritchard2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey_C._Mosher2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeffrey_Lesser2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJennifer_BlankeThea_Chiesa2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeremy_Adelman2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJon_S._Vincent.2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJon_S._Vincent2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJonathan_Watts_\u0026amp;_Donna_Bowater\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJorge_DominguezByung_Kook_Kim2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosé_María_Bello1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKevin_BoyleJuliet_Sheen2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKohn1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLamoureuxand_three_others1911\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLaplane2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarry2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLarry_Crook2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawrence_F._Wolper2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeal,_Victor_Nunes1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeslie_Marsh2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLevine2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLinsVieiraAbreuGrattapaglia2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFM._SchaeferJ._Poffenbarger2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacGowanPessanha1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaisonnave2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalathronas,_John2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaria_Herrera-Sobek2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaria_Stella_Ferreira-Levy1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin_Campbell-KellyWilliam_F._AsprayJeffrey_R._YostHonghong_Tinn2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartinez-Lara,_Javier1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartins1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoy2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_Campbell2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichael_SchmidtVincent_OnyangoDmytro_Palekhov2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMing_LiEric_W._MacIntoshGonzalo_A._Bravo2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistério_da_Ciência,_Tecnologia_e_Inovação\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistério_do_Turismo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoniz1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNakagawa2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNassif2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO.C._Ferreira\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOECDOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_DevelopmentOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-Operation_and_Development_Staff2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_DevelopmentOrganisation_for_Economic_Co-Operation_and_Development_Staff2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmerlee2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatrick_Stevenson1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaul_Amar2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenaBortolini2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenaDi_PietroFuchshuber-MoraesGenro2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPenaPietroFuchshuber-MoraesGenro2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Collecott2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Fryer2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhilander2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPimentel\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorto1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrado_Júnior,_Caio1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRedação2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRibeiro2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_P._Tucker2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobert_M._LevineJohn_J._Crocitti1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberto_Gonzalez_EchevarríaEnrique_Pupo-Walker1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocha\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohter2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoland2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomero2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRooseveltHousleyImazio_da_SilveiraMaranca1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuiz2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchneider,_Ronald1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchwarcz1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSean_W._Burges2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSevcenko2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSilvia_Ferabolli2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkidmore,_Thomas_E.1974\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmallman2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeresa_A._Meade2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerrence_McCoy2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Central_Intelligence_Agency2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson1934\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTose\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnited_Nations_Educational,_Scientific2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUsa_Ibp_Usa2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVandiver2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFViscount_of_Taunay1893\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagley,_Charles1963\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWayne_E._Lee2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliam_JeynesDavid_W._Robinson2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Bank2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWright1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFcl12892021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFda_Cunha_Melo1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Carvalho2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Moura2003\"] = 1,\n [\"Related_information\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 3,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Arab League\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 4,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"BRICS\"] = 1,\n [\"Brazil Labelled Map\"] = 1,\n [\"Brazil topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 4,\n [\"Citation\"] = 15,\n [\"Cite CIA World Factbook\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite EB1911\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite Q\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 86,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 7,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 29,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 194,\n [\"Clear right\"] = 1,\n [\"Color\"] = 1,\n [\"Community of Portuguese Language Countries (CPLP)\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 21,\n [\"Coord\"] = 4,\n [\"Countries of South America\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 1,\n [\"Dubious\"] = 5,\n [\"Efn\"] = 3,\n [\"Excerpt\"] = 1,\n [\"For timeline\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 3,\n [\"G-15 nations\"] = 1,\n [\"G20\"] = 1,\n [\"G8+5\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 2,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 30,\n [\"In lang\"] = 4,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 8,\n [\"Langx\"] = 2,\n [\"Largest urban agglomerations in Brazil\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 38,\n [\"Mercosur\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 6,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 3,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 1,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 7,\n [\"Organization of American States\"] = 1,\n [\"Osmrelation-inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Overly detailed inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Pie chart\"] = 2,\n [\"Pipe\"] = 2,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 2,\n [\"Refend\"] = 2,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Sclass\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 10,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 1,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 19,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Small\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 2,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 2,\n [\"USD\"] = 2,\n [\"Union of South American Nations topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Vunblist\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 39,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikicite\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n1 1 Lilia Schwarcz\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","15.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","440","14.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","260","8.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","7.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","160","5.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","140","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","140","4.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","120","3.9"],["\u003Cmw.lua:694\u003E","100","3.3"],["[others]","860","28.1"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.canary-84779d6bf6-7hlq2","timestamp":"20241124112335","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Brazil","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Brazil","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q155","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q155","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-09-30T01:28:02Z","dateModified":"2024-11-23T17:58:58Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/en\/0\/05\/Flag_of_Brazil.svg","headline":"country in South America"}</script> </body> </html>