CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>Issue Archive: 1900 | Scientific American</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1900/"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#fff"/> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"/> <link rel="image_src" src="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1900/"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"/> <meta name="description" content="Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Issue Archive: 1900"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Scientific American"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@sciam"/> <meta name="twitter:domain" content="scientificamerican.com"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Scientific American Logo"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Scientific American Logo"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon shortcut" href="/static/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/platform/syndication/rss/" /> <script data-layer="critical">;performance.mark('app-load-start');((d,ael,dcl,unl,cxl,log,onunl)=>{log('[readyState]',d.readyState);d[ael]('readystatechange',()=>log('[readyState]',d.readyState));d[ael](dcl,()=>log(dcl));d[ael](unl,onunl);window.onload=()=>{d.removeEventListener(unl,onunl);log('windowloaded')};})(document,'addEventListener','DOMContentLoaded','beforeunload','cancelled',(...msg)=>console.log('[dev]',...msg),()=>{window[cxl]=true;log(cxl)});((l,pii) => {if (pii.some(p => l.search.includes(p+"="))) {window.initSearch = l.search;const anon = new URLSearchParams(l.search);pii.forEach(p => anon.delete(p));history.replaceState({}, "", l.pathname + "?" + anon);} })(location, ["email", "magic_link", "token", "code", "state"]);</script> <script type="module" crossorigin src="/static/bundle.e40f4882.js"></script> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/preload-helper-4aa0ec7d.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/vendor-react-d0986667.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/sciam-11dcdbde.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-piano-auth-sync-4616fe11.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/index-49678be1.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/datalayer-043ea249.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-chargebee-76bddde2.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-plan-6f8b42bf.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-cart-26044fd3.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/useOverlay-f74ac14c.js"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/bundle-aba65ab5.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/DefaultLayout-2955ad5f.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/issues-39da08eb.css"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/static/issues.e407f75b.js" crossorigin fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-5FLM662" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/sciads/sciads.js" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.tp.scientificamerican.com/api/tinypass.min.js" as="script" fetchpriority="low"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.cxense.com/cx.cce.js" as="script"> </head> <body> <div id="app"><header class="headerContainer-8KxQ5" role="banner"><a href="#main" id="skipToMain" class="skiptocontent sr-only-focusable sr-only">Skip to main content</a><div class="header-1t1JE flex-aYeiI"><div class="left-ajw3c flex-aYeiI"><a href="/" aria-label="Link to homepage" class="logoLink-Wt3sq"><span class="sr-only">Scientific American</span><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 120.79 128.39" fill="currentColor" role="img" aria-label="Scientific American"><path d="M7.98 58.19c2.3 0 5.24 3.18 14.53 3.18 13.66 0 21.75-8.57 21.75-17.86 0-7.86-3.73-12.94-11.43-17.23l-9.37-5.24c-4.05-2.3-7.46-5.32-7.46-9.92 0-4.92 3.73-7.7 9.69-7.7s11.35 4.21 13.02 13.26h1.98V.95h-1.83c-.16 1.43-.87 2.06-1.75 2.06-2.06 0-4.53-2.94-12.62-2.94C13.85.08 5.12 6.51 5.12 16.35c0 7.3 3.26 11.83 9.77 15.56l9.61 5.48c5.48 3.18 7.7 6.19 7.7 10.72 0 5.64-3.18 9.77-10.64 9.77-9.29 0-13.58-5.08-15.32-16.2H4.1V60.5h1.98c.16-1.67.95-2.3 1.91-2.3Zm65.97 3.26c11.11-.03 19.13-8.81 20.4-20.72l-2.22-.64c-2.54 8.26-7.22 12.46-13.97 12.46-12.23 0-16.04-14.93-16.04-27.87 0-15.56 6.11-21.28 14.13-21.28 5.72 0 11.83 5.72 14.45 16.59h2.06V.95h-1.91c-.16 1.27-.87 2.06-2.14 2.06-1.91 0-5.72-3.02-11.83-3.02-14.85 0-28.66 12.07-28.66 32.39 0 17.39 10.96 29.1 25.72 29.06Zm14.53 42.72L76.49 68.84H56.24v1.75c3.33.16 4.76.95 4.76 5.95v42c0 6.03-1.67 8.1-5.32 8.1-2.54 0-4.53-1.91-6.51-6.91L29.11 68.12h-2.7L6.35 119.89c-2.17 5.72-4.3 6.75-6.35 6.75v1.75h18.02v-1.75c-5.8-.24-8.65-2.7-5.8-10.48l2.05-5.4h17.88l3.45 8.97c2.3 5.72.64 6.91-3.73 6.91v1.75h39.62v-1.75c-4.13 0-6.27-1.19-6.27-8.02l.48-42.08 17.07 51.29h2.14l17.63-51.05v43.9c0 5.48-1.75 5.95-5.08 5.95v1.75h23.34v-1.75c-3.33 0-4.76-.48-4.76-5.95V76.54c0-5.56 1.43-5.95 4.76-5.95v-1.75h-19.85l-12.46 35.33Zm-72.88 3.1 7.56-19.85 7.63 19.85H15.6ZM120.79 2.7V.95h-23.1V2.7c3.33 0 4.84.32 4.84 5.95v44.14c0 5.48-1.51 5.95-4.84 5.95v1.75h23.1v-1.75c-3.33 0-4.76-.48-4.76-5.95V8.65c0-5.64 1.43-5.95 4.76-5.95Z"></path></svg></a></div><div class="center-oMgM8 flex-aYeiI"></div><div class="right-4LP3J flex-aYeiI"><button type="button" id="radix-:R5t:" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" class="trigger-8ea-U" aria-label="User Menu"><div class="dropdownIconContainer-hDbEe"><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 472 472" fill="currentColor" role="img" aria-label="User" class="dropdownIcon-XeKnP profileIconImg-pc8tD"><path d="M403 69a235 235 0 0 0-334 0 235 235 0 0 0 0 334 235 235 0 0 0 334 0 235 235 0 0 0 0-334ZM118 412a122 122 0 0 1 237 0 211 211 0 0 1-237 0Zm41-197a77 77 0 1 1 155 0 77 77 0 0 1-155 0Zm216 181c-14-43-48-77-91-92a101 101 0 1 0-96 0c-43 15-77 49-91 92a212 212 0 1 1 278 0Z"></path></svg><div class="dropdownIcon-XeKnP initials-z1adZ"></div></div></button></div></div></header><main class="main-gNG8x"><h1 class="issuesTitle-F-sWZ">Archive</h1><h2 class="yearSubTitle-yMM-q">1900</h2><div style="border-top:2px solid #444;padding-top:1rem;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;top:calc(var(--nav-height,0px) - 2px);background:#fff;z-index:1;width:var(--standard-width);max-width:var(--standard-max-width);margin:1rem auto"><div style="margin:0 -1rem 0.1rem"><div class="decades" style="display:flex;justify-content:space-between;overflow-y:hidden;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;overscroll-behavior:contain;gap:0.2rem;padding:0 1rem 0.5rem 1rem;scroll-padding:1rem;font-size:0.85rem;flex-flow:row-reverse"><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1840s/">1840s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1850s/">1850s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1860s/">1860s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1870s/">1870s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1880s/">1880s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1890s/">1890s</a><a class="date-selector decade selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1900s/">1900s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1910s/">1910s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1920s/">1920s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1930s/">1930s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1940s/">1940s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1950s/">1950s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1960s/">1960s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1970s/">1970s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1980s/">1980s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1990s/">1990s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2000s/">2000s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2010s/">2010s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2020s/">2020s</a></div><div class="years" style="display:flex;overflow-y:hidden;overflow-x:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;overscroll-behavior:contain;gap:0.2rem;padding:0 1rem 0.5rem 1rem;scroll-padding:1rem;color:#777;font-size:0.85rem;flex-flow:row-reverse"><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1845/">1845</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1846/">1846</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1847/">1847</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1848/">1848</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1849/">1849</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1850/">1850</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1851/">1851</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1852/">1852</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1853/">1853</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1854/">1854</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1855/">1855</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1856/">1856</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1857/">1857</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1858/">1858</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1859/">1859</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1860/">1860</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1861/">1861</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1862/">1862</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1863/">1863</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1864/">1864</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1865/">1865</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1866/">1866</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1867/">1867</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1868/">1868</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1869/">1869</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1870/">1870</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1871/">1871</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1872/">1872</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1873/">1873</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1874/">1874</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1875/">1875</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1876/">1876</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1877/">1877</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1878/">1878</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1879/">1879</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1880/">1880</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1881/">1881</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1882/">1882</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1883/">1883</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1884/">1884</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1885/">1885</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1886/">1886</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1887/">1887</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1888/">1888</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1889/">1889</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1890/">1890</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1891/">1891</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1892/">1892</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1893/">1893</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1894/">1894</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1895/">1895</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1896/">1896</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1897/">1897</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1898/">1898</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1899/">1899</a><a class="date-selector exact selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #09396922;color:#093969;background-color:#3576b322;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1900/">1900</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1901/">1901</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1902/">1902</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1903/">1903</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1904/">1904</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1905/">1905</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1906/">1906</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1907/">1907</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1908/">1908</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1909/">1909</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1910/">1910</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1911/">1911</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1912/">1912</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1913/">1913</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1914/">1914</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1915/">1915</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1916/">1916</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1917/">1917</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1918/">1918</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1919/">1919</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1920/">1920</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1921/">1921</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1922/">1922</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1923/">1923</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1924/">1924</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1925/">1925</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1926/">1926</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1927/">1927</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1928/">1928</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1929/">1929</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1930/">1930</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1931/">1931</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1932/">1932</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1933/">1933</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1934/">1934</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1935/">1935</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1936/">1936</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1937/">1937</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1938/">1938</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1939/">1939</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1940/">1940</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1941/">1941</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1942/">1942</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1943/">1943</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1944/">1944</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1945/">1945</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1946/">1946</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1947/">1947</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1948/">1948</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1949/">1949</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1950/">1950</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1951/">1951</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1952/">1952</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1953/">1953</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1954/">1954</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1955/">1955</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1956/">1956</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1957/">1957</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1958/">1958</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1959/">1959</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1960/">1960</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1961/">1961</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1962/">1962</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1963/">1963</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1964/">1964</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1965/">1965</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1966/">1966</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1967/">1967</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1968/">1968</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1969/">1969</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1970/">1970</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1971/">1971</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1972/">1972</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1973/">1973</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1974/">1974</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1975/">1975</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1976/">1976</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1977/">1977</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1978/">1978</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1979/">1979</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1980/">1980</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1981/">1981</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1982/">1982</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1983/">1983</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1984/">1984</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1985/">1985</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1986/">1986</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1987/">1987</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1988/">1988</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1989/">1989</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1990/">1990</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1991/">1991</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1992/">1992</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1993/">1993</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1994/">1994</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1995/">1995</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1996/">1996</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1997/">1997</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1998/">1998</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1999/">1999</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2000/">2000</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2001/">2001</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2002/">2002</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2003/">2003</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2004/">2004</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2005/">2005</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2006/">2006</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2007/">2007</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2008/">2008</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2009/">2009</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2010/">2010</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2011/">2011</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2012/">2012</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2013/">2013</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2014/">2014</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2015/">2015</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2016/">2016</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2017/">2017</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2018/">2018</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2019/">2019</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2020/">2020</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2021/">2021</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2022/">2022</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2023/">2023</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2024/">2024</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2025/">2025</a></div></div></div><div class="issue__list-8JHD2"><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/12-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3445F1AB-C3F0-4F70-BCDD302F7956F5A1_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1304supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3445F1AB-C3F0-4F70-BCDD302F7956F5A1_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3445F1AB-C3F0-4F70-BCDD302F7956F5A1_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-12-29">December 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/12-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/44F300F8-1FBD-4E0A-B70647FF140DD8D4_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 26" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/44F300F8-1FBD-4E0A-B70647FF140DD8D4_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/44F300F8-1FBD-4E0A-B70647FF140DD8D4_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-12-29">December 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/12-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8977F189-C4F4-4F7F-9FE8CE37970AF643_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1303supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8977F189-C4F4-4F7F-9FE8CE37970AF643_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8977F189-C4F4-4F7F-9FE8CE37970AF643_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-12-22">December 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/12-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7ADFCB2C-539D-4183-B41A9E7657F04330_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 25" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7ADFCB2C-539D-4183-B41A9E7657F04330_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7ADFCB2C-539D-4183-B41A9E7657F04330_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-12-22">December 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/12-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B06A135-ACD5-4BEB-AE74A94EC87FD768_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1302supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B06A135-ACD5-4BEB-AE74A94EC87FD768_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B06A135-ACD5-4BEB-AE74A94EC87FD768_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-12-15">December 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/12-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6AB02A1F-4E18-4412-8ADF1DF299F1E9F3_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 24" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6AB02A1F-4E18-4412-8ADF1DF299F1E9F3_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6AB02A1F-4E18-4412-8ADF1DF299F1E9F3_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-12-15">December 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/12-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7AF637EA-F93D-4AE8-B6891199877462AA_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1301supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7AF637EA-F93D-4AE8-B6891199877462AA_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7AF637EA-F93D-4AE8-B6891199877462AA_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-12-08">December 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/12-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/384DA5F3-D6DB-4090-81F5A3BCE9527863_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 23" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/384DA5F3-D6DB-4090-81F5A3BCE9527863_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/384DA5F3-D6DB-4090-81F5A3BCE9527863_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-12-08">December 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8CB9385-2289-4107-A9FEAC36B64658FE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1300supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8CB9385-2289-4107-A9FEAC36B64658FE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8CB9385-2289-4107-A9FEAC36B64658FE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-12-01">December 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D1835FF-D266-4057-AAAC7E383670E06A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 22" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D1835FF-D266-4057-AAAC7E383670E06A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D1835FF-D266-4057-AAAC7E383670E06A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-12-01">December 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1900/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5891C26D-2954-41D6-A4BF532CFEFE2D7D_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 30 Issue 6build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5891C26D-2954-41D6-A4BF532CFEFE2D7D_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5891C26D-2954-41D6-A4BF532CFEFE2D7D_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-12-01">December 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/11-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1901B346-A488-4890-8D376E3D6A6889E0_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1299supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1901B346-A488-4890-8D376E3D6A6889E0_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1901B346-A488-4890-8D376E3D6A6889E0_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-11-24">November 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/11-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F3301111-8628-4F1F-AEA0B72F177BFBA0_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 21" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F3301111-8628-4F1F-AEA0B72F177BFBA0_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F3301111-8628-4F1F-AEA0B72F177BFBA0_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-11-24">November 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/11-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D52B95C0-9E8B-451F-98E5E3450D3FD1C8_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1298supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D52B95C0-9E8B-451F-98E5E3450D3FD1C8_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D52B95C0-9E8B-451F-98E5E3450D3FD1C8_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-11-17">November 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/11-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D05904A6-A2BA-45A4-B10115E8D0D158A1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 20" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D05904A6-A2BA-45A4-B10115E8D0D158A1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D05904A6-A2BA-45A4-B10115E8D0D158A1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-11-17">November 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/11-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1523C197-104E-4FFF-9EC352ACDFF61826_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1297supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1523C197-104E-4FFF-9EC352ACDFF61826_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1523C197-104E-4FFF-9EC352ACDFF61826_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-11-10">November 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/11-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/734DBF87-6622-4CB5-B45C49F275BBBC94_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 19" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/734DBF87-6622-4CB5-B45C49F275BBBC94_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/734DBF87-6622-4CB5-B45C49F275BBBC94_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-11-10">November 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/11-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/32B46BE0-C24F-4494-85DB0CC19CB9E361_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1296supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/32B46BE0-C24F-4494-85DB0CC19CB9E361_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/32B46BE0-C24F-4494-85DB0CC19CB9E361_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-11-03">November 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/11-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C50CE7E-283E-4291-93623B4C30B4CFFB_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 18" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C50CE7E-283E-4291-93623B4C30B4CFFB_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C50CE7E-283E-4291-93623B4C30B4CFFB_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-11-03">November 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1900/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9E9868B-BBE7-4FA6-AC058DE521F795A7_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 30 Issue 5build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9E9868B-BBE7-4FA6-AC058DE521F795A7_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9E9868B-BBE7-4FA6-AC058DE521F795A7_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-11-01">November 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/10-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ECAC7307-EC40-4EFF-B2FB46296EA04077_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1295supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ECAC7307-EC40-4EFF-B2FB46296EA04077_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ECAC7307-EC40-4EFF-B2FB46296EA04077_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-10-27">October 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/10-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1184A9D6-85E4-4F9F-902B882CAA9A83EA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 17" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1184A9D6-85E4-4F9F-902B882CAA9A83EA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1184A9D6-85E4-4F9F-902B882CAA9A83EA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-10-27">October 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/10-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C43F1CCE-D082-480B-B1BFD0E3C5B5A38A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1294supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C43F1CCE-D082-480B-B1BFD0E3C5B5A38A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C43F1CCE-D082-480B-B1BFD0E3C5B5A38A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-10-20">October 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/10-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BF55D8D5-42BD-4534-8E505D7F3CB78B85_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 16" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BF55D8D5-42BD-4534-8E505D7F3CB78B85_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BF55D8D5-42BD-4534-8E505D7F3CB78B85_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-10-20">October 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/10-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F7BEDB6-74DB-4A82-913F2F49B2B2FF15_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1293supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F7BEDB6-74DB-4A82-913F2F49B2B2FF15_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F7BEDB6-74DB-4A82-913F2F49B2B2FF15_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-10-13">October 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/10-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A4DD09BA-1898-444A-B18EA6A7FC7C6139_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 15" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A4DD09BA-1898-444A-B18EA6A7FC7C6139_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A4DD09BA-1898-444A-B18EA6A7FC7C6139_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-10-13">October 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/10-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6E1F52D4-593C-433E-B9CFB422DE63FEB1_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1292supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6E1F52D4-593C-433E-B9CFB422DE63FEB1_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6E1F52D4-593C-433E-B9CFB422DE63FEB1_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-10-06">October 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/10-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B758B813-9651-4E73-A9EB2EFDA3E34DB6_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 14" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B758B813-9651-4E73-A9EB2EFDA3E34DB6_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B758B813-9651-4E73-A9EB2EFDA3E34DB6_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-10-06">October 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1900/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BD4465AB-FC9D-43F6-97FDE623A240E2B6_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 30 Issue 4build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BD4465AB-FC9D-43F6-97FDE623A240E2B6_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BD4465AB-FC9D-43F6-97FDE623A240E2B6_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-10-01">October 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/09-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C500D75E-DC93-4D0A-9704E4777514D8C0_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1291supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C500D75E-DC93-4D0A-9704E4777514D8C0_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C500D75E-DC93-4D0A-9704E4777514D8C0_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-09-29">September 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/09-29/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/711C7284-14FA-4085-94AE117F3B1E9F5B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 13" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/711C7284-14FA-4085-94AE117F3B1E9F5B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/711C7284-14FA-4085-94AE117F3B1E9F5B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-09-29">September 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/09-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B504D30F-6FC9-43A1-A751482DD3DE75AB_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1290supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B504D30F-6FC9-43A1-A751482DD3DE75AB_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B504D30F-6FC9-43A1-A751482DD3DE75AB_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-09-22">September 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/09-22/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/387D76A9-A39C-4845-ABE67375D06B3B4F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 12" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/387D76A9-A39C-4845-ABE67375D06B3B4F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/387D76A9-A39C-4845-ABE67375D06B3B4F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-09-22">September 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/09-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1557062D-32DF-4759-94031BC247C515A0_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1289supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1557062D-32DF-4759-94031BC247C515A0_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1557062D-32DF-4759-94031BC247C515A0_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-09-15">September 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/09-15/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2389A495-F83E-4F03-8B290F7929E750D2_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 11" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2389A495-F83E-4F03-8B290F7929E750D2_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2389A495-F83E-4F03-8B290F7929E750D2_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-09-15">September 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/09-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3CF69E72-89E2-4CF5-A4F6E97E082258EB_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1288supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3CF69E72-89E2-4CF5-A4F6E97E082258EB_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3CF69E72-89E2-4CF5-A4F6E97E082258EB_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-09-08">September 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/09-08/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C98A535-CF27-42E4-9A85FDCE18FAADE8_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 10" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C98A535-CF27-42E4-9A85FDCE18FAADE8_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C98A535-CF27-42E4-9A85FDCE18FAADE8_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-09-08">September 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1900/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C115E766-9AF9-4B34-A0329ECCEBAA751D_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 30 Issue 3build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C115E766-9AF9-4B34-A0329ECCEBAA751D_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C115E766-9AF9-4B34-A0329ECCEBAA751D_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-09-01">September 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C272D8E4-A43C-4EB4-B10DE597F2DDDE57_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1287supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C272D8E4-A43C-4EB4-B10DE597F2DDDE57_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C272D8E4-A43C-4EB4-B10DE597F2DDDE57_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-09-01">September 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C947D596-F8F2-4DD2-971B1C6FD0257155_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 9" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C947D596-F8F2-4DD2-971B1C6FD0257155_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C947D596-F8F2-4DD2-971B1C6FD0257155_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-09-01">September 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/08-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBD04FED-4AAA-4215-9C5691331DA83FE7_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1286supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBD04FED-4AAA-4215-9C5691331DA83FE7_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBD04FED-4AAA-4215-9C5691331DA83FE7_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-08-25">August 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/08-25/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/906700BE-7C83-43BF-A867FE0E945211F4_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 8" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/906700BE-7C83-43BF-A867FE0E945211F4_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/906700BE-7C83-43BF-A867FE0E945211F4_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-08-25">August 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/08-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/036F79D3-08E3-4CDC-B7FBFC6DC6159B17_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1285supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/036F79D3-08E3-4CDC-B7FBFC6DC6159B17_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/036F79D3-08E3-4CDC-B7FBFC6DC6159B17_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-08-18">August 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/08-18/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B87AA5E-5424-4285-8503BD47352F3005_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 7" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B87AA5E-5424-4285-8503BD47352F3005_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B87AA5E-5424-4285-8503BD47352F3005_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-08-18">August 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/08-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E4562FA1-C346-4388-8BD21CDB527263B2_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1284supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E4562FA1-C346-4388-8BD21CDB527263B2_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E4562FA1-C346-4388-8BD21CDB527263B2_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-08-11">August 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/08-11/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8456CA81-CAB1-4FEE-A2849F92B07B5844_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8456CA81-CAB1-4FEE-A2849F92B07B5844_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8456CA81-CAB1-4FEE-A2849F92B07B5844_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-08-11">August 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/08-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D90FFA48-389B-40A0-B580674528064A21_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1283supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D90FFA48-389B-40A0-B580674528064A21_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D90FFA48-389B-40A0-B580674528064A21_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-08-04">August 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/08-04/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C2AF80BA-E428-4834-BC2771AFF386BE7B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C2AF80BA-E428-4834-BC2771AFF386BE7B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C2AF80BA-E428-4834-BC2771AFF386BE7B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-08-04">August 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1900/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/603C7E63-6474-4209-B28663157F71F08A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 30 Issue 2build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/603C7E63-6474-4209-B28663157F71F08A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/603C7E63-6474-4209-B28663157F71F08A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-08-01">August 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/07-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4A9FA0A7-0448-4FCF-9D63F905399AE47D_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1282supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4A9FA0A7-0448-4FCF-9D63F905399AE47D_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4A9FA0A7-0448-4FCF-9D63F905399AE47D_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-07-28">July 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/07-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/11CF41EC-8C8A-44F8-81E394A0866BDBDF_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/11CF41EC-8C8A-44F8-81E394A0866BDBDF_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/11CF41EC-8C8A-44F8-81E394A0866BDBDF_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-07-28">July 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/07-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9AE76753-F9EE-40DE-B78DE782821A2303_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1281supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9AE76753-F9EE-40DE-B78DE782821A2303_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9AE76753-F9EE-40DE-B78DE782821A2303_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-07-21">July 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/07-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/71F65193-5A57-4C35-ABF881A059911663_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/71F65193-5A57-4C35-ABF881A059911663_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/71F65193-5A57-4C35-ABF881A059911663_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-07-21">July 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/07-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7AF73369-DEF1-48DF-8B8A0E13CD668B79_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1280supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7AF73369-DEF1-48DF-8B8A0E13CD668B79_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7AF73369-DEF1-48DF-8B8A0E13CD668B79_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-07-14">July 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/07-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4979CC62-2F09-4597-AE7D7D55B1B387D1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4979CC62-2F09-4597-AE7D7D55B1B387D1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4979CC62-2F09-4597-AE7D7D55B1B387D1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-07-14">July 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/07-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D48BAC4-6179-46F4-990C3DDBEE01DC54_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 50 Issue 1279supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D48BAC4-6179-46F4-990C3DDBEE01DC54_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D48BAC4-6179-46F4-990C3DDBEE01DC54_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-07-07">July 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/07-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F2D897C7-6EEA-4669-BE85D04A48E3DF9A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 83 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F2D897C7-6EEA-4669-BE85D04A48E3DF9A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F2D897C7-6EEA-4669-BE85D04A48E3DF9A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-07-07">July 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1900/07-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/32A6BD94-0E69-406F-BC0F6A67FC536610_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 30 Issue 1build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/32A6BD94-0E69-406F-BC0F6A67FC536610_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/32A6BD94-0E69-406F-BC0F6A67FC536610_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-07-01">July 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/06-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CDFD9BB0-A046-4679-9453118C8361FD55_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1278supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CDFD9BB0-A046-4679-9453118C8361FD55_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CDFD9BB0-A046-4679-9453118C8361FD55_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-06-30">June 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/06-30/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C41522B-685E-4834-ABF8ACD9F3FF771A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 26" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C41522B-685E-4834-ABF8ACD9F3FF771A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C41522B-685E-4834-ABF8ACD9F3FF771A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-06-30">June 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/06-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C99055CB-CD11-4E68-B307BFD1D12A5A0A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 25" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C99055CB-CD11-4E68-B307BFD1D12A5A0A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C99055CB-CD11-4E68-B307BFD1D12A5A0A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-06-23">June 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/06-23/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8BD03E61-A169-4390-9D216CBFFC2D9A86_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1277supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8BD03E61-A169-4390-9D216CBFFC2D9A86_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8BD03E61-A169-4390-9D216CBFFC2D9A86_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-06-23">June 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/06-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3EBE13FB-1E2A-4E80-8173DE15F2A2FE79_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1276supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3EBE13FB-1E2A-4E80-8173DE15F2A2FE79_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3EBE13FB-1E2A-4E80-8173DE15F2A2FE79_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-06-16">June 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/06-16/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1C718B32-EDCD-4014-B650442B401028DC_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 24" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1C718B32-EDCD-4014-B650442B401028DC_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1C718B32-EDCD-4014-B650442B401028DC_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-06-16">June 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/06-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/742ECBFE-FD91-47FE-BDBFE54FD6C91029_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1275supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/742ECBFE-FD91-47FE-BDBFE54FD6C91029_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/742ECBFE-FD91-47FE-BDBFE54FD6C91029_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-06-09">June 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/06-09/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4831BAC2-E746-46C3-95458F40BD3DAFFD_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 23" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4831BAC2-E746-46C3-95458F40BD3DAFFD_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4831BAC2-E746-46C3-95458F40BD3DAFFD_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-06-09">June 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/06-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/29A71E3C-A161-45D0-88BBB2DDB35E7E86_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1274supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/29A71E3C-A161-45D0-88BBB2DDB35E7E86_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/29A71E3C-A161-45D0-88BBB2DDB35E7E86_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-06-02">June 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/06-02/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC6D9A0E-04B5-431B-8383716CC96B9ECF_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 22" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC6D9A0E-04B5-431B-8383716CC96B9ECF_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC6D9A0E-04B5-431B-8383716CC96B9ECF_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-06-02">June 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1900/06-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BBA2C414-6ECE-4762-A0532ED9819052E3_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 29 Issue 6build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BBA2C414-6ECE-4762-A0532ED9819052E3_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BBA2C414-6ECE-4762-A0532ED9819052E3_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-06-01">June 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/05-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FD6D0A4C-C935-46F9-86F3719C182283B6_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1273supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FD6D0A4C-C935-46F9-86F3719C182283B6_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FD6D0A4C-C935-46F9-86F3719C182283B6_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-05-26">May 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/05-26/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/220C2996-3670-4172-BEC9BE40D5F6F8CD_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 21" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/220C2996-3670-4172-BEC9BE40D5F6F8CD_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/220C2996-3670-4172-BEC9BE40D5F6F8CD_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-05-26">May 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/05-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/82F91F53-2F95-45D1-9E2A83579A113082_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 20" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/82F91F53-2F95-45D1-9E2A83579A113082_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/82F91F53-2F95-45D1-9E2A83579A113082_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-05-19">May 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/05-19/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8250E1F-529B-4827-AE689F038B662D4E_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1272supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8250E1F-529B-4827-AE689F038B662D4E_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8250E1F-529B-4827-AE689F038B662D4E_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-05-19">May 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/05-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/34150CAC-B1C0-4435-B7FD3BA48233B16A_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1271supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/34150CAC-B1C0-4435-B7FD3BA48233B16A_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/34150CAC-B1C0-4435-B7FD3BA48233B16A_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-05-12">May 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/05-12/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DD3E72CA-EE61-4241-894F7BB501F85A8D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 19" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DD3E72CA-EE61-4241-894F7BB501F85A8D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DD3E72CA-EE61-4241-894F7BB501F85A8D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-05-12">May 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/05-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/68A30447-191D-4633-B11B034AAE5A0C85_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1270supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/68A30447-191D-4633-B11B034AAE5A0C85_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/68A30447-191D-4633-B11B034AAE5A0C85_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-05-05">May 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/05-05/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9901857C-EFC6-4370-81C798B0AF23AE34_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 18" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9901857C-EFC6-4370-81C798B0AF23AE34_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9901857C-EFC6-4370-81C798B0AF23AE34_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-05-05">May 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1900/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BAE34B36-0B95-4F1C-B4CB0C948EACB567_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 29 Issue 5build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BAE34B36-0B95-4F1C-B4CB0C948EACB567_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BAE34B36-0B95-4F1C-B4CB0C948EACB567_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-05-01">May 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/04-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/41157355-F027-420C-B6AE4A865B51DA28_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1269supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/41157355-F027-420C-B6AE4A865B51DA28_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/41157355-F027-420C-B6AE4A865B51DA28_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-04-28">April 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/04-28/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38690F8F-ED66-4439-8973CCAEFDE84D8C_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 17" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38690F8F-ED66-4439-8973CCAEFDE84D8C_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38690F8F-ED66-4439-8973CCAEFDE84D8C_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-04-28">April 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/04-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBA3017D-F7BF-4F0F-88D3F9485B54CC35_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1268supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBA3017D-F7BF-4F0F-88D3F9485B54CC35_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBA3017D-F7BF-4F0F-88D3F9485B54CC35_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-04-21">April 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/04-21/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7BCADA53-45D4-4A18-97E2B19029598185_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 16" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7BCADA53-45D4-4A18-97E2B19029598185_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7BCADA53-45D4-4A18-97E2B19029598185_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-04-21">April 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/04-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AE4FB95F-E6C7-4C42-8D1BD325722CB210_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1267supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AE4FB95F-E6C7-4C42-8D1BD325722CB210_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AE4FB95F-E6C7-4C42-8D1BD325722CB210_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-04-14">April 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/04-14/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4B5B29B2-1D3E-42F8-AA89997A7E1F6514_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 15" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4B5B29B2-1D3E-42F8-AA89997A7E1F6514_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4B5B29B2-1D3E-42F8-AA89997A7E1F6514_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-04-14">April 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/04-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F4A8A06D-CA08-46C0-985041DF4C9A12BC_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1266supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F4A8A06D-CA08-46C0-985041DF4C9A12BC_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F4A8A06D-CA08-46C0-985041DF4C9A12BC_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-04-07">April 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/04-07/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4FD77655-EBF4-42E1-A7E96DFCCE6BC1AF_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 14" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4FD77655-EBF4-42E1-A7E96DFCCE6BC1AF_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4FD77655-EBF4-42E1-A7E96DFCCE6BC1AF_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-04-07">April 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1900/04-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1E5F8A18-5B36-40F3-B8CB5E104D528313_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 29 Issue 4build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1E5F8A18-5B36-40F3-B8CB5E104D528313_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1E5F8A18-5B36-40F3-B8CB5E104D528313_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-04-01">April 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/03-31/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9CA94B7D-116D-4834-8977E49FB57406AE_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1265supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9CA94B7D-116D-4834-8977E49FB57406AE_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9CA94B7D-116D-4834-8977E49FB57406AE_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-03-31">March 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/03-31/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D4A2383-388A-4EFF-8B1E32599450DBBE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 13" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D4A2383-388A-4EFF-8B1E32599450DBBE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D4A2383-388A-4EFF-8B1E32599450DBBE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-03-31">March 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/03-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B9A20EC2-B790-4C2E-82F681C86F54050B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1264supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B9A20EC2-B790-4C2E-82F681C86F54050B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B9A20EC2-B790-4C2E-82F681C86F54050B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-03-24">March 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/03-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/55BFDF07-66EB-4851-82ED32A762E139C9_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 12" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/55BFDF07-66EB-4851-82ED32A762E139C9_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/55BFDF07-66EB-4851-82ED32A762E139C9_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-03-24">March 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/03-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C8780745-A503-4279-8FDE071AB7EB6643_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1263supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C8780745-A503-4279-8FDE071AB7EB6643_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C8780745-A503-4279-8FDE071AB7EB6643_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-03-17">March 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/03-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A5F161D-8887-4442-9F4B0EDFE817354F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 11" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A5F161D-8887-4442-9F4B0EDFE817354F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A5F161D-8887-4442-9F4B0EDFE817354F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-03-17">March 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/03-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/49E1BCDE-C04F-4070-AFD5D694D0227AF0_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1262supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/49E1BCDE-C04F-4070-AFD5D694D0227AF0_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/49E1BCDE-C04F-4070-AFD5D694D0227AF0_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-03-10">March 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/03-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE01E10E-E4D6-4F39-9582AC142E85F8E2_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 10" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE01E10E-E4D6-4F39-9582AC142E85F8E2_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE01E10E-E4D6-4F39-9582AC142E85F8E2_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-03-10">March 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/03-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6432B9AB-4F42-4C9B-BC6C6C732917C317_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1261supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6432B9AB-4F42-4C9B-BC6C6C732917C317_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6432B9AB-4F42-4C9B-BC6C6C732917C317_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-03-03">March 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/03-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B90AEA15-2DBD-413F-828C9846B9DDA01F_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 9" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B90AEA15-2DBD-413F-828C9846B9DDA01F_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B90AEA15-2DBD-413F-828C9846B9DDA01F_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-03-03">March 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1900/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/89B70C77-51EC-420C-9CC6054FD995E825_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 29 Issue 3build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/89B70C77-51EC-420C-9CC6054FD995E825_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/89B70C77-51EC-420C-9CC6054FD995E825_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-03-01">March 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/02-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4F753992-2FA3-456C-BF85C6BBED754FD9_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1260supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4F753992-2FA3-456C-BF85C6BBED754FD9_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4F753992-2FA3-456C-BF85C6BBED754FD9_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-02-24">February 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/02-24/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C6CE1A6F-75E3-42A8-89CD0DC9CB619A3C_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 8" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C6CE1A6F-75E3-42A8-89CD0DC9CB619A3C_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C6CE1A6F-75E3-42A8-89CD0DC9CB619A3C_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-02-24">February 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/02-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/27B5D531-E1EC-499A-8D960CE3047110D9_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1259supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/27B5D531-E1EC-499A-8D960CE3047110D9_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/27B5D531-E1EC-499A-8D960CE3047110D9_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-02-17">February 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/02-17/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6EB276D0-02FC-45F6-B98CE456A440F7D3_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 7" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6EB276D0-02FC-45F6-B98CE456A440F7D3_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6EB276D0-02FC-45F6-B98CE456A440F7D3_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-02-17">February 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/02-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7826B0AE-7118-4A60-808BE1B32CC8213C_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1258supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7826B0AE-7118-4A60-808BE1B32CC8213C_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7826B0AE-7118-4A60-808BE1B32CC8213C_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-02-10">February 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/02-10/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C1AB249E-1197-49B2-A0A533D491C5DED4_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C1AB249E-1197-49B2-A0A533D491C5DED4_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C1AB249E-1197-49B2-A0A533D491C5DED4_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-02-10">February 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/02-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CF556296-9BBE-4098-AC3EF1BB3C828AC8_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CF556296-9BBE-4098-AC3EF1BB3C828AC8_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CF556296-9BBE-4098-AC3EF1BB3C828AC8_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-02-03">February 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/02-03/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/04BB1EF7-847A-4260-B848969E12485974_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1257supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/04BB1EF7-847A-4260-B848969E12485974_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/04BB1EF7-847A-4260-B848969E12485974_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-02-03">February 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1900/02-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D93C38D-011F-48D5-91B829E2DAA8CB46_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 29 Issue 2build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D93C38D-011F-48D5-91B829E2DAA8CB46_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D93C38D-011F-48D5-91B829E2DAA8CB46_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-02-01">February 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/01-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/714B3EC4-E591-4A6C-A69BD84946D77F91_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1256supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/714B3EC4-E591-4A6C-A69BD84946D77F91_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/714B3EC4-E591-4A6C-A69BD84946D77F91_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-01-27">January 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/01-27/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80ECD32B-BEA2-4FD9-94B3917F90A55D67_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80ECD32B-BEA2-4FD9-94B3917F90A55D67_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80ECD32B-BEA2-4FD9-94B3917F90A55D67_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-01-27">January 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/01-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83E6DF56-AFBB-4BC9-BC4A74E0DFE33A8B_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1255supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83E6DF56-AFBB-4BC9-BC4A74E0DFE33A8B_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83E6DF56-AFBB-4BC9-BC4A74E0DFE33A8B_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-01-20">January 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/01-20/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D5956D98-81C5-47F6-BF36063E859FE6F1_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D5956D98-81C5-47F6-BF36063E859FE6F1_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D5956D98-81C5-47F6-BF36063E859FE6F1_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-01-20">January 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/01-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38ECF57D-B9D6-4395-A99F96B68A784952_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1254supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38ECF57D-B9D6-4395-A99F96B68A784952_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38ECF57D-B9D6-4395-A99F96B68A784952_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-01-13">January 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/01-13/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9EAD5864-241B-4B80-AE26F5A0ACB59A0A_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9EAD5864-241B-4B80-AE26F5A0ACB59A0A_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9EAD5864-241B-4B80-AE26F5A0ACB59A0A_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-01-13">January 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/supplements/1900/01-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/215BC2A8-4D1C-41B8-900C44CDE8AB315D_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Supplements Vol 49 Issue 1253supp" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/215BC2A8-4D1C-41B8-900C44CDE8AB315D_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/215BC2A8-4D1C-41B8-900C44CDE8AB315D_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Supplements</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-01-06">January 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/1900/01-06/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/506FFCD5-8EEB-430D-8B3C67508214E857_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 82 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/506FFCD5-8EEB-430D-8B3C67508214E857_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/506FFCD5-8EEB-430D-8B3C67508214E857_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-01-06">January 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/builders/1900/01-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/422B1170-D1BA-4F30-8B2CD6F67FD2C871_source.gif?w=600" alt="SA Builders Vol 29 Issue 1build" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/422B1170-D1BA-4F30-8B2CD6F67FD2C871_source.gif?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/422B1170-D1BA-4F30-8B2CD6F67FD2C871_source.gif?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Builders</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="1900-01-01">January 1900</time></div></div></div></a></div></div></main><footer class="footer-VfsmT"><div class="footerContainer-pfbjC"><h2 class="footerMainText-wQ3og">Expand Your World with Science</h2></div><div class="footerFlexContainer-XKe5g footerContainer-pfbjC"><div class="footerLinks-m1THn"><p class="footerText-PzHcy">Learn and share the most exciting discoveries, innovations and ideas shaping our world today.</p><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/getsciam/">Subscribe</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/newsletters/">Sign up for our newsletters</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/">See the latest stories</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/latest-issue/">Read the latest issue</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="/getsciam/gift/">Give a Gift Subscription</a><p class="footerSocialMedia-7KIIV">Follow Us:<a href="https://www.instagram.com/scientific_american/?hl=en" target="_blank" alt="Instagram link" title="Instagram"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9 287.7 141 224.1 141zm0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7 74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7zm146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8 26.8 12 26.8 26.8zm76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9 1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0 35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2 26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9 2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8zM398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6 29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6 11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/SciAmerican" target="_blank" alt="YouTube link" title="YouTube"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 576 512"><path d="M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.threads.net/@scientific_american" target="_blank" alt="Threads link" title="Threads"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M331.5 235.7c2.2.9 4.2 1.9 6.3 2.8c29.2 14.1 50.6 35.2 61.8 61.4c15.7 36.5 17.2 95.8-30.3 143.2c-36.2 36.2-80.3 52.5-142.6 53h-.3c-70.2-.5-124.1-24.1-160.4-70.2c-32.3-41-48.9-98.1-49.5-169.6v-.5c.5-71.5 17.1-128.6 49.4-169.6c36.3-46.1 90.3-69.7 160.5-70.2h.3c70.3.5 124.9 24 162.3 69.9c18.4 22.7 32 50 40.6 81.7l-40.4 10.8c-7.1-25.8-17.8-47.8-32.2-65.4c-29.2-35.8-73-54.2-130.5-54.6c-57 .5-100.1 18.8-128.2 54.4C72.1 146.1 58.5 194.3 58 256c.5 61.7 14.1 109.9 40.3 143.3c28 35.6 71.2 53.9 128.2 54.4c51.4-.4 85.4-12.6 113.7-40.9c32.3-32.2 31.7-71.8 21.4-95.9c-6.1-14.2-17.1-26-31.9-34.9c-3.7 26.9-11.8 48.3-24.7 64.8c-17.1 21.8-41.4 33.6-72.7 35.3c-23.6 1.3-46.3-4.4-63.9-16c-20.8-13.8-33-34.8-34.3-59.3c-2.5-48.3 35.7-83 95.2-86.4c21.1-1.2 40.9-.3 59.2 2.8c-2.4-14.8-7.3-26.6-14.6-35.2c-10-11.7-25.6-17.7-46.2-17.8h-.7c-16.6 0-39 4.6-53.3 26.3l-34.4-23.6c19.2-29.1 50.3-45.1 87.8-45.1h.8c62.6.4 99.9 39.5 103.7 107.7l-.2.2zm-156 68.8c1.3 25.1 28.4 36.8 54.6 35.3c25.6-1.4 54.6-11.4 59.5-73.2c-13.2-2.9-27.8-4.4-43.4-4.4c-4.8 0-9.6.1-14.4.4c-42.9 2.4-57.2 23.2-56.2 41.8z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ScientificAmerican" target="_blank" alt="Facebook link" title="Facebook"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path d="M279.14 288l14.22-92.66h-88.91v-60.13c0-25.35 12.42-50.06 52.24-50.06h40.42V6.26S260.43 0 225.36 0c-73.22 0-121.08 44.38-121.08 124.72v70.62H22.89V288h81.39v224h100.17V288z"></path></svg></a><a href="/platform/syndication/rss/" target="_blank" alt="RSS feed" title="RSS feed"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M0 64C0 46.3 14.3 32 32 32c229.8 0 416 186.2 416 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32C384 253.6 226.4 96 32 96C14.3 96 0 81.7 0 64zM0 416a64 64 0 1 1 128 0A64 64 0 1 1 0 416zM32 160c159.1 0 288 128.9 288 288c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32c0-123.7-100.3-224-224-224c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32z"></path></svg></a></p></div><div class="footerImageContainer-omuef"><img class="footerImage-fMFhw" src="/static/assets/footerProductImg-f6732134.png" alt="Scientific American publications in print & digital formats" as="image" loading="lazy"/></div></div><div class="grid-c0--6 footerContainer-pfbjC"><div><ul><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/return-refund-policy/">Return & Refund Policy</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/about-scientific-american/">About</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/pressroom/">Press Room</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/frequently-asked-questions/subscriptions-products/">FAQs</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/contact-us/customer-service/">Contact Us</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/international/">International Editions</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/mediakit/">Advertise</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/accessibility-statement/">Accessibility Statement</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/terms-of-use/">Terms of Use</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/california-consumer-privacy-statement/">California Consumer Privacy Statement</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="#">Use of cookies/Do not sell my data</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footerContainer-pfbjC"><p>Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www.springernature.com/us). Scientific American maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers.</p><p>漏 2024 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, A DIVISION OF SPRINGER NATURE AMERICA, INC.<br/>ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.</p></div></footer></div> <script id="__DATA__">window.__DATA__=JSON.parse(`{"initialData":{"issues":[{"contentful_id":"6DDpeuYFZeBL95v8iax2w","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/12-29/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1304supp","volume":50,"issue":"1304supp","issue_date":"1900-12-29","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/79992D7D-277F-4C89-B8FCC781668735A1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3445F1AB-C3F0-4F70-BCDD302F7956F5A1_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1sGtn8jdyOZ0i1btg1jvnu","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/12-29/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 26","volume":83,"issue":"26","issue_date":"1900-12-29","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/46B852B5-D18C-4458-A6F805C4B5D183F3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/44F300F8-1FBD-4E0A-B70647FF140DD8D4_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3HJzwW3WeYsPwbBYFrUyRS","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/12-22/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1303supp","volume":50,"issue":"1303supp","issue_date":"1900-12-22","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E0467E9E-E404-4F14-B9B840D372612CF9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8977F189-C4F4-4F7F-9FE8CE37970AF643_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6CxBb19vsFV584CekHr5DU","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/12-22/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 25","volume":83,"issue":"25","issue_date":"1900-12-22","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2AA9EDB9-DEA8-49D3-86E2E45F2F2E3936.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7ADFCB2C-539D-4183-B41A9E7657F04330_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1j3GCw2CiJBr5Bu1VfOz68","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/12-15/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1302supp","volume":50,"issue":"1302supp","issue_date":"1900-12-15","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/39EA8405-FE21-4702-AA4E4AE1968C491F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B06A135-ACD5-4BEB-AE74A94EC87FD768_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1U0VUB0IxOQt26mboSi0oE","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/12-15/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 24","volume":83,"issue":"24","issue_date":"1900-12-15","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9E9CC315-95D3-4FAA-9034AAB6D5E39B42.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6AB02A1F-4E18-4412-8ADF1DF299F1E9F3_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5JvIzBmIjnBh5vE13ek5q5","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/12-08/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1301supp","volume":50,"issue":"1301supp","issue_date":"1900-12-08","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FB5F6AAA-9C5A-48F2-9CD3F04A48CCB559.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7AF637EA-F93D-4AE8-B6891199877462AA_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"FIgtNiMfxCafOVeOFQ9rA","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/12-08/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 23","volume":83,"issue":"23","issue_date":"1900-12-08","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D2FD3BCD-C99A-4D10-B1C5920A8C8EC48B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/384DA5F3-D6DB-4090-81F5A3BCE9527863_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1gOAS1dBJ22eLNJ3GeQGav","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/12-01/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1300supp","volume":50,"issue":"1300supp","issue_date":"1900-12-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7E966293-D225-4DC0-ADBE8A8FBE2E835E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8CB9385-2289-4107-A9FEAC36B64658FE_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1gibUdyfjpJj2jTdfyeBYO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/12-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 22","volume":83,"issue":"22","issue_date":"1900-12-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/035014BE-D6AE-4997-8B8AC300CF26018F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D1835FF-D266-4057-AAAC7E383670E06A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"eV6nD802yiLe0iC29lbNh","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1900/12-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 30, Issue 6build","volume":30,"issue":"6build","issue_date":"1900-12-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F15A02B-08D1-4DA8-81576EE5A261DCFE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5891C26D-2954-41D6-A4BF532CFEFE2D7D_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1k9tAQjA2Q9x3cftdIjaTt","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/11-24/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1299supp","volume":50,"issue":"1299supp","issue_date":"1900-11-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A84BE1F5-94AE-4EDB-AE3B154C84257F5E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1901B346-A488-4890-8D376E3D6A6889E0_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1XygmGGUPqVz4Eq7R3gTfY","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/11-24/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 21","volume":83,"issue":"21","issue_date":"1900-11-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/16019D5D-6CB0-49FD-BC8C9D26AB5CE0D6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F3301111-8628-4F1F-AEA0B72F177BFBA0_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7zJ9pzsEu5MwIt3Ys1Gp9a","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/11-17/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1298supp","volume":50,"issue":"1298supp","issue_date":"1900-11-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0A9AF476-8B9E-4807-97E1FFEBEA21F271.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D52B95C0-9E8B-451F-98E5E3450D3FD1C8_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4kHGplOgS0DG6zkZj9u42x","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/11-17/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 20","volume":83,"issue":"20","issue_date":"1900-11-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B3FEDCCD-B95B-4530-9C33EDE02BF27DAB.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D05904A6-A2BA-45A4-B10115E8D0D158A1_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2Jh5FXJz7acfZvQeJOlklS","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/11-10/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1297supp","volume":50,"issue":"1297supp","issue_date":"1900-11-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B814977F-0ACC-46C8-AEA48527C7DCFA68.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1523C197-104E-4FFF-9EC352ACDFF61826_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6NxZ9dCiMQtJoHAvhRTl1K","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/11-10/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 19","volume":83,"issue":"19","issue_date":"1900-11-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4363D4CF-DB0B-45BE-96FB3552851348B1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/734DBF87-6622-4CB5-B45C49F275BBBC94_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2tuA8MEvIkBmDcs5lpAum4","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/11-03/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1296supp","volume":50,"issue":"1296supp","issue_date":"1900-11-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/75314D2D-328C-4778-91F1437C89934237.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/32B46BE0-C24F-4494-85DB0CC19CB9E361_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"12ly1vxXLImj3sfvyjMdHZ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/11-03/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 18","volume":83,"issue":"18","issue_date":"1900-11-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AB97252A-8460-4504-9F7E6AF415B7FDA1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/0C50CE7E-283E-4291-93623B4C30B4CFFB_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"26SkXAlXBnPFngEiwsCs7e","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1900/11-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 30, Issue 5build","volume":30,"issue":"5build","issue_date":"1900-11-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/27A95207-5D9A-4283-86D2AD6C7D85250B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E9E9868B-BBE7-4FA6-AC058DE521F795A7_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4014oaAqVZ66lsgKttZBW3","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/10-27/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1295supp","volume":50,"issue":"1295supp","issue_date":"1900-10-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/26FE23A8-3928-4DB5-93E18838F99AD5F1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ECAC7307-EC40-4EFF-B2FB46296EA04077_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"Hus1jYkVtHAGA5i7cqMre","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/10-27/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 17","volume":83,"issue":"17","issue_date":"1900-10-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E7FF5D42-ED8E-4CFC-86836D77A89DE155.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1184A9D6-85E4-4F9F-902B882CAA9A83EA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"54QlMqu5F7wQNzHG7GFpMM","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/10-20/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1294supp","volume":50,"issue":"1294supp","issue_date":"1900-10-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DE2E99A6-26BB-4369-A8E55811F3E6A2FE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C43F1CCE-D082-480B-B1BFD0E3C5B5A38A_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3F9kV9tKb4Vreuu0A7qfiM","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/10-20/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 16","volume":83,"issue":"16","issue_date":"1900-10-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/448F73EE-2187-42C8-823D58E7AEB143FE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BF55D8D5-42BD-4534-8E505D7F3CB78B85_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4dEyVQpFtC1GPqguqAmSLo","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/10-13/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1293supp","volume":50,"issue":"1293supp","issue_date":"1900-10-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9F250A4F-E842-4635-B6062024FD628D74.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F7BEDB6-74DB-4A82-913F2F49B2B2FF15_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5mcj5VoZMNUUCI948PA1KO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/10-13/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 15","volume":83,"issue":"15","issue_date":"1900-10-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F3CD3996-3FDF-440C-B5C910B8886EC976.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A4DD09BA-1898-444A-B18EA6A7FC7C6139_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3TkQ4XsQCANRuHO4XGdqw4","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/10-06/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1292supp","volume":50,"issue":"1292supp","issue_date":"1900-10-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/01642D84-9C6C-4220-A21AB1F5B281C38C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6E1F52D4-593C-433E-B9CFB422DE63FEB1_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"d1DdLXkLo5IUTlI7cFhH7","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/10-06/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 14","volume":83,"issue":"14","issue_date":"1900-10-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/25A59840-A667-4119-A5F4703F3D73C653.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B758B813-9651-4E73-A9EB2EFDA3E34DB6_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6PpUyqzDnhitdOFcKTuZFQ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1900/10-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 30, Issue 4build","volume":30,"issue":"4build","issue_date":"1900-10-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FF724D59-D529-4C03-9CCB5929071DA5A4.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BD4465AB-FC9D-43F6-97FDE623A240E2B6_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6dad91zj0Tm8z0oLbZNKqx","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/09-29/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1291supp","volume":50,"issue":"1291supp","issue_date":"1900-09-29","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/29B97474-DB6F-405E-A5A08A173A2B30F3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C500D75E-DC93-4D0A-9704E4777514D8C0_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3wHtklisYeSquBidRKc2Ed","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/09-29/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 13","volume":83,"issue":"13","issue_date":"1900-09-29","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AEE05AB5-6B10-4D66-9FC50C62BC0B0E6E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/711C7284-14FA-4085-94AE117F3B1E9F5B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4Sutsiwgjo6Tn5jMXPQ3qG","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/09-22/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1290supp","volume":50,"issue":"1290supp","issue_date":"1900-09-22","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B897C172-BED8-40FD-9B66A88A3AF254D6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B504D30F-6FC9-43A1-A751482DD3DE75AB_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3tmCPvnfmb7ZG2QINL8Hs8","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/09-22/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 12","volume":83,"issue":"12","issue_date":"1900-09-22","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DD5B42F7-F7C3-406A-BB8DC86DC0FB25D5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/387D76A9-A39C-4845-ABE67375D06B3B4F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5TaJfsOyGgpnPBYzjPE0wQ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/09-15/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1289supp","volume":50,"issue":"1289supp","issue_date":"1900-09-15","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B0779A11-D37E-4BC6-9D322F854F3BA709.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1557062D-32DF-4759-94031BC247C515A0_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7nh2u5g8LGUBzR4lhETme1","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/09-15/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 11","volume":83,"issue":"11","issue_date":"1900-09-15","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/64433D63-ED78-4C63-BFB0290C48EFDBB6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2389A495-F83E-4F03-8B290F7929E750D2_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4t4hnNP2MPfKo4kBWgNQri","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/09-08/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1288supp","volume":50,"issue":"1288supp","issue_date":"1900-09-08","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/688D98AC-5254-4056-B0859457C1180FD8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3CF69E72-89E2-4CF5-A4F6E97E082258EB_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"660vNfZoxKxBoi61w5j3yy","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/09-08/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 10","volume":83,"issue":"10","issue_date":"1900-09-08","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D547BD08-8FA6-460A-88BABDEE3E170415.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2C98A535-CF27-42E4-9A85FDCE18FAADE8_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5PaIB3ypi4uri2H5dY0HMP","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1900/09-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 30, Issue 3build","volume":30,"issue":"3build","issue_date":"1900-09-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5FC5D728-1E2D-4CAD-A52C80BB278B1730.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C115E766-9AF9-4B34-A0329ECCEBAA751D_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5uHDS2DOvvMvZUAt17onSx","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/09-01/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1287supp","volume":50,"issue":"1287supp","issue_date":"1900-09-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/705BF23B-26D8-4AA6-B5C845182520931C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C272D8E4-A43C-4EB4-B10DE597F2DDDE57_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1fSJzfc5jgulTfULdZaJYW","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/09-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 9","volume":83,"issue":"9","issue_date":"1900-09-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/60820C6F-22D6-4724-BA19BF0EB7ADBEF3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C947D596-F8F2-4DD2-971B1C6FD0257155_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4wHBeMPMmiLYhBAPOrqlPD","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/08-25/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1286supp","volume":50,"issue":"1286supp","issue_date":"1900-08-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7A4ABF4C-6028-4907-9795945A929F3343.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBD04FED-4AAA-4215-9C5691331DA83FE7_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1vlIbYP6dkQ4vPJQDOzwQf","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/08-25/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 8","volume":83,"issue":"8","issue_date":"1900-08-25","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D7717477-10DE-43F1-87A05A4B5DE6CE26.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/906700BE-7C83-43BF-A867FE0E945211F4_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5bohMlvE5iIelj4jjQDvQO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/08-18/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1285supp","volume":50,"issue":"1285supp","issue_date":"1900-08-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DA2CC973-0095-4311-B68A9B5730E76562.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/036F79D3-08E3-4CDC-B7FBFC6DC6159B17_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"zUknFZHXSsFMQ63EixW1J","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/08-18/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 7","volume":83,"issue":"7","issue_date":"1900-08-18","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2848B818-DDF6-4663-B31D52BEFADF4987.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1B87AA5E-5424-4285-8503BD47352F3005_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"33VY68qIgRS3j0zrA3UDqj","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/08-11/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1284supp","volume":50,"issue":"1284supp","issue_date":"1900-08-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7A49A35C-264C-4604-B06A7E668C684D91.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E4562FA1-C346-4388-8BD21CDB527263B2_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"49eYuuMpC9OBPb3Mp1DrnN","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/08-11/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 6","volume":83,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1900-08-11","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/035558A4-F1D3-4B52-BDAA85DE144C8909.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8456CA81-CAB1-4FEE-A2849F92B07B5844_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1zIqau9qn6wcReJBmULTDt","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/08-04/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1283supp","volume":50,"issue":"1283supp","issue_date":"1900-08-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/877F1D9F-152C-45C1-A603EA88010EBBBE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D90FFA48-389B-40A0-B580674528064A21_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2gbTYZ0X0MG1YGhcLD48xs","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/08-04/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 5","volume":83,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1900-08-04","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6D2F8A66-6D71-4BCE-9576034FFD1C27B9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C2AF80BA-E428-4834-BC2771AFF386BE7B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3orfEAnjfu6lvtAMSKmszu","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1900/08-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 30, Issue 2build","volume":30,"issue":"2build","issue_date":"1900-08-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1A23966C-B837-44FF-B25022A320B016CA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/603C7E63-6474-4209-B28663157F71F08A_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"63TFhUeJTMmQ1gWeiO3aAy","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/07-28/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1282supp","volume":50,"issue":"1282supp","issue_date":"1900-07-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/490443EA-03DC-4817-A189ADE578744251.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4A9FA0A7-0448-4FCF-9D63F905399AE47D_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4PdXedwdeglI9U3ujKuexC","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/07-28/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 4","volume":83,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1900-07-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BF54804F-26F7-4672-BC8B9BC046036085.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/11CF41EC-8C8A-44F8-81E394A0866BDBDF_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7puTHjh6d6RULa2KQvPJrd","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/07-21/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1281supp","volume":50,"issue":"1281supp","issue_date":"1900-07-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/E03935C6-F504-4A8B-A1713EF3EA4FE646.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9AE76753-F9EE-40DE-B78DE782821A2303_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"37fu9n8JjuBsYOlTlKD02J","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/07-21/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 3","volume":83,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1900-07-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C4A8C12F-9B8F-4406-B3B5F884A41B7CD3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/71F65193-5A57-4C35-ABF881A059911663_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"MgfJOEesN7alwjNWX9H8q","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/07-14/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1280supp","volume":50,"issue":"1280supp","issue_date":"1900-07-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B0A7A4A5-0908-4928-98C662D4B19D6E6F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7AF73369-DEF1-48DF-8B8A0E13CD668B79_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"RujQbp72sPV501Sk1LYOm","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/07-14/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 2","volume":83,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1900-07-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C0CEF870-A18E-4B12-B0A49563D2807496.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4979CC62-2F09-4597-AE7D7D55B1B387D1_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3XGk9Dlma5bKdU0wg1hTqS","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/07-07/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 50, Issue 1279supp","volume":50,"issue":"1279supp","issue_date":"1900-07-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/86B6E981-C604-4EF6-B9849D3AB2101C86.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D48BAC4-6179-46F4-990C3DDBEE01DC54_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5Xb60unzaRyTkNRPK4hjYY","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/07-07/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 83, Issue 1","volume":83,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1900-07-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/55E395C7-D8E1-4C13-B6892A238FC96797.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F2D897C7-6EEA-4669-BE85D04A48E3DF9A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2CyZREEsGGItP2521SejiA","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1900/07-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 30, Issue 1build","volume":30,"issue":"1build","issue_date":"1900-07-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6AA1C1D1-8F81-4E8C-AB1000748F7B19C2.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/32A6BD94-0E69-406F-BC0F6A67FC536610_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"77329kBWzmZqfLwSxx9xZi","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/06-30/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1278supp","volume":49,"issue":"1278supp","issue_date":"1900-06-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A0CF300F-AB15-46EC-A665A49C1901ABF7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CDFD9BB0-A046-4679-9453118C8361FD55_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4A1s2nPJzP983Zco4r65sY","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/06-30/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 26","volume":82,"issue":"26","issue_date":"1900-06-30","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CE455042-A9C1-47F9-9B6604129981BB0D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7C41522B-685E-4834-ABF8ACD9F3FF771A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"75noJqwBeOAb4siQrQxz9t","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/06-23/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 25","volume":82,"issue":"25","issue_date":"1900-06-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/91066C83-2954-40CA-81D18641C69F1AEB.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C99055CB-CD11-4E68-B307BFD1D12A5A0A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7Fx5wuvwoQQUKU84X1ObXI","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/06-23/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1277supp","volume":49,"issue":"1277supp","issue_date":"1900-06-23","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CB559F4C-791A-4251-B812C0379419D4EA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8BD03E61-A169-4390-9D216CBFFC2D9A86_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4KGUjuEYcF1PwGUeVmmt11","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/06-16/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1276supp","volume":49,"issue":"1276supp","issue_date":"1900-06-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AB642E80-10CC-41F5-8411E01C35660DCC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3EBE13FB-1E2A-4E80-8173DE15F2A2FE79_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"27vukzavcpui0WUHzLTBr3","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/06-16/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 24","volume":82,"issue":"24","issue_date":"1900-06-16","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9E410D9B-26A2-4AAB-953E3170AF57F813.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1C718B32-EDCD-4014-B650442B401028DC_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4o87fXm0kmlBOvjyJcjZ5g","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/06-09/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1275supp","volume":49,"issue":"1275supp","issue_date":"1900-06-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B6992B59-3E54-49F3-9244A04A6E940967.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/742ECBFE-FD91-47FE-BDBFE54FD6C91029_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1LrcQUjWEhORkYUmL3YJQX","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/06-09/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 23","volume":82,"issue":"23","issue_date":"1900-06-09","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B1E69100-0956-46BB-BD4FD0F1AB3C5750.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4831BAC2-E746-46C3-95458F40BD3DAFFD_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3zYAghxb68lMS4alUAXnkS","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/06-02/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1274supp","volume":49,"issue":"1274supp","issue_date":"1900-06-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/67C4EB54-6E95-4D70-B610F91DD806F199.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/29A71E3C-A161-45D0-88BBB2DDB35E7E86_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7CdWvMqZguVhU8LcGKjLBK","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/06-02/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 22","volume":82,"issue":"22","issue_date":"1900-06-02","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DDC9F0F9-01CB-45F6-84F29C127A978E4A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FC6D9A0E-04B5-431B-8383716CC96B9ECF_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3rSpqnKr1pkamJBNJ4mWmG","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1900/06-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 29, Issue 6build","volume":29,"issue":"6build","issue_date":"1900-06-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FF16163B-BCCA-4389-B2F4F50F0C56E1FD.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BBA2C414-6ECE-4762-A0532ED9819052E3_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5fd9NkW86g6HvI8Rxm01Be","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/05-26/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1273supp","volume":49,"issue":"1273supp","issue_date":"1900-05-26","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FDAD104C-C4DF-4F50-AF3E50FDC2630CDA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FD6D0A4C-C935-46F9-86F3719C182283B6_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6HVQ3MHWJQP4DJZt2mpENn","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/05-26/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 21","volume":82,"issue":"21","issue_date":"1900-05-26","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3B0361CC-0EF8-43AB-A730C982811DB60A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/220C2996-3670-4172-BEC9BE40D5F6F8CD_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2Y7UJlvg0FqLhklIgmayW6","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/05-19/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 20","volume":82,"issue":"20","issue_date":"1900-05-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3A1448B3-BE32-4C3D-9B0A071E88863B6E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/82F91F53-2F95-45D1-9E2A83579A113082_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7wnBkctw1QqzEzOPj1Mj9p","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/05-19/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1272supp","volume":49,"issue":"1272supp","issue_date":"1900-05-19","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BA256B50-1B31-4C4C-ACBA66727C1784B6.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D8250E1F-529B-4827-AE689F038B662D4E_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"ch1JG05jBCBG6WFegi639","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/05-12/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1271supp","volume":49,"issue":"1271supp","issue_date":"1900-05-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/3223A282-2B0E-49E0-87319EC794C1FCDB.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/34150CAC-B1C0-4435-B7FD3BA48233B16A_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3UJdezMwPkphAO9OzM47mT","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/05-12/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 19","volume":82,"issue":"19","issue_date":"1900-05-12","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/79DF2FFC-7C9D-4A3F-9E153CE76063764B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DD3E72CA-EE61-4241-894F7BB501F85A8D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1juGAmIwczZvy5bf9ytaWf","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/05-05/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1270supp","volume":49,"issue":"1270supp","issue_date":"1900-05-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9BF78BA0-FADF-4DAE-ACE9C03A913CDB14.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/68A30447-191D-4633-B11B034AAE5A0C85_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1llXP4eFkLPfLy4qkjVukS","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/05-05/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 18","volume":82,"issue":"18","issue_date":"1900-05-05","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A2D015D1-D7FC-42EC-BDED1A4A8D9BB4D0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9901857C-EFC6-4370-81C798B0AF23AE34_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7vpIT6wbrbFPN17wHR1iLj","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1900/05-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 29, Issue 5build","volume":29,"issue":"5build","issue_date":"1900-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DE9A496A-5B8C-42F9-814D4AA2F06A0EEA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BAE34B36-0B95-4F1C-B4CB0C948EACB567_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1adzgZscAmUdAHMVxwfBlZ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/04-28/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1269supp","volume":49,"issue":"1269supp","issue_date":"1900-04-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/ED9FADE8-F50B-45E6-B2BCC0C3F8759B52.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/41157355-F027-420C-B6AE4A865B51DA28_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"gvurGsoD3WKLdCQGjur5T","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/04-28/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 17","volume":82,"issue":"17","issue_date":"1900-04-28","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8B71BF22-20A5-414D-8F422E41C7C4D781.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38690F8F-ED66-4439-8973CCAEFDE84D8C_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5rpKnl7iorIJsJiukG9NMN","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/04-21/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1268supp","volume":49,"issue":"1268supp","issue_date":"1900-04-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/541C438D-48FF-44D9-AA33E21C876FA402.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CBA3017D-F7BF-4F0F-88D3F9485B54CC35_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2unoMeTJ9RyfjvvBce6Iox","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/04-21/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 16","volume":82,"issue":"16","issue_date":"1900-04-21","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2F84250D-B769-4330-B22025BD8B5DFDB5.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7BCADA53-45D4-4A18-97E2B19029598185_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2Ue0nwMfyvSvHShMm9Zl3d","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/04-14/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1267supp","volume":49,"issue":"1267supp","issue_date":"1900-04-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/03EB3C27-F2FD-4F9C-91EE6F841E5CC12B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AE4FB95F-E6C7-4C42-8D1BD325722CB210_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"51CNv4qHJcp4vKlt5nFnzQ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/04-14/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 15","volume":82,"issue":"15","issue_date":"1900-04-14","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/28A007EB-FC71-493C-83DA901497C70A95.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4B5B29B2-1D3E-42F8-AA89997A7E1F6514_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2P72hwNxo9w7bREsfp1j08","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/04-07/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1266supp","volume":49,"issue":"1266supp","issue_date":"1900-04-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1A2B9F3C-F644-4D5A-88CDE1355F445F6B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F4A8A06D-CA08-46C0-985041DF4C9A12BC_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"ZHEn42MwA4SqJgEx8uxeD","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/04-07/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 14","volume":82,"issue":"14","issue_date":"1900-04-07","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/19FDF580-FEC5-4A24-92D2529AC9AC3899.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4FD77655-EBF4-42E1-A7E96DFCCE6BC1AF_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3kS2oIIVYlfOG0G0kSmIzB","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1900/04-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 29, Issue 4build","volume":29,"issue":"4build","issue_date":"1900-04-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/06FA0093-EB23-4665-83257D6E1646AE2A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1E5F8A18-5B36-40F3-B8CB5E104D528313_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1qIh0sTIToTSct0iYfmzGi","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/03-31/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1265supp","volume":49,"issue":"1265supp","issue_date":"1900-03-31","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/229DC959-E4B7-49AC-900FC1BE2D0C41DE.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9CA94B7D-116D-4834-8977E49FB57406AE_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"2PsSGeqyJpOTmI8mSucsck","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/03-31/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 13","volume":82,"issue":"13","issue_date":"1900-03-31","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1DA147EE-19DE-4A39-AA2C4336F21DDF6A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5D4A2383-388A-4EFF-8B1E32599450DBBE_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6xet2gFRC3wItVvyEWRTJH","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/03-24/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1264supp","volume":49,"issue":"1264supp","issue_date":"1900-03-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DFC8267A-B132-48C2-9EE391AFD057A06A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B9A20EC2-B790-4C2E-82F681C86F54050B_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3dEG7RtwBJVcgJXLBBUll4","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/03-24/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 12","volume":82,"issue":"12","issue_date":"1900-03-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9DA3A785-E2CE-4B29-A48584A150390284.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/55BFDF07-66EB-4851-82ED32A762E139C9_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"37mbZ7dZkE81bQMFZm7puM","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/03-17/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1263supp","volume":49,"issue":"1263supp","issue_date":"1900-03-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9E8F5AF8-6DA2-4C75-A185532CC32FAD5D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C8780745-A503-4279-8FDE071AB7EB6643_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6IqiLL1z6zJ6TgTK1pbv78","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/03-17/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 11","volume":82,"issue":"11","issue_date":"1900-03-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9DF16D45-4AAF-42DB-A82A68A39BF0238F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8A5F161D-8887-4442-9F4B0EDFE817354F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"h0rdml2fSYRx37B5xLC37","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/03-10/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1262supp","volume":49,"issue":"1262supp","issue_date":"1900-03-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F22DB73D-A633-47E9-BBF0223AF167103C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/49E1BCDE-C04F-4070-AFD5D694D0227AF0_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1B6nXfLMmpg0Vv80N4GB7r","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/03-10/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 10","volume":82,"issue":"10","issue_date":"1900-03-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/707CE3F8-8FDA-4ACD-BA0F773F799C58A9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/EE01E10E-E4D6-4F39-9582AC142E85F8E2_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"73achPQgDJUj69TZ1Zm9WF","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/03-03/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1261supp","volume":49,"issue":"1261supp","issue_date":"1900-03-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6AB7A0EF-8B78-449D-B076C7E56359A64B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6432B9AB-4F42-4C9B-BC6C6C732917C317_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7Ij4lAMRHVyReQ6wBr8PNR","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/03-03/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 9","volume":82,"issue":"9","issue_date":"1900-03-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B89D5711-B872-4E87-8325523603B712CA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B90AEA15-2DBD-413F-828C9846B9DDA01F_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6ikI9WnNdC5KzyvlkOhzx7","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1900/03-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 29, Issue 3build","volume":29,"issue":"3build","issue_date":"1900-03-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/89C196AA-D483-4819-9ADAE68EDACBEFAC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/89B70C77-51EC-420C-9CC6054FD995E825_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3SxVbVA4GWT7hw1ETAJaTO","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/02-24/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1260supp","volume":49,"issue":"1260supp","issue_date":"1900-02-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC7DE7D7-C6C7-4E5C-8432073FA3F8143B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4F753992-2FA3-456C-BF85C6BBED754FD9_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6OA4lnBXChyXUsyaDpU6y5","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/02-24/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 8","volume":82,"issue":"8","issue_date":"1900-02-24","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/B165756B-9782-43F9-8B10B5786AEE5B6C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C6CE1A6F-75E3-42A8-89CD0DC9CB619A3C_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7IFotyTU6u3WIhD8X3VQaM","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/02-17/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1259supp","volume":49,"issue":"1259supp","issue_date":"1900-02-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/282C3FEC-8E0D-4C67-BE67718A12A06DD9.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/27B5D531-E1EC-499A-8D960CE3047110D9_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3YlcUK3inXyCJGZfoawlzh","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/02-17/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 7","volume":82,"issue":"7","issue_date":"1900-02-17","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F703FD7B-A261-42F1-A0F37366389C0445.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6EB276D0-02FC-45F6-B98CE456A440F7D3_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4L0ToBQoeMrAhoHfyIFeCX","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/02-10/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1258supp","volume":49,"issue":"1258supp","issue_date":"1900-02-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/5A03112E-29C3-44F6-A76DF5419ECD0914.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7826B0AE-7118-4A60-808BE1B32CC8213C_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6qCvWLf0QxMnfjGMxOTliF","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/02-10/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 6","volume":82,"issue":"6","issue_date":"1900-02-10","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/71E8FD2B-A585-416F-8BCB1189AB5D43E7.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C1AB249E-1197-49B2-A0A533D491C5DED4_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1oVWPSDoux4el7TR6iLzmj","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/02-03/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 5","volume":82,"issue":"5","issue_date":"1900-02-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D5A3878D-A128-4A20-B89646490DAAC340.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CF556296-9BBE-4098-AC3EF1BB3C828AC8_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7y26EVP32mzd19ryIx9O9m","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/02-03/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1257supp","volume":49,"issue":"1257supp","issue_date":"1900-02-03","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6930DF8E-54D5-4E1C-8D5711C952F6AAA2.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/04BB1EF7-847A-4260-B848969E12485974_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5VZTs9Z3AJODqJQKgdaM0p","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1900/02-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 29, Issue 2build","volume":29,"issue":"2build","issue_date":"1900-02-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/26782D17-320D-435F-8815BE6AB085DA9F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4D93C38D-011F-48D5-91B829E2DAA8CB46_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1KPlJpk2MCAX3Em1V259Ip","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/01-27/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1256supp","volume":49,"issue":"1256supp","issue_date":"1900-01-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DF695FE1-35BA-4D92-B17E1BC7A9B19C96.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/714B3EC4-E591-4A6C-A69BD84946D77F91_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1GCmJlWwGlLf57j8d1i36g","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/01-27/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 4","volume":82,"issue":"4","issue_date":"1900-01-27","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/414E3287-C492-40C7-A6F09A13FB082BE8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/80ECD32B-BEA2-4FD9-94B3917F90A55D67_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5MMO1oI98ulutS8wYHVq8l","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/01-20/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1255supp","volume":49,"issue":"1255supp","issue_date":"1900-01-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/95E2A463-3AE0-4EB7-9D2BC9CBDC6ABF30.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83E6DF56-AFBB-4BC9-BC4A74E0DFE33A8B_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"4BM21VUEQ8PYu49BpQeXuZ","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/01-20/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 3","volume":82,"issue":"3","issue_date":"1900-01-20","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/2AA840A4-7B91-4098-98E50A6110BEB94B.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D5956D98-81C5-47F6-BF36063E859FE6F1_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"3VTCTiHcYDq0hZJGHNUeeB","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/01-13/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1254supp","volume":49,"issue":"1254supp","issue_date":"1900-01-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/C2034CAE-0503-4BE3-889981347B5F1D28.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/38ECF57D-B9D6-4395-A99F96B68A784952_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"U4RyDRkfzTtmBFPIxTK32","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/01-13/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 2","volume":82,"issue":"2","issue_date":"1900-01-13","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/BAD68DD4-B75E-4BA5-BEDCFB87DA5A05AC.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9EAD5864-241B-4B80-AE26F5A0ACB59A0A_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1FGsanZCoXMc4sPlICmyxV","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/supplements/1900/01-06/","magazine_title":"SA Supplements","issue_title":"Scientific American Supplements Volume 49, Issue 1253supp","volume":49,"issue":"1253supp","issue_date":"1900-01-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4C71E1A0-193E-4462-B0E2004310D9BCB8.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/215BC2A8-4D1C-41B8-900C44CDE8AB315D_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"i1laeiQdBvP7BoNFhmTUW","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/1900/01-06/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"Scientific American Volume 82, Issue 1","volume":82,"issue":"1","issue_date":"1900-01-06","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/79371D4E-BA6C-4F25-81D98D5BD7E877AA.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/506FFCD5-8EEB-430D-8B3C67508214E857_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":578,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7JqqXJEGHrpaueRjDAYBed","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/builders/1900/01-01/","magazine_title":"SA Builders","issue_title":"Scientific American Builder Editions Volume 29, Issue 1build","volume":29,"issue":"1build","issue_date":"1900-01-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/9CEB7B33-55BE-4E0C-9A5E3C5A6AE5F8A1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/422B1170-D1BA-4F30-8B2CD6F67FD2C871_source.gif","image_width":440,"image_height":580,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null}],"startYear":1900,"endYear":1900,"meta":{"title":"Issue Archive: 1900","canonicalUrl":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1900/","tags":{"description":"Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845","og:title":"Issue Archive: 1900","og:description":"Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"}},"dataLayerContent":{"content":{"articleDoi":"","authors":[],"authorsCategory":[],"canonicalUrl":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/1900/","categories":"","collectionId":"","collectionName":"","column":"","containsMedia":"","contentId":"","contentDifficulty":"","contentModeling":[],"durability":"","editors":[],"isPartner":false,"isResalable":false,"isSyndicated":false,"journalIssueName":"","language":"en","partnerName":"","platform":"hopper","paywallExempt":null,"podcastSeries":"","primaryCategory":"","printDek":"","printTitle":"","publishedAtDate":"","publishedAtDateTime":"","publishedAtTime":"","sentiment":"","subCategory":"","title":"Issue Archive: 1900","type":"archive","updatedAtDateTime":"","advertiser":"","campaign":"","isSponsored":false},"game":{"gameId":"","puzzleType":"","set":"","dek":""}},"abTestGroup":"4"},"bundle":"issues"}`)</script> <script data-layer="footer">;OptanonWrapper=()=>{};consentQueue=[];tp=[];pdl={requireConsent:'v2'};window.dataLayer=[];;window.__ads=[];_sf_async_config={};_cbq=[]</script> </body> </html>