CINXE.COM

<!doctype html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="utf-8" /> <title>Issue Archive: 2002 | Scientific American</title> <link rel="canonical" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/2002/"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#fff"/> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"/> <link rel="image_src" src="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"> <meta property="og:url" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/2002/"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://www.scientificamerican.com/static/sciam-mark.jpg"/> <meta name="description" content="Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Issue Archive: 2002"/> <meta property="og:description" content="Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Scientific American"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@sciam"/> <meta name="twitter:domain" content="scientificamerican.com"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta property="og:image:alt" content="Scientific American Logo"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Scientific American Logo"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0" /> <link rel="icon shortcut" href="/static/favicon.ico" /> <link rel="alternate" type="application/rss+xml" title="RSS" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/platform/syndication/rss/" /> <script data-layer="critical">;performance.mark('app-load-start');((d,ael,dcl,unl,cxl,log,onunl)=>{log('[readyState]',d.readyState);d[ael]('readystatechange',()=>log('[readyState]',d.readyState));d[ael](dcl,()=>log(dcl));d[ael](unl,onunl);window.onload=()=>{d.removeEventListener(unl,onunl);log('windowloaded')};})(document,'addEventListener','DOMContentLoaded','beforeunload','cancelled',(...msg)=>console.log('[dev]',...msg),()=>{window[cxl]=true;log(cxl)});((l,pii) => {if (pii.some(p => l.search.includes(p+"="))) {window.initSearch = l.search;const anon = new URLSearchParams(l.search);pii.forEach(p => anon.delete(p));history.replaceState({}, "", l.pathname + "?" + anon);} })(location, ["email", "magic_link", "token", "code", "state"]);</script> <script type="module" crossorigin src="/static/bundle.3babd99c.js"></script> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/preload-helper-4aa0ec7d.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/vendor-react-f9bf3b4a.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/sciam-bf662dfc.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-environment-8e046ff8.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/datalayer-d861d60c.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/use-piano-auth-sync-cec85dc3.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" crossorigin href="/static/chunks/useOverlay-fe78e6e1.js"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/bundle-49553f4a.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/DefaultLayout-2955ad5f.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/assets/issues-39da08eb.css"> <link rel="modulepreload" href="/static/issues.4f130bd2.js" crossorigin fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.cookielaw.org/scripttemplates/otSDKStub.js" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id=GTM-5FLM662" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/sciads/sciads.js" as="script" fetchpriority="auto"> <link rel="preload" href="https://cdn.tp.scientificamerican.com/api/tinypass.min.js" as="script" fetchpriority="low"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://cdn.cxense.com/cx.cce.js" as="script"> </head> <body> <div id="app"><header class="headerContainer-8KxQ5" role="banner"><a href="#main" id="skipToMain" class="skiptocontent sr-only-focusable sr-only">Skip to main content</a><div class="header-1t1JE flex-aYeiI"><div class="left-ajw3c flex-aYeiI"><a href="/" aria-label="Link to homepage" class="logoLink-Wt3sq"><span class="sr-only">Scientific American</span><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 120.79 128.39" fill="currentColor" role="img" aria-label="Scientific American"><path d="M7.98 58.19c2.3 0 5.24 3.18 14.53 3.18 13.66 0 21.75-8.57 21.75-17.86 0-7.86-3.73-12.94-11.43-17.23l-9.37-5.24c-4.05-2.3-7.46-5.32-7.46-9.92 0-4.92 3.73-7.7 9.69-7.7s11.35 4.21 13.02 13.26h1.98V.95h-1.83c-.16 1.43-.87 2.06-1.75 2.06-2.06 0-4.53-2.94-12.62-2.94C13.85.08 5.12 6.51 5.12 16.35c0 7.3 3.26 11.83 9.77 15.56l9.61 5.48c5.48 3.18 7.7 6.19 7.7 10.72 0 5.64-3.18 9.77-10.64 9.77-9.29 0-13.58-5.08-15.32-16.2H4.1V60.5h1.98c.16-1.67.95-2.3 1.91-2.3Zm65.97 3.26c11.11-.03 19.13-8.81 20.4-20.72l-2.22-.64c-2.54 8.26-7.22 12.46-13.97 12.46-12.23 0-16.04-14.93-16.04-27.87 0-15.56 6.11-21.28 14.13-21.28 5.72 0 11.83 5.72 14.45 16.59h2.06V.95h-1.91c-.16 1.27-.87 2.06-2.14 2.06-1.91 0-5.72-3.02-11.83-3.02-14.85 0-28.66 12.07-28.66 32.39 0 17.39 10.96 29.1 25.72 29.06Zm14.53 42.72L76.49 68.84H56.24v1.75c3.33.16 4.76.95 4.76 5.95v42c0 6.03-1.67 8.1-5.32 8.1-2.54 0-4.53-1.91-6.51-6.91L29.11 68.12h-2.7L6.35 119.89c-2.17 5.72-4.3 6.75-6.35 6.75v1.75h18.02v-1.75c-5.8-.24-8.65-2.7-5.8-10.48l2.05-5.4h17.88l3.45 8.97c2.3 5.72.64 6.91-3.73 6.91v1.75h39.62v-1.75c-4.13 0-6.27-1.19-6.27-8.02l.48-42.08 17.07 51.29h2.14l17.63-51.05v43.9c0 5.48-1.75 5.95-5.08 5.95v1.75h23.34v-1.75c-3.33 0-4.76-.48-4.76-5.95V76.54c0-5.56 1.43-5.95 4.76-5.95v-1.75h-19.85l-12.46 35.33Zm-72.88 3.1 7.56-19.85 7.63 19.85H15.6ZM120.79 2.7V.95h-23.1V2.7c3.33 0 4.84.32 4.84 5.95v44.14c0 5.48-1.51 5.95-4.84 5.95v1.75h23.1v-1.75c-3.33 0-4.76-.48-4.76-5.95V8.65c0-5.64 1.43-5.95 4.76-5.95Z"></path></svg></a></div><div class="center-oMgM8 flex-aYeiI"></div><div class="right-4LP3J flex-aYeiI"><button type="button" id="radix-:R5t:" aria-haspopup="menu" aria-expanded="false" data-state="closed" class="trigger-8ea-U" aria-label="User Menu"><div class="dropdownIconContainer-hDbEe"><svg width="1em" height="1em" viewBox="0 0 472 472" fill="currentColor" role="img" aria-label="User" class="dropdownIcon-XeKnP profileIconImg-pc8tD"><path d="M403 69a235 235 0 0 0-334 0 235 235 0 0 0 0 334 235 235 0 0 0 334 0 235 235 0 0 0 0-334ZM118 412a122 122 0 0 1 237 0 211 211 0 0 1-237 0Zm41-197a77 77 0 1 1 155 0 77 77 0 0 1-155 0Zm216 181c-14-43-48-77-91-92a101 101 0 1 0-96 0c-43 15-77 49-91 92a212 212 0 1 1 278 0Z"></path></svg><div class="dropdownIcon-XeKnP initials-z1adZ"></div></div></button></div></div></header><main class="main-gNG8x"><h1 class="issuesTitle-F-sWZ">Archive</h1><h2 class="yearSubTitle-yMM-q">2002</h2><div style="border-top:2px solid #444;padding-top:1rem;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;top:calc(var(--nav-height,0px) - 2px);background:#fff;z-index:1;width:var(--standard-width);max-width:var(--standard-max-width);margin:1rem auto"><div style="margin:0 -1rem 0.1rem"><div class="decades" style="display:flex;justify-content:space-between;overflow-y:hidden;overflow-x:auto;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;overscroll-behavior:contain;gap:0.2rem;padding:0 1rem 0.5rem 1rem;scroll-padding:1rem;font-size:0.85rem;flex-flow:row-reverse"><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1840s/">1840s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1850s/">1850s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1860s/">1860s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1870s/">1870s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1880s/">1880s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1890s/">1890s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1900s/">1900s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1910s/">1910s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1920s/">1920s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1930s/">1930s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1940s/">1940s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1950s/">1950s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1960s/">1960s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1970s/">1970s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1980s/">1980s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1990s/">1990s</a><a class="date-selector decade selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:#093969;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:600;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2000s/">2000s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2010s/">2010s</a><a class="date-selector decade" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2020s/">2020s</a></div><div class="years" style="display:flex;overflow-y:hidden;overflow-x:scroll;-webkit-overflow-scrolling:touch;overscroll-behavior:contain;gap:0.2rem;padding:0 1rem 0.5rem 1rem;scroll-padding:1rem;color:#777;font-size:0.85rem;flex-flow:row-reverse"><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1845/">1845</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1846/">1846</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1847/">1847</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1848/">1848</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1849/">1849</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1850/">1850</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1851/">1851</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1852/">1852</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1853/">1853</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1854/">1854</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1855/">1855</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1856/">1856</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1857/">1857</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1858/">1858</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1859/">1859</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1860/">1860</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1861/">1861</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1862/">1862</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1863/">1863</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1864/">1864</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1865/">1865</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1866/">1866</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1867/">1867</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1868/">1868</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1869/">1869</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1870/">1870</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1871/">1871</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1872/">1872</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1873/">1873</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1874/">1874</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1875/">1875</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1876/">1876</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1877/">1877</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1878/">1878</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1879/">1879</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1880/">1880</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1881/">1881</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1882/">1882</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1883/">1883</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1884/">1884</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1885/">1885</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1886/">1886</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1887/">1887</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1888/">1888</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1889/">1889</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1890/">1890</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1891/">1891</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1892/">1892</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1893/">1893</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1894/">1894</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1895/">1895</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1896/">1896</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1897/">1897</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1898/">1898</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1899/">1899</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1900/">1900</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1901/">1901</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1902/">1902</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1903/">1903</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1904/">1904</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1905/">1905</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1906/">1906</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1907/">1907</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1908/">1908</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1909/">1909</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1910/">1910</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1911/">1911</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1912/">1912</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1913/">1913</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1914/">1914</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1915/">1915</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1916/">1916</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1917/">1917</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1918/">1918</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1919/">1919</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1920/">1920</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1921/">1921</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1922/">1922</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1923/">1923</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1924/">1924</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1925/">1925</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1926/">1926</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1927/">1927</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1928/">1928</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1929/">1929</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1930/">1930</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1931/">1931</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1932/">1932</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1933/">1933</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1934/">1934</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1935/">1935</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1936/">1936</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1937/">1937</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1938/">1938</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1939/">1939</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1940/">1940</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1941/">1941</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1942/">1942</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1943/">1943</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1944/">1944</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1945/">1945</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1946/">1946</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1947/">1947</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1948/">1948</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1949/">1949</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1950/">1950</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1951/">1951</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1952/">1952</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1953/">1953</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1954/">1954</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1955/">1955</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1956/">1956</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1957/">1957</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1958/">1958</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1959/">1959</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1960/">1960</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1961/">1961</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1962/">1962</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1963/">1963</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1964/">1964</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1965/">1965</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1966/">1966</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1967/">1967</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1968/">1968</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1969/">1969</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1970/">1970</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1971/">1971</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1972/">1972</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1973/">1973</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1974/">1974</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1975/">1975</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1976/">1976</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1977/">1977</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1978/">1978</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1979/">1979</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1980/">1980</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1981/">1981</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1982/">1982</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1983/">1983</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1984/">1984</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1985/">1985</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1986/">1986</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1987/">1987</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1988/">1988</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1989/">1989</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1990/">1990</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1991/">1991</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1992/">1992</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1993/">1993</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1994/">1994</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1995/">1995</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1996/">1996</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1997/">1997</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1998/">1998</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/1999/">1999</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2000/">2000</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2001/">2001</a><a class="date-selector exact selected" style="cursor:pointer;border:1px solid #09396922;color:#093969;background-color:#3576b322;border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:700;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2002/">2002</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2003/">2003</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2004/">2004</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2005/">2005</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2006/">2006</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2007/">2007</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2008/">2008</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2009/">2009</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2010/">2010</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2011/">2011</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2012/">2012</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2013/">2013</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2014/">2014</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2015/">2015</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2016/">2016</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2017/">2017</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2018/">2018</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2019/">2019</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2020/">2020</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2021/">2021</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2022/">2022</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2023/">2023</a><a class="date-selector" style="cursor:pointer;border:none;color:var(--color-black);border-radius:0.5rem;padding:0.25rem 0.5rem;font-weight:400;text-decoration:none" href="/archive/issues/2024/">2024</a></div></div></div><div class="issue__list-8JHD2"><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/2002/12-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/087ED8A7-BF31-45F2-BB2B4713F4732D2D_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 287 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/087ED8A7-BF31-45F2-BB2B4713F4732D2D_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/087ED8A7-BF31-45F2-BB2B4713F4732D2D_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="2002-12-01">December 2002</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/2002/11-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83482839-FB1E-4D11-AA1978D8C777B5CC_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 287 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83482839-FB1E-4D11-AA1978D8C777B5CC_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83482839-FB1E-4D11-AA1978D8C777B5CC_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="2002-11-01">November 2002</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/special-editions/2002/the-once-and-future-cosmos/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D33BC8ED-FEFD-467D-843A7DE36347E3BD_source.jpg?w=600" alt="SA Special Editions Vol 12 Issue 2s" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D33BC8ED-FEFD-467D-843A7DE36347E3BD_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D33BC8ED-FEFD-467D-843A7DE36347E3BD_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Special Edition</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="2002-10-01">October 2002</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/2002/10-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/022212FA-4E5A-4676-A32DC4D564946ACA_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 287 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/022212FA-4E5A-4676-A32DC4D564946ACA_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/022212FA-4E5A-4676-A32DC4D564946ACA_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="2002-10-01">October 2002</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/2002/09-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/063CEA6B-178C-4CDA-96583843F6FFE4CE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 287 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/063CEA6B-178C-4CDA-96583843F6FFE4CE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/063CEA6B-178C-4CDA-96583843F6FFE4CE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="2002-09-01">September 2002</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/2002/08-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8B1EC914-631E-4768-B806596D41277CA9_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 287 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8B1EC914-631E-4768-B806596D41277CA9_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8B1EC914-631E-4768-B806596D41277CA9_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="2002-08-01">August 2002</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/2002/07-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F0D8F76-F204-453A-8A2F89E72241F52B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 287 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F0D8F76-F204-453A-8A2F89E72241F52B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F0D8F76-F204-453A-8A2F89E72241F52B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="2002-07-01">July 2002</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/2002/06-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4210DAC2-E468-46BC-9FA77BC57FCA496C_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 286 Issue 6" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4210DAC2-E468-46BC-9FA77BC57FCA496C_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4210DAC2-E468-46BC-9FA77BC57FCA496C_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="2002-06-01">June 2002</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/2002/05-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F4E97173-8F2E-4303-B8FDA693525FDE4B_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 286 Issue 5" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F4E97173-8F2E-4303-B8FDA693525FDE4B_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F4E97173-8F2E-4303-B8FDA693525FDE4B_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="2002-05-01">May 2002</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/2002/04-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/72C33DD4-A515-41E0-AF3DD5D4B59B9504_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 286 Issue 4" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/72C33DD4-A515-41E0-AF3DD5D4B59B9504_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/72C33DD4-A515-41E0-AF3DD5D4B59B9504_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="2002-04-01">April 2002</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/2002/03-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A9A07C41-EE52-4F4F-92F63C41A0173592_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 286 Issue 3" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A9A07C41-EE52-4F4F-92F63C41A0173592_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A9A07C41-EE52-4F4F-92F63C41A0173592_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="2002-03-01">March 2002</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/2002/02-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DCA53CAA-9870-447A-A3B94C7D04DDDCAE_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 286 Issue 2" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DCA53CAA-9870-447A-A3B94C7D04DDDCAE_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DCA53CAA-9870-447A-A3B94C7D04DDDCAE_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="2002-02-01">February 2002</time></div></div></div></a></div><div class="list__item--tR3J"><a class="issue__link-3e-qg" href="/issue/sa/2002/01-01/"><div class="issue-VnvuN"><div><div><figure class="issueImageContainer-WnIB2"><img class="issue__cover__image-35p5E" src="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8B509DDE-880F-470C-A337CCFB35B36015_source.jpg?w=600" alt="Scientific American Magazine Vol 286 Issue 1" srcSet="https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8B509DDE-880F-470C-A337CCFB35B36015_source.jpg?w=300 300w, https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8B509DDE-880F-470C-A337CCFB35B36015_source.jpg?w=600 600w" sizes="300px" width="300" loading="lazy"/></figure></div></div><div class="issue__info-Wrv5W"><h3 class="issue__title-rRMdq">Scientific American</h3><div class="issue__date-ozuG1"><time dateTime="2002-01-01">January 2002</time></div></div></div></a></div></div></main><footer class="footer-VfsmT"><div class="footerContainer-pfbjC"><h2 class="footerMainText-wQ3og">Expand Your World with Science</h2></div><div class="footerFlexContainer-XKe5g footerContainer-pfbjC"><div class="footerLinks-m1THn"><p class="footerText-PzHcy">Learn and share the most exciting discoveries, innovations and ideas shaping our world today.</p><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/getsciam/">Subscribe</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/newsletter-signup/">Sign up for our newsletters</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/">See the latest stories</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/latest-issue/">Read the latest issue</a><a class="footerLink-uRzI4" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/getsciam/gift/">Give a Gift Subscription</a><p class="footerSocialMedia-7KIIV">Follow Us:<a href="https://www.instagram.com/scientific_american/?hl=en" target="_blank" alt="Instagram link" title="Instagram"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M224.1 141c-63.6 0-114.9 51.3-114.9 114.9s51.3 114.9 114.9 114.9S339 319.5 339 255.9 287.7 141 224.1 141zm0 189.6c-41.1 0-74.7-33.5-74.7-74.7s33.5-74.7 74.7-74.7 74.7 33.5 74.7 74.7-33.6 74.7-74.7 74.7zm146.4-194.3c0 14.9-12 26.8-26.8 26.8-14.9 0-26.8-12-26.8-26.8s12-26.8 26.8-26.8 26.8 12 26.8 26.8zm76.1 27.2c-1.7-35.9-9.9-67.7-36.2-93.9-26.2-26.2-58-34.4-93.9-36.2-37-2.1-147.9-2.1-184.9 0-35.8 1.7-67.6 9.9-93.9 36.1s-34.4 58-36.2 93.9c-2.1 37-2.1 147.9 0 184.9 1.7 35.9 9.9 67.7 36.2 93.9s58 34.4 93.9 36.2c37 2.1 147.9 2.1 184.9 0 35.9-1.7 67.7-9.9 93.9-36.2 26.2-26.2 34.4-58 36.2-93.9 2.1-37 2.1-147.8 0-184.8zM398.8 388c-7.8 19.6-22.9 34.7-42.6 42.6-29.5 11.7-99.5 9-132.1 9s-102.7 2.6-132.1-9c-19.6-7.8-34.7-22.9-42.6-42.6-11.7-29.5-9-99.5-9-132.1s-2.6-102.7 9-132.1c7.8-19.6 22.9-34.7 42.6-42.6 29.5-11.7 99.5-9 132.1-9s102.7-2.6 132.1 9c19.6 7.8 34.7 22.9 42.6 42.6 11.7 29.5 9 99.5 9 132.1s2.7 102.7-9 132.1z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.youtube.com/user/SciAmerican" target="_blank" alt="YouTube link" title="YouTube"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 576 512"><path d="M549.655 124.083c-6.281-23.65-24.787-42.276-48.284-48.597C458.781 64 288 64 288 64S117.22 64 74.629 75.486c-23.497 6.322-42.003 24.947-48.284 48.597-11.412 42.867-11.412 132.305-11.412 132.305s0 89.438 11.412 132.305c6.281 23.65 24.787 41.5 48.284 47.821C117.22 448 288 448 288 448s170.78 0 213.371-11.486c23.497-6.321 42.003-24.171 48.284-47.821 11.412-42.867 11.412-132.305 11.412-132.305s0-89.438-11.412-132.305zm-317.51 213.508V175.185l142.739 81.205-142.739 81.201z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.threads.net/@scientific_american" target="_blank" alt="Threads link" title="Threads"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M331.5 235.7c2.2.9 4.2 1.9 6.3 2.8c29.2 14.1 50.6 35.2 61.8 61.4c15.7 36.5 17.2 95.8-30.3 143.2c-36.2 36.2-80.3 52.5-142.6 53h-.3c-70.2-.5-124.1-24.1-160.4-70.2c-32.3-41-48.9-98.1-49.5-169.6v-.5c.5-71.5 17.1-128.6 49.4-169.6c36.3-46.1 90.3-69.7 160.5-70.2h.3c70.3.5 124.9 24 162.3 69.9c18.4 22.7 32 50 40.6 81.7l-40.4 10.8c-7.1-25.8-17.8-47.8-32.2-65.4c-29.2-35.8-73-54.2-130.5-54.6c-57 .5-100.1 18.8-128.2 54.4C72.1 146.1 58.5 194.3 58 256c.5 61.7 14.1 109.9 40.3 143.3c28 35.6 71.2 53.9 128.2 54.4c51.4-.4 85.4-12.6 113.7-40.9c32.3-32.2 31.7-71.8 21.4-95.9c-6.1-14.2-17.1-26-31.9-34.9c-3.7 26.9-11.8 48.3-24.7 64.8c-17.1 21.8-41.4 33.6-72.7 35.3c-23.6 1.3-46.3-4.4-63.9-16c-20.8-13.8-33-34.8-34.3-59.3c-2.5-48.3 35.7-83 95.2-86.4c21.1-1.2 40.9-.3 59.2 2.8c-2.4-14.8-7.3-26.6-14.6-35.2c-10-11.7-25.6-17.7-46.2-17.8h-.7c-16.6 0-39 4.6-53.3 26.3l-34.4-23.6c19.2-29.1 50.3-45.1 87.8-45.1h.8c62.6.4 99.9 39.5 103.7 107.7l-.2.2zm-156 68.8c1.3 25.1 28.4 36.8 54.6 35.3c25.6-1.4 54.6-11.4 59.5-73.2c-13.2-2.9-27.8-4.4-43.4-4.4c-4.8 0-9.6.1-14.4.4c-42.9 2.4-57.2 23.2-56.2 41.8z"></path></svg></a><a href="https://www.facebook.com/ScientificAmerican" target="_blank" alt="Facebook link" title="Facebook"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 320 512"><path d="M279.14 288l14.22-92.66h-88.91v-60.13c0-25.35 12.42-50.06 52.24-50.06h40.42V6.26S260.43 0 225.36 0c-73.22 0-121.08 44.38-121.08 124.72v70.62H22.89V288h81.39v224h100.17V288z"></path></svg></a><a href="/platform/syndication/rss/" target="_blank" alt="RSS feed" title="RSS feed"><svg class="footerSocialIcon-UQyIx" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 448 512"><path d="M0 64C0 46.3 14.3 32 32 32c229.8 0 416 186.2 416 416c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32C384 253.6 226.4 96 32 96C14.3 96 0 81.7 0 64zM0 416a64 64 0 1 1 128 0A64 64 0 1 1 0 416zM32 160c159.1 0 288 128.9 288 288c0 17.7-14.3 32-32 32s-32-14.3-32-32c0-123.7-100.3-224-224-224c-17.7 0-32-14.3-32-32s14.3-32 32-32z"></path></svg></a></p></div><div class="footerImageContainer-omuef"><img class="footerImage-fMFhw" src="/static/assets/footerProductImg-f6732134.png" alt="Scientific American publications in print & digital formats" as="image" loading="lazy"/></div></div><div class="grid-c0--6 footerContainer-pfbjC"><div><ul><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/return-refund-policy/">Return & Refund Policy</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/about-scientific-american/">About</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/pressroom/">Press Room</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="/page/frequently-asked-questions/subscriptions-products/">FAQs</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/contact-us/customer-service/">Contact Us</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/international/">International Editions</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/mediakit/">Advertise</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/accessibility-statement/">Accessibility Statement</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/terms-of-use/">Terms of Use</a></li></ul></div><div><ul class="footer-links"><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/privacy-policy/">Privacy Policy</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="https://www.scientificamerican.com/page/california-consumer-privacy-statement/">California Consumer Privacy Statement</a></li><li><a class="footerSmallLink-tZvCu" href="#">Use of cookies/Do not sell my data</a></li></ul></div></div><div class="footerContainer-pfbjC"><p>Scientific American is part of Springer Nature, which owns or has commercial relations with thousands of scientific publications (many of them can be found at www.springernature.com/us). Scientific American maintains a strict policy of editorial independence in reporting developments in science to our readers.</p><p>漏 2024 SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN, A DIVISION OF SPRINGER NATURE AMERICA, INC.<br/>ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.</p></div></footer></div> <script id="__DATA__">window.__DATA__=JSON.parse(`{"initialData":{"issues":[{"contentful_id":"4IAi6PWGemxkSK8hUU38ZI","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/2002/12-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"December 2002","volume":287,"issue":"6","issue_date":"2002-12-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/86D40F16-489F-464E-AFEBA88CACDF972F.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/087ED8A7-BF31-45F2-BB2B4713F4732D2D_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6aVeDxxyswqycjFZOQEoUz","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/2002/11-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"November 2002","volume":287,"issue":"5","issue_date":"2002-11-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AE9B2CF5-CF77-4DC0-8F7021CD3A27947A.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/83482839-FB1E-4D11-AA1978D8C777B5CC_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"41RwkaI3MUv1DprrAyR2qh","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/special-editions/2002/the-once-and-future-cosmos/","magazine_title":"SA Special Editions","issue_title":"The Once and Future Cosmos","volume":12,"issue":"2s","issue_date":"2002-10-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6899CD2E-2D9B-488C-B12AD179B1551AE3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D33BC8ED-FEFD-467D-843A7DE36347E3BD_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":549,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7kTQELgUHxDi2EdQYgDWJA","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/2002/10-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"October 2002","volume":287,"issue":"4","issue_date":"2002-10-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/1EF46CDB-4CA6-4643-A89F69554B7D822C.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/022212FA-4E5A-4676-A32DC4D564946ACA_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1hxTx4jeua0M3yfeVItClw","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/2002/09-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"September 2002","volume":287,"issue":"3","issue_date":"2002-09-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/6E165B76-E766-4B47-80DC01D0ACEB42A0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/063CEA6B-178C-4CDA-96583843F6FFE4CE_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1Kjr8muiyWMxkM0DsnVbot","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/2002/08-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"August 2002","volume":287,"issue":"2","issue_date":"2002-08-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/63F438A0-0368-41E2-8CDC2BC4E6E376F4.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8B1EC914-631E-4768-B806596D41277CA9_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"7EKcTrWOxYg8CgY3bFZUaV","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/2002/07-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"July 2002","volume":287,"issue":"1","issue_date":"2002-07-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DC4449D1-EC4E-4724-B8D784FCC47A31A1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8F0D8F76-F204-453A-8A2F89E72241F52B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5qivs4vuMitgG9LxV3BAqF","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/2002/06-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"June 2002","volume":286,"issue":"6","issue_date":"2002-06-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/FCD2F563-4F4C-4D2B-B4671C161754EED3.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/4210DAC2-E468-46BC-9FA77BC57FCA496C_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"42mcHsmyomZUN5GSgy04QR","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/2002/05-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"May 2002","volume":286,"issue":"5","issue_date":"2002-05-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/AAD9352B-04DE-4F1F-AECA4DD2C6771D0D.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/F4E97173-8F2E-4303-B8FDA693525FDE4B_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"1LgbFbmrbMv2OzHy7NStUL","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/2002/04-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"April 2002","volume":286,"issue":"4","issue_date":"2002-04-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/7B32701C-5ED8-4539-AF995A3247BB1DD0.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/72C33DD4-A515-41E0-AF3DD5D4B59B9504_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"5T6qalMO467vVbI6HQabzF","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/2002/03-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"March 2002","volume":286,"issue":"3","issue_date":"2002-03-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/D0FC79AE-C0A3-4434-B9D0EAD9817C2A0E.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/A9A07C41-EE52-4F4F-92F63C41A0173592_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"22AjMFI8ivl4DQYzShKlLW","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/2002/02-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"February 2002","volume":286,"issue":"2","issue_date":"2002-02-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/40D3C3D3-12E7-464B-990FF0483E2E74C1.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/DCA53CAA-9870-447A-A3B94C7D04DDDCAE_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null},{"contentful_id":"6k6IDe5YHRpaUkeKqHTdPI","mura_id":null,"path":"/issue/sa/2002/01-01/","magazine_title":"Scientific American Magazine","issue_title":"January 2002","volume":286,"issue":"1","issue_date":"2002-01-01","pdf_file":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/CA414606-5DA9-46AA-99FC7041AE23EE01.pdf","image_url":"https://static.scientificamerican.com/sciam/cache/file/8B509DDE-880F-470C-A337CCFB35B36015_source.jpg","image_width":440,"image_height":582,"image_alt_text":null,"image_caption":null,"image_credits":null,"cover_credits":null,"image_desktop_url":null,"image_desktop_width":0,"image_desktop_height":0,"image":null}],"startYear":2002,"endYear":2002,"meta":{"title":"Issue Archive: 2002","canonicalUrl":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/2002/","tags":{"description":"Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845","og:title":"Issue Archive: 2002","og:description":"Browse Scientific American's archives going back to 1845"}},"dataLayerContent":{"content":{"articleDoi":"","authors":[],"canonicalUrl":"https://www.scientificamerican.com/archive/issues/2002/","categories":"","collectionId":"","collectionName":"","column":"","containsMedia":"","contentId":"","contentDifficulty":"","contentModeling":[],"durability":"","editors":[],"isPartner":false,"isResalable":false,"isSyndicated":false,"journalIssueName":"","language":"en","partnerName":"","platform":"hopper","paywallExempt":null,"podcastSeries":"","primaryCategory":"","printDek":"","printTitle":"","publishedAtDate":"","publishedAtDateTime":"","publishedAtTime":"","sentiment":"","subCategory":"","title":"Issue Archive: 2002","type":"archive","updatedAtDateTime":"","advertiser":"","campaign":"","isSponsored":false},"game":{"gameId":"","puzzleType":"","set":"","dek":""}},"abTestGroup":"4"},"bundle":"issues"}`)</script> <script data-layer="footer">;OptanonWrapper=()=>{};consentQueue=[];tp=[];pdl={requireConsent:'v2'};window.dataLayer=[];;window.__ads=[];_sf_async_config={};_cbq=[]</script> </body> </html>