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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Steps in the decommissioning process subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Steps_in_the_decommissioning_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decommissioning_plan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decommissioning_plan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Decommissioning plan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decommissioning_plan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disposal_of_nuclear_waste" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disposal_of_nuclear_waste"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Disposal of nuclear waste </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disposal_of_nuclear_waste-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Environmental_impact_assessment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Environmental_impact_assessment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Environmental impact assessment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Environmental_impact_assessment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Options" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Options"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Options </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Options-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Costs </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Costs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Costs subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Decommissioning_funds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decommissioning_funds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Decommissioning funds </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decommissioning_funds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Underfunding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underfunding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Underfunding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underfunding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples_by_country" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples_by_country"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Examples by country </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Examples_by_country-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_collaboration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_collaboration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 International collaboration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_collaboration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decommissioning_of_ships,_mobile_reactors,_and_military_reactors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decommissioning_of_ships,_mobile_reactors,_and_military_reactors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Decommissioning of ships, mobile reactors, and military reactors </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decommissioning_of_ships,_mobile_reactors,_and_military_reactors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_inactive_or_decommissioned_civil_nuclear_reactors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" 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id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nuclear decommissioning</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" > 15 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%81%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%83_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AD_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%86%D9%88%D9%88%D9%8A" title="تفكيك السلاح النووي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تفكيك السلاح النووي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmantellament_d%27una_central_nuclear" title="Desmantellament d'una central nuclear – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Desmantellament d'una central nuclear" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Decommissioning" title="Decommissioning – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Decommissioning" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stilllegung_kerntechnischer_Anlagen" title="Stilllegung kerntechnischer Anlagen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stilllegung kerntechnischer Anlagen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desmantelamiento_de_instalaciones_nucleares" title="Desmantelamiento de instalaciones nucleares – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Desmantelamiento de instalaciones nucleares" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraispen_nuklear" title="Eraispen nuklear – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Eraispen nuklear" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%A9mant%C3%A8lement_nucl%C3%A9aire" title="Démantèlement nucléaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Démantèlement nucléaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smantellamento_degli_impianti_nucleari" title="Smantellamento degli impianti nucleari – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Smantellamento degli impianti nucleari" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ontmanteling_van_een_kerncentrale" title="Ontmanteling van een kerncentrale – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ontmanteling van een kerncentrale" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BB%83%E7%82%89" title="廃炉 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="廃炉" 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class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="การรื้อถอนนิวเคลียร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การรื้อถอนนิวเคลียร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B7_%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%97_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Виведення з експлуатації реактора – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Виведення з експлуатації реактора" data-language-autonym="Українська" 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process of dismantling a nuclear facility</div> Nuclear decommissioning is the process leading to the irreversible complete or partial closure of a nuclear facility, usually a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reactor" title="Nuclear reactor">nuclear reactor</a>, with the ultimate aim at termination of the operating licence. The process usually runs according to a decommissioning plan, including the whole or partial <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dismantling_of_a_nuclear_facility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dismantling of a nuclear facility (page does not exist)">dismantling</a> and decontamination of the facility, ideally resulting in restoration of the environment up to <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_status" title="Greenfield status">greenfield status</a>. The decommissioning plan is fulfilled when the approved end state of the facility has been reached. The process typically takes about 15 to 30 years, or many decades more when an interim safe storage period is applied for <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a>. <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a> that remains after the decommissioning is either moved to an on-site storage facility where it is still under control of the owner, or moved to a <a href="/wiki/Dry_cask_storage" title="Dry cask storage">dry cask storage</a> or disposal facility at another location. The final disposal of nuclear waste from past and future decommissioning is a growing still unsolved problem. Decommissioning is an administrative and technical process. The facility is dismantled to the point that it no longer requires measures for radiation protection. It includes clean-up of radioactive materials. Once a facility is fully decommissioned, no radiological danger should persist. The license will be terminated and the site released from regulatory control. The plant licensee is then no longer responsible for the nuclear safety. The costs of decommissioning are to be covered by funds that are provided for in a decommissioning plan, which is part of the facility's initial authorization. They may be saved in a decommissioning fund, such as a trust fund. There are worldwide also hundreds of thousands small nuclear devices and facilities, for medical, industrial and research purposes, that will have to be decommissioned at some point.<a href="#cite_note-iaea-wmdb-2002-1">[1]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definition">edit</a>]</div> Nuclear decommissioning is the administrative and technical process leading to the irreversible closure of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear facility">nuclear facility</a> such as a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_plant" title="Nuclear power plant">nuclear power plant</a> (NPP), a <a href="/wiki/Research_reactor" title="Research reactor">research reactor</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Isotope" title="Isotope">isotope</a> production plant, a <a href="/wiki/Particle_accelerator" title="Particle accelerator">particle accelerator</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Uranium_mine" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium mine">uranium mine</a>. It refers to the administrative and technical actions taken to remove all or some of the regulatory controls from the facility to bring about that its site can be reused. Decommissioning includes planning, decontamination, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dismantling_of_a_nuclear_facility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dismantling of a nuclear facility (page does not exist)">dismantling</a> and materials management.<a href="#cite_note-iaea-decommissioning-2">[2]</a> Decommissioning is the final step in the lifecycle of a nuclear installation. It involves activities from shutdown and removal of nuclear material to the environmental restoration of the site.<a href="#cite_note-eu_decommissioning-3">[3]</a> The term decommissioning covers all measures carried out after a nuclear installation has been granted a decommissioning licence until nuclear regulatory supervision is no longer necessary. The aim is ideally to restore the natural initial state that existed before the construction of the nuclear power plant, the so-called <a href="/wiki/Greenfield_status" title="Greenfield status">greenfield status</a>.<a href="#cite_note-grs-4">[4]</a> Decommissioning includes all steps as described in the decommissioning plan, leading to the release of a nuclear facility from regulatory control. The decommissioning plan is fulfilled when the approved end state of the facility has been reached. Disposal facilities for <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive waste</a> are closed rather than decommissioned. The use of the term decommissioning implies that no further use of the facility (or part thereof) for its existing purpose is foreseen. Though decommissioning typically includes dismantling of the facility, it is not necessarily part of it as far as existing structures are reused after decommissioning and decontamination.<a href="#cite_note-iaea-glossary-2022-5">[5]</a>,p. 49-50 From the owner's perspective, the ultimate aim of decommissioning is termination of the operating license, once he has given certainty that the radiation at the site is below the legal limits, which in the US is an annual exposure of 25 millirem in case of releasing of the site to the public for unrestricted use.<a href="#cite_note-nrc-bg_decommissioning-6">[6]</a> The site will be dismantled to the point that it no longer requires measures for <a href="/wiki/Radiation_protection" title="Radiation protection">radiation protection</a>. Once a facility is decommissioned no radioactive danger persists and it can be released from regulatory control. The complete process usually takes about 20 to 30 years.<a href="#cite_note-eu_decommissioning-3">[3]</a> In the US, the decommissioning must be completed within 60 years of the plant ceasing operations, unless a longer time is necessary to protect public health and safety;<a href="#cite_note-nrc-bg_decommissioning-6">[6]</a> up to 50 years are for <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactive decay</a> and 10 years to dismantle the facility.<a href="#cite_note-nrc-overview-2017-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Steps_in_the_decommissioning_process">Steps in the decommissioning process</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Steps in the decommissioning process">edit</a>]</div> The decommissioning process encompasses: <dl><dt>pre-decommissioning</dt></dl> <ul><li>development of a decommissioning plan</li> <li>involvement of the public (in democracies)</li> <li>application for a decommissioning license</li> <li>permanent shutdown</li> <li>removal and disposal of <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fuel" title="Nuclear fuel">nuclear fuel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coolant" title="Coolant">coolant</a>(s) and/or <a href="/wiki/Neutron_moderator" title="Neutron moderator">moderator</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>decommissioning</dt></dl> <ul><li>dismantling and decontamination</li> <li>in the US, a License Termination Plan (LTP) has to be submitted two years prior to (the expected) termination of the plant license.<a href="#cite_note-epri-ltp-2002-8">[8]</a></li> <li>restoration of the environment</li> <li>termination of the operating license; turn over responsibilities</li> <li>monitoring of the site (in case of deferred dismantling/Safstor)</li> <li>monitoring and maintenance of the interim storage of spent fuel</li> <li>final disposal of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">radioactive waste</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decommissioning_plan">Decommissioning plan</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Decommissioning plan">edit</a>]</div> Under supervision of the <a href="/wiki/IAEA" class="mw-redirect" title="IAEA">IAEA</a>, a member state first develops a decommissioning plan to demonstrate the feasibility of decommissioning and assure that the associated costs are covered. At the final shutdown, a final decommissioning plan describes in detail how the decommissioning will take place, how the facility will be safely dismantled, ensuring radiation protection of the workers and the public, addressing environmental impacts, managing radioactive and non-radioactive materials, and termination of the regulatory authorization.<a href="#cite_note-iaea-decommissioning-2">[2]</a> In the EU, decommissioning operations are overseen by <a href="/wiki/Euratom" title="Euratom">Euratom</a>. Member states are assisted by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-eu_decommissioning-3">[3]</a> The progressive demolition of buildings and removal of <a href="/wiki/Radioactive" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioactive">radioactive</a> material is potentially occupationally hazardous, expensive, time-intensive, and presents environmental risks that must be addressed to ensure radioactive materials are either transported elsewhere for storage or stored on-site in a safe manner. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Disposal_of_nuclear_waste">Disposal of nuclear waste</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Disposal of nuclear waste">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dry_Storage_of_Spent_Nuclear_Fuel_(7845746956).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dry_Storage_of_Spent_Nuclear_Fuel_%287845746956%29.jpg/220px-Dry_Storage_of_Spent_Nuclear_Fuel_%287845746956%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dry_Storage_of_Spent_Nuclear_Fuel_%287845746956%29.jpg/330px-Dry_Storage_of_Spent_Nuclear_Fuel_%287845746956%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Dry_Storage_of_Spent_Nuclear_Fuel_%287845746956%29.jpg/440px-Dry_Storage_of_Spent_Nuclear_Fuel_%287845746956%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1139" /></a><figcaption>Graphic of a dry storage of spent nuclear fuel</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_waste" title="Radioactive waste">Radioactive waste</a> that remains after the decommissioning is either moved to an on-site storage facility where it still is under control of the plant owner, or moved to a <a href="/wiki/Dry_cask_storage" title="Dry cask storage">dry cask storage</a> or disposal facility at another location.<a href="#cite_note-nrc_storage-nrc-9">[9]</a> The problem of long-term disposal of nuclear waste is still unsolved. Pending the availability of <a href="/wiki/Deep_geological_repository#Nuclear_repository_sites" title="Deep geological repository">geologic repository sites</a> for long-term disposal, interim storage is necessary. As the planned <a href="/wiki/Yucca_Mountain_nuclear_waste_repository" title="Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository">Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository</a> – like elsewhere in the world – is controversial, on- or off-site storage in the US usually takes place in Independent Spent Fuel Storage Facilities (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Spent_Fuel_Storage_Facility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent Spent Fuel Storage Facility (page does not exist)">ISFSI</a>'s).<a href="#cite_note-isfsi-nrc-10">[10]</a> In the UK, all eleven <a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a> reactors are in decommissioning under responsibility of the NDA. The spent fuel was removed and transferred to the <a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> site in Cumbria for reprocessing.<a href="#cite_note-magnox-nda-2017-11">[11]</a> Facilities for "temporary" storage of nuclear waste – mainly 'Intermediate Level Waste' (ILW) – are in the UK called Interim Storage Facilities (ISF's).<a href="#cite_note-decom_chapel-2022-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Environmental_impact_assessment">Environmental impact assessment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Environmental impact assessment">edit</a>]</div> The decommission of a nuclear reactor can only take place after the appropriate licence has been granted pursuant to the relevant legislation. As part of the licensing procedure, various documents, reports and expert opinions have to be written and delivered to the competent authority, e.g. safety report, technical documents and an <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">environmental impact assessment</a> (EIA). In the European Union these documents are a precondition for granting such a licence is an opinion by the European Commission according to Article 37 of the <a href="/wiki/Euratom_Treaty" title="Euratom Treaty">Euratom Treaty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> On the basis of these general data, the Commission must be in a position to assess the exposure of reference groups of the population in the nearest neighbouring states. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Options">Options</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Options">edit</a>]</div> There are several options for decommissioning: Immediate dismantling (DECON in the United States; ) Shortly after the permanent shutdown, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dismantling_of_a_nuclear_facility&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dismantling of a nuclear facility (page does not exist)">dismantling</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Decontamination" title="Decontamination">decontamination</a> of the facility begins. Equipment, structures, systems and components that contain radioactive material are removed and/or decontaminated to a level that permits the ending of regulatory control of the facility and its release, either for unrestricted use or with restrictions on its future use.<a href="#cite_note-iaea-glossary-2022-5">[5]</a>,p. 50 The operating license is terminated.<a href="#cite_note-nrc-bg_decommissioning-6">[6]</a> Deferred dismantling (<a href="/wiki/SAFSTOR" title="SAFSTOR">SAFSTOR</a> in the United States; "care and maintenance" (C&M) in the UK) The final decommissioning is postponed for a longer period, usually 30 to 50 years. Often the non-nuclear part of the facility is dismantled and the fuel removed immediately. The radioactive part is maintained and monitored in a condition that allows the radioactivity to decay. Afterwards, the plant is dismantled and the property decontaminated to levels that permit release for unrestricted or restrict use.<a href="#cite_note-iaea-glossary-2022-5">[5]</a> In the US, the decommissioning must be completed within 60 years.<a href="#cite_note-nrc-bg_decommissioning-6">[6]</a> With deferred dismantling, costs are shifted to the future, but this entails the risk of rising expenditures for decades to come and changing rules.<a href="#cite_note-deferred_clean-up_reuters-2016-14">[14]</a> Moreover, the site cannot be re-used until the decommissioning is finished, while there are no longer revenues from production. Partial entombment The US has introduced the so-called In Situ Decommissioning (ISD) closures. All aboveground structures are dismantled; all remaining belowground structures are entombed by <a href="/wiki/Grouting" class="mw-redirect" title="Grouting">grouting</a> all spaces. Advantages are lower decommissioning costs and safer execution. Disadvantages are main components remaining undismantled and definitively inaccessible. The site has to be monitored indefinitely. This method was implemented at the <a href="/wiki/Savannah_River_Site" title="Savannah River Site">Savannah River Site</a> in South Carolina for the closure of the P and R Reactors. With this method, the cost of decommissioning for each reactor was about $73 million. In comparison, the decommissioning of each reactor using traditional methods would have been an estimated $250 million. This resulted in a 71% decrease in cost.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Other examples are the <a href="/wiki/Hallam_Nuclear_Power_Facility" title="Hallam Nuclear Power Facility">Hallam nuclear reactor</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Experimental_Breeder_Reactor_II" title="Experimental Breeder Reactor II">Experimental Breeder Reactor II</a>. Complete entombment The facility will not be dismantled. Instead it is <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_entombment" title="Nuclear entombment">entombed</a> and maintained indefinitely, and surveillance is continued until the entombed radioactive waste is <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">decayed</a> to a level permitting termination of the license and unrestricted release of the property. The licensee maintains the license previously issued.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> This option is likely the only possible one in case of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear disaster">nuclear disaster</a> where the reactor is destroyed and dismantling is impossible or too dangerous. An example of full entombment is the <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_New_Safe_Confinement" title="Chernobyl New Safe Confinement">Chernobyl reactor</a>. In IAEA terms, entombment is not considered an acceptable strategy for decommissioning a facility following a planned permanent shutdown, except under exceptional circumstances, such as a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear disaster">nuclear disaster</a>. In that case, the structure has to be maintained and surveillance continued until the radioactive material is decayed to a level permitting termination of the licence and unrestricted release of the structure.<a href="#cite_note-iaea-glossary-2022-5">[5]</a>,p. 50 <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costs">Costs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Costs">edit</a>]</div> The calculation of the total cost of decommissioning is challenging, as there are large differences between countries regarding inclusion of certain costs, such as on-site storage of fuel and radioactive waste from decommissioning, dismanting of non-radioactive buildings and structures, and transport and (final) disposal of radioactive waste.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-nea_costs-2016-17">[17]</a>,p. 61 Moreover, estimates of future costs of deferred decommissioning are virtually impossible, due to the long periode, where inflation and rising costs are unpredictable. Nuclear decommissioning projects are characterized by high and highly variable costs, long schedule and a range of risks. Compared with non-nuclear decommissioning, additional costs are usually related with radiological hazards and safety & security requirements, but also with higher wages for required higher qualified personnel. Benchmarking, comparing projects in different countries, may be useful in estimating the cost of decommissioning. While, for instance, costs for spent fuel and high-level-waste management significantly impacts the budget and schedule of decommissioning projects, it is necessary to clarify which is the starting and the ending point of the decommissioning process.<a href="#cite_note-benchmarking-2017-18">[18]</a> The effective decommissioning activities begin after all nuclear fuel has been removed from the plant areas that will be decommissioned and these activities form a critical component of pre-decommissioning operations, thus should be factored into the decommissioning plan. The chosen option – immediate or deferred decommissioning – impacts the overall costs. Many other factors also influence the cost. A 2018 <a href="/wiki/KPMG" title="KPMG">KPMG</a> article about decommissioning costs observes that many entities do not include the cost of managing spent nuclear fuel, removed from the plant areas that will be decommissioned (in the US routinely stored in <a href="/w/index.php?title=ISFSI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISFSI (page does not exist)">ISFSIs</a>).<a href="#cite_note-kpmg_decom-2018-19">[19]</a> In 2004, in a meeting in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> estimated the total cost for the decommissioning of all nuclear facilities. Decommissioning of all nuclear power reactors in the world would require US$187 <a href="/wiki/Billion_(short_scale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billion (short scale)">billion</a>; US$71 billion for fuel cycle facilities; less than US$7 billion for all research reactors; and US$640 billion for dismantling all military reactors for the production of weapons-grade <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, research fuel facilities, <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_reprocessing" title="Nuclear reprocessing">nuclear reprocessing</a> chemical separation facilities, etc. The total cost to decommission the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_fission" title="Nuclear fission">nuclear fission</a> industry in the <a href="/wiki/World" title="World">World</a> (from 2001 to 2050) was estimated at US$1 <a href="/wiki/Trillion_(short_scale)" class="mw-redirect" title="Trillion (short scale)">trillion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Market Watch estimated (2019) the global decommissioning costs in the nuclear sector in the range of US$1 billion to US$1.5 billion per 1,000-megawatt plant.<a href="#cite_note-invernizzi-2020-21">[21]</a> The huge costs of research and development for (geological) longterm disposal of nuclear waste are collectively defrayed by the taxpayers in different countries, not by the companies. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decommissioning_funds">Decommissioning funds</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decommissioning funds">edit</a>]</div> The costs of decommissioning are to be covered by funds that are provided for in a decommissioning plan, which is part of the facility's initial authorization, before the start of the operations. In this way, it is ensured that there will be sufficient money to pay for the eventual decommissioning of the facility. This may for example be through saving in a trust fund or a guarantee from the parent company<a href="#cite_note-decommissioning_funds-22">[22]</a> Switzerland has a central fund for decommissioning its five nuclear power reactors, and another one for disposal the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear waste">nuclear waste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Germany has also a state-owned fund for decommissioning of the plants and managing radioactive waste, for which the reactor owners have to pay. The UK Government (the taxpayers) will pay most of the costs for both nuclear decommissioning and existing waste. <a href="#cite_note-dorfman-2017-24">[24]</a> The decommissioning of all <a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a> reactors is entirely funded by the state.<a href="#cite_note-nda_strat-129_2016-25">[25]</a> Since 2010, owners of new nuclear plants in the Netherlands are obliged to set up a decommissioning fund before construction is started.<a href="#cite_note-tekort_dodewaard-2010-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Underfunding">Underfunding</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Underfunding">edit</a>]</div> The economic costs of decommissioning will increase as more assets reach the end of their life, but few operators have put aside sufficient funds.<a href="#cite_note-invernizzi-2020-21">[21]</a> In 2016 the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> assessed that European Union's nuclear decommissioning liabilities were seriously underfunded by about 118 billion euros, with only 150 billion euros of earmarked assets to cover 268 billion euros of expected decommissioning costs covering both dismantling of nuclear plants and storage of radioactive parts and waste.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-20160216-27">[27]</a> In Feb 2017, a committee of the French parliament warned that the state-controlled <a href="/wiki/%C3%89lectricit%C3%A9_de_France" title="Électricité de France">EDF</a> has underestimated the costs for decommissioning. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">France</a> had set aside only €23 billion for decommissioning and waste storage of its 58 reactors, which was less than a third of 74 billion in expected costs,<a href="#cite_note-reuters-20160216-27">[27]</a> while the UK's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">NDA</a> estimated that clean-up of UK's 17 nuclear sites will cost between €109-€250 billion. EDF estimated the total cost at €54 billion. According to the parliamentary commission, the clean-up of French reactors will take longer, be more challenging and cost much more than EDF anticipates. It said that EDF showed "excessive optimism" concerning the decommissioning.<a href="#cite_note-dorfman-2017-24">[24]</a> EDF values some €350 million per reactor, whereas European operators count with between 900 million and 1.3 billion euros per reactor. The EDF's estimate was primarily based on the single historic example of the already dismantled <a href="/wiki/Chooz_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Chooz Nuclear Power Plant">Chooz A reactor</a>. The committee argued that costs like restoration of the site, removal of spent fuel, taxes and insurance and social costs should be included.<a href="#cite_note-reuters-2017-28">[28]</a> Similar concerns about underfunding exist in the United States, where the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission">U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> has located apparent decommissioning funding assurance shortfalls and requested 18 power plants to address that issue.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> The decommissioning cost of <a href="/wiki/Small_modular_reactor" title="Small modular reactor">Small modular reactors</a> is expected to be twice as much respect to Large Reactors.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Examples_by_country">Examples by country</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Examples by country">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kernkraftwerk_Isar_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kernkraftwerk_Isar_01.jpg/220px-Kernkraftwerk_Isar_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kernkraftwerk_Isar_01.jpg/330px-Kernkraftwerk_Isar_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Kernkraftwerk_Isar_01.jpg/440px-Kernkraftwerk_Isar_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5796" data-file-height="3260" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Isar_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Isar Nuclear Power Plant">Isar Nuclear Power Plant</a> in Germany was taken out of service in April 2023.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></figcaption></figure> In France, decommissioning of <a href="/wiki/Brennilis_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Brennilis Nuclear Power Plant">Brennilis Nuclear Power Plant</a>, a fairly small 70 MW power plant, already cost €480 million (20x the estimate costs) and is still pending after 20 years. Despite the huge investments in securing the dismantlement, radioactive elements such as <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caesium-137" title="Caesium-137">caesium-137</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cobalt-60" title="Cobalt-60">cobalt-60</a> leaked out into the surrounding lake.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In the UK, the decommissioning of civil nuclear assets were estimated to be £99 to £232 billion (2020), earlier in 2005 under-estimated to be £20-40 billion. The <a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> site (Calder Hall, Windscale and the reprocessing facility) alone accounts for most of the decommissioning cost and increase in cost;<a href="#cite_note-invernizzi-2020-21">[21]</a> as of 2015, the costs were estimated £53.2 billion.<a href="#cite_note-nda_strat-129_2016-25">[25]</a> In 2019, the estimate was even much higher: £97 billion.<a href="#cite_note-nda_cost_update-2019-34">[34]</a> A 2013 estimate by the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a> predicted costs of at least £100 billion to decommission the 19 existing United Kingdom nuclear sites.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> In Germany, decommissioning of <a href="/wiki/Niederaichbach" title="Niederaichbach">Niederaichbach</a> nuclear power plant, a 100 MW power plant, amounted to more than €143 million.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Lithuania has increased the prognosis of decommissioning costs from €2019 million in 2010 to €3376 million in 2015.<a href="#cite_note-invernizzi-2020-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> The decommissioning can only be completed after the on-site storage of nuclear waste has been ended. Under the 1982 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Waste_Policy_Act" title="Nuclear Waste Policy Act">Nuclear Waste Policy Act</a>, a "Nuclear Waste Fund", funded by tax on electricity was established to build a <a href="/wiki/Geologic_repository" class="mw-redirect" title="Geologic repository">geologic repository</a>. On May 16, 2014, collection of the fee was suspended<a href="#cite_note-US_Senate_Vol_163_Issue_90_Article_S3140-1-36">[36]</a> after a complaint by owners and operators of nuclear power plants. By 2021, the Fund had a balance of more than $44 billion, including interest. Later, the Fund has been put back into the general fund and is being used for other purposes. As the plan for the <a href="/wiki/Yucca_Mountain_nuclear_waste_repository" title="Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository">Yucca Mountain nuclear waste repository</a> has been canceled, DOE announced in 2021 the establishing of an interim repository for nuclear waste.<a href="#cite_note-cbc_collected-2021-37">[37]</a> Because the government has failed to establish a central repository, the federal government pays about half-a-billion dollars a year to the utilities as penalty, to compensate the cost of storage at more than 80 ISFSI sites in 35 states as of 2021.<a href="#cite_note-sem-2018-38">[38]</a> As of 2021, the government had paid $9 billion to utility companies for their interim storage costs, which may grow to $31 billion or more.<a href="#cite_note-cbc_collected-2021-37">[37]</a> Nuclear waste costed the American taxpayers through the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Energy" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Energy">Department of Energy</a> (DOE) budget as of 2018 about $30 billion per year, $18 billion for nuclear power and $12 billion for waste from nuclear weapons programs.<a href="#cite_note-sem-2018-38">[38]</a> KPMG estimated the total cost of decommissioning the US nuclear fleet as of 2018 to be greater than US$150 billion. About two-thirds can be attributed to costs for termination of the NRC operating licence; 25% to management of spent fuel; and 10% to site restoration.<a href="#cite_note-kpmg_decom-2018-19">[19]</a> The decommissioning of only the three <a href="/wiki/Uranium_enrichment" class="mw-redirect" title="Uranium enrichment">uranium enrichment</a> facilities would have an estimated cost (2004) of US$18.7 to 62 billion, with an additional US$2 to 6 billion for the dismantling of a large inventory of depleted <a href="/wiki/Uranium_hexafluoride" title="Uranium hexafluoride">uranium hexafluoride</a>. A 2004 GAO report indicated the "costs will have exceeded revenues by $3.5 billion to $5.7 billion (in 2004 dollars)" for the 3 enrichment facilities slated for decommissioning.<a href="#cite_note-gao-04-692-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_collaboration">International collaboration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: International collaboration">edit</a>]</div> Organizations that promote the international sharing of information, knowledge, and experiences related to nuclear decommissioning include the <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Energy_Agency" title="Nuclear Energy Agency">Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development's Nuclear Energy Agency</a> and the <a href="/wiki/European_Atomic_Energy_Community" class="mw-redirect" title="European Atomic Energy Community">European Atomic Energy Community</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nuclear_Decommissioning-40">[40]</a> In addition, an online system called the Deactivation and Decommissioning Knowledge Management Information Tool was developed under the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a> and made available to the international community to support the exchange of ideas and information. The goals of international collaboration in nuclear decommissioning are to reduce decommissioning costs and improve worker safety.<a href="#cite_note-Nuclear_Decommissioning-40">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decommissioning_of_ships,_mobile_reactors,_and_military_reactors">Decommissioning of ships, mobile reactors, and military reactors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Decommissioning of ships, mobile reactors, and military reactors">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:K-159.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/K-159.JPG/220px-K-159.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/K-159.JPG/330px-K-159.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/K-159.JPG/440px-K-159.JPG 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>The Soviet nuclear-powered <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-159" title="Soviet submarine K-159">submarine K-159</a> in decommissioning (before 2004)</figcaption></figure> Many warships and a few civil ships have used <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_marine_propulsion" title="Nuclear marine propulsion">nuclear reactors for propulsion</a>. Former Soviet and American warships have been taken out of service and their power plants removed or scuttled. Dismantling of <a href="/wiki/Decommissioning_of_Russian_nuclear-powered_vessels" title="Decommissioning of Russian nuclear-powered vessels">Russian submarines and ships</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ship-Submarine_Recycling" class="mw-redirect" title="Ship-Submarine Recycling">American submarines and ships</a> is ongoing. Russia has a fleet of nuclear-powered vessels in decommissioning, dumped in the <a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a>. Estimated cost for the decommissioning of the two <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-27" title="Soviet submarine K-27">K-27</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_submarine_K-159" title="Soviet submarine K-159">K-159</a> submarines alone was €300 million (2019),<a href="#cite_note-bellona-2020-41">[41]</a> or $330 million.<a href="#cite_note-slow-motion_bbc-2020-42">[42]</a> Marine power plants are generally smaller than land-based electrical generating stations. The biggest American military nuclear facility for the production of <a href="/wiki/Weapons-grade_plutonium" class="mw-redirect" title="Weapons-grade plutonium">weapons-grade plutonium</a> was <a href="/wiki/Hanford_site" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanford site">Hanford site</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/State_of_Washington" class="mw-redirect" title="State of Washington">State of Washington</a>), now defueled, but in a slow and problematic process of decontamination, decommissioning, and demolition. There is "the canyon", a large structure for the chemical extraction of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> with the <a href="/wiki/PUREX" title="PUREX">PUREX</a> process. There are also many big containers and underground tanks with a solution of water, hydrocarbons and <a href="/wiki/Uranium" title="Uranium">uranium</a>-<a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a>-<a href="/wiki/Neptunium" title="Neptunium">neptunium</a>-<a href="/wiki/Cesium" class="mw-redirect" title="Cesium">cesium</a>-<a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a> (all highly radioactive). With all reactors now defueled, some were put in <a href="/wiki/SAFSTOR" title="SAFSTOR">SAFSTOR</a> (with their cooling towers demolished). Several reactors have been declared <a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Landmark" title="National Historic Landmark">National Historic Landmarks</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_inactive_or_decommissioned_civil_nuclear_reactors">List of inactive or decommissioned civil nuclear reactors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: List of inactive or decommissioned civil nuclear reactors">edit</a>]</div> A wide range of nuclear facilities have been decommissioned so far. The number of decommissioned nuclear reactors out of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_nuclear_reactors" class="mw-redirect" title="List of nuclear reactors">List of nuclear reactors</a> is small. As May 2022, about 700 nuclear reactors have been retired from operation in several early and intermediate stages (cold shut-down, defueling, SAFSTOR, internal demolition), but only about 25 have been taken to fully "<a href="/wiki/Greenfield_status" title="Greenfield status">greenfield status</a>".<a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[43]</a> Many of these sites still host <a href="/wiki/Spent_nuclear_fuel" title="Spent nuclear fuel">spent nuclear fuel</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/Dry_cask_storage" title="Dry cask storage">dry casks</a> embedded in concrete filled steel drums.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> As of 2017, most <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear plant">nuclear plants</a> operating in the United States were designed for a life of about 30–40 years<a href="#cite_note-world-nuclear1-45">[45]</a> and are licensed to operate for 40 years by the <a href="/wiki/US_Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="US Nuclear Regulatory Commission">US Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-47">[47]</a> As of 2020, the average age of these reactors was about 39 years.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-47">[47]</a> Many plants are coming to the end of their licensing period and if their licenses are not renewed, they must go through a decontamination and decommissioning process.<a href="#cite_note-world-nuclear1-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-43">[43]</a> Generally are not included the costs of storage of nuclear waste, including <a href="/wiki/Spent_fuel" class="mw-redirect" title="Spent fuel">spent fuel</a>, and maintenance of the storage facility, pending the realization of <a href="/wiki/Deep_geological_repository#Nuclear_repository_sites" title="Deep geological repository">repository sites</a> for long-term disposal<a href="#cite_note-oecd-nea_costs-2016-17">[17]</a>,p. 246 (in the US Independent Spent Fuel Storage Installations (<a href="/w/index.php?title=ISFSI&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ISFSI (page does not exist)">ISFSI</a>'s).<a href="#cite_note-nrc_storage-nrc-9">[9]</a> Thus many entities do not include the cost of managing spent nuclear fuel, removed from the plant areas that will be decommissioned.<a href="#cite_note-kpmg_decom-2018-19">[19]</a> There are, however, large differences between countries regarding inclusion of certain costs, such as on-site storage of fuel and radioactive waste from decommissioning, dismanting of non-radioactive buildings and structures, and transport and (final) disposal of radioactive waste.<a href="#cite_note-oecd-nea_costs-2016-17">[17]</a>,p. 61 The year of costs may refer to the value corrected for exchange rates and inflation until that year (e.g. 2020-dollars). The stated power in the list is preferably given in design net capacity (reference unit power) in MWe, similar to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_commercial_nuclear_reactors" title="List of commercial nuclear reactors">List of commercial nuclear reactors</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  decommissioning complete, except for on-site storage of nuclear waste</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  decommissioning in progress</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  suffered partial or complete core meltdown</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <caption>Dismantled or inactive civil nuclear reactors<a href="#cite_note-Nuclear_Decommissioning-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-osti.gov-50">[50]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Country </th> <th>Location </th> <th>Reactor type </th> <th>Operative life </th> <th>Decommissioning </th> <th>Decommissioning costs </th></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Austria">Austria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zwentendorf_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Zwentendorf Nuclear Power Plant">Zwentendorf</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a> 723 MWe </td> <td>Never activated due to referendum in 1978<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> </td> <td>Now a technics museum </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Belgium">Belgium</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SCK%E2%80%A2CEN#Important_installations" class="mw-redirect" title="SCK•CEN">SCK•CEN – BR3</a>, located at <a href="/wiki/Mol,_Belgium" title="Mol, Belgium">Mol, Belgium</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> (BR-3) </td> <td>1962–1987 (25 years) </td> <td>2002- <a href="#cite_note-sckcen-br3-52">[52]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kozloduy_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Kozloduy Nuclear Power Plant">Kozloduy</a> Units 1, 2, 3, 4<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> <a href="/wiki/VVER" title="VVER">VVER-440</a> (4 x 408 MWe) </td> <td> Reactors 1,2 closed in 2003, reactors 3,4 closed in 2006 </td> <td>Ongoing </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Canada" title="Nuclear power in Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gentilly_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station">Gentilly</a> Unit 1 (<a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec">Québec</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CANDU" class="mw-redirect" title="CANDU">CANDU</a>-<a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a> 250 MWe </td> <td>180 days (between 1966 and 1973) </td> <td>Ongoing "Static state" since 1986<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown stage two:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] $25 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Canada" title="Nuclear power in Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gentilly_Nuclear_Generating_Station#Gentilly-2" title="Gentilly Nuclear Generating Station">Gentilly-2</a>(<a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A9bec" class="mw-redirect" title="Québec">Québec</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CANDU" class="mw-redirect" title="CANDU">CANDU</a>-<a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a> 675 MWe </td> <td>October 1, 1983 to December 28, 2012 </td> <td>Ongoing </td> <td>$1.8 billion (estimated) <a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Canada" title="Nuclear power in Canada">Canada</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pickering_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Pickering Nuclear Generating Station">Pickering NGS</a> Units A2, A3 (<a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/CANDU" class="mw-redirect" title="CANDU">CANDU</a>-<a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> 8 x 542 MWe </td> <td>30 years (from 1974 to 2004) </td> <td>Ongoing Two units currently in "cold standby" Decommissioning to begin in 2020<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown calculated:[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] $270–430/kWe[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China" title="Nuclear power in China">China</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> </td> <td>Beijing (<a href="/wiki/China_Institute_of_Atomic_Energy" title="China Institute of Atomic Energy">CIAE</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Heavy_water_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy water reactor">HWWR</a> 10 MWe (multipurpose Heavy Water Experimental Reactor for the production of <a href="/wiki/Plutonium" title="Plutonium">plutonium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tritium" title="Tritium">tritium</a>) </td> <td>49 years (1958–2007) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAFSTOR" title="SAFSTOR">SAFSTOR</a> until 2027 </td> <td>Still unknown proposed: $6 million for dismantling $5 million for fuel remotion </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in France">France</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brennilis_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Brennilis Nuclear Power Plant">Brennilis</a> </td> <td><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/HWGCR" class="extiw" title="fr:HWGCR">HWGCR</a> 70 MWe </td> <td>12 years (1967–1979) </td> <td>Ongoing Phase 3 (fire during decommissioning in 2015) <a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown already spent €480 million (20 times the forecasted amount) <a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bugey_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bugey Nuclear Power Plant">Bugey</a> Unit 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UNGG" class="mw-redirect" title="UNGG">UNGG</a> Gas cooled, graphite moderator </td> <td>1972–1994 </td> <td>Ongoing postponed </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chinon_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Chinon Nuclear Power Plant">Chinon</a> Units 1, 2, 3 </td> <td>Gas-<a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> </td> <td> (1973–1990) </td> <td>Ongoing postponed </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chooz_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Chooz Nuclear Power Plant">Chooz</a>-A </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> 300 MW </td> <td>24 years (1967–1991) </td> <td>2007- Ongoing Deferred dismantling;<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> dismantling to finish by 2025 </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saint-Laurent_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Saint-Laurent Nuclear Power Plant">Saint-Laurent</a> </td> <td>Gas-<a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a> </td> <td>1969–1992 </td> <td>Ongoing Postponed </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rapsodie" title="Rapsodie">Rapsodie</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cadarache" title="Cadarache">Cadarache</a> </td> <td>Experimental <a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder_nuclear_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder nuclear reactor">Fast breeder nuclear reactor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>-cooled) 40 MWe </td> <td>15 years (1967–1983) </td> <td> 1983- Ongoing dismantling planned by 2005; general decontamination planned by 2020<a href="#cite_note-cea-rapsodie-2003-66">[66]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ph%C3%A9nix" title="Phénix">Phénix</a> at <a href="/wiki/Marcoule" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcoule">Marcoule</a> </td> <td>Experimental <a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder_nuclear_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder nuclear reactor">Fast breeder nuclear reactor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>-cooled) 233 MWe </td> <td>36 years (1973–2009)<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> </td> <td>2005- Ongoing non-nuclear dismantling finished in 2011; finalising expected between 2031 and 2043.<a href="#cite_note-cea-2013-fr-68">[68]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>France </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Superph%C3%A9nix" title="Superphénix">Superphénix</a> at <a href="/wiki/Creys-M%C3%A9pieu" title="Creys-Mépieu">Creys-Malville</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder_nuclear_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder nuclear reactor">Fast breeder nuclear reactor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>-cooled) </td> <td>11 years (1985–1996)<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> </td> <td>Ongoing 1) Defuelled 2) Extraction of Sodium<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Pipe cutting with a robot <a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/German_Democratic_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="German Democratic Republic">East Germany</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Greifswald_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Greifswald Nuclear Power Plant">Greifswald</a> Units 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VVER" title="VVER">VVER-440</a> 5 x 408 MWe </td> <td> Reactors 1–5 closed in 1989/1990, reactor 6: finished but never operated </td> <td>Ongoing Immediate dismantling (underwater cutting) </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>East Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rheinsberg_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Rheinsberg Nuclear Power Plant">Rheinsberg</a> Unit 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VVER" title="VVER">VVER-210</a> 70–80 MWe </td> <td>24 years (1966–1990) </td> <td>Ongoing In dismantling since 1996 Safstor (underwater cutting) </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>East Germany </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stendal_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stendal Nuclear Power Plant">Stendal</a> Units 1, 2, 3, 4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VVER" title="VVER">VVER-1000</a> (4 x 1000 MWe) </td> <td>Never activated (1st reactor 85% completed) </td> <td>Not radioactive (Cooling towers demolished; Structure in exhibition inside an industrial park) </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Germany" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Germany">West Germany</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gundremmingen_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Gundremmingen Nuclear Power Plant">Gundremmingen</a>-A </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a> 250 MWe </td> <td> 11 years </td> <td>Ongoing Immediate dismantling pilot project (underwater cutting) </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">India</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rajasthan_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Rajasthan Atomic Power Station">Rajasthan Atomic Power Station</a> Unit 1 (<a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PHWR" class="mw-redirect" title="PHWR">PHWR</a> 100 MWe (similar to <a href="/wiki/CANDU" class="mw-redirect" title="CANDU">CANDU</a>) </td> <td>44 years (1970–2014) </td> <td>Ongoing </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Italy" title="Nuclear power in Italy">Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Caorso_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Caorso Nuclear Power Plant">Caorso</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a> 840 MWe<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> </td> <td>3 years[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] (1978 – Closed in 1987 after referendum in 1986) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAFSTOR" title="SAFSTOR">SAFSTOR</a>: 30 years (internal demolition) </td> <td>€450 million (dismantling) + €300 million (fuel reprocessing)<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td>Italy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Garigliano_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Garigliano Nuclear Power Plant">Garigliano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Caserta" title="Caserta">Caserta</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a> 150 MWe<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> </td> <td>Closed on March 1, 1982 </td> <td>Ongoing </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td>Italy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Latina_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Latina Nuclear Power Plant">Latina</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latina,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Latina, Italy">Foce Verde</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a> 210 MWe Gas-graphite<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> </td> <td>24 years (1962 – Closed in 1986 after referendum) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAFSTOR" title="SAFSTOR">SAFSTOR</a>: 30 years (internal demolition) </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Italy </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Nuclear_Power_Plant_(Italy)" title="Enrico Fermi Nuclear Power Plant (Italy)">Trino Vercellese</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company" title="Westinghouse Electric Company">Westinghouse</a>, 270 MWe<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> </td> <td> (Closed in 1986 after referendum) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAFSTOR" title="SAFSTOR">SAFSTOR</a>: 30 years (internal demolition) </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcc;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant">Fukushima Dai-ichi</a> Unit 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_nuclear_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling water nuclear reactor">BWR</a> 439 MWe </td> <td>November 17, 1970 – March 11, 2011 </td> <td>Ongoing Since <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami</a> of March 11 <a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Hydrogen explosion (<a href="/wiki/International_Nuclear_Event_Scale" title="International Nuclear Event Scale">INES 7</a>)<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> </td> <td>Estimated at <a href="/wiki/Yen" class="mw-redirect" title="Yen">¥</a>10 <a href="/wiki/1000000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000000 (number)">trillion</a> (US$100 <a href="/wiki/1,000,000,000" title="1,000,000,000">billion</a>) for decontaminating Fukushima and dismantling all reactors in Japan and considering long time damage to environment and economy, including agriculture, cattle breeding, fishery, water potabilization, tourism, loss of reputation in the world (without considering further health care spending and reduction of <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcc;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant">Fukushima Dai-ichi</a> Unit 2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_nuclear_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling water nuclear reactor">BWR</a> 760 MWe </td> <td>December 24, 1973 – March 11, 2011 </td> <td>Ongoing </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcc;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant">Fukushima Dai-ichi</a> Unit 3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a> 760 MWe </td> <td>October 26, 1974 – March 11, 2011 </td> <td>Ongoing </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant">Fukushima Dai-ichi</a> Unit 4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_nuclear_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling water nuclear reactor">BWR</a> 760 MWe </td> <td>February 24, 1978 – March 11, 2011 </td> <td>Ongoing Since March 11, 2011 Reactor defueled when tsunami hit Damage to spent fuel cooling-pool (<a href="/wiki/International_Nuclear_Event_Scale" title="International Nuclear Event Scale">INES 4</a>) </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant">Fukushima Dai-ichi</a> Unit 5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_nuclear_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling water nuclear reactor">BWR</a> 760 MWe </td> <td>September 22, 1977 – March 11, 2011 </td> <td>Planned decommissioning Cold shutdown since <a href="/wiki/2011_T%C5%8Dhoku_earthquake_and_tsunami" title="2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami">March 11, 2011</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant">Fukushima Dai-ichi</a> Unit 6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_nuclear_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling water nuclear reactor">BWR</a> 1067 MWe </td> <td>May 4, 1979 – March 11, 2011 </td> <td>Planned decommissioning Cold shutdown since March 11, 2011 </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daini_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fukushima Daini Nuclear Power Plant">Fukushima Daini</a> Unit 1<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_nuclear_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling water nuclear reactor">BWR</a> 1067 MWe </td> <td>July 31, 1981 – 11 March 2011 </td> <td>Planned decommissioning Cold shutdown since March 11, 2011 <a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Japan">Japan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fugen_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fugen Nuclear Power Plant">Fugen</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Advanced_thermal_reactor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Advanced thermal reactor (page does not exist)">Advanced thermal reactor</a> (<a href="/wiki/MOX_fuel" title="MOX fuel">MOX fuel</a> core, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_water" title="Heavy water">heavy water</a>-<a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a>) 165 MWe </td> <td>1979–2003 </td> <td>Ongoing Since March 11, 2011 Cold shutdown <a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> <a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td>Japan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tokai_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokai Nuclear Power Plant">Tokai</a> Unit 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gas-cooled_reactor" title="Gas-cooled reactor">GCR</a>) 160 MWe </td> <td>1966–1998 </td> <td>deferred dismantling: 10 years<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> then decon until 2018 </td> <td> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_yen" title="Japanese yen">¥</a>93 <a href="/wiki/1000000000_(number)" class="mw-redirect" title="1000000000 (number)">billion</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> (€660 million of 2003) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea" title="Nuclear power in North Korea">North Korea</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Yongbyon_Nuclear_Scientific_Research_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Yongbyon Nuclear Scientific Research Center">Yongbyon</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a>-type (reactor for the production of nuclear weapons through <a href="/wiki/PUREX" title="PUREX">PUREX</a> treatment) </td> <td>1985–2005 (20 years) Deactivated after a treaty<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> </td> <td>deferred dismantling; cooling tower dismantled </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dodewaard_nuclear_power_plant" title="Dodewaard nuclear power plant">Dodewaard</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a> <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company" title="Westinghouse Electric Company">Westinghouse</a> 55 MWe </td> <td>1968–1997 (28 years) </td> <td>2002-2100+ safe-storage; start dismantling in 2045; separate interim storage of high-level waste at <a href="/wiki/COVRA" title="COVRA">COVRA</a> for 100 years or longer<a href="#cite_note-decom-nl_oecd-nea-2008-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-oecd-nea_costs-2016-17">[17]</a>,p. 171 </td> <td>estimated cost €134 million (1999);<a href="#cite_note-tekort_dodewaard-2010-26">[26]</a> €180 million (2016)<a href="#cite_note-oecd-nea_costs-2016-17">[17]</a>,p. 174 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Russia">Russia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mayak" title="Mayak">Mayak</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chelyabinsk" title="Chelyabinsk">Chelyabinsk</a>-65) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/PUREX" title="PUREX">PUREX</a> plant for <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">uranium enrichment</a> </td> <td>1946–1956 (10 years) </td> <td>Ongoing </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Russia </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Seversk" title="Seversk">Seversk</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> (Tomsk-7) </td> <td> Three <a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder_nuclear_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder nuclear reactor">plutonium reactors</a> Plant for <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">uranium enrichment</a> </td> <td>Two fast-breeder reactors closed (of three), after disarmaments agreements with USA in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> </td> <td>Ongoing </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Slovakia">Slovakia</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jaslovsk%C3%A9_Bohunice_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaslovské Bohunice Nuclear Power Plant">Jaslovské Bohunice</a> Units 1, 2<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/VVER" title="VVER">VVER 440/230</a> 2 X 440 MWe </td> <td>(1978–2006) (1980–2008) </td> <td>Ongoing </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Spain">Spain</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cabrera_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="José Cabrera Nuclear Power Station">José Cabrera</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> 1 x 160 MWe (Westinghouse) </td> <td>38 years (1968–2006) </td> <td>2010-2023<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown Estimation increased from €135 mln in 2003 to €217.8 mln in 2014<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_de_Garo%C3%B1a_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Santa María de Garoña Nuclear Power Plant">Santa María de Garoña</a> (<a href="/wiki/Burgos" title="Burgos">Burgos</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a>/3 1 x 466 MWe (by Dutch RDM) </td> <td>1966–2013 </td> <td>Ongoing Defueled </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Spain">Spain</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vandell%C3%B2s_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Vandellòs Nuclear Power Plant">Vandellós</a> Unit 1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/UNGG" class="mw-redirect" title="UNGG">UNGG</a> 480 MWe (gas-graphite) </td> <td>18 years Incident: fire in a turbogenerator (1989) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAFSTOR" title="SAFSTOR">SAFSTOR</a>: 30 years (internal demolition) </td> <td>Still unknown Phases 1 and 2: €93 million </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barseb%C3%A4ck_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Barsebäck Nuclear Power Plant">Barsebäck</a> Units 1, 2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_nuclear_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling water nuclear reactor">BWR</a> 2 x 615 MW </td> <td> Reactor 1: 24 years 1975–1999 Reactor 2: 28 years 1977 – 2005 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAFSTOR" title="SAFSTOR">SAFSTOR</a>: demolition will begin in 2020 </td> <td>The <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Radiation_Safety_Authority" title="Swedish Radiation Safety Authority">Swedish Radiation Safety Authority</a> has assessed that the costs for decommissioning and final disposal for the Swedish nuclear power industry may be underestimated by SKB by at least 11 billion <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">Swedish kronor</a> ($1.63 billion)<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>Oskarshamn Units 1, 2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_nuclear_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling water nuclear reactor">BWR</a> 1 x 473 MW <a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_nuclear_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling water nuclear reactor">BWR</a> 1 x 638 MW </td> <td> Reactor 1: 45 years 1972–2017 Reactor 2: 41 years 1975 – 2016 </td> <td>Ongoing </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Sweden">Sweden</a> </td> <td>Ringhals Units 1, 2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_nuclear_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Boiling water nuclear reactor">BWR</a> 1 x 881 MW <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> 1 x 904 MW </td> <td> Reactor 1: 44 years 1976–2020 Reactor 2: 44 years 1975 – 2019 </td> <td>Ongoing </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Switzerland">Switzerland</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Switzerland" title="Nuclear power in Switzerland">DIORIT</a> </td> <td>MWe CO2-Gas-heavy water (experimental) </td> <td> </td> <td>Decommissioned<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcc;"> <td>Switzerland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lucens_reactor" title="Lucens reactor">LUCENS</a> </td> <td>8,3 MWe CO22-Gas-heavy water (experimental) </td> <td>(1962–1969) Incident: fire in 1969 </td> <td>Decommissioned<a href="#cite_note-the_same_source-114">[114]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Switzerland </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Switzerland" title="Nuclear power in Switzerland">SAPHIR</a> </td> <td>0,01–0,1 MWe (Light water pool) </td> <td>39 years (1955–1994) (Experimental demonstrator) </td> <td>Decommissioned<a href="#cite_note-the_same_source-114">[114]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcc;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Ukraine">Ukraine</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant">Chernobyl</a>-4 (110 km from <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/RBMK" title="RBMK">RBMK-1000</a> 1000 MWe </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_disaster" title="Chernobyl disaster">hydrogen explosion, then graphite fire (1986)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Level_7_nuclear_accident" class="mw-redirect" title="Level 7 nuclear accident">INES 7</a>) </td> <td>Ongoing ENTOMBMENT (armed concrete "<a href="/wiki/Chernobyl_Nuclear_Power_Plant_sarcophagus" title="Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a>") </td> <td>Still unknown Future: riding sarcophagus in steel<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>Reactor type </th> <th>Operative life </th> <th>Decommissioning </th> <th>Decommissioning costs </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_nuclear_power_station" title="Berkeley nuclear power station">Berkeley</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a> (2 x 138 MWe) </td> <td>1962–1989 (27 years) </td> <td>save storage </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bradwell_nuclear_power_station" title="Bradwell nuclear power station">Bradwell</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a> 2 x 121 MWe </td> <td>1962–2002 (40 years) </td> <td>2002-2083 or later save storage<a href="#cite_note-bradwell_sealed-nda-2017-116">[116]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td>Calderhall <a href="/wiki/Sellafield" title="Sellafield">Sellafield</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a> 4 x 60 MWe </td> <td>1956-2003 (44–46 years)<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> </td> <td>save storage<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chapelcross_nuclear_power_station" title="Chapelcross nuclear power station">Chapelcross</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Magnox" title="Magnox">Magnox</a> 4 x 60 MWe ("sister reactor" to Calderhall) </td> <td>1959–2004 (45 years) </td> <td>save storage </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dounreay" title="Dounreay">Dounreay</a>: DMTR (Research facility of UKAEA) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fast-neutron_reactor" title="Fast-neutron reactor">Fast-neutron reactor</a> </td> <td>1958–1969 </td> <td>Ongoing Demolition contract awarded December 2018<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dounreay" title="Dounreay">Dounreay</a>: DFR (Research facility of UKAEA) </td> <td>Loop-type <a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder">fast breeder</a>. 14 MWe.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> </td> <td>1959–1977 </td> <td>Ongoing<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dounreay" title="Dounreay">Dounreay</a>: PFR (Research facility of UKAEA) </td> <td>Pool-type <a href="/wiki/Fast_breeder_reactor" class="mw-redirect" title="Fast breeder reactor">fast breeder</a> cooled by liquid <a href="/wiki/Sodium" title="Sodium">sodium</a>, fueled with <a href="/wiki/MOX" class="mw-redirect" title="MOX">MOX</a>.250 MWe.<a href="#cite_note-bbc-19960209-123">[123]</a> </td> <td>1974–1994 (with average 26.9% load)<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Delays and reliability problems before reaching full power.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> </td> <td> Remotely operated robot '<a href="/wiki/Reactorsaurus" title="Reactorsaurus">Reactorsaurus</a>' will be sent in to decontaminate equipment as too dangerous a task for a human.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> Control panel has been earmarked for an exhibition at London <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum,_London" title="Science Museum, London">Science Museum</a> (2016). <a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Winfrith" title="Winfrith">Winfrith</a> <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SGHWR" class="mw-redirect" title="SGHWR">SGHWR</a> 92 MWe </td> <td>1968 to 1990 (22 years) </td> <td>1995- dismantled; off-site storage of waste<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_2"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear power in the United States">United States</a></h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <a href="#cite_note-nrc_sites-finder-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-nrc_isfsi-locations-130">[130]</a> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Location </th> <th>Reactor type </th> <th>Operative life </th> <th>Decommissioning </th> <th>Decommissioning costs </th></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Connecticut Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Connecticut Yankee</a> <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> 619 MWe </td> <td>1968–1996 (28 years) </td> <td>1998-2007 DECON; on-site ISFSI waste storage<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> </td> <td>931 mln;<a href="#cite_note-rapport_assemblee-2017-132">[132]</a> additional $575.5 mln in court awarded from DOE for waste storage at 3 plants<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Crystal_River_3_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Crystal River 3 Nuclear Power Plant">Crystal River 3</a> <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> 825 MWe </td> <td>1977–2009 (32 years) </td> <td>2013-2037 (estimated) DECON; on-site ISFSI waste storage<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> </td> <td>In 2013 estimated ~$1,2 bln<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dresden_Nuclear_Power_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden Nuclear Power Plant">Dresden</a> Unit 1 (<a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a> 207 MWe </td> <td>1960–1978 (18 years) </td> <td>Defueled in safety in 1998 now in <a href="/wiki/SAFSTOR" title="SAFSTOR">SAFSTOR</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> Fuel in on-site dry-casks.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Fort_Saint_Vrain_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Fort Saint Vrain Nuclear Power Plant">Fort St. Vrain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/HTGR" class="mw-redirect" title="HTGR">HTGR</a> (<a href="/wiki/Helium" title="Helium">helium</a>-<a href="/wiki/Graphite" title="Graphite">graphite</a>) 330 MWe </td> <td>1979–1989 (10 years)<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> </td> <td>1989-1992 (3 years) dismantled; off-site ISFSI waste storage; replaced by conventional station<a href="#cite_note-fsvs-xcel-139">[139]</a> </td> <td>$283 million<a href="#cite_note-rapport_assemblee-2017-132">[132]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Gas_%26_Electric" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacific Gas & Electric">Pacific Gas & Electric</a> – <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Bay_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Humboldt Bay Nuclear Power Plant">Humboldt Bay</a> Unit 3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a> 63 MWe </td> <td>1963–1976 (13 years)<a href="#cite_note-pris-humboldt-140">[140]</a> </td> <td>1988-2021 (33 years) License terminated in Oct 2021; site released for unrestricted use; New license for on-site storage facility for the spent fuel.<a href="#cite_note-nrc-humboldt-license-141">[141]</a> </td> <td>Unknown Fund for $53.3 million required for decommissioning of storage alone.<a href="#cite_note-nrc-humboldt-license-141">[141]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Maine_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Maine Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Maine Yankee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> 860 MWe </td> <td>24 years (closed in 1996) </td> <td>DECON; on-site ISFSI waste storage<a href="#cite_note-power-technology.com-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-local.ans.org-143">[143]</a> </td> <td>$635 million<a href="#cite_note-maineyankee.com-144">[144]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Piqua_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Piqua Nuclear Generating Station">Piqua NGS</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>) </td> <td>OCM (Organically Cooled/Moderated) reactor 46 MWe<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> </td> <td>2 years (closed in 1966) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_entombment" title="Nuclear entombment">ENTOMB</a> (coolant design inadequate for neutron flux) </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Rancho_Seco_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Rancho Seco Nuclear Generating Station">Rancho Seco NGS</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> (California) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> 913 MWe </td> <td>12 years (Closed after a referendum in 1989) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAFSTOR" title="SAFSTOR">SAFSTOR</a>: 5–10 years completed in 2009 <a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Fuel in insite long-term dry-cask storage </td> <td>$538.1 million <a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station">San Onofre NGS</a> Unit 1 (California) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> 436 MWe <a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Corporation" title="Westinghouse Electric Corporation">Westinghouse Electric Corporation</a> </td> <td>1967–1992 (25 years)<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> </td> <td>1993-2032 (estimated) dismantled; on-site ISFSI waste storage for whole plant<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/San_Onofre_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="San Onofre Nuclear Generating Station">San Onofre NGS</a> Units 2, 3 (California)<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> 1070 MWe 1080 MWe </td> <td>Unit 2: 1983–2013 Unit 3: 1984–2013 In 2011, Edison finished replacing the <a href="/wiki/Steam_generator_(nuclear_power)" title="Steam generator (nuclear power)">steam generators</a> in both reactors with improved Mitsubishi ones, but the new design had several problems, cracked, causing leaks and vibrations.<a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> </td> <td>in defueling.Permanent shutdown – DECON soon defueling<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> </td> <td>Still unknown 2014 cost forecast: $3.926 billion<a href="#cite_note-sce-154">[154]</a> to $4.4 billion<a href="#cite_note-cbs8-14-155">[155]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Shippingport_Atomic_Power_Station" title="Shippingport Atomic Power Station">Shippingport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a> 60 MWe </td> <td>25 years (closed in 1989) </td> <td>Decon completed dismantled in 5 years (first small experimental reactor) </td> <td>$98.4 million<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background:#fcc;"> <td><a href="/wiki/Three_Mile_Island_Nuclear_Generating_Station" title="Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station">Three Mile Island Nuclear Generating Station</a> Unit 2 (<a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>) </td> <td>PWR 913 MWe </td> <td>1978–1979 Core meltdown incident </td> <td>Post-Defuelling Phase 2 (1979) </td> <td>$805 million (estimated)<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Trojan_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Trojan Nuclear Power Plant">Trojan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oregon" title="Oregon">Oregon</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> 1,180 MWe </td> <td>16 years (Closed in 1993 because of proximity to seismic fault) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/SAFSTOR" title="SAFSTOR">SAFSTOR</a> (cooling tower demolished in 2006) </td> <td><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Yankee_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Plant">Vermont Yankee</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Boiling_water_reactor" title="Boiling water reactor">BWR</a> 620 MWe (<a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a>) </td> <td>1972–2014 (42 years) </td> <td>Ongoing 2015– </td> <td>~$1.24 billion </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Rowe_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Yankee Rowe Nuclear Power Station">Yankee Rowe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> 180 MWe </td> <td>1961–1991 (30 years) Construction cost was $45 million </td> <td>completed in 2007<a href="#cite_note-yankee-decom-complete-159">[159]</a> on-site ISFSI waste storage </td> <td>$608 million (See main article) </td></tr> <tr style="background:#d0e2d0"> <td><a href="/wiki/Zion_Nuclear_Power_Station" title="Zion Nuclear Power Station">Zion</a> Units 1, 2 (<a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>) </td> <td>2 x <a href="/wiki/Pressurized_water_reactor" title="Pressurized water reactor">PWR</a> 1040 MWe (<a href="/wiki/Westinghouse_Electric_Company" title="Westinghouse Electric Company">Westinghouse</a>) </td> <td>1973/1974–1998 (25 years) </td> <td>1998-2020 <a href="#cite_note-nrc-zion-2022-160">[160]</a> after <a href="/wiki/SAFSTOR" title="SAFSTOR">SAFSTOR</a> full dismantling; New on-site for spent fuel storage </td> <td>Costs for SAFSTOR unknown; for dismantling & decontamination estimated in 2010 $1 billion + demolition city fees millions;<a href="#cite_note-stage_dismantling-2010-161">[161]</a> for remaining waste unknown </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_nuclear_disasters_and_radioactive_incidents" title="Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents">Lists of nuclear disasters and radioactive incidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcoule_Nuclear_Site" title="Marcoule Nuclear Site">Marcoule Nuclear Site</a> in France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Decommissioning_Authority" title="Nuclear Decommissioning Authority">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_entombment" title="Nuclear entombment">Nuclear entombment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship-Submarine_Recycling_Program" title="Ship-Submarine Recycling Program">Ship-Submarine Recycling Program</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-iaea-wmdb-2002-1"><a href="#cite_ref-iaea-wmdb-2002_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/publications/PDF/rwmst2/IAEA-WMDB-ST-2-Part-2.pdf">Decommissioning of nuclear facilities</a>, p. 52. IAEA, 9 Sep 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-iaea-decommissioning-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iaea-decommissioning_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iaea-decommissioning_2-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaea.org/topics/decommissioning">Decommissioning of nuclear installations.</a> IAEA (accessed Feb 2023) </li> <li id="cite_note-eu_decommissioning-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eu_decommissioning_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eu_decommissioning_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-eu_decommissioning_3-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://energy.ec.europa.eu/topics/nuclear-energy/decommissioning-nuclear-facilities_en">Decommissioning of nuclear facilities.</a> European Commission (accessed Feb 2023) </li> <li id="cite_note-grs-4"><a href="#cite_ref-grs_4-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.grs.de/en/research-and-assessment/decommissioning-dismantling">Decommissioning & dismantling.</a> Gesellschaft für Anlagen- und Reaktorsicherheit (GRS) (accessed Feb 2023) </li> <li id="cite_note-iaea-glossary-2022-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iaea-glossary-2022_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iaea-glossary-2022_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iaea-glossary-2022_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iaea-glossary-2022_5-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www-pub.iaea.org/MTCD/Publications/PDF/IAEA-NSS-GLOweb.pdf">IAEA Nuclear Safety and Security Glossary</a>, 2022 (p. 137). 3.7 MB. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iaea.org/publications/15236/iaea-nuclear-safety-and-security-glossary">Via</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrc-bg_decommissioning-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrc-bg_decommissioning_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrc-bg_decommissioning_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrc-bg_decommissioning_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrc-bg_decommissioning_6-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/decommissioning.html">Backgrounder on Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plants.</a> U.S.NRC, update 17 Oct 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-nrc-overview-2017-7"><a href="#cite_ref-nrc-overview-2017_7-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mass.gov/doc/meeting-exhibit/download">Overview of Reactor Decommissioning</a>. NRC, 18 Oct 2017 (2.4 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-epri-ltp-2002-8"><a href="#cite_ref-epri-ltp-2002_8-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epri.com/research/products/1003426">Summary of License Termination Plan Submittals by Three Nuclear Power Plants</a>. EPRI, 28 Oct 2002 </li> <li id="cite_note-nrc_storage-nrc-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrc_storage-nrc_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrc_storage-nrc_9-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/waste/spent-fuel-storage.html">Storage of Spent Nuclear Fuel</a>. U.S.NRC, update 9 Jan 2023. "Decommissioned Reactor Sites – After terminating reactor operations and removing structures used in reactor operations, the licensee stores spent fuel on-site pending off-site transport to either a site-specific ISFSI that is authorized to receive the spent fuel, or a permanent geologic repository licensed for disposal." </li> <li id="cite_note-isfsi-nrc-10"><a href="#cite_ref-isfsi-nrc_10-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/basic-ref/glossary/independent-spent-fuel-storage-installation-isfsi.html">Independent spent fuel storage installation (ISFSI)</a>. 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The entombed structure is maintained and surveillance is continued until the entombed radioactive waste decays to a level permitting termination of the license and unrestricted release of the property. During the entombment period, the licensee maintains the license previously issued by the NRC." </li> <li id="cite_note-oecd-nea_costs-2016-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-nea_costs-2016_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-nea_costs-2016_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-nea_costs-2016_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-nea_costs-2016_17-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-oecd-nea_costs-2016_17-4">e</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oecd-nea.org/jcms/pl_14910">Costs of decommissioning nuclear power plants</a>, NEA No. 7201, OECD, 2016 (viewer). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oecd-nea.org/upload/docs/application/pdf/2019-12/7201-costs-decom-npp.pdf">PDF</a> (4 MB) </li> <li id="cite_note-benchmarking-2017-18"><a href="#cite_ref-benchmarking-2017_18-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/117185/1/Copy%20to%20deposit.pdf">How benchmarking can support the selection, planning and delivery of nuclear decommissioning projects</a>. Diletta Colette Invernizzi, Giorgio Locatelli and Naomi J. Brookes, Progress in Nuclear Energy no. 99: 155–164, 1 Aug 2017. doi:10.1016/j.pnucene.2017.05.002. </li> <li id="cite_note-kpmg_decom-2018-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kpmg_decom-2018_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kpmg_decom-2018_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kpmg_decom-2018_19-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.kpmg.com/content/dam/kpmg/ca/pdf/2018/06/ca-decommissioning-nuclear.pdf">Decommissioning nuclear – Understanding the reporting obligations</a>. 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NRC, 18 Nov 2021 </li> <li id="cite_note-power-technology.com-142"><a href="#cite_ref-power-technology.com_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.power-technology.com/projects/maine/">"Maine Yankee USA Nuclear Power Station Project - Power Technology | Energy News and Market Analysis"</a>. www.power-technology.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.power-technology.com&rft.atitle=Maine+Yankee+USA+Nuclear+Power+Station+Project+-+Power+Technology+%26%23124%3B+Energy+News+and+Market+Analysis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.power-technology.com%2Fprojects%2Fmaine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear+decommissioning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-local.ans.org-143"><a href="#cite_ref-local.ans.org_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110501093148/http://local.ans.org/ne/Ted%20-%20ANS%2010-30-03.pdf">"Maine Yankee Decommissioning 80% Complete"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 7 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Maine+Yankee+Decommissioning+Experience+Report&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.maineyankee.com%2Fpublic%2Fpdfs%2Fepri%2Fmy%2520epri%2520report-2005.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear+decommissioning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> US NRC Information Digest 2008–2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.osti.gov/_">"OSTI.GOV"</a>. www.osti.gov.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.osti.gov&rft.atitle=OSTI.GOV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.osti.gov%2F_&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear+decommissioning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.power-eng.com/articles/2009/10/rancho-seco-nuclear-power-plant-ends-decommissioning.html">Rancho Seco nuclear power plant ends decommissioning</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120902084633/http://www.power-eng.com/articles/2009/10/rancho-seco-nuclear-power-plant-ends-decommissioning.html">Archived</a> September 2, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> 10-2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/docs/ML0703/ML070390056.pdf">"SACRAMENTO MUNICIPAL AUTHORITY DISTRICT: RANCHO SECO REPORT ON DECOMMISSIONING FUNDING STATUS"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=SACRAMENTO+MUNICIPAL+AUTHORITY+DISTRICT%3A+RANCHO+SECO+REPORT+ON+DECOMMISSIONING+FUNDING+STATUS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc.gov%2Fdocs%2FML0703%2FML070390056.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear+decommissioning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pris.iaea.org/PRIS/CountryStatistics/ReactorDetails.aspx?current=604">SAN ONOFRE-1</a> PRIS-IAEA </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/info-finder/decommissioning/power-reactor/san-onofre-unit-1.html">San Onofre – Unit 1</a>. NRC (update 14 July 2021) </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://allthingsnuclear.org/dlochbaum/fission-stories-92-san-onofres-allegators/">"Fission Stories #92: San Onofre's Allegators"</a>. 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NRC Web.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NRC+Web&rft.atitle=Three+Mile+Island+-+Unit+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nrc.gov%2Finfo-finder%2Fdecommissioning%2Fpower-reactor%2Fthree-mile-island-unit-2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANuclear+decommissioning" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKoberstein2005" class="citation news cs1">Koberstein, Paul (March 9, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929115456/http://www.wweek.com/editorial/3118/6073/">"Trojan: PGE's Nuclear Gamble"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Willamette_Week" title="Willamette Week">Willamette Week</a>. p. A1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wweek.com/editorial/3118/6073/">the original</a> on September 29, 2007. 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Bob Audette, Bennington Banner, 18 Aug 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-nrc-zion-2022-160"><a href="#cite_ref-nrc-zion-2022_160-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/info-finder/decommissioning/power-reactor/zion-nuclear-power-station-units-1-2.html">Zion Units 1 & 2.</a> U.S. NRC, update June 2022 </li> <li id="cite_note-stage_dismantling-2010-161"><a href="#cite_ref-stage_dismantling-2010_161-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-bn-xpm-2010-08-23-28516755-story.html">Exelon sets stage for dismantling Zion reactor</a>. Chicago Tribune, 23 Aug 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100825104425/http://www.chicagobreakingnews.com/2010/08/exelon-hands-off-closed-zion-reactor.html">Archived</a>. "When work is complete, Exelon will resume responsibility for the 200-acre site, where spent fuel will be stored in large concrete casks,". </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_decommissioning&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a> Media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Nuclear_decommissioning" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Nuclear decommissioning">Nuclear decommissioning</a> at Wikimedia Commons</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd-nea.org">NUCLEAR ENERGY AGENCY of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation & Development</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oecd-nea.org/ndd/pubs/2016/7201-costs-decom-npp.pdf">Cost of Decommissioning Nuclear Energy Plants</a> (2016)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov">UNITED STATES NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/decommissioning.html">Backgrounder on Decommissioning Nuclear Power Plants</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/">Business Insider – UK</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/r-global-nuclear-decommissioning-cost-seen-underestimated-may-spiral-2015-1">Getting Rid Of Old Nuclear Reactors Worldwide Is Going To Cost Way More Than People Think</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306154005/http://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-germany-energy-nuclear-idUKKBN0DY0EM20140518">Germany's economy minister Sigmar Gabriel says state won't pay for nuclear decommissioning</a> (May 18, 2014)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ndreport.com">Nuclear Decommissioning Report (www.ndreport.com) is the multi-media platform for the nuclear decommissioning industry.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.decommissioning.info/">decommissioning.info is a portal with information on nuclear decommissioning</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nrc.gov/info-finder/decommissioning/index.html">US Sites Undergoing Decommissioning</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070704090027/http://www.eu-decom.be/siteentrance/">European website on decommissioning of nuclear installations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080411043124/http://www.wupperinst.org/en/projects/proj/index.html?&beitrag_id=555&projekt_id=167&bid=42">Decommissioning Fund Methodologies for Nuclear Installations in the EU</a>, rapport by the German <a href="/wiki/Wuppertal_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuppertal Institute">Wuppertal Institute</a>, commissioned by the <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a>. May 2007.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.master-nuclear-energy.fr/en/fiche.php?spe=5&langue=en">Master 'Nuclear Energy' – Decommissioning and Waste management</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412192213/http://www.master-nuclear-energy.fr/en/fiche.php?spe=5&langue=en">Archived</a> April 12, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nuclear power by country"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nuclear_power_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_by_country" title="Nuclear power by country">Nuclear power by country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watt#Electrical_and_thermal_watts" title="Watt">GWe</a> > 10</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Canada" title="Nuclear power in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_China" title="Nuclear power in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_France" title="Nuclear power in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Japan" title="Nuclear power in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Russia" title="Nuclear power in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_South_Korea" title="Nuclear power in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Ukraine" title="Nuclear power in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_States" title="Nuclear power in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Watt#Electrical_and_thermal_watts" title="Watt">GWe</a> > 5</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_India" title="Nuclear power in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Spain" title="Nuclear power in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Sweden" title="Nuclear power in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Nuclear power in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GWe > 2</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Nuclear power in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Finland" title="Nuclear power in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Germany" title="Nuclear power in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Pakistan" title="Nuclear power in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Switzerland" title="Nuclear power in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Taiwan" title="Nuclear power in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Nuclear power in the United Arab Emirates">UAE</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GWe > 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Argentina" title="Nuclear power in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Belarus" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Brazil" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Bulgaria" title="Nuclear power in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Romania" title="Nuclear power in Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Slovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_South_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">GWe < 1</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Armenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_the_Netherlands" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Slovenia" title="Nuclear energy in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Planned</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Algeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Chile" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Egypt" title="Nuclear program of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Ghana" title="Nuclear power in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Indonesia" title="Nuclear power in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Israel" title="Nuclear power in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Jordan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Kazakhstan" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Kenya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Morocco" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Myanmar" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_North_Korea" title="Nuclear power in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_the_Philippines" title="Nuclear power in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Saudi_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Sri_Lanka" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear power in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Thailand" title="Nuclear power in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Tunisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Turkey">Turkey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Abandoned plans for new plants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Australia" title="Nuclear power in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Azerbaijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Azerbaijan (page does not exist)">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juragua_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Juragua Nuclear Power Plant">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Georgia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Georgia (page does not exist)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Kuwait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Kuwait (page does not exist)">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Libya" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Lithuania" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Malaysia" title="Nuclear power in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Oman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Oman (page does not exist)">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Peru&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Peru (page does not exist)">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nuclear_energy_in_Singapore&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nuclear energy in Singapore (page does not exist)">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Syria" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_in_Taiwan" title="Nuclear power in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power_phase-out" title="Nuclear power phase-out">Phasing-out</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_energy_in_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear energy in Belgium">Belgium</a> (delayed)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-nuclear_movement_in_Germany" title="Anti-nuclear movement in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a 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