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class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Castro's overthrow in 1908, exile and death in 1924</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Castro's_overthrow_in_1908,_exile_and_death_in_1924-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cipriano_Castro_cabinet_(1899–1908)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cipriano_Castro_cabinet_(1899–1908)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Cipriano Castro cabinet (1899–1908)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cipriano_Castro_cabinet_(1899–1908)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trivia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trivia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Trivia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trivia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88" title="سيبريانو كاسترو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيبريانو كاسترو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88" title="سیپریانو کاسترو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیپریانو کاسترو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8_%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C" title="시프리아노 카스트로 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시프리아노 카스트로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE,_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Кастро, Сиприано – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кастро, Сиприано" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88" title="سيبريانو كاسترو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيبريانو كاسترو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сиприано Кастро – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сиприано Кастро" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro" title="José Cipriano Castro – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="José Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD" title="シプリアーノ・カストロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シプリアーノ・カストロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE,_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Кастро, Сиприано – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кастро, Сиприано" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Чіпріано Кастро – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чіпріано Кастро" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97" title="西普里亚诺·卡斯特罗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西普里亚诺·卡斯特罗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q469575#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Cipriano Castro</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cipriano_Castro_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cipriano_Castro_1908.jpg/220px-Cipriano_Castro_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cipriano_Castro_1908.jpg/330px-Cipriano_Castro_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cipriano_Castro_1908.jpg/440px-Cipriano_Castro_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="964" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Castro in 1908</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />20 October 1899 – 19 December 1908</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Andrade" title="Ignacio Andrade">Ignacio Andrade</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Juan Vicente Gómez</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1858-10-12</span>)</span>12 October 1858<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacho_Viejo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capacho Viejo (page does not exist)">Capacho Viejo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacho_Viejo" class="extiw" title="es:Capacho Viejo">es</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Táchira</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_of_Venezuela" title="State of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">4 December 1924<span style="display:none">(1924-12-04)</span> (aged 66)<br /><a href="/wiki/San_Juan,_Puerto_Rico" title="San Juan, Puerto Rico">San Juan, Puerto Rico</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/National_Pantheon_of_Venezuela" title="National Pantheon of Venezuela">National Pantheon of Venezuela</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zoila_Rosa_Mart%C3%ADnez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zoila Rosa Martínez (page does not exist)">Zoila Rosa Martínez</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cipriano_castro_signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cipriano Castro's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cipriano_castro_signature.svg/97px-Cipriano_castro_signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="97" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cipriano_castro_signature.svg/146px-Cipriano_castro_signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Cipriano_castro_signature.svg/195px-Cipriano_castro_signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="406" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>José Cipriano Castro Ruiz</b> (12 October 1858 – 4 December 1924) was a Venezuelan politician and <a href="/wiki/Officer_(armed_forces)" title="Officer (armed forces)">officer</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Bolivarian_Armed_Forces_of_Venezuela" title="National Bolivarian Armed Forces of Venezuela">military</a> who served as <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">president</a> from 1899 to 1908. He was the first man from the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_Andes" title="Venezuelan Andes">Venezuelan Andes</a> to rule the country, and was the first of four military strongmen from the Andean state of <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Táchira</a> to rule the country over the next 46 years. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cipriano_Castro,_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cipriano_Castro%2C_1884.jpg/220px-Cipriano_Castro%2C_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cipriano_Castro%2C_1884.jpg/330px-Cipriano_Castro%2C_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cipriano_Castro%2C_1884.jpg/440px-Cipriano_Castro%2C_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>Cipriano Castro at the age of 25</figcaption></figure> <p>Cipriano Castro was the only son of José Carmen Castro and Pelagia Ruiz. He was born on 12 October 1858 in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacho_Viejo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capacho Viejo (page does not exist)">Capacho Viejo</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacho_Viejo" class="extiw" title="es:Capacho Viejo">es</a>]</span>, <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Táchira</a>. Castro's father was a mid-level farmer and he received an education typical of the tachirense middle-class. His family had significant mercantile and family relations with <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>, in particular with <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAcuta" title="Cúcuta">Cúcuta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Santander,_Norte_de_Santander" title="Puerto Santander, Norte de Santander">Puerto Santander</a>. After studying in his native town and the city of <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal,_T%C3%A1chira" title="San Cristóbal, Táchira">San Cristóbal</a>, he continued his studies at a seminary school in <a href="/wiki/Pamplona,_Colombia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pamplona, Colombia">Pamplona, Colombia</a> (1872–1873). He left those studies to return to San Cristóbal, where he began work as employee of a company called Van Dissel, Thies and Ci'a. He also worked as a cowboy in the Andean region. Castro had 21 siblings, the majority of whom were half-siblings on his father's side from relationships after his mother's death. He was very close to his family and sent most of his little brothers to study in Caracas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_experience_and_introduction_to_politics">Military experience and introduction to politics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Military experience and introduction to politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1876 Castro opposed the candidacy of general Francisco Alvarado for the presidency of the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1chira_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Táchira (state)">Táchira</a> state. In 1878 he was working as the manager of the newspaper <i>El Álbum</i> when he participated along with a group of independence advocates in the seizure of San Cristóbal when they refused to submit to the authority of the new president of the state. </p><p>In 1884, he got into a disagreement with a parish priest, Juan Ramón Cárdenas in <a href="/wiki/Capacho" class="mw-redirect" title="Capacho">Capacho</a>, which led to his imprisonment in San Cristóbal. After six months, he escaped and took refuge in <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAcuta" title="Cúcuta">Cúcuta</a>, where he ran an inn.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There he met his future wife, Rosa Zoila Martínez, who would become known as <i>Doña Zoila</i>. In June 1886, he returned to the Táchira as a soldier, accompanying generals Segundo Prato, <a href="/wiki/Buenaventura_Macabeo_Maldonado_Vivas" title="Buenaventura Macabeo Maldonado Vivas">Buenaventura Macabeo Maldonado</a> and Carlos Rangel Garbiras to again raise the flag of autonomy, much to the dismay of the governor of the Táchira region, General <a href="/w/index.php?title=Esp%C3%ADritu_Santo_Morales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Espíritu Santo Morales (page does not exist)">Espíritu Santo Morales</a>. Castro defeated government forces in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacho_Viejo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capacho Viejo (page does not exist)">Capacho Viejo</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Rubio,_Venezuela" title="Rubio, Venezuela">Rubio</a>. Promoted to general, himself, Castro began to stand out in the internal politics of Táchira state. It was during the burial of a fellow fighter, Evaristo Jaimes, who had been killed in the earlier fighting that Castro met <a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Juan Vicente Gómez</a>, his future companion in his rise to power. He entered politics and became the governor of his province of Táchira but was exiled to Colombia when the government in Caracas was overthrown in 1892. Castro lived in Colombia for seven years, amassing a fortune in illegal cattle trading and recruiting a private army. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency">Presidency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Presidency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_Cipriano_Castro" title="Dictatorship of Cipriano Castro">Dictatorship of Cipriano Castro</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B3mez_and_Cipriano_Castro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/G%C3%B3mez_and_Cipriano_Castro.jpg/220px-G%C3%B3mez_and_Cipriano_Castro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/G%C3%B3mez_and_Cipriano_Castro.jpg/330px-G%C3%B3mez_and_Cipriano_Castro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/G%C3%B3mez_and_Cipriano_Castro.jpg/440px-G%C3%B3mez_and_Cipriano_Castro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Juan Vicente Gómez</a> and Cipriano Castro</figcaption></figure> <p>Amassing considerable support from disaffected Venezuelans, Castro's once personal army developed into a strong national army, and he used it to march on Caracas in October 1899 in an event called the <a href="/wiki/Restorative_Liberal_Revolution" title="Restorative Liberal Revolution">Restorative Liberal Revolution</a>, and seize power, installing himself as the supreme military commander. </p><p>Once in charge, Castro inaugurated a period of plunder and political disorder having assumed the vacant presidency, after modifying the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Venezuela_(1904)" title="Constitution of Venezuela (1904)">constitution (1904)</a>. He remained president for the period 1899–1908, designating Juan Vicente Gómez his "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Compadre" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Compadre">compadre</a>" as vice-president. </p><p>Castro's rule was marked by frequent rebellions, the murder or exile of his opponents, his own extravagant living, and trouble with other nations. Castro was characterized as "a crazy brute" by United States secretary of state <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Root" title="Elihu Root">Elihu Root</a> and as "probably the worst of Venezuela's many dictators" by historian <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Lieuwen" title="Edwin Lieuwen">Edwin Lieuwen</a>. His nine years of despotic and dissolute rule are best known for having provoked numerous foreign interventions, including blockades and bombardments by Dutch, British, German, and Italian naval units seeking to enforce the claims of their citizens against Castro's government. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crisis_of_1901–1903"><span id="Crisis_of_1901.E2.80.931903"></span>Crisis of 1901–1903</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Crisis of 1901–1903"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_crisis_of_1902%E2%80%931903" title="Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903">Venezuelan crisis of 1902–1903</a></div> <p>In 1901 the banker <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Antonio_Matos" title="Manuel Antonio Matos">Manuel Antonio Matos</a> was the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Liberating_Revolution_(Venezuela)" title="Liberating Revolution (Venezuela)">Liberating Revolution</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a major military movement with the intention to overthrow Cipriano Castro's government.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Severe disagreements between Castro and the foreign economic elite that support the revolution (as <a href="/wiki/Lake_Bermudez" title="Lake Bermudez">New York and Bermudez Company</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orinoco_Shipping_Company&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orinoco Shipping Company (page does not exist)">Orinoco Shipping Company</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krupp" title="Krupp">Krupp</a>, French Cable, and others) evolved into an open war that shook the country and brought the government to the brink of collapse. </p><p>On 2 April 1902, in response to rising political tension between the Netherlands and Venezuela to evacuate the Jews of <a href="/wiki/Coro,_Venezuela" title="Coro, Venezuela">Coro</a> to <a href="/wiki/Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Curaçao">Curaçao</a>, the <a href="/wiki/HNLMS_Koningin_Regentes" title="HNLMS Koningin Regentes">HNLMS <i>Koningin Regentes</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/HNLMS_Utrecht_(1898)" title="HNLMS Utrecht (1898)">HNLMS <i>Utrecht</i></a> arrived in the Venezuelan port of <a href="/wiki/La_Guaira" title="La Guaira">La Guaira</a>. Prior to their arrival, the Venezuelan Navy had repeatedly checked Dutch and Antillean merchant ships and the presence of the Dutch warships acted as a deterrent against further actions.<sup id="cite_ref-scheepvaartmuseum.nl_::_Maritieme_kalender_1902_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scheepvaartmuseum.nl_::_Maritieme_kalender_1902-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caricature_of_Cipriano_Castro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Caricature_of_Cipriano_Castro.jpg/220px-Caricature_of_Cipriano_Castro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Caricature_of_Cipriano_Castro.jpg/330px-Caricature_of_Cipriano_Castro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Caricature_of_Cipriano_Castro.jpg/440px-Caricature_of_Cipriano_Castro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="947" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption>Caricature of Cipriano Castro, by <a href="/wiki/William_Allen_Rogers" title="William Allen Rogers">William Allen Rogers</a>, published in the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a>, January 1903</figcaption></figure> <p>In November 1902, the troops at command of Castro himself broke the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_La_Victoria_(1902)" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de La Victoria (1902)">Siege of La Victoria</a>, weakened the vast network of revolutionaries armies and its extraordinary power. </p><p>Few weeks after that, Venezuela saw a <a href="/wiki/Naval_blockade" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval blockade">naval blockade</a> of several months imposed by <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>, <a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> over Castro's refusal to pay foreign debts and damages suffered by European citizens in the recent Liberating Revolution. Castro assumed that the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a> would see the United States prevent European military intervention, but at the time the government of president <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> saw the Doctrine<sup id="cite_ref-McBeth_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McBeth-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as concerning European seizure of territory, rather than intervention per se. With prior promises that no such seizure would occur, the US allowed the action to go ahead without objection. The blockade saw Venezuela's small navy quickly disabled, but Castro refused to give in, and instead agreed in principle to submit some of the claims to international arbitration, which he had previously rejected. Germany initially objected to this, particularly as it felt some claims should be accepted by Venezuela without arbitration. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cipriano_Castro_and_cabinet_in_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cipriano_Castro_and_cabinet_in_1902.jpg/220px-Cipriano_Castro_and_cabinet_in_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cipriano_Castro_and_cabinet_in_1902.jpg/330px-Cipriano_Castro_and_cabinet_in_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Cipriano_Castro_and_cabinet_in_1902.jpg/440px-Cipriano_Castro_and_cabinet_in_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="655" /></a><figcaption>Cipriano Castro and his war cabinet in 1902</figcaption></figure> <p>When the world press reacted negatively to incidents including the sinking of two Venezuelan ships and the bombardment of the coast, the U.S pressured the parties to settle, and drew attention to its nearby naval fleet in Puerto Rico at command of Admiral <a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">George Dewey</a>. With Castro failing to back down, Roosevelt pressure and increasingly negative British and American press reaction to the affair, the blockading nations agreed to a compromise, but maintained the blockade during negotiations over the details. This led to the signing in Washington of an agreement on 13 February 1903 which saw the blockade lifted, and Venezuela represented by U.S. ambassador <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Wolcott_Bowen" title="Herbert Wolcott Bowen">Herbert W. Bowen</a> commit 30% of its customs duties to settling claims. When an arbitral tribunal subsequently awarded preferential treatment to the blockading powers against the claims of other nations, the U.S feared this would encourage future European intervention. The revolutionaries, bearing a wound that could not be healed, succumbing finally in July 1903 in the <a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Ciudad_Bol%C3%ADvar" class="extiw" title="es:Batalla de Ciudad Bolívar">Battle of Ciudad Bolivar</a> after the siege of government army conducted by General Gomez, with which Matos decides to leave <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, establishing itself in Paris. </p><p>However, the blockading nations argued for preferential treatment for their claims, which Venezuela rejected, and on 7 May 1903 a total of ten powers with grievances against Venezuela, including the United States, signed protocols referring the issue to the <a href="/wiki/Permanent_Court_of_Arbitration" title="Permanent Court of Arbitration">Permanent Court of Arbitration</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Hague" title="The Hague">The Hague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dodwell_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dodwell-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court held on 22 February 1904 that the blockading powers were entitled to preferential treatment in the payment of their claims.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Washington disagreed with the decision in principle, and feared it would encourage future European intervention to gain such advantage.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, the crisis produced the <a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe Doctrine</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> described in Roosevelt's 1904 message to Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Corollary asserted a right of the United States to intervene to "stabilize" the economic affairs of small states in the Caribbean and Central America if they were unable to pay their international debts, in order to preclude European intervention to do so. The Venezuela crisis, and in particular the arbitral award, were key in the development of the Corollary.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1906, Castro punished the international firms involved in the Revolution to the point that diplomatic relations were broken with the United States and then with France due to debt differences.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> As a result, Venezuela lost its direct telegraph cable access when the French company that had been providing it was ousted from the country. The DeForest Wireless Telegraph company negotiated with Castro and sent a representative on April 18, 1908 to install stations in five different towns across Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Antonio Paredes led an insurrection against Castro, and in the winter of 1906, Paredes was captured and executed alongside sixteen other dissidents. His brother, Hector Luis Paredes, issued a manifesto from his home in Berlin, Germany. In it, Paredes called on the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_diaspora" title="Venezuelan diaspora">Venezuelan diaspora</a> to join together to oust Castro from power, accusing him of stealing millions from the national treasury and using mercenary force to impede the government.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1908, accusing the opposition to his regime, General Castro massively expelled Corsican producers and traders established in and around <a href="/wiki/Car%C3%BApano" title="Carúpano">Carúpano</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch–Venezuelan_crisis"><span id="Dutch.E2.80.93Venezuelan_crisis"></span>Dutch–Venezuelan crisis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Dutch–Venezuelan crisis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Dutch%E2%80%93Venezuelan_crisis_of_1908" title="Dutch–Venezuelan crisis of 1908">Dutch–Venezuelan crisis of 1908</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cipriano_Castro,_1913.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cipriano_Castro%2C_1913.jpg/220px-Cipriano_Castro%2C_1913.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cipriano_Castro%2C_1913.jpg/330px-Cipriano_Castro%2C_1913.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Cipriano_Castro%2C_1913.jpg/440px-Cipriano_Castro%2C_1913.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>Castro at <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a> during his exile, 1913</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1908, a dispute broke out between the Netherlands and president Castro regime on the grounds of the harboring of refugees in Curaçao. In July, Castro's government broke diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, arguing that the country's chargé d'affaires in Caracas had sent his government negative reports about the situation in Venezuela, some of which were published in the press of that country. Castro subjected Dutch ships to registration and applied tariff measures to them. The Netherlands considered that the series of decrees harmed its trade with Curazao. Venezuela expelled the Dutch ambassador, prompting a Dutch dispatch of three warships – a <a href="/wiki/Coastal_battleship" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal battleship">coastal battleship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/HNLMS_Jacob_van_Heemskerck_(1906)" title="HNLMS Jacob van Heemskerck (1906)">HNLMS <i>Jacob van Heemskerck</i></a>, and two <a href="/wiki/Protected_cruiser" title="Protected cruiser">protected cruisers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/HNLMS_Gelderland_(1898)" title="HNLMS Gelderland (1898)">HNLMS <i>Gelderland</i></a> and the <a href="/wiki/HNLMS_Friesland_(1896)" title="HNLMS Friesland (1896)">HNLMS <i>Friesland</i></a>. The Dutch warships had orders to intercept every ship that was sailing under the Venezuelan flag. </p><p>On 12 December 1908, the <i>Gelderland</i> captured the Venezuelan gunboat <i>Alix</i> off <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Cabello" title="Puerto Cabello">Puerto Cabello</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-McBeth_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McBeth-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 221">: 221 </span></sup> She and another ship the <i>23 de Mayo</i> were interned in the harbor of <a href="/wiki/Willemstad" title="Willemstad">Willemstad</a>. With their overwhelming naval superiority, the Dutch enforced a blockade on Venezuela's ports. </p><p>Several popular riots run through the streets of Caracas, protesting the Dutch threats against Venezuela. The demonstrations degenerate into looting of businesses. Among the looted businesses was that of the Dutch merchant Thielen, an important figure in the Castro regime. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Castro's_overthrow_in_1908,_exile_and_death_in_1924"><span id="Castro.27s_overthrow_in_1908.2C_exile_and_death_in_1924"></span>Castro's overthrow in 1908, exile and death in 1924</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Castro's overthrow in 1908, exile and death in 1924"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1908_Venezuelan_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1908 Venezuelan coup d'état">1908 Venezuelan coup d'état</a></div> <p>Few days later, Castro, who had been seriously ill for four years due to a kidney problem,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> left for Paris to seek medical treatment for <a href="/wiki/Syphilis" title="Syphilis">syphilis</a>, leaving the government in the hands of vice president <a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Juan Vicente Gómez</a>, the man who was instrumental in his victories of 1899 and 1903. However, on 19 December 1908, Gómez seized power himself and effectively ended the war with the Netherlands. Relying on allied merchants and ranchers, the Gómez assumed command as dictator, counting on the support of multiple opponents of Castro regime and foreign governments with interests in Venezuela. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State of the United States</a> lent three war battleships and a high commissioner to support Gómez in exchange for a change in Venezuelan foreign investment policy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A few days later, General Castro left for <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, nominally for a surgical operation. After that Castro suffered the harassment of the European powers resentful due to the policy that he had maintained towards them during his 8 years as president of Venezuela. </p><p>Without resources to carry out an armed invasion, he went to <a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a> and then recovered from his operation in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>. At the end of 1912 Castro intended to spend a season in the United States, but was captured and vexed by the immigration authorities of <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a> which forced him to leave in peremptory terms (February, 1913). He finally settled with his wife in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> (1916), under close surveillance by spies sent by Juan Vicente Gómez, who assumed the Venezuelan presidency. </p><p>Castro spent the rest of his life in exile in <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>, making several plots to return to power — none of which were successful. Castro died 4 December 1924, in <a href="/wiki/Santurce,_Puerto_Rico" class="mw-redirect" title="Santurce, Puerto Rico">Santurce, Puerto Rico</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cipriano_Castro_cabinet_(1899–1908)"><span id="Cipriano_Castro_cabinet_.281899.E2.80.931908.29"></span>Cipriano Castro cabinet (1899–1908)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Cipriano Castro cabinet (1899–1908)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th bgcolor="#dcdcdc" colspan="3">Ministries<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><b>OFFICE</b></td> <td align="left"><b>NAME</b></td> <td align="left"><b>TERM</b> </td></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="black" colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President</a></td> <td align="left"><b>Cipriano Castro</b></td> <td align="left">1899–1908 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Home Affairs</td> <td align="left"><b>Juan Francisco Castillo</b></td> <td align="left">1899–1900 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Rafael Cabrera Malo</b></td> <td align="left">1900–1901 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Velutini" title="José Antonio Velutini">José Antonio Velutini</a></b></td> <td align="left">1901–1902 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rafael_L%C3%B3pez_Baralt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rafael López Baralt (page does not exist)">Rafael López Baralt</a></b></td> <td align="left">1902–1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Leopoldo Baptista</b></td> <td align="left">1903–1907 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Julio Torres Cárdenas</b></td> <td align="left">1907 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Rafael López Baralt</b></td> <td align="left">1907–1908 </td></tr> <tr> <th bgcolor="black" colspan="3"> </th></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Outer Relations</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Andueza_Palacio" title="Raimundo Andueza Palacio">Raimundo Andueza Palacio</a></b></td> <td align="left">1899–1900 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Blanco_(writer)" title="Eduardo Blanco (writer)">Eduardo Blanco</a></b></td> <td align="left">1900–1901 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Jacinto Regino Pachano</b></td> <td align="left">1901–1902 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Diego Bautista Ferrer</b></td> <td align="left">1902–1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Alejandro Urbaneja</b></td> <td align="left">1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Gustavo Sanabria</b></td> <td align="left">1903–1905 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Alejandro Ibarra</b></td> <td align="left">1905–1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>José de Jesús Paúl</b></td> <td align="left">1906–1908 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Finance</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Tello_Mendoza&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón Tello Mendoza (page does not exist)">Ramón Tello Mendoza</a></b></td> <td align="left">1899–1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>José Cecilio De Castro</b></td> <td align="left">1903–1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Francisco_de_Sales_P%C3%A9rez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Francisco de Sales Pérez (page does not exist)">Francisco de Sales Pérez</a></b></td> <td align="left">1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Gustavo Sanabria</b></td> <td align="left">1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Eduardo Celis</b></td> <td align="left">1906–1907 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Arnaldo Morales</b></td> <td align="left">1906–1907 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">War and Navy</td> <td align="left"><b>José Ignacio Pulido</b></td> <td align="left">1899–1902 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ram%C3%B3n_Guerra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ramón Guerra (page does not exist)">Ramón Guerra</a></b></td> <td align="left">1902–1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>José María García Gómez</b></td> <td align="left">1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Manuel Salvador Araujo</b></td> <td align="left">1903–1904 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Joaquín Garrido</b></td> <td align="left">1904–1905 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>José María García Gómez</b></td> <td align="left">1905–1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Diego Bautista Ferrer</b></td> <td align="left">1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Manuel Salvador Araujo</b></td> <td align="left">1906–1907 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Diego Bautista Ferrer</b></td> <td align="left">1907–1908 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Development</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Manuel_Hern%C3%A1ndez" title="José Manuel Hernández">José Manuel Hernández</a></b></td> <td align="left">1899 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Celestino Peraza</b></td> <td align="left">1899 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Tell_Villegas_Pulido" title="Guillermo Tell Villegas Pulido">Guillermo Tell Villegas Pulido</a></b></td> <td align="left">1899–1900 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Ramón Ayala</b></td> <td align="left">1900–1901 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Felipe Arocha Gallegos</b></td> <td align="left">1901–1902 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Arnaldo Morales</b></td> <td align="left">1902–1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>José T. Arria</b></td> <td align="left">1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Rafael Garbiras Guzmán</b></td> <td align="left">1903–1904 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Arnaldo Morales</b></td> <td align="left">1904–1905 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Diego Bautista Ferrer</b></td> <td align="left">1905–1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Arístides Tellería</b></td> <td align="left">1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Arnaldo Morales</b></td> <td align="left">1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Jesús María Herrera Irigoyen</b></td> <td align="left">1906–1908 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Public Works</td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/V%C3%ADctor_Rodr%C3%ADguez_P%C3%A1rraga" title="Víctor Rodríguez Párraga">Víctor Rodríguez Párraga</a></b></td> <td align="left">1899 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Juan Otáñez Maucó</b></td> <td align="left">1899–1902 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Rafael María Carabaño</b></td> <td align="left">1902–1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Ricardo Castillo Chapellín</b></td> <td align="left">1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Alejandro Rivas Vásquez</b></td> <td align="left">1903–1904 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Ricardo Castillo Chapellín</b></td> <td align="left">1904–1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Luis Mata Illas</b></td> <td align="left">1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Juan Casanova</b></td> <td align="left">1906–1908 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Public Instruction</td> <td align="left"><b>Manuel Clemente Urbaneja</b></td> <td align="left">1899–1900 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Félix Quintero</b></td> <td align="left">1900–1901 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Tomás Garbiras</b></td> <td align="left">1901–1902 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Rafael Monserrate</b></td> <td align="left">1902–1903 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Eduardo Blanco</b></td> <td align="left">1903–1905 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Arnaldo Morales</b></td> <td align="left">1905–1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Enrique Siso</b></td> <td align="left">1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Carlos León</b></td> <td align="left">1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Eduardo Blanco</b></td> <td align="left">1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Laureano Villanueva</b></td> <td align="left">1906–1907 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>José Antonio Baldó</b></td> <td align="left">1907–1908 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left">Secretary of Presidency</td> <td align="left"><b>Celestino Peraza</b></td> <td align="left">1899 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Julio Torres Cárdenas</b></td> <td align="left">1899–1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Lucio Baldó</b></td> <td align="left">1906 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Rafael_Revenga" title="José Rafael Revenga">José Rafael Revenga</a></b></td> <td align="left">1906–1907 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b>Rafael Gárbiras Guzmán</b></td> <td align="left">1907–1908 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="left"> </td> <td align="left"><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=Leopoldo_Baptista&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leopoldo Baptista (page does not exist)">Leopoldo Baptista</a></b></td> <td align="left">1908 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zoila_Rosa_Mart%C3%ADnez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Zoila_Rosa_Mart%C3%ADnez.jpg/149px-Zoila_Rosa_Mart%C3%ADnez.jpg" decoding="async" width="149" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Zoila_Rosa_Mart%C3%ADnez.jpg/223px-Zoila_Rosa_Mart%C3%ADnez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Zoila_Rosa_Mart%C3%ADnez.jpg/298px-Zoila_Rosa_Mart%C3%ADnez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="435" data-file-height="636" /></a><figcaption>Zoila Rosa Martínez</figcaption></figure><p>Castro was married to Zoila Rosa Martínez in October 1886 when she was only 16 years of age.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She served as <a href="/wiki/List_of_First_Ladies_of_Venezuela" class="mw-redirect" title="List of First Ladies of Venezuela">First Lady of Venezuela</a> from 1899 to 1908.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was sometimes known as Zoila de Castro.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She died in Caracas in 1952.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucila_Mendez_000.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lucila_Mendez_000.jpg/152px-Lucila_Mendez_000.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lucila_Mendez_000.jpg/229px-Lucila_Mendez_000.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Lucila_Mendez_000.jpg/304px-Lucila_Mendez_000.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Lucille Mendez</figcaption></figure><p>Castro's daughter, Rosa Castro Martínez, was born on January 31, 1906. She adopted the stage name <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lucille_M%C3%A9ndez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lucille Méndez (page does not exist)">Lucille Méndez</a>, and became the first Venezuelan actress in Hollywood silent movies.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Director <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Ince" title="Ralph Ince">Ralph Ince</a> suggested the stage name, the same as his former wife. Rosa and Ralph married on July 7, 1926; afterwards, her Spanish performances billed her as Rosa Castro, though she continued to be listed as Méndez in films recorded for English-speaking audiences.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Méndez died in San Diego, California on May 24, 2008 at the age of 102.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_15-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hs brother Celestino Castro as Provisional president of the Tachira state (11.8.1900), is appointed commander-in-chief of the government forces in charge of combating the invasion of the General Carlos Rangel Garbiras from Colombia (July 1901) and assumes the role of commander of San Cristobal in the battle that culminates in the defeat of the invaders (26.7.1901). In February 1902, he managed to intercept in Las Cumbres the invasion of General Emilio Fernández from Colombia. He keeps to brother scrupulously informed of the events on the border, taking care to recruit and send troops to the center of Venezuela that help fight the forces of the Liberating Revolution (1902–1903). As militar commander of the state of Táchira (May 1904), he is appointed first vice president of that state (December 1907). He fled to Colombia after the coup d'état of December 19, 1908 and remains in exile until his death in 1924. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trivia">Trivia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Trivia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Trivia plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article contains a <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Trivia_sections" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Trivia sections">list of miscellaneous information</a>.</b><span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Handling_trivia#Recommendations_for_handling_trivia" title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocate</a> any relevant information into other sections or articles.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>During his presidency, northern Venezuela was struck by the powerful <a href="/wiki/1900_San_Narciso_earthquake" title="1900 San Narciso earthquake">1900 San Narciso earthquake</a>, which caused widespread material damage in <a href="/wiki/Miranda_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Miranda State">Miranda State</a> and in the Venezuelan capital <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>. Castro was woken in the middle of the night, and he leaped off from a window of the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_House_(Venezuela)" title="Yellow House (Venezuela)">Yellow House</a>, the then official residence of the President of Venezuela, and suffered a broken ankle.<sup id="cite_ref-San_Narciso_earthquake_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-San_Narciso_earthquake-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The earthquake led him to consider changing the official residence to a building with anti-seismic structure, which occurred in 1904, when he transferred the Presidential House to <a href="/wiki/Miraflores_Palace" title="Miraflores Palace">Miraflores Palace</a>, becoming its first occupant.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Cipriano Castro was portrayed by <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Moll" title="Roberto Moll">Roberto Moll</a> in the 2017 film <i><a href="/wiki/La_planta_insolente" title="La planta insolente">La planta insolente</a>.</i><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/15963736/">"Man of Mark: Is President Castro Whose Life of War, Adventure and Romance Would Keep a Dozen Novelists Busy"</a></span>. <i>Moberly Evening Democrat</i>. Vol. 31, no. 41. 28 August 1901. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Moberly+Evening+Democrat&rft.atitle=Man+of+Mark%3A+Is+President+Castro+Whose+Life+of+War%2C+Adventure+and+Romance+Would+Keep+a+Dozen+Novelists+Busy&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=41&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1901-08-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F15963736%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArais_Amaro2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Arais Amaro, Alberto (2000). <i>Historia de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela</i> [<i>History of the Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela</i>] (in Spanish). Caracas, Venezuela: Editorial Romor. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-381-082-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-381-082-5"><bdi>978-980-381-082-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+Bolivariana+de+Venezuela&rft.place=Caracas%2C+Venezuela&rft.pub=Editorial+Romor&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-980-381-082-5&rft.aulast=Arais+Amaro&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodríguez2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rodríguez, Gilberto Liway (2001). <i>Nueva historia de Venezuela: Independencia</i> [<i>New history of Venezuela: Independence</i>] (in Spanish). Caracas, Venezuela: Grupo Editorial Venelibros. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-6210-45-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-6210-45-5"><bdi>978-980-6210-45-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nueva+historia+de+Venezuela%3A+Independencia&rft.place=Caracas%2C+Venezuela&rft.pub=Grupo+Editorial+Venelibros&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-980-6210-45-5&rft.aulast=Rodr%C3%ADguez&rft.aufirst=Gilberto+Liway&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scheepvaartmuseum.nl_::_Maritieme_kalender_1902-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scheepvaartmuseum.nl_::_Maritieme_kalender_1902_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.archive.org/web/20131004215341/https://www.hetscheepvaartmuseum.nl/knowledgebase/calendar%7C1902">"scheepvaartmuseum.nl :: Maritieme kalender 1902"</a> [Het Scheepvaartmuseum Maritime Calendar 1902]. <i><a href="/wiki/Het_Scheepvaartmuseum" title="Het Scheepvaartmuseum">Het Scheepvaartmuseum</a></i> (in Dutch). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hetscheepvaartmuseum.nl/knowledgebase/calendar%7C1902">the original</a> on 4 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Het+Scheepvaartmuseum&rft.atitle=scheepvaartmuseum.nl+%3A%3A+Maritieme+kalender+1902&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hetscheepvaartmuseum.nl%2Fknowledgebase%2Fcalendar%257C1902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFonzo2015" class="citation journal cs1">Fonzo, Erminio (2015). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/19440292">"Italia y el bloqueo naval de Venezuela (1902–1903)"</a></span>. <i>Cultura Latinoamericana</i>. <b>21</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">35–</span>61<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2017</span> – via Academia.edu.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cultura+Latinoamericana&rft.atitle=Italia+y+el+bloqueo+naval+de+Venezuela+%281902%E2%80%931903%29&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E35-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Fonzo&rft.aufirst=Erminio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F19440292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McBeth-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-McBeth_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-McBeth_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcBeth2001" class="citation book cs1">McBeth, B. S. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=51dsAAAAMAAJ"><i>Gunboats, Corruption, and Claims: Foreign Intervention in Venezuela, 1899–1900</i></a>. Santa Barbara: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313313561" title="Special:BookSources/9780313313561"><bdi>9780313313561</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gunboats%2C+Corruption%2C+and+Claims%3A+Foreign+Intervention+in+Venezuela%2C+1899%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Santa+Barbara&rft.pub=Greenwood&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780313313561&rft.aulast=McBeth&rft.aufirst=B.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D51dsAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamiltonRequenavan_ScheltingaShifman1999" class="citation book cs1">Hamilton, P.; Requena, H.C.; van Scheltinga, L.; Shifman, B., eds. (18 May 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cT_po79vQvsC&pg=PA36"><i>The Permanent Court of Arbitration: International Arbitration and Dispute Resolution – Summaries of Awards, Settlement Agreements and Reports</i></a> (Centenary ed.). Kluwer Law International B.V. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1233-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-411-1233-0"><bdi>978-90-411-1233-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Permanent+Court+of+Arbitration%3A+International+Arbitration+and+Dispute+Resolution+%E2%80%93+Summaries+of+Awards%2C+Settlement+Agreements+and+Reports&rft.edition=Centenary&rft.pub=Kluwer+Law+International+B.V.&rft.date=1999-05-18&rft.isbn=978-90-411-1233-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcT_po79vQvsC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodwell-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dodwell_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteel1967" class="citation book cs1">Steel, Anthony (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Mu48AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA322">"The British Empire and the United States of America, 1870–1914"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Alfred_Benians" title="Ernest Alfred Benians">Benians, E.A.</a>; Butler, Sir James; <a href="/wiki/Charles_Carrington_(historian)" title="Charles Carrington (historian)">Carrington, C.E.</a> (eds.). <i>The Cambridge History of the British Empire, Volume III: The Empire-Commonwealth, 1870–1919</i> (2nd ed.). London: The Syndics of the <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. p. 322.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+British+Empire+and+the+United+States+of+America%2C+1870%E2%80%931914&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+the+British+Empire%2C+Volume+III%3A+The+Empire-Commonwealth%2C+1870%E2%80%931919&rft.place=London&rft.pages=322&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Syndics+of+the+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Steel&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMu48AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaass2009" class="citation journal cs1">Maass, Matthias (3 November 2009). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09592290903293738">"Catalyst for the Roosevelt Corollary: Arbitrating the 1902–1903 Venezuela Crisis and Its Impact on the Development of the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine"</a></span>. <i>Diplomacy & Statecraft</i>. <b>20</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">383–</span>402. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09592290903293738">10.1080/09592290903293738</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153429243">153429243</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diplomacy+%26+Statecraft&rft.atitle=Catalyst+for+the+Roosevelt+Corollary%3A+Arbitrating+the+1902%E2%80%931903+Venezuela+Crisis+and+Its+Impact+on+the+Development+of+the+Roosevelt+Corollary+to+the+Monroe+Doctrine&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E383-%3C%2Fspan%3E402&rft.date=2009-11-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09592290903293738&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153429243%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Maass&rft.aufirst=Matthias&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tandfonline.com%2Fdoi%2Ffull%2F10.1080%2F09592290903293738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Spencer C., ed. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8V3vZxOmHssC&pg=PA676"><i>The Encyclopedia of the Spanish-American and Philippine-American Wars: A Political, Social, and Military History [3 Volumes]</i></a>. Bloomsbury Academic. pp. <span class="nowrap">676–</span>677. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-951-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-951-1"><bdi>978-1-85109-951-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+the+Spanish-American+and+Philippine-American+Wars%3A+A+Political%2C+Social%2C+and+Military+History+%5B3+Volumes%5D&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E676-%3C%2Fspan%3E677&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Academic&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-951-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8V3vZxOmHssC%26pg%3DPA676&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/421686872">"The Sixtieth Congress: Condensed News from the National Capitol. Wireless for Venezuela"</a></span>. <i>The Pleasanton Herald</i>. Vol. 28, no. 10. 24 April 1908. p. 1<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Pleasanton+Herald&rft.atitle=The+Sixtieth+Congress%3A+Condensed+News+from+the+National+Capitol.+Wireless+for+Venezuela&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1908-04-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F421686872&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParedes1907" class="citation news cs1">Paredes, Hector Luis (5 October 1907). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/image/471158027">"War Against Castro: His enemies to unite. General Paredes's Brother Wants to Save Venezuela"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/New-York_Tribune" title="New-York Tribune">New-York Tribune</a></i>. p. 13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2024</span> – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New-York+Tribune&rft.atitle=War+Against+Castro%3A+His+enemies+to+unite.+General+Paredes%27s+Brother+Wants+to+Save+Venezuela&rft.pages=13&rft.date=1907-10-05&rft.aulast=Paredes&rft.aufirst=Hector+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fimage%2F471158027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSullivan1976" class="citation journal cs1">Sullivan, William M. (October 1976). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/980787">"The Harassed Exile: General Cipriano Castro, 1908–1924"</a></span>. <i>The Americas</i>. <b>33</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">282–</span>297. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F980787">10.2307/980787</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/980787">980787</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147570618">147570618</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Americas&rft.atitle=The+Harassed+Exile%3A+General+Cipriano+Castro%2C+1908%E2%80%931924&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E282-%3C%2Fspan%3E297&rft.date=1976-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147570618%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F980787%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F980787&rft.aulast=Sullivan&rft.aufirst=William+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F980787&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">“Gaceta Oficial de Venezuela” Period 1899–1908</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_15-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerozo_Padua2021" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Perozo Padua, Luis Alberto (1 March 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elnacional.com/opinion/rosa-castro-la-primera-venezolana-en-hollywood/">"Rosa Castro, la primera venezolana en Hollywood"</a> [Rosa Castro, the first Venezuelan in Hollywood]. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Nacional_(Venezuela)" title="El Nacional (Venezuela)">El Nacional (Venezuela)</a></i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Nacional+%28Venezuela%29&rft.atitle=Rosa+Castro%2C+la+primera+venezolana+en+Hollywood&rft.date=2021-03-01&rft.aulast=Perozo+Padua&rft.aufirst=Luis+Alberto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elnacional.com%2Fopinion%2Frosa-castro-la-primera-venezolana-en-hollywood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reyes, Antonio (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdlAAAAMAAJ"><i>"Presidentas" de Venezuela (primeras damas de la República en el siglo xix)</i></a> [<i><span></span>'Presidents' of Venezuela (first ladies of the Republic in the 19th century)</i>] (in Spanish). p. 216. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1262432">1262432</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Presidentas%22+de+Venezuela+%28primeras+damas+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+en+el+siglo+xix%29&rft.pages=216&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1262432&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYQdlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernándezSemprún_Parra2018" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hernández, Luis Guillermo; Semprún Parra, Jesús Ángel (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5XlGDwAAQBAJ"><i>Diccionario General del Zulia</i></a> [<i>General Dictionary of Zulia</i>] (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). Maracaibo: Sultana del Lago. p. 540. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781976873034" title="Special:BookSources/9781976873034"><bdi>9781976873034</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+General+del+Zulia&rft.place=Maracaibo&rft.pages=540&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Sultana+del+Lago&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781976873034&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Luis+Guillermo&rft.au=Sempr%C3%BAn+Parra%2C+Jes%C3%BAs+%C3%81ngel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5XlGDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernández1906" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hernández, Octavio (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://curiosity.lib.harvard.edu/latin-american-pamphlet-digital-collection/catalog/43-990113751260203941">"La fiesta del Club Unión de Maracaibo en honor de doña Zoila de Castro"</a> [The Club Unión de Maracaibo party in honor of Mrs. Zoila de Castro]. <i>Harvard Library</i> (in Spanish). Maracaibo, Venezuela: Impr. Americana. pp. 1, 5, 9. 990113751260203941<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Library&rft.atitle=La+fiesta+del+Club+Uni%C3%B3n+de+Maracaibo+en+honor+de+do%C3%B1a+Zoila+de+Castro&rft.pages=1%2C+5%2C+9&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft.aufirst=Octavio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcuriosity.lib.harvard.edu%2Flatin-american-pamphlet-digital-collection%2Fcatalog%2F43-990113751260203941&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReyes1955" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Reyes, Antonio (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YQdlAAAAMAAJ"><i>"Presidentas" de Venezuela (primeras damas de la República en el siglo xix)</i></a> [<i><span></span>'Presidents'of Venezuela (first ladies of the Republic in the 19th century)</i>] (in Spanish). p. 223. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1262432">1262432</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Presidentas%22+de+Venezuela+%28primeras+damas+de+la+Rep%C3%BAblica+en+el+siglo+xix%29&rft.pages=223&rft.date=1955&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1262432&rft.aulast=Reyes&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYQdlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1925/07/08/archives/john-m-anderson-to-build-theatre-his-park-avenue-in-east-58th-st-to.html">"John M. Anderson to Build Theatre"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>: 12. 8 July 1925<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=John+M.+Anderson+to+Build+Theatre&rft.pages=12&rft.date=1925-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1925%2F07%2F08%2Farchives%2Fjohn-m-anderson-to-build-theatre-his-park-avenue-in-east-58th-st-to.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-San_Narciso_earthquake-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-San_Narciso_earthquake_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.funvisis.gob.ve/old/reportaje3.php">"El movimiento telúrico tuvo una magnitud de 8,0"</a>. <i>www.funvisis.gob.ve</i> (in Spanish). Venezuelan Foundation for Seismological Research<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.funvisis.gob.ve&rft.atitle=El+movimiento+tel%C3%BArico+tuvo+una+magnitud+de+8%2C0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.funvisis.gob.ve%2Fold%2Freportaje3.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaldonado-Bourgoin1994" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maldonado-Bourgoin, Carlos (1994). <i>La Casa Amarilla: enclave histórico de Venezuela</i> [<i>The Yellow House: historical enclave of Venezuela</i>] (in Spanish). p. 280.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Casa+Amarilla%3A+enclave+hist%C3%B3rico+de+Venezuela&rft.pages=280&rft.date=1994&rft.aulast=Maldonado-Bourgoin&rft.aufirst=Carlos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDel_Águila2020" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Del Águila, Sonia (6 February 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://elcomercio.pe/tvmas/farandula/roberto-moll-y-el-dia-que-fue-declarado-clinicamente-muerto-le-dijeron-a-mi-hija-que-haga-los-tramites-de-la-funeraria-video-noticia/">"Roberto Moll y el día que fue declarado 'clínicamente muerto': 'Le dijeron a mi hija que haga los trámites de la funeraria'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a> [Roberto Moll and the day he was declared 'clinically dead': 'They told my daughter to do the paperwork at the funeral home']. <i><a href="/wiki/El_Comercio_(Peru)" title="El Comercio (Peru)">El Comercio</a></i> (in Spanish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 December</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=El+Comercio&rft.atitle=Roberto+Moll+y+el+d%C3%ADa+que+fue+declarado+%27cl%C3%ADnicamente+muerto%27%3A+%27Le+dijeron+a+mi+hija+que+haga+los+tr%C3%A1mites+de+la+funeraria%27&rft.date=2020-02-06&rft.aulast=Del+%C3%81guila&rft.aufirst=Sonia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Felcomercio.pe%2Ftvmas%2Ffarandula%2Froberto-moll-y-el-dia-que-fue-declarado-clinicamente-muerto-le-dijeron-a-mi-hija-que-haga-los-tramites-de-la-funeraria-video-noticia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACipriano+Castro" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Andrade" title="Ignacio Andrade">Ignacio Andrade</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a> </b><br />1899 – 1908 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Juan Vicente Gómez</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="President_of_Venezuela_(list)307" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Presidents_of_Venezuela" title="Template:Presidents of Venezuela"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Presidents_of_Venezuela" title="Template talk:Presidents of Venezuela"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents_of_Venezuela" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Presidents of Venezuela"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="President_of_Venezuela_(list)307" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Venezuela" title="President of Venezuela">President of Venezuela</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Venezuela" title="List of presidents of Venezuela">list</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Since 1830</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">Páez</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Narvarte" title="Andrés Narvarte">Narvarte</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Vargas" title="José María Vargas">Vargas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Carre%C3%B1o" title="José María Carreño">Carreño</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Vargas" title="José María Vargas">Vargas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Narvarte" title="Andrés Narvarte">Narvarte</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Carre%C3%B1o" title="José María Carreño">Carreño</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Soublette" title="Carlos Soublette">Soublette</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Soublette" title="Carlos Soublette">Soublette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tadeo_Monagas" title="José Tadeo Monagas">J. T. Monagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gregorio_Monagas" title="José Gregorio Monagas">J. G. Monagas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Tadeo_Monagas" title="José Tadeo Monagas">J. T. Monagas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gual_Escand%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Gual Escandón">Gual</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juli%C3%A1n_Castro_(Venezuelan_politician)" title="Julián Castro (Venezuelan politician)">J. Castro</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gual_Escand%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Gual Escandón">Gual</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Felipe_de_Tovar" title="Manuel Felipe de Tovar">Tovar</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Gual_Escand%C3%B3n" title="Pedro Gual Escandón">Gual</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_P%C3%A1ez" title="José Antonio Páez">Páez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Cris%C3%B3stomo_Falc%C3%B3n" title="Juan Crisóstomo Falcón">Falcón</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Ezequiel_Bruzual" title="Manuel Ezequiel Bruzual">Bruzual</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Tell_Villegas" title="Guillermo Tell Villegas">Villegas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Ruperto_Monagas" title="José Ruperto Monagas">J. R. Monagas</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Tell_Villegas" title="Guillermo Tell Villegas">Villegas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Linares_Alc%C3%A1ntara" title="Francisco Linares Alcántara">Linares</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gregorio_Valera" title="José Gregorio Valera">Valera</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Crespo" title="Joaquín Crespo">Crespo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Guzm%C3%A1n_Blanco" title="Antonio Guzmán Blanco">Guzmán</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Herm%C3%B3genes_L%C3%B3pez" title="Hermógenes López">H. López</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Pablo_Rojas_Pa%C3%BAl" title="Juan Pablo Rojas Paúl">Rojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raimundo_Andueza_Palacio" title="Raimundo Andueza Palacio">Andueza</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Tell_Villegas" title="Guillermo Tell Villegas">Villegas</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guillermo_Tell_Villegas_Pulido" title="Guillermo Tell Villegas Pulido">Villegas Pulido</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Crespo" title="Joaquín Crespo">Crespo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ignacio_Andrade" title="Ignacio Andrade">Andrade</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">C. Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Gómez</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Gil_Fortoul" title="José Gil Fortoul">Gil Fortoul</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Victorino_M%C3%A1rquez_Bustillos" title="Victorino Márquez Bustillos">Márquez</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Bautista_P%C3%A9rez" title="Juan Bautista Pérez">J. Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_L%C3%B3pez_Contreras" title="Eleazar López Contreras">López Contreras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isa%C3%ADas_Medina_Angarita" title="Isaías Medina Angarita">Medina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Gallegos" title="Rómulo Gallegos">Gallegos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Delgado_Chalbaud" title="Carlos Delgado Chalbaud">Delgado Chalbaud</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Germ%C3%A1n_Su%C3%A1rez_Flamerich" title="Germán Suárez Flamerich">Suárez Flamerich</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcos_P%C3%A9rez_Jim%C3%A9nez" title="Marcos Pérez Jiménez">Pérez Jiménez</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Larraz%C3%A1bal" title="Wolfgang Larrazábal">Larrazábal</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Sanabria" title="Edgar Sanabria">Sanabria</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B3mulo_Betancourt" title="Rómulo Betancourt">Betancourt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl_Leoni" title="Raúl Leoni">Leoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">C. Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luis_Herrera_Campins" title="Luis Herrera Campins">Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Lusinchi" title="Jaime Lusinchi">Lusinchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Andr%C3%A9s_P%C3%A9rez" title="Carlos Andrés Pérez">C. Pérez</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Octavio_Lepage" title="Octavio Lepage">Lepage</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Jos%C3%A9_Vel%C3%A1squez" title="Ramón José Velásquez">Velásquez</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Caldera" title="Rafael Caldera">Caldera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diosdado_Cabello" title="Diosdado Cabello">Cabello</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Chávez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicol%C3%A1s_Maduro" title="Nicolás Maduro">Maduro</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juan_Guaid%C3%B3" title="Juan Guaidó">Guaidó</a></i><sup>1</sup></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/90px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/135px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg/180px-Presidential_Standard_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Acting / interim / caretaker presidents shown in <i>italics</i> <br /> <sup>1</sup> Recognized by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Venezuela)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Venezuela)">National Assembly</a> as "interim president" during the <a href="/wiki/Venezuelan_presidential_crisis" title="Venezuelan presidential crisis">Venezuelan presidential crisis</a> until 2023</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q469575#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1942" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q469575#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata1942" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q469575#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000061252536">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/60400035">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/70835/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJv8Dwtt6KMHx6QPMmtMyd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/13615798X">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81039811">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12412149f">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12412149f">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072419393">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9811530536305606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/70095">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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