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<span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Biografie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biografie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politieke_leven" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politieke_leven"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Politieke leven</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politieke_leven-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Politieke leven-subkopje inklappen</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politieke_leven-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Liberale_Revolutie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberale_Revolutie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Liberale Revolutie</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Ziekte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ziekte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Verbanning_en_overlijden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Verbanning_en_overlijden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Verbanning en overlijden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Verbanning_en_overlijden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Externe_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Externe_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Externe links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Externe_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Inhoudsopgave" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Inhoudsopgave omschakelen" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Inhoudsopgave omschakelen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">José Cipriano Castro</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 25 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88" title="سيبريانو كاسترو – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيبريانو كاسترو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88" title="سيبريانو كاسترو – Egyptisch Arabisch" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سيبريانو كاسترو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptisch Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%BE%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88" title="سیپریانو کاسترو – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سیپریانو کاسترو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B7%E3%83%97%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%BC%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%AD" title="シプリアーノ・カストロ – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="シプリアーノ・カストロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8B%9C%ED%94%84%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EB%85%B8_%EC%B9%B4%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%EB%A1%9C" title="시프리아노 카스트로 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="시프리아노 카스트로" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Сиприано Кастро – Mongools" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сиприано Кастро" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE,_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Кастро, Сиприано – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Кастро, Сиприано" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE,_%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE" title="Кастро, Сиприано – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кастро, Сиприано" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Toemboeka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Toemboeka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%96%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Чіпріано Кастро – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чіпріано Кастро" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipriano_Castro" title="Cipriano Castro – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Cipriano Castro" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BD%97" title="西普里亚诺·卡斯特罗 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西普里亚诺·卡斯特罗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q469575#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cipriano_Castro_1908.jpg/260px-Cipriano_Castro_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cipriano_Castro_1908.jpg/390px-Cipriano_Castro_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cipriano_Castro_1908.jpg/520px-Cipriano_Castro_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="964" /></a><figcaption>Cipriano Castro in 1908</figcaption></figure> <p><b>José Cipriano Castro Ruiz</b> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacho_Viejo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capacho Viejo (de pagina bestaat niet)">Capacho Viejo</a> (<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Táchira</a>), <a href="/wiki/12_oktober" title="12 oktober">12 oktober</a> <a href="/wiki/1858" title="1858">1858</a> - <a href="/w/index.php?title=Santurce_(Puerto_Rico)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Santurce (Puerto Rico) (de pagina bestaat niet)">Santurce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a>), <a href="/wiki/5_december" title="5 december">5 december</a> <a href="/wiki/1924" title="1924">1924</a>) was een <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezolaans</a> militair en politicus die van <a href="/wiki/1899" title="1899">1899</a> tot <a href="/wiki/1908" title="1908">1908</a> het land leidde, eerst als <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> president na de overwinning in een burgeroorlog en vanaf 1901 als Grondwettelijk President van Venezuela. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biografie">Biografie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Biografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Biografie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Castro werd buiten <a href="/w/index.php?title=Capacho_Viejo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Capacho Viejo (de pagina bestaat niet)">Capacho Viejo</a> op de <a href="/wiki/Dia_de_la_Hispanidad" class="mw-redirect" title="Dia de la Hispanidad">Dia de la Hispanidad</a> geboren als zoon van modale boer José del Carmen Castro en Pelagia Ruiz. Na zijn vroege schooljeugd in Venezuela te hebben doorgebracht, vervolgde hij zijn opleiding in <a href="/wiki/Pamplona_(Colombia)" title="Pamplona (Colombia)">Pamplona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a>. Hij verdiepte zich in de liberale politieke bewegingen van die tijd die in Colombia speelden. Hierbij was de dichter en activist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Vargas_Vila&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="José María Vargas Vila (de pagina bestaat niet)">José María Vargas Vila</a> een belangrijke inspirator. Ook was hij aanwezig bij grote bijeenkomsten van de Colombiaanse Liberale Partij. </p><p>Na zijn periode in de leer in Colombia, keerde hij terug naar <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_(Venezuela)" title="San Cristóbal (Venezuela)">San Cristóbal</a> waar hij ging werken als assistent van de familie Van Dissel, Thies en Cía. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politieke_leven">Politieke leven</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Politieke leven" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Politieke leven"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Cipriano_Castro_at_the_age_of_20.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cipriano_Castro_at_the_age_of_20.jpg/160px-Cipriano_Castro_at_the_age_of_20.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Cipriano_Castro_at_the_age_of_20.jpg/240px-Cipriano_Castro_at_the_age_of_20.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Cipriano_Castro_at_the_age_of_20.jpg 2x" data-file-width="262" data-file-height="338" /></a><figcaption>Cipriano Castro op 20-jarige leeftijd</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Cipriano_Castro,_1884.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cipriano_Castro%2C_1884.jpg/160px-Cipriano_Castro%2C_1884.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cipriano_Castro%2C_1884.jpg/240px-Cipriano_Castro%2C_1884.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Cipriano_Castro%2C_1884.jpg/320px-Cipriano_Castro%2C_1884.jpg 2x" data-file-width="754" data-file-height="1126" /></a><figcaption>Cipriano Castro in 1884</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/1876" title="1876">1876</a> verzette hij zich tegen de kandidatuur van generaal Francisco Alvarado bij de verkiezingen voor de staat <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1chira" title="Táchira">Táchira</a>. In <a href="/wiki/1878" title="1878">1878</a> werkte hij bij de krant <i>El Álbum</i> en nam deel aan de bezetting van <a href="/wiki/San_Crist%C3%B3bal_(Venezuela)" title="San Cristóbal (Venezuela)">San Cristóbal</a>. Enige tijd hierna vertrok hij naar <a href="/wiki/C%C3%BAcuta" title="Cúcuta">Cúcuta</a> waar hij zijn latere vrouw leerde kennen; Zoila Rosa Martínez, voorheen doña Zoila genaamd. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberale_Revolutie">Liberale Revolutie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Liberale Revolutie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=3" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Liberale Revolutie"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Cipriano_Castro_in_Caracas,_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cipriano_Castro_in_Caracas%2C_1899.jpg/250px-Cipriano_Castro_in_Caracas%2C_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Cipriano_Castro_in_Caracas%2C_1899.jpg/375px-Cipriano_Castro_in_Caracas%2C_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Cipriano_Castro_in_Caracas%2C_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="442" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Aankomst van Cipriano Castro in Caracas, oktober 1899</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1898 bereikte de instabiliteit van <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ignacio_Andrade&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ignacio Andrade (de pagina bestaat niet)">de regering Andrade</a> een hoogtepunt en begonnen de krachten van de partijgenoten van Castro zich samen te bundelen in Het Revolutionair Comité. </p><p>Begin 1899 vormde Castro met <a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Juan Vicente Gómez</a> en andere partijleden een <a href="/wiki/Junta" title="Junta">junta</a>, na vruchteloze pogingen bij <a href="/w/index.php?title=Carlos_Rangel_Garbiras&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Carlos Rangel Garbiras (de pagina bestaat niet)">Carlos Rangel Garbiras</a>. Het begin van de Liberale Revolutie, 23 mei 1899 werd ingeluid met de invasie van het nationaal territorium. Castro wist enkele gevangen medestrijders vrij te krijgen waarop president Andrade het land ontvluchtte. Castro bereikte Caracas op <a href="/wiki/22_oktober" title="22 oktober">22 oktober</a> 1899 waar hij tot president van de Republiek benoemd wordt. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Presidentschap">Presidentschap</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Presidentschap" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=4" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Presidentschap"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:G%C3%B3mez_and_Cipriano_Castro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/G%C3%B3mez_and_Cipriano_Castro.jpg/160px-G%C3%B3mez_and_Cipriano_Castro.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/G%C3%B3mez_and_Cipriano_Castro.jpg/240px-G%C3%B3mez_and_Cipriano_Castro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/G%C3%B3mez_and_Cipriano_Castro.jpg/320px-G%C3%B3mez_and_Cipriano_Castro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1183" data-file-height="1782" /></a><figcaption>Juan Vicente Gómez en Cipriano Castro</figcaption></figure> <p>Eenmaal aan de macht zag Castro een sterke oppositie in zowel binnen- als buitenland tegenover zich. Hieronder de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Revoluci%C3%B3n_Libertadora_(Venezuela)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Revolución Libertadora (Venezuela) (de pagina bestaat niet)">Revolución Libertadora</a> (<a href="/wiki/1901" title="1901">1901</a>-<a href="/wiki/1903" title="1903">1903</a>), geleid door de bankier <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manuel_Antonio_Matos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manuel Antonio Matos (de pagina bestaat niet)">Manuel Antonio Matos</a> die rekende op de financiële steun van buitenlandse bedrijven die als reactie de hele kust afsloot voor schepen uit <a href="/wiki/Verenigd_Koninkrijk" title="Verenigd Koninkrijk">Groot-Brittannië</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duitsland" title="Duitsland">Duitsland</a> en <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a>. </p><p>Een belangrijk aspect van de wetgeving van deze periode was het legaliseren van <a href="/wiki/Echtscheiding" title="Echtscheiding">echtscheiding</a>, dat in 1904 werd opgenomen in de Burgerlijke Code, wat op groot verzet van de <a href="/wiki/Rooms-Katholieke_Kerk" title="Rooms-Katholieke Kerk">Katholieke Kerk</a> stuitte.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Duitsland_en_Groot-Brittannië_blokkeren_Venezuela"><span id="Duitsland_en_Groot-Brittanni.C3.AB_blokkeren_Venezuela"></span>Duitsland en Groot-Brittannië blokkeren Venezuela</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Duitsland en Groot-Brittannië blokkeren Venezuela" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=5" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Duitsland en Groot-Brittannië blokkeren Venezuela"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Cipriano_Castro_and_his_cabinet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cipriano_Castro_and_his_cabinet.jpg/200px-Cipriano_Castro_and_his_cabinet.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cipriano_Castro_and_his_cabinet.jpg/300px-Cipriano_Castro_and_his_cabinet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Cipriano_Castro_and_his_cabinet.jpg/400px-Cipriano_Castro_and_his_cabinet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="933" data-file-height="482" /></a><figcaption>Cipriano Castro en zijn kabinet</figcaption></figure> <p>De politieke instabiliteit van het land, de confrontaties van de regering met de anti-Castrokrachten en de daling van de exportprijzen dwongen Castro om de exportbelastingen af te schaffen. Het land had echter een torenhoge buitenlandse schuld, en bovendien hadden enige Europese mogendheden vorderingen namens hun burgers, van wie de eigendommen tijdens de burgeroorlog van 1898-99 waren vernietigd. Een Duits voorstel om het geschil voor te leggen aan het in oprichting zijnde <a href="/w/index.php?title=Internationale_Hof_van_Arbitrage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Internationale Hof van Arbitrage (de pagina bestaat niet)">Internationale Hof van Arbitrage</a> in Den Haag, werd afgewezen door Castro, die erop speculeerde dat de Amerikaanse president <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> hem wel te hulp zou komen. </p><p>Hierop besloten Duitsland en Groot-Brittannië het land op 9 december 1902 vanuit zee te blokkeren. Hierna stelde <a href="/wiki/Itali%C3%AB" title="Italië">Italië</a> op 12 december ook een ultimatum, en eisten kort daarop ook <a href="/wiki/Frankrijk" title="Frankrijk">Frankrijk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nederland" title="Nederland">Nederland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgi%C3%AB" title="België">België</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verenigde_Staten" title="Verenigde Staten">Verenigde Staten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanje" title="Spanje">Spanje</a> en <a href="/wiki/Mexico_(land)" title="Mexico (land)">Mexico</a> hun tegoeden op. </p><p>Tussenkomst van de Verenigde Staten voorkwam, dat de marineschepen van Duitsland en Groot-Brittannië in Venezuela aan land gingen. Nadat de Britse schepen vier Venezolaanse patrouilleschepen hadden buitgemaakt, de halve vloot van Venezuela, ging Castro alsnog akkoord met arbitrage. Dit werd vastgelegd in de Protocollen van Washington (13 februari 1903). Deze tijd werd gekenmerkt door een sterk <a href="/wiki/Nationalisme" title="Nationalisme">nationalistische</a> politieke lijn. </p><p>Toen de boycotcrisis eenmaal te boven was gekomen, vervolgde de regering Castro met een provocerende en conflictzoekende houding naar het buitenland. Zo werd een rechtszaak aangespannen tegen <a href="/wiki/New_York_(stad)" title="New York (stad)">New York</a> en de Bermúdez Co., waarbij 50 miljoen <a href="/wiki/Bolivar_(munteenheid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolivar (munteenheid)">bolivars</a> geëist werd of de Orinoco Steamship Co. zou worden ontmanteld. </p><p>In 1905 werden Franse bedrijven Venezuela uitgezet en toen de Nederlandse vlaggen van schepen van Duitse bedrijven weggehaald moesten worden, verbrak ook Nederland de diplomatieke banden met Venezuela.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ziekte">Ziekte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ziekte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=6" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ziekte"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1907 werd Cipriano Castro met een zeldzame ziekte gediagnosticeerd. Hij reisde naar <a href="/wiki/Berlijn" title="Berlijn">Berlijn</a> waar hij een operatie onderging die aanvankelijk succesvol leek, maar tijdens zijn reis terug naar Venezuela, alwaar zijn vriend <a href="/wiki/Juan_Vicente_G%C3%B3mez" title="Juan Vicente Gómez">Juan Vicente Gómez</a> middels een <a href="/wiki/Staatsgreep" title="Staatsgreep">staatsgreep</a> op <a href="/wiki/19_december" title="19 december">19 december</a> 1908 de macht had veroverd, kreeg hij op een boot nabij <a href="/wiki/Trinidad_(eiland)" title="Trinidad (eiland)">Trinidad</a> last van zijn eerdere operatie en werd door de Franse regering gemaand terug naar Europa te keren. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verbanning_en_overlijden">Verbanning en overlijden</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Verbanning en overlijden" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=7" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Verbanning en overlijden"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Cipriano_Castro_in_Paris,_1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cipriano_Castro_in_Paris%2C_1908.jpg/200px-Cipriano_Castro_in_Paris%2C_1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cipriano_Castro_in_Paris%2C_1908.jpg/300px-Cipriano_Castro_in_Paris%2C_1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Cipriano_Castro_in_Paris%2C_1908.jpg/400px-Cipriano_Castro_in_Paris%2C_1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Cipriano Castro in <a href="/wiki/Parijs" title="Parijs">Parijs</a>, <a href="/wiki/1908" title="1908">1908</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Eenmaal afgezet en verbannen uit Venezuela, vertrok Castro naar <a href="/wiki/Madrid_(stad)" title="Madrid (stad)">Madrid</a> en later <a href="/wiki/Parijs" title="Parijs">Parijs</a> om een operatie te ondergaan. Eind <a href="/wiki/1912" title="1912">1912</a> maakte Castro de oversteek naar de Verenigde Staten, maar werd door de autoriteiten bevolen voor februari 1913 het land te verlaten. Uiteindelijk vestigde hij zich in Santurce, <a href="/wiki/Puerto_Rico" title="Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a> (<a href="/wiki/1916" title="1916">1916</a>) waar hij overleed. </p><p>In de Venezolaanse geschiedschrijving staat Cipriano Castro bekend onder de bijnaam <b>El Cabito</b>, wat een vertaling is van de bijnaam van <i>de kleine korporaal</i> van <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon</a>, een persoon waar Castro graag aan refereerde. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Externe_links">Externe links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Externe links" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jos%C3%A9_Cipriano_Castro&action=edit&section=8" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Externe links"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129193251/http://fpolar.org.ve/Encarte/fasciculo15/fasc1508.html">Katholieke Kerk in opstand tegen Cipriano Castro</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090129193251/http://fpolar.org.ve/Encarte/fasciculo15/fasc1508.html">Nederland verliest diplomatieke banden met Venezuela, door het verplicht weghalen van de Nederlandse vlaggen op schepen van Duitse bedrijven</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67679320">.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding{font-family:sans-serif;font-size:85%;cursor:help;color:var(--color-subtle,#555)}.mw-parser-output .taalaanduiding span{border-bottom:1px dotted var(--color-subtle,#555)}</style><span class="taalaanduiding" title="Taal: Spaans">(<span>es</span>) </span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.venezuelatuya.com/biografias/cipriano_castro.htm">Biografie Cipriano Castro</a></li></ul> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Cipriano_Castro#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Cipriano Castro">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; 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