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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Origins" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Origins"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Origins</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Origins-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Procedure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_variants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_variants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Regional variants</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Regional_variants-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Regional variants subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Regional_variants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hundis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hundis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Hundis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hundis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horn_of_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horn_of_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Horn of Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horn_of_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header 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</div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Hawala</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 26 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-26" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">26 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_(%D9%85%D8%B5%D8%B7%D9%84%D8%AD)" title="حوالة (مصطلح) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حوالة (مصطلح)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Hawala" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Hawala" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hawala" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Hawala" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hawala" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87" title="حواله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حواله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hawala" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1" title="Հավալա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հավալա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="हवाला – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="हवाला" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hawala" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hawala" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%94" title="חוואלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוואלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawalah" title="Hawalah – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hawalah" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%BD%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%BE%E1%80%B2" title="ငွေလွှဲ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငွေလွှဲ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hawala" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80" title="हुन्डी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="हुन्डी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%AF%E3%83%A9" title="ハワラ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハワラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Hawala" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Hawala" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Хавала – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хавала" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xawaalad" title="Xawaalad – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xawaalad" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hawala" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Hawala" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%88" title="உண்டியல் பணம் அனுப்பும் முறை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உண்டியல் பணம் அனுப்பும் முறை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawala" title="Hawala – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hawala" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1123811#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hawala" title="View the content page [c]" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Informal currency transfer system</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For illegal use of hawala, see <a href="/wiki/Hawala_and_crime" title="Hawala and crime">hawala and crime</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the community in the Persian Gulf states, see <a href="/wiki/Huwala" class="mw-redirect" title="Huwala">Huwala</a>.</div> <style 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.sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_participants" title="Financial market participants">Financial market participants</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Organisations</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_union" title="Credit union">Credit unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_finance_institution" title="Development finance institution">Development finance institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance" title="Insurance">Insurance companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">Investment banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investment_fund" title="Investment fund">Investment funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pension_fund" title="Pension fund">Pension funds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_brokerage" title="Prime brokerage">Prime brokers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trust_company" title="Trust company">Trusts</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Terms</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angel_investor" title="Angel investor">Angel investor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bull_(stock_market_speculator)" title="Bull (stock market speculator)">Bull (stock market speculator)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finance" title="Finance">Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market" title="Financial market">Financial market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_market_participants" title="Financial market participants">Participants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_finance" title="Corporate finance">Corporate finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_finance" title="Personal finance">Personal finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_finance" title="Public finance">Public finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">Banks and banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_analyst" title="Financial analyst">Financial analyst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_planner" title="Financial planner">Financial planner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_regulation" title="Financial regulation">Financial regulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fund_governance" title="Fund governance">Fund governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stock_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock Market">Stock Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Super_angel" title="Super angel">Super angel</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Hawala</b> or <b>hewala</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">حِوالة</span> <span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar-Latn">ḥawāla</i></span>, meaning <i>transfer</i> or sometimes <i>trust</i>), originating in India as <b>havala</b> (<a href="/wiki/Hindi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindi language">Hindi</a>: <span lang="hi">हवाला</span>), also known as <b><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa-Latn">havaleh</i></span></b> in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <b><span title="Somali-language text"><i lang="so">xawala</i></span></b> or <b><span title="Somali-language text"><i lang="so">xawilaad</i></span></b><sup id="cite_ref-HMGov_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMGov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a>, is a popular and <a href="/wiki/Informal_value_transfer_system" title="Informal value transfer system">informal value transfer system</a> based on the performance and honour of a huge network of money brokers (known as <i>hawaladars</i>). They operate outside of, or parallel to, traditional banking, financial channels and <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittance</a> systems. The system requires a minimum of two hawaladars that take care of the "transaction" without the movement of cash or <a href="/wiki/Telegraphic_transfer" title="Telegraphic transfer">telegraphic transfer</a>. While hawaladars are spread throughout the world, they are primarily located in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Horn_of_Africa" title="Horn of Africa">Horn of Africa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. Hawala follows <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islamic</a> traditions but its use is not limited to <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaknin_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaknin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawala&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hawala system originated in India.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2003 Hawala as a legal concept was documented, finding evidence of Hawala reaching back to 1327, in a publication by Matthias Schramm and Markus Taube, with the title "Evolution and institutional foundation of the hawala financial system".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It has been speculated that "Hawala" itself influenced the development of the <a href="/wiki/Agency_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agency (law)">agency</a> in <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(private_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil law (private law)">civil laws</a>, such as the <i>aval</i> in <a href="/wiki/Law_of_France" title="Law of France">French law</a>, the <a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/aval" class="extiw" title="pt:aval">aval</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Portuguese law">Portuguese law</a>, and the <i>avallo</i> in Italian law. The words <i>aval</i> and <i>avallo</i> bear a similarity to <i>hawala,</i> and the context of intensive trade between Italian cities and the Muslim world suggests a possible link.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The transfer of <a href="/wiki/Debt" title="Debt">debt</a> was "not permissible under <a href="/wiki/Roman_law" title="Roman law">Roman law</a> but became widely practiced in medieval Europe, especially in <a href="/wiki/Commercial_transaction" class="mw-redirect" title="Commercial transaction">commercial transactions</a>", potentially borrowing from hawala. <a href="/wiki/Agent_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Agent (law)">Agency</a> was also "an institution unknown to Roman law" as no "individual could conclude a binding contract on behalf of another as his agent". On the other hand, Islamic law and the later common law "had no difficulty in accepting agency as one of its institutions in the field of contracts and of obligations in general".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regulation">Regulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawala&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> in 2001, international organizations responsible for <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">counterterrorism</a> and enforcing laws against <a href="/wiki/Money_laundering" title="Money laundering">money laundering</a> have directed their efforts on identifying problems within the hawala, as well as other <a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">remittance</a> systems. The First International Conference on Hawala in May 2002 published the <i>Regulatory Frameworks for Hawala and Other Remittance Systems</i>. The <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a> (IMF) contributed a chapter, in which <a href="/wiki/Informal_value_transfer_system" title="Informal value transfer system">informal value transfer systems</a> were considered. According to the IMF, countries with limited <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a> experience <a href="/wiki/Macroeconomic" class="mw-redirect" title="Macroeconomic">macroeconomic</a> consequences because residents rely heavily on informal fund transfer systems. Informal value transfer systems share common characteristics, including <a href="/wiki/Anonymity" title="Anonymity">anonymity</a> and lack of <a href="/wiki/Regulation" title="Regulation">regulation</a> or official <a href="/wiki/Scrutiny" title="Scrutiny">scrutiny</a>. Therefore informal value transfer systems may be susceptible to use by criminal organizations for money laundering and <a href="/wiki/Terrorist_financing" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorist financing">terrorist financing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Procedure">Procedure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawala&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Procedure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the most basic variant of the hawala system, money is transferred via a network of hawala brokers, or <i>hawaladars</i>, without actually moving money. According to the author <a href="/wiki/Sam_Vaknin" title="Sam Vaknin">Sam Vaknin</a>, there are large hawaladar operators with networks of middlemen in cities across many countries, but most hawaladars are small businesses who work at hawala as a sideline or <a href="/wiki/Side_job" title="Side job">moonlighting</a> operation.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaknin_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaknin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In general, the process of hawala operates as follows: </p> <ol><li><b>Sending Money:</b> The Sender provides a sum of money to a hawala agent known as the Sending Broker. This money is intended for the Recipient in another city, often in a foreign country.</li> <li><b>Providing Instructions:</b> Along with the money, the Sender provides a code or password (Token) to the Sending Broker. This Token serves as a key for the Recipient to receive the money.</li> <li><b>Communicating the Token:</b> The Sender informs the Recipient of the Token, either directly or through a different channel like a phone call or more recently, electronic messaging.</li> <li><b>Initiating Transfer:</b> The Sending Broker contacts another hawala agent, the Receiving Broker, located in the Recipient's area. They inform the Receiving Broker about the money to be transferred and provide the Token necessary for the Recipient to collect the funds.</li> <li><b>Receiving Money:</b> The Recipient approaches the Receiving Broker, who disburses the transferred sum to them, usually after deducting a small commission.</li> <li><b>Trust Mechanism:</b> Hawala relies on a system of trust between brokers. The Sending Broker owes the Receiving Broker the amount disbursed to the Recipient. This trust is established over time and through established relationships within the hawala network. Despite the absence of formal documentation, hawala transactions heavily depend on the reputation and reliability of the brokers involved.</li> <li><b>Maintaining Integrity:</b> The hawala network ensures integrity and trust by carefully vetting new brokers and maintaining strict adherence to established protocols and codes of conduct. Reputation within the network is paramount, and any breach of trust can result in severe consequences, including ostracism from the network.</li></ol> <p>The unique feature of the system is that no <a href="/wiki/Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">promissory instruments</a> are exchanged between the hawala brokers; the transaction takes place entirely on the <a href="/wiki/Honour_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Honour system">honour system</a>. As the system does not depend on the legal enforceability of claims, it can operate even in the absence of a legal and juridical environment. Trust and extensive use of connections are the components that distinguish it from other remittance systems. Hawaladar networks are often based on membership in the same family, village, clan or ethnic group, and cheating is punished by effective excommunication and the loss of honour, which lead to severe economic hardship.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaknin_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaknin-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Informal records are produced of individual transactions, and a running tally of the amount owed by one broker to another is kept. Settlements of debts between hawala brokers can take a variety of forms (such as goods, services, properties, transfers of employees, etc.), and need not take the form of direct cash transactions. </p><p>In addition to commissions, hawala brokers often earn their profits through bypassing official <a href="/wiki/Exchange_rate" title="Exchange rate">exchange rates</a>. Generally, the funds enter the system in the source country's currency and leave the system in the recipient country's currency. As settlements often take place without any foreign exchange transactions, they can be made at other than official exchange rates. </p><p>Hawala is attractive to customers because it provides a fast and convenient transfer of funds, usually with a far lower commission than that charged by banks. Its advantages are most pronounced when the receiving country applies unprofitable exchange rate regulations or when the banking system in the receiving country is less complex (e.g., due to differences in the legal environment in places such as Afghanistan, Yemen, and Somalia). Moreover, in some parts of the world, it is the only option for legitimate fund transfers. It has been used even by aid organizations in areas in which it is the best-functioning institution.<sup id="cite_ref-Passas,_Nikos_2006_pp._46–62_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Passas,_Nikos_2006_pp._46–62-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_variants">Regional variants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawala&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Regional variants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Dubai" title="Dubai">Dubai</a> has been prominent for decades as a welcoming hub for hawala transactions worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawala&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hundis">Hundis</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawala&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Hundis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hundi" title="Hundi">hundi</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1951_Bombay_Province_Rs_2500_Hundi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1951_Bombay_Province_Rs_2500_Hundi.jpg/220px-1951_Bombay_Province_Rs_2500_Hundi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1951_Bombay_Province_Rs_2500_Hundi.jpg/330px-1951_Bombay_Province_Rs_2500_Hundi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/1951_Bombay_Province_Rs_2500_Hundi.jpg/440px-1951_Bombay_Province_Rs_2500_Hundi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1007" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>A 1951 hundi of Bombay Province for Rs 2500 with a pre-printed <a href="/wiki/Revenue_stamp" title="Revenue stamp">revenue stamp</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The <i>hundi</i> is a financial instrument that developed on the Indian sub-continent for use in trade and credit transactions. Hundis are used as a form of remittance instrument to transfer money from place to place, as a form of credit instrument or IOU to borrow money and as a <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill of exchange">bill of exchange</a> in trade transactions. The <a href="/wiki/Reserve_Bank_of_India" title="Reserve Bank of India">Reserve Bank of India</a> describes the Hundi as "an unconditional order in writing made by a person directing another to pay a certain sum of money to a person named in the order."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horn_of_Africa">Horn of Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawala&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Horn of Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>, with the dissolution of Somalia's formal banking system, many informal money transfer operators arose to fill the void. It estimates that such <i>hawaladars</i>, <i>xawilaad</i> or <i>xawala</i> brokers<sup id="cite_ref-HMGov_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HMGov-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are now responsible for the transfer of up to $1.6 billion per year in remittances to the country,<sup id="cite_ref-CIAhaw_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAhaw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> most coming from working Somalis outside Somalia.<sup id="cite_ref-CBShaw_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBShaw-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such funds have in turn had a stimulating effect on local business activity.<sup id="cite_ref-CIAhaw_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAhaw-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CBShaw_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CBShaw-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawala&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Tuareg_rebellion_(2012)" title="Tuareg rebellion (2012)">2012 Tuareg rebellion</a> left Northern Mali without an official money transfer service for months. The coping mechanisms that appeared were patterned on the hawala system.<sup id="cite_ref-04385FSIHSD3_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-04385FSIHSD3-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawala&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/42px-Emblem-money.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Emblem-money.svg/56px-Emblem-money.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Economics" title="Portal:Economics">Economics portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FATF_blacklist" class="mw-redirect" title="FATF blacklist">FATF blacklist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Action_Task_Force_on_Money_Laundering" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering">Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering</a> (FATF)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawala_and_crime" title="Hawala and crime">Hawala and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawala_scandal" title="Hawala scandal">Hawala scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informal_value_transfer_system" title="Informal value transfer system">Informal value transfer system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jizya" title="Jizya">Jizya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittance" title="Remittance">Global ranking of remittance by nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remittances_to_India" title="Remittances to India">Remittances to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Riba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_financing" title="Terrorism financing">Terrorism financing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zakat" title="Zakat">Zakat</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawala&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ft.com/content/6ca69788-0a48-11dd-b5b1-0000779fd2ac">"How Iranians are avoiding sanctions"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180731031418/https://www.ft.com/content/6ca69788-0a48-11dd-b5b1-0000779fd2ac">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-07-31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-31</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+Iranians+are+avoiding+sanctions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ft.com%2Fcontent%2F6ca69788-0a48-11dd-b5b1-0000779fd2ac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-HMGov-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HMGov_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-HMGov_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwina_Thompson2013" class="citation web cs1">Edwina Thompson (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/283826/SAFER_CORRIDORS_RAPID_ASSESSMENT__2013__SOMALIA___UK_BANKING.PDF">"Safer corridors rapid assessment - Somalia and UK banking"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. HM Government. p. 5. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151010082903/https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/283826/SAFER_CORRIDORS_RAPID_ASSESSMENT__2013__SOMALIA___UK_BANKING.PDF">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 October 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Safer+corridors+rapid+assessment+-+Somalia+and+UK+banking&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=HM+Government&rft.date=2013-09&rft.au=Edwina+Thompson&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fuploads%2Fsystem%2Fuploads%2Fattachment_data%2Ffile%2F283826%2FSAFER_CORRIDORS_RAPID_ASSESSMENT__2013__SOMALIA___UK_BANKING.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaknin-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vaknin_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaknin_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaknin_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaknin2005" class="citation web cs1">Vaknin, Sam (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170920054104/http://samvak.tripod.com/nm104.html">"Hawala, or the Bank that Never Was"</a>. <i>samvak.tripod.com</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://samvak.tripod.com/nm104.html">the original</a> on 20 September 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 September</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=samvak.tripod.com&rft.atitle=Hawala%2C+or+the+Bank+that+Never+Was&rft.date=2005-06&rft.aulast=Vaknin&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsamvak.tripod.com%2Fnm104.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/terrorist-illicit-finance/Documents/FinCEN-Hawala-rpt.pdf">"The Hawala Alternative Remittance System and its Role in Money Laundering"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161228041941/https://www.treasury.gov/resource-center/terrorist-illicit-finance/Documents/FinCEN-Hawala-rpt.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-12-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-10-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hawala+Alternative+Remittance+System+and+its+Role+in+Money+Laundering&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.treasury.gov%2Fresource-center%2Fterrorist-illicit-finance%2FDocuments%2FFinCEN-Hawala-rpt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHawala" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrammTaube2003" class="citation journal cs1">Schramm, Matthias; Taube, Markus (1 January 2003). 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Arts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Geometric pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_music" title="Islamic music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_poetry" title="Islamic poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_pottery" title="Islamic pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_influences_on_Western_art" title="Islamic influences on Western art">Influences on Western art</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_economics" title="Islamic economics">Economics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islamic_economics" title="History of Islamic economics">History</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_banking_and_finance" title="Islamic banking and finance">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism_and_Islam" title="Capitalism and Islam">Capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_poverty" title="Islam and poverty">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_socialism" title="Islamic socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riba" title="Riba">Usury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_al-mal" title="Bayt al-mal">Welfare</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Islamic_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Islamic history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_early_Islam" title="Historiography of early Islam">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Muslim_conquests" title="Early Muslim conquests">Early conquests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_world_contributions_to_Medieval_Europe" title="Islamic world contributions to Medieval Europe">Contributions to Medieval Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reception_of_Islam_in_early_modern_Europe" title="Reception of Islam in early modern Europe">Reception in early modern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Law</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_aspects_of_Islam" title="Political aspects of Islam">politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_democracy" title="Islam and democracy">Democracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ijma" title="Ijma">consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shura" title="Shura">consultation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Jurisprudence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qiyas" title="Qiyas">use of analogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ijtihad" title="Ijtihad">decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhhab" title="Madhhab">schools</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_quietism_in_Islam" title="Political quietism in Islam">Quietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_secularism" title="Islam and secularism">Secularism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">State</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_Islamic_philosophy" title="Contemporary Islamic philosophy">Contemporary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Islamic_theology" title="Schools of Islamic theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">dialectic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ethics" title="Islamic ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astrology in the medieval Islamic world">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_social_changes_under_Islam" title="Early social changes under Islam">Early sociology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">solidarity</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Science_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Science in the medieval Islamic world">Medieval science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_science_and_engineering_in_the_Muslim_world" title="Timeline of science and engineering in the Muslim world">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alchemy_and_chemistry_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Alchemy and chemistry in the medieval Islamic world">Alchemy and chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world">Astronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology_in_medieval_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Cosmology in medieval Islam">cosmology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_and_cartography_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Geography and cartography in the medieval Islamic world">Geography and cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_inventions_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="List of inventions in the medieval Islamic world">Inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Mathematics in the medieval Islamic world">Mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Medicine in the medieval Islamic world">Medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ophthalmology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Ophthalmology in the medieval Islamic world">ophthalmology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physics_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Physics in the medieval Islamic world">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_in_the_medieval_Islamic_world" title="Psychology in the medieval Islamic world">Psychology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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