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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log masuk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Laman untuk penyunting log keluar <a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Pengenalan" aria-label="Ketahui lebih lanjut tentang menyunting"><span>Ketahui lebih lanjut</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Sumbangan_saya" title="Senarai suntingan yang dibuat daripada alamat IP ini [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Sumbangan</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perbincangan_saya" title="Perbincangan mengenai penyuntingan daripada alamat IP anda [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Tapak"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Kandungan" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Kandungan</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Permulaan</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Sejarah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sejarah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Sejarah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sejarah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_juga" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_juga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lihat juga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_juga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Kandungan" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Togol isi kandungan" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Togol isi kandungan</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kumpulan karbon</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke rencana dalam bahasa lain. Tersedia dalam 63 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-63" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">63 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstofgroep" title="Koolstofgroep – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Koolstofgroep" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B9%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%86" title="مجموعة الكربون – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجموعة الكربون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_d%27o_carbonio" title="Grupo d'o carbonio – Aragon" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Grupo d'o carbonio" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elementos_del_grupu_14" title="Elementos del grupu 14 – Asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Elementos del grupu 14" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C3%B6vri_sistemin_14-c%C3%BC_qrupu" title="Dövri sistemin 14-cü qrupu – Azerbaijan" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Dövri sistemin 14-cü qrupu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Golongan_karbon" title="Golongan karbon – Indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Golongan karbon" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seka_karbon" title="Seka karbon – Bali" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Seka karbon" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Bali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%BF" title="কার্বন শ্রেণি – Benggali" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কার্বন শ্রেণি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Benggali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="14. grupa hemijskih elemenata – Bosnia" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="14. grupa hemijskih elemenata" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_14_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Група 14 на периодичната система – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Група 14 на периодичната система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grup_del_carboni" title="Grup del carboni – Catalonia" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grup del carboni" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._skupina" title="14. skupina – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="14. skupina" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elfen_Gr%C5%B5p_14" title="Elfen Grŵp 14 – Wales" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Elfen Grŵp 14" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Wales" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kohlenstoffgruppe" title="Kohlenstoffgruppe – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kohlenstoffgruppe" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BC%CE%AC%CE%B4%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Ομάδα του άνθρακα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ομάδα του άνθρακα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbon_group" title="Carbon group – Inggeris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Carbon group" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggeris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carbonoideos" title="Carbonoideos – Sepanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Carbonoideos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Sepanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemento_de_grupo_14" title="Elemento de grupo 14 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Elemento de grupo 14" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._taldeko_elementu" title="14. taldeko elementu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="14. taldeko elementu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%87_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%86" title="گروه کربن – Parsi" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گروه کربن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Parsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Groupe_14_du_tableau_p%C3%A9riodique" title="Groupe 14 du tableau périodique – Perancis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Groupe 14 du tableau périodique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Perancis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/14%EC%A1%B1_%EC%9B%90%EC%86%8C" title="14족 원소 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="14족 원소" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%AE%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%AE%D5%B6%D5%AB_%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%A9%D5%A1%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4%D5%A2" title="Ածխածնի ենթախումբ – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ածխածնի ենթախումբ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%B9" title="कार्बन समूह – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कार्बन समूह" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugljikova_skupina" title="Ugljikova skupina – Croatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ugljikova skupina" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppo_de_carbon" title="Gruppo de carbon – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Gruppo de carbon" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolefnisflokkur" title="Kolefnisflokkur – Iceland" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Kolefnisflokkur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Iceland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppo_del_carbonio" title="Gruppo del carbonio – Itali" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Gruppo del carbonio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Itali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Көміртек топшасы – Kazakhstan" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Көміртек топшасы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakhstan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kundi_la_kaboni" title="Kundi la kaboni – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kundi la kaboni" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupp_del_carb%C3%B2ni" title="Grupp del carbòni – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Grupp del carbòni" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sz%C3%A9ncsoport" title="Széncsoport – Hungary" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Széncsoport" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungary" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0" title="Јаглеродна група – Macedonia" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јаглеродна група" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BA_%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%82" title="കാർബൺ കുടുംബം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കാർബൺ കുടുംബം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koolstofgroep" title="Koolstofgroep – Belanda" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Koolstofgroep" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Belanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC14%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="第14族元素 – Jepun" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="第14族元素" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karboonsk%C3%B6%C3%B6l" title="Karboonskööl – Frisian Utara" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Karboonskööl" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Frisian Utara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gruppe_14" title="Gruppe 14 – Nynorsk Norway" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gruppe 14" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nynorsk Norway" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%AA_14_%E0%A8%A4%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A4" title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 14 ਤੱਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਗਰੁੱਪ 14 ਤੱਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cheemsch_Elementen_vun_de_14._Grupp" title="Cheemsch Elementen vun de 14. Grupp – Jerman Rendah" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Cheemsch Elementen vun de 14. Grupp" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman Rendah" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C4%99glowce" title="Węglowce – Poland" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Węglowce" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupo_do_carbono" title="Grupo do carbono – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grupo do carbono" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupa_Carbonului" title="Grupa Carbonului – Romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grupa Carbonului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Подгруппа углерода – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подгруппа углерода" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grupi_i_kat%C3%ABrmb%C3%ABdhjet%C3%AB_i_elementeve_kimike" title="Grupi i katërmbëdhjetë i elementeve kimike – Albania" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grupi i katërmbëdhjetë i elementeve kimike" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Group_14_element" title="Group 14 element – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Group 14 element" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tetrely" title="Tetrely – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tetrely" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogljikova_skupina" title="Ogljikova skupina – Slovenia" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ogljikova skupina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guruubka_Kaarboon" title="Guruubka Kaarboon – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Guruubka Kaarboon" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="14. група хемијских елемената – Serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="14. група хемијских елемената" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/14._grupa_hemijskih_elemenata" title="14. grupa hemijskih elemenata – SerboCroatia" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="14. grupa hemijskih elemenata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="SerboCroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hiiliryhm%C3%A4" title="Hiiliryhmä – Finland" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Hiiliryhmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finland" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kolgruppen" title="Kolgruppen – Sweden" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kolgruppen" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sweden" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B4%E0%AF%81_14_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="நெடுங்குழு 14 தனிமங்கள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நெடுங்குழு 14 தனிமங்கள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%82%E0%B0%AA%E0%B1%8D" title="కార్బన్ గ్రూప్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కార్బన్ గ్రూప్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99" title="หมู่คาร์บอน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หมู่คาร์บอน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%B3m_carbon" title="Nhóm carbon – Vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nhóm carbon" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karbon_grubu" title="Karbon grubu – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karbon grubu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0_14_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2" title="Група 14 періодичної системи елементів – Ukraine" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Група 14 періодичної системи елементів" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraine" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="碳族元素 – Cina Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="碳族元素" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Cina Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8gb%E1%BA%B9%CC%81_k%C3%A1rb%E1%BB%8D%CC%80n%C3%B9" title="Ẹgbẹ́ kárbọ̀nù – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹgbẹ́ kárbọ̀nù" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="碳族元素 – Kantonis" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="碳族元素" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A2%B3%E6%97%8F%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="碳族元素 – Cina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="碳族元素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Cina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Peralatan</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">alih ke bar sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sorokkan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Lagi pilihan" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_karbon"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumpulan_karbon&veaction=edit" title="Sunting laman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumpulan_karbon&action=edit" title="Sunting kod sumber untuk laman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumpulan_karbon&action=history"><span>Lihat sejarah</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Umum </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Pautan_ke_sini/Kumpulan_karbon" title="Senarai semua laman wiki yang mengandungi pautan ke laman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pautan ke laman ini</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Perubahan_berkaitan/Kumpulan_karbon" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terkini bagi laman yang dipaut dari laman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan berkaitan</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=ms" title="Muat naik fail [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Muat naik fail</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Khas:Laman_khas" title="Senarai semua laman khas [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Laman khas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumpulan_karbon&oldid=4604418" title="Pautan kekal ke semakan laman ini"><span>Pautan kekal</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumpulan_karbon&action=info" title="Maklumat lanjut mengenai laman ini"><span>Maklumat laman</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a 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<tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_jadual_berkala" title="Kumpulan jadual berkala">Kumpulan</a> →</th> <th>14 </th></tr> <tr> <th>↓ <a href="/wiki/Kala_jadual_berkala" title="Kala jadual berkala">Kala</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_2" title="Unsur kala 2">2</a> </th> <td title="Bukan logam; Purba; Pepejal" style="text-align:center; color:black; background:#a0ffa0; border:2px solid black;">6 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">C</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_3" title="Unsur kala 3">3</a> </th> <td title="Metaloid; Purba; Pepejal" style="text-align:center; color:black; background:#cccc99; border:2px solid black;">14 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Si</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_4" title="Unsur kala 4">4</a> </th> <td title="Metaloid; Purba ; Pepejal" style="text-align:center; color:black; background:#cccc99; border:2px solid black;">32 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">Ge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_5" title="Unsur kala 5">5</a> </th> <td title="Logam lemah; Purba; Pepejal" style="text-align:center; color:black; background:#cccccc; border:2px solid black;">50 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Sn</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_6" title="Unsur kala 6">6</a> </th> <td title="Logam lemah; Purba ; Pepejal" style="text-align:center; color:black; background:#cccccc; border:2px solid black;">82 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Plumbum" title="Plumbum">Pb</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_7" title="Unsur kala 7">7</a> </th> <td title="Logam lemah; Sintetik; Pepejal" style="text-align:center; color:black; background:#cccccc; border:2px dotted black;">114 <br /> <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">Fl</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Unsur kumpulan 14</b> juga dikenali sebagai <b>kumpulan karbon</b> merupakan kumpulan <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur kimia</a> yang terkandung dalam <a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_jadual_berkala" title="Kumpulan jadual berkala">lajur</a> ke-14 (sistem <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>) <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala">jadual berkala unsur</a>. Kumpulan ini juga pernah dikenali sebagai <b>tetrels</b> (berasal daripada perkataan Greek <i>tetra</i> bermaksud empat), sebagai mewakili nama lama kumpulan ini iaitu Kumpulan IVA. Kumpulan ini terdiri daripada <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> (<b>C</b>), <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">silikon</a> (<b>Si</b>), <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a> (<b>Ge</b>), <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">timah</a> atau <a href="/wiki/Stanum" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanum">stanum</a> (<b>Sn</b>), <a href="/wiki/Plumbum" title="Plumbum">plumbum</a> (<b>Pb</b>), dan <a href="/wiki/Flerovium" title="Flerovium">flerovium</a> (<b>Fl</b>). </p><p>Sebagai mana kumpulan unsur lain, unsur-unsur dalam kumpulan ini menunjukkan corak dalam <a href="/wiki/Konfigurasi_elektron" title="Konfigurasi elektron">konfigurasi elektronnya</a>, terutamanya petala paling luar, dan seterusnya <a href="/wiki/Sifat_kimia" title="Sifat kimia">sifat kimia</a> mereka. </p> <table class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Nombor_atom" title="Nombor atom">Z</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">Unsur</a></th> <th><a href="/wiki/Petala_elektron" title="Petala elektron">Bilangan elektron/petala</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>karbon</td> <td>2, 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>silikon</td> <td>2, 8, 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>32</td> <td>germanium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>50</td> <td>timah</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 18, 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>82</td> <td>plumbum</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>114</td> <td>flerovium</td> <td>2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 4 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Setiap unsur dalam kumpulan ini mempunyai 4 <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektron</a> dalam petala paling luar. <a href="/wiki/Orbital" title="Orbital">Orbital</a> terakhir kesemua <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kimia" title="Unsur kimia">unsur</a> ini ialah orbital p<sup>2</sup>. Dalam kebanyakan kes, unsur-unsur ini berkongsi elektronnya. Kecenderungan keupayaan untuk hilang elektron meningkat apabila saiz <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atom</a> meningkat, iaitu apabila nombor atom meningkat. Hanya <a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">karbon</a> sahaja yang boleh membentuk <a href="/wiki/Ion" title="Ion">ion</a> negatif, iaitu dalam bentuk ion <a href="/wiki/Karbida" title="Karbida">karbida</a> (C<sup>4-</sup>). <a href="/wiki/Silikon" title="Silikon">Silikon</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Germanium" title="Germanium">germanium</a>, yang kedua-duanya merupakan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Separa_logam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Separa logam (laman tidak wujud)">separa logam</a>, masing-masing boleh membentuk ion +4. <a href="/wiki/Timah" title="Timah">Timah</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Plumbum" title="Plumbum">plumbum</a> merupakan <a href="/wiki/Logam" title="Logam">logam</a> manakala flerovium merupakan logam <a href="/wiki/Radioaktif" class="mw-redirect" title="Radioaktif">radioaktif</a> sintetik dengan jangka hayat yang pendek. Timah dan plumbum masing-masing boleh membentuk ion +2. </p><p>Kesemua unsur ini kecuali germanium amat biasa diaplikasikan dalam kehidupan seharian sama ada dalam bentuk yang tulen atau dalam bentuk <a href="/wiki/Sebatian_kimia" title="Sebatian kimia">sebatian</a>. Walau bagaimanapun, tiada satu pun unsur-unsur ini kecuali silikon ditemui dengan banyaknya dalam kerak bumi. Karbon membentuk pelbagai <a href="/wiki/Sebatian_organik" title="Sebatian organik">sebatian</a> dalam hidupan termasuk haiwan dan tumbuhan. Mineral silikon dan silikat merupakan komponen asas dalam kerak bumi; silika (<a href="/wiki/Silikon_dioksida" title="Silikon dioksida">silikon dioksida</a>) merupakan <a href="/wiki/Pasir" title="Pasir">pasir</a>. </p><p>Timah dan plumbum juga amat biasa digunakan dalam kehidupan seharian, walaupun jumlahnya yang dalam kerak bumi tidak sebanyak karbon atau silikon. Kedua-duanya wujud dalam deposit mineral yang sangat tepu, boleh diperolehi dengan mudahnya dalam bentuk logam daripada mineralnya, dan sangat berguna sebagai logam dan aloi dalam pelbagai aplikasi harian. Germanium pula biasanya dijumpai dengan kepekatan yang rendah dan bercampur dengan mineral <a href="/wiki/Zink" class="mw-redirect" title="Zink">zink</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Arang" title="Arang">arang</a>. Germanium, walaupun kuantitinya sedikit, juga dianggap penting kerana sifatnya sebagai <a href="/wiki/Semikonduktor" class="mw-redirect" title="Semikonduktor">semikonduktor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sejarah">Sejarah</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumpulan_karbon&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bahagian: Sejarah" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumpulan_karbon&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Sejarah"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Karbon" title="Karbon">Karbon</a> (sebagai unsur) mula-mulanya telah ditemui oleh seorang lelaki yang mengendalikan arang dalam apinya. Kimia karbon moden bertarikh sejak perkembangan arang, petroleum, dan gas asli sebagai minyak enjin dan sejak ia diaplikasikan sebagai penjelasan kepada kimia organik sintetik. Kedua-duanya berlaku sekitar tahun 1800-an. </p><p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Silikon_amorfus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Silikon amorfus (laman tidak wujud)">Silikon amorfus</a> (silikon tanpa bentuk) pula buat pertama kalinya diperoleh dalam keadaan tulen oleh seorang ahli kimia Sweden pada tahun 1824 iaitu <a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C3%B6ns_Jacob_Berzelius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jöns Jacob Berzelius (laman tidak wujud)">Jöns Jacob Berzelius</a>; silikon yang tidak tulen telah ditemui sebelumnya pada tahun 1811. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hablur_silikon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hablur silikon (laman tidak wujud)">Hablur silikon</a> buat pertama kalinya disediakan pada tahun 1854, apabila ia diperoleh sebagai hasil <a href="/wiki/Elektrolisis" title="Elektrolisis">elektrolisis</a>. Dalam bentuk batu pula, silikon sebenarnya merupakan sesuatu yang biasa bagi pradinasti Mesir, yang telah menggunakannya sebagai rantai manik dan pasu kecil; begitu juga dengan dinasti-dinasti lain seperti Cina. Penghasilan kaca yang mengandungi silika telah dimulakan oleh orang Mesir - sekitar tahun 1500 sebelum Masihi – dan orang-orang <a href="/wiki/Semitik" title="Semitik">Semitik</a>. Kebanyakan sebatian semula jadi yang digelar silikat telah digunakan dalam pelbagai jenis <a href="/wiki/Mortar" title="Mortar">mortar</a> (campuran simen, pasir, kapur dan air) untuk tujuan pembinaan tempat tinggal pada zaman dahulu. </p><p>Germanium pula merupakan salah satu dari 3 unsur yang telah dijangka kewujudannya oleh <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Mendeleev" title="Dmitri Mendeleev">Dmitri Mendeleev</a> pada tahun 1871 iaitu semasa dia membina jadual berkalanya. Hanya pada tahun 1886, germanium telah disahkan sebagai satu unsur. </p><p>Penemuan timah pula telah berlaku sejak zaman purba lagi menyebabkan tiada catatan mengenai penemuan pertamanya. <a href="/wiki/Gangsa" title="Gangsa">Gangsa</a> (aloi kuprum-timah) telah lama digunakan oleh masyarakat prasejarah sebelum logam timah tulen diekstrak. Gangsa adalah logam aloi yang biasa digunakan pada zaman awal Mesopotamia, Lembah Indus, Mesir, Crete, Israel, dan Peru. </p><p>Plumbum telah digunakan oleh orang <a href="/wiki/Babylon" title="Babylon">Babylon</a> sebagai pinggan untuk merekod inskripsi. Orang <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rom_Purba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rom Purba (laman tidak wujud)">Rom</a> pula telah menggunakannya sebagai batu bersurat, paip air, syiling, dan juga alat memasak; dan pada zaman <a href="/wiki/Augustus_Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus Caesar">Augustus Caesar</a>, keracunan akibat plumbum telah dikesan. Sebatian yang dikenali sebagai plumbum putih telah dihasilkan sebagai bahan perhiasan pada awal 200 sebelum Masihi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_juga">Lihat juga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumpulan_karbon&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bahagian: Lihat juga" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumpulan_karbon&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kod sumber bahagian: Lihat juga"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala">Jadual berkala</a></li></ul> <div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jadual_berkala" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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title="Sunting templat ini" style=";;background:none transparent;color:inherit;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">s</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jadual_berkala" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala" title="Jadual berkala">Jadual berkala</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Susun atur</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala_(piawai)" title="Jadual berkala (piawai)">Piawai</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala_(menegak)" title="Jadual berkala (menegak)">Menegak</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala_(penuh)" title="Jadual berkala (penuh)">Nama penuh</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala_(terperinci)" title="Jadual berkala (terperinci)">Nama dan jisim atom</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala_(logam_dan_bukan_logam)" title="Jadual berkala (logam dan bukan logam)">Logam dan bukan logam</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala_(blok)" title="Jadual berkala (blok)">Blok</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jadual_berkala_(valens)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jadual berkala (valens) (laman tidak wujud)">Valens</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jadual_berkala_(tatarajah_elektron)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jadual berkala (tatarajah elektron) (laman tidak wujud)">Tatarajah elektron</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Jisim_atom/Jadual" title="Jisim atom/Jadual">Jisim atom</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Keelektronegatifan" title="Keelektronegatifan">Keelektronegatifan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Jadual_berkala_alternatif" title="Jadual berkala alternatif">Alternatif</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Senarai unsur</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_nama" title="Senarai unsur mengikut nama">Nama</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_simbol" title="Senarai unsur mengikut simbol">Simbol atom</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_nombor_atom" title="Senarai unsur mengikut nombor atom">Nombor atom</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_takat_didih" title="Senarai unsur mengikut takat didih">Takat didih</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_takat_lebur" title="Senarai unsur mengikut takat lebur">Takat lebur</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_ketumpatan" title="Senarai unsur mengikut ketumpatan">Ketumpatan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span> <a href="/wiki/Senarai_unsur_mengikut_jisim_atom" title="Senarai unsur mengikut jisim atom">Jisim atom</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_jadual_berkala" title="Kumpulan jadual berkala">Kumpulan</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">1</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_bumi" title="Logam alkali bumi">2</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_3" title="Unsur kumpulan 3">3</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_4" title="Unsur kumpulan 4">4</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_5" title="Unsur kumpulan 5">5</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_6" title="Unsur kumpulan 6">6</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_7" title="Unsur kumpulan 7">7</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_8" title="Unsur kumpulan 8">8</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_9" title="Unsur kumpulan 9">9</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_10" title="Unsur kumpulan 10">10</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_11" title="Unsur kumpulan 11">11</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kumpulan_12" title="Unsur kumpulan 12">12</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_boron" title="Kumpulan boron">13</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a class="mw-selflink selflink">14</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_nitrogen" title="Kumpulan nitrogen">15</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Kalkogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalkogen">16</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">17</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Gas_adi" title="Gas adi">18</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kala_jadual_berkala" title="Kala jadual berkala"><b>Kala:</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_1" title="Unsur kala 1">1</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_2" title="Unsur kala 2">2</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_3" title="Unsur kala 3">3</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_4" title="Unsur kala 4">4</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_5" title="Unsur kala 5">5</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_6" title="Unsur kala 6">6</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Unsur_kala_7" title="Unsur kala 7">7</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/w/index.php?title=Unsur_kala_8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unsur kala 8 (laman tidak wujud)">8</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Siri</th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali" title="Logam alkali">Alkali</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Logam_alkali_bumi" title="Logam alkali bumi">Logam alkali bumi</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Lantanid" title="Lantanid">Lantanid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Aktinid" class="mw-redirect" title="Aktinid">Aktinid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Logam_peralihan" title="Logam peralihan">Logam peralihan</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Logam_lemah" title="Logam lemah">Logam lemah</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Metaloid" title="Metaloid">Metaloid</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Bukan_logam" title="Bukan logam">Bukan logam</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Halogen" title="Halogen">Halogen</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Gas_adi" title="Gas adi">Gas adi</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Blok_jadual_berkala" title="Blok jadual berkala">Blok</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Blok-s" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-s">blok-s</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Blok-p" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-p">blok-p</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Blok-d" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-d">blok-d</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Blok-f" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-f">blok-f</a><span style="font-weight:bold;"> •</span>  <a href="/wiki/Blok-g" class="mw-redirect" title="Blok-g">blok-g</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Diambil daripada "<a dir="ltr" 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