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Tambah rencana untuk bahasa lain" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-0" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tambahkan bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="uls-after-portlet-link"></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kumpulan_karbon" title="Lihat laman kandungan [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Rencana</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Perbincangan:Kumpulan_karbon" rel="discussion" title="Perbincangan mengenai laman kandungan [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Perbincangan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tukar kelainan bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span 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The blocked range is 8.222.128.0/17. </p><p>Sila sertaian semua butiran di atas dalam sebarang pertanyaan yang anda buat. </p> If you believe you were blocked by mistake, you can find additional information and instructions in the <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard" class="extiw" title="m:Special:MyLanguage/Stewards/Wizard">Stewards Block Wizard</a>.</div></div><hr /> <p>Anda boleh melihat dan menyalin sumber bagi laman ini. </p><textarea readonly="" accesskey="," id="wpTextbox1" cols="80" rows="25" style="" class="mw-editfont-monospace" lang="ms" dir="ltr" name="wpTextbox1">{| style="float: right; border: 1px solid #ccc; margin: 0.5em 0pt 0.8em 1.4em; padding: 3px !important; width: 75px;" ! [[Kumpulan jadual berkala|Kumpulan]]&nbsp;→!! 14 |- ! ↓&nbsp;[[Kala jadual berkala|Kala]] |- ! [[Unsur kala 2|2]] | {{element cell| 6|Karbon|C| |Pepejal|Bukan logam|Purba}} |- ! [[Unsur kala 3|3]] | {{element cell|14|Silikon|Si| |Pepejal|Metaloid|Purba}} |- ! [[Unsur kala 4|4]] | {{element cell|32|Germanium|Ge| | Pepejal|Metaloid|Purba }} |- ! [[Unsur kala 5|5]] | {{element cell|50|Timah|Sn| |Pepejal|Logam lemah|Purba}} |- ! [[Unsur kala 6|6]] | {{element cell|82|Plumbum|Pb| | Pepejal|Logam lemah|Purba }} |- ! [[Unsur kala 7|7]] | {{element cell|114|Flerovium|Fl| |Pepejal|Logam lemah|Sintetik}} |} '''Unsur kumpulan 14''' juga dikenali sebagai '''kumpulan karbon''' merupakan kumpulan [[unsur kimia]] yang terkandung dalam [[kumpulan jadual berkala|lajur]] ke-14 (sistem [[IUPAC]]) [[jadual berkala|jadual berkala unsur]]. Kumpulan ini juga pernah dikenali sebagai '''tetrels''' (berasal daripada perkataan Greek ''tetra'' bermaksud empat), sebagai mewakili nama lama kumpulan ini iaitu Kumpulan IVA. Kumpulan ini terdiri daripada [[karbon]] ('''C'''), [[silikon]] ('''Si'''), [[germanium]] ('''Ge'''), [[timah]] atau [[stanum]] ('''Sn'''), [[plumbum]] ('''Pb'''), dan [[flerovium]] ('''Fl'''). Sebagai mana kumpulan unsur lain, unsur-unsur dalam kumpulan ini menunjukkan corak dalam [[konfigurasi elektron]]nya, terutamanya petala paling luar, dan seterusnya [[sifat kimia]] mereka. {| class="wikitable" border="1" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0" |- ![[Nombor atom|Z]] !! [[Unsur kimia|Unsur]] !! [[Petala elektron|Bilangan elektron/petala]] |- | 6 || karbon || 2, 4 |- | 14 || silikon || 2, 8, 4 |- | 32 || germanium || 2, 8, 18, 4 |- | 50 || timah || 2, 8, 18, 18, 4 |- | 82 || plumbum || 2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 4 |- | 114 || flerovium || 2, 8, 18, 32, 32, 18, 4 |} Setiap unsur dalam kumpulan ini mempunyai 4 [[elektron]] dalam petala paling luar. [[Orbital]] terakhir kesemua [[unsur kimia|unsur]] ini ialah orbital p<sup>2</sup>. Dalam kebanyakan kes, unsur-unsur ini berkongsi elektronnya. Kecenderungan keupayaan untuk hilang elektron meningkat apabila saiz [[atom]] meningkat, iaitu apabila nombor atom meningkat. Hanya [[karbon]] sahaja yang boleh membentuk [[ion]] negatif, iaitu dalam bentuk ion [[karbida]] (C<sup>4-</sup>). [[Silikon]] dan [[germanium]], yang kedua-duanya merupakan [[separa logam]], masing-masing boleh membentuk ion +4. [[Timah]] dan [[plumbum]] merupakan [[logam]] manakala flerovium merupakan logam [[radioaktif]] sintetik dengan jangka hayat yang pendek. Timah dan plumbum masing-masing boleh membentuk ion +2. Kesemua unsur ini kecuali germanium amat biasa diaplikasikan dalam kehidupan seharian sama ada dalam bentuk yang tulen atau dalam bentuk [[sebatian kimia|sebatian]]. Walau bagaimanapun, tiada satu pun unsur-unsur ini kecuali silikon ditemui dengan banyaknya dalam kerak bumi. Karbon membentuk pelbagai [[sebatian organik|sebatian]] dalam hidupan termasuk haiwan dan tumbuhan. Mineral silikon dan silikat merupakan komponen asas dalam kerak bumi; silika ([[silikon dioksida]]) merupakan [[pasir]]. Timah dan plumbum juga amat biasa digunakan dalam kehidupan seharian, walaupun jumlahnya yang dalam kerak bumi tidak sebanyak karbon atau silikon. Kedua-duanya wujud dalam deposit mineral yang sangat tepu, boleh diperolehi dengan mudahnya dalam bentuk logam daripada mineralnya, dan sangat berguna sebagai logam dan aloi dalam pelbagai aplikasi harian. Germanium pula biasanya dijumpai dengan kepekatan yang rendah dan bercampur dengan mineral [[zink]] dan [[arang]]. Germanium, walaupun kuantitinya sedikit, juga dianggap penting kerana sifatnya sebagai [[semikonduktor]]. == Sejarah == [[Karbon]] (sebagai unsur) mula-mulanya telah ditemui oleh seorang lelaki yang mengendalikan arang dalam apinya. Kimia karbon moden bertarikh sejak perkembangan arang, petroleum, dan gas asli sebagai minyak enjin dan sejak ia diaplikasikan sebagai penjelasan kepada kimia organik sintetik. Kedua-duanya berlaku sekitar tahun 1800-an. [[Silikon amorfus]] (silikon tanpa bentuk) pula buat pertama kalinya diperoleh dalam keadaan tulen oleh seorang ahli kimia Sweden pada tahun 1824 iaitu [[Jöns Jacob Berzelius]]; silikon yang tidak tulen telah ditemui sebelumnya pada tahun 1811. [[Hablur silikon]] buat pertama kalinya disediakan pada tahun 1854, apabila ia diperoleh sebagai hasil [[elektrolisis]]. Dalam bentuk batu pula, silikon sebenarnya merupakan sesuatu yang biasa bagi pradinasti Mesir, yang telah menggunakannya sebagai rantai manik dan pasu kecil; begitu juga dengan dinasti-dinasti lain seperti Cina. Penghasilan kaca yang mengandungi silika telah dimulakan oleh orang Mesir - sekitar tahun 1500 sebelum Masihi – dan orang-orang [[Semitik]]. Kebanyakan sebatian semula jadi yang digelar silikat telah digunakan dalam pelbagai jenis [[mortar]] (campuran simen, pasir, kapur dan air) untuk tujuan pembinaan tempat tinggal pada zaman dahulu. Germanium pula merupakan salah satu dari 3 unsur yang telah dijangka kewujudannya oleh [[Dmitri Mendeleev]] pada tahun 1871 iaitu semasa dia membina jadual berkalanya. Hanya pada tahun 1886, germanium telah disahkan sebagai satu unsur. Penemuan timah pula telah berlaku sejak zaman purba lagi menyebabkan tiada catatan mengenai penemuan pertamanya. [[Gangsa]] (aloi kuprum-timah) telah lama digunakan oleh masyarakat prasejarah sebelum logam timah tulen diekstrak. Gangsa adalah logam aloi yang biasa digunakan pada zaman awal Mesopotamia, Lembah Indus, Mesir, Crete, Israel, dan Peru. Plumbum telah digunakan oleh orang [[Babylon]] sebagai pinggan untuk merekod inskripsi. Orang [[Rom Purba|Rom]] pula telah menggunakannya sebagai batu bersurat, paip air, syiling, dan juga alat memasak; dan pada zaman [[Augustus Caesar]], keracunan akibat plumbum telah dikesan. Sebatian yang dikenali sebagai plumbum putih telah dihasilkan sebagai bahan perhiasan pada awal 200 sebelum Masihi. == Lihat juga == * [[Jadual berkala]] {{PeriodicTablesFooter}} [[Kategori:Kumpulan jadual berkala]] [[Kategori:Kumpulan unsur kimia]] </textarea><div class="templatesUsed"><div class="mw-templatesUsedExplanation"><p>Templat yang digunakan dalam laman ini: </p></div><ul> <li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Bingkai_unsur/Purba" title="Templat:Bingkai unsur/Purba">Templat:Bingkai unsur/Purba</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Bingkai_unsur/Purba&action=edit" title="Templat:Bingkai unsur/Purba">sunting</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Bingkai_unsur/Sintetik" title="Templat:Bingkai unsur/Sintetik">Templat:Bingkai unsur/Sintetik</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Templat:Bingkai_unsur/Sintetik&action=edit" title="Templat:Bingkai unsur/Sintetik">sunting</a>) </li><li><a href="/wiki/Templat:Element_cell" class="mw-redirect" title="Templat:Element cell">Templat:Element cell</a> (<a 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