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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-French_period_(1615–1763)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_period_(1615–1763)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>French period (1615–1763)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_period_(1615–1763)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-British_period_(1763–1783)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#British_period_(1763–1783)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>British period (1763–1783)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-British_period_(1763–1783)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States_treaty_period_(1783–1830)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States_treaty_period_(1783–1830)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>United States treaty period (1783–1830)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States_treaty_period_(1783–1830)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Milwaukee_Potawatomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Milwaukee_Potawatomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Milwaukee Potawatomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Milwaukee_Potawatomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chicago_Potawatomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chicago_Potawatomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Chicago Potawatomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chicago_Potawatomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Des_Plaines_and_Fox_River_Potawatomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Des_Plaines_and_Fox_River_Potawatomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>Des Plaines and Fox River Potawatomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Des_Plaines_and_Fox_River_Potawatomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Illinois_River_Potawatomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Illinois_River_Potawatomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>Illinois River Potawatomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Illinois_River_Potawatomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kankakee_River_(Iroquois_and_Yellow_Rivers)_Potawatomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kankakee_River_(Iroquois_and_Yellow_Rivers)_Potawatomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.5</span> <span>Kankakee River (Iroquois and Yellow Rivers) Potawatomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kankakee_River_(Iroquois_and_Yellow_Rivers)_Potawatomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-St._Joseph_and_Elkhart_Potawatomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#St._Joseph_and_Elkhart_Potawatomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.6</span> <span>St. Joseph and Elkhart Potawatomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-St._Joseph_and_Elkhart_Potawatomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tippecanoe_and_Wabash_River_Potawatomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tippecanoe_and_Wabash_River_Potawatomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.7</span> <span>Tippecanoe and Wabash River Potawatomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tippecanoe_and_Wabash_River_Potawatomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fort_Wayne_Potawatomi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fort_Wayne_Potawatomi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.8</span> <span>Fort Wayne Potawatomi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fort_Wayne_Potawatomi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_removal_period_(1830–1840)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_removal_period_(1830–1840)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>American removal period (1830–1840)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_removal_period_(1830–1840)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Bands</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bands-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bands subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada_–_First_Nations_with_Potawatomi_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada_–_First_Nations_with_Potawatomi_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Canada – First Nations with Potawatomi people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada_–_First_Nations_with_Potawatomi_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Population" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Population"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Population</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Population-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Clans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Clans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Clans</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Clans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnobotany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnobotany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Ethnobotany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnobotany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Location" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Location</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Potawatomi_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Potawatomi_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Potawatomi people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Potawatomi_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cited_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cited_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Cited sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cited_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Potawatomi</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A" title="بوتاواتومي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بوتاواتومي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Патаватомі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Патаватомі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Потауатоми – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Потауатоми" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Potawatomi" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Potawatomi" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Potawatomi" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potavatomoj" title="Potavatomoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Potavatomoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Potawatomi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%DB%8C" title="پاتواتومی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پاتواتومی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pot%C3%A9ouatamis" title="Potéouatamis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Potéouatamis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_potawatomi" title="Pobo potawatomi – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo potawatomi" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AC%ED%83%80%EC%99%80%ED%86%A0%EB%AF%B8%EC%A1%B1" title="포타와토미족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="포타와토미족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Potawatomi" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Potawatomi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF" title="പൊട്ടവട്ടോമി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പൊട്ടവട്ടോമി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%85%D9%89" title="بوتاواتومى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بوتاواتومى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi_(volk)" title="Potawatomi (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Potawatomi (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9D%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AF%E3%83%88%E3%83%9F%E6%97%8F" title="ポタワトミ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ポタワトミ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Potawatomi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Potawatomi" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Potawatomi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Potawatomi" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Потаватоми (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Потаватоми (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Potawatomi" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Потаватоми – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Потаватоми" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Potawatomi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Potawatomit" title="Potawatomit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Potawatomit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the people. For the language, see <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi language</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Pottawatomie" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pottawatomie (disambiguation)">Pottawatomie (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Potawatomi</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div><i>Bodéwadmi</i></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Potawatomi_1920.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Potawatomi_1920.gif/220px-Potawatomi_1920.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Potawatomi_1920.gif/330px-Potawatomi_1920.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/Potawatomi_1920.gif/440px-Potawatomi_1920.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="409" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Potawatomi at a rain dance in 1920</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">28,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a>)<br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Canada_%28Pantone%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholicism">Catholicism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Midewiwin</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Person</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bodéwadmi</a><br />     (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Neshnabé</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bodéwadmik</a><br />     (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Neshnabék</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Bodwéwadmimwen</a><br />     (<a href="/wiki/Anishinaabemowin" class="mw-redirect" title="Anishinaabemowin">Neshnabémwen</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Potawatomi</b> <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/i/: 'y' in 'happy'">i</span></span>/</a></span></span>  <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/b4\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Potawatomi.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Potawatomi.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Potawatomi.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b4/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Potawatomi.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Flame%2C_not_lame-Potawatomi.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Flame,_not_lame-Potawatomi.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Potawatomi.wav">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span>,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also spelled <b>Pottawatomi</b> and <b>Pottawatomie</b> (among <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_ethnonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Potawatomi ethnonyms">many variations</a>), are a <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> people of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, upper <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>, and western <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes region</a>. They traditionally speak the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi language</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian family</a>. The Potawatomi call themselves <i><b>Neshnabé</b></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of the word <i><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a></i>. The Potawatomi are part of a long-term alliance, called the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Three_Fires" title="Council of Three Fires">Council of Three Fires</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe" title="Ojibwe">Ojibwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a> (Ottawa). In the Council of Three Fires, the Potawatomi are considered the "youngest brother". Their people are referred to in this context as <i><b>Bodéwadmi</b></i>, a name that means "keepers of the fire" and refers to the council fire of three peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 19th century, some bands of Potawatomi were pushed to the west by European/American encroachment. In the 1830s the federal government <a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Removal">removed</a> most from their lands east of the Mississippi River to Indian Territory - first in Kansas, Nebraska, and last to Oklahoma. Some bands survived in the Great Lakes region and today are federally recognized as tribes, in addition to the Potawatomi in Oklahoma. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Potawatomi_ethnonyms" title="List of Potawatomi ethnonyms">List of Potawatomi ethnonyms</a></div> <p>The English "Potawatomi" is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a> <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">Boodewaadamii(g)</i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonology)" title="Syncope (phonology)">syncoped</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa language">Ottawa</a> as <span title="Ottawa-language text"><i lang="otw">Boodewaadmii(g)</i></span>). The Potawatomi name for themselves (<a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">autonym</a>) is <span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Bodéwadmi</i></span> (without syncope: <span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Bodéwademi</i></span>; plural: <span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Bodéwadmik</i></span>), a <a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">cognate</a> of the Ojibwe form. Their name means "those who tend the hearth-fire," which refers to the hearth of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Three_Fires" title="Council of Three Fires">Council of Three Fires</a>. The word comes from "to tend the hearth-fire," which is <span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">bodewadm</i></span> (without syncope: <span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">bodewadem</i></span>) in the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi language</a>; the Ojibwe and Ottawa forms are <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">boodawaadam</i></span> and <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj">boodwaadam</i></span>, respectively. </p><p>Alternatively, the Potawatomi call themselves <span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Neshnabé</i></span> (without syncope: <span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Eneshenabé</i></span>; plural: <span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Neshnabék</i></span>), a cognate of Ojibwe <span title="Ojibwe-language text"><i lang="oj"><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a>(g)</i></span>, meaning "original people." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teachings">Teachings</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Teachings"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Potawatomi teach their children about the "Seven Grandfather Teachings" of wisdom, respect, love, honesty, humility, bravery, and truth toward each other and all creation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each principle teaches the equality and importance of their fellow tribesmen and respect for all of nature's creations. </p><p>The story that underlies these teaches the importance of patience and listening. It follows the Water Spider's journey to retrieve fire so that the other animals can survive the cold. As the other animals step forth one after another to proclaim that they shall be the ones to retrieve the fire, the Water Spider sits and waits while listening to her fellows. As they finish and wrestle with their fears, she steps forward and announces that she will be the one to bring fire back. As they laugh and doubt her, she weaves a bowl out of her web, using it to sail across the water to retrieve the fire. She brings back a hot coal out of which the animals make fire, and they celebrate her honor and bravery. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pottawatomi_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pottawatomi_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg/170px-Pottawatomi_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pottawatomi_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg/255px-Pottawatomi_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Pottawatomi_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg/340px-Pottawatomi_Fashion_at_the_Field_Museum_in_Chicago.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1936" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Regalia at the Field Museum in Chicago</figcaption></figure> <p>The Potawatomi are first mentioned in French records, which suggest that in the early 17th century, they lived in what is now southwestern <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Beaver_Wars" title="Beaver Wars">Beaver Wars</a> they fled to the area around <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_(Lake_Michigan)" title="Green Bay (Lake Michigan)">Green Bay</a> to escape attacks by both the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Confederacy" title="Neutral Confederacy">Neutral Confederacy</a>, who were seeking expanded hunting grounds. It is estimated that the Potawatomi numbered around 3,000 in 1658,. </p><p>As an important part of <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a>'s Confederacy, Potawatomi warriors took part in <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. Their alliances switched repeatedly between <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and the United States as power relations shifted between the nations, and they calculated effects on their trade and land interests. </p><p>At the time of the War of 1812, a band of Potawatomi inhabited the area near <a href="/wiki/Fort_Dearborn" title="Fort Dearborn">Fort Dearborn</a>, where <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> developed. Led by the chiefs Blackbird and Nuscotomeg (Mad Sturgeon), a force of about 500 warriors attacked the United States evacuation column leaving Fort Dearborn. They killed most of the civilians and 54 of Captain <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Heald" title="Nathan Heald">Nathan Heald</a>'s force, and wounded many others. <a href="/wiki/George_Ronan" title="George Ronan">George Ronan</a>, the first graduate of <a href="/wiki/West_Point" class="mw-redirect" title="West Point">West Point</a> to be killed in combat, died in this ambush. The incident is referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn" title="Battle of Fort Dearborn">Battle of Fort Dearborn</a>. A Potawatomi chief named <a href="/wiki/Black_Partridge_(chief)" title="Black Partridge (chief)">Mucktypoke</a> (<span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Makdébki</i></span>, Black Partridge), counseled his fellow warriors against the attack. Later he saved some of the civilian captives who were being ransomed by the Potawatomi.<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_period_(1615–1763)"><span id="French_period_.281615.E2.80.931763.29"></span>French period (1615–1763)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: French period (1615–1763)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> period of contact began with early explorers who reached the Potawatomi in western Michigan. They also found the tribe located along the <a href="/wiki/Door_Peninsula" title="Door Peninsula">Door Peninsula</a> of Wisconsin. By the end of the French period, the Potawatomi had begun a move to the <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> area, leaving the large communities in Wisconsin.<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Madouche during the <a href="/wiki/Fox_Wars" title="Fox Wars">Fox Wars</a></li> <li>Millouisillyny</li> <li>Onanghisse (<i>Wnaneg-gizs</i> "Shimmering Light") at <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay,_Wisconsin" title="Green Bay, Wisconsin">Green Bay</a></li> <li>Otchik at <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="British_period_(1763–1783)"><span id="British_period_.281763.E2.80.931783.29"></span>British period (1763–1783)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: British period (1763–1783)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The British period of contact began when France ceded its lands after its defeat by Britain in the <a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a> (the North American front of the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a>). <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontiac's Rebellion">Pontiac's Rebellion</a> was an attempt by Native Americans to push the British and other European settlers out of their territory. The Potawatomi captured every British frontier garrison but the one at Detroit.<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Potawatomi nation continued to grow and expanded westward from Detroit, most notably in the development of the St. Joseph villages adjacent to the <a href="/wiki/Miami_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami (tribe)">Miami</a> in southwestern Michigan. The Wisconsin communities continued and moved south along the Lake Michigan shoreline.<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Nanaquiba (Water Moccasin) at <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li>Ninivois at Detroit</li> <li>Peshibon at <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_River_(Lake_Michigan)" title="St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)">St. Joseph</a></li> <li>Washee (from <span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Wabzi</i></span>, "the Swan") at St. Joseph during <a href="/wiki/Pontiac%27s_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontiac's Rebellion">Pontiac's Rebellion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States_treaty_period_(1783–1830)"><span id="United_States_treaty_period_.281783.E2.80.931830.29"></span>United States treaty period (1783–1830)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: United States treaty period (1783–1830)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States treaty period of Potawatomi history began with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a>, which ended the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> and established the United States' interest in the lower Great Lakes. It lasted until the treaties for <a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a> were signed. The US recognized the Potawatomi as a single tribe. They often had a few tribal leaders whom all villages accepted. The Potawatomi had a decentralized society, with several main divisions based on geographic locations: <a href="/wiki/Milwaukee" title="Milwaukee">Milwaukee</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> or <a href="/wiki/Huron_River_(Michigan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Huron River (Michigan)">Huron River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_River_(Lake_Michigan)" title="St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)">St. Joseph River</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kankakee_River" title="Kankakee River">Kankakee River</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_River" title="Tippecanoe River">Tippecanoe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash Rivers</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_River" title="Illinois River">Illinois River</a> and Lake Peoria, and the <a href="/wiki/Des_Plaines_River" title="Des Plaines River">Des Plaines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fox_River_(Illinois_River_tributary)" title="Fox River (Illinois River tributary)">Fox Rivers</a>. </p><p>The chiefs listed below are grouped by geographic area. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_the_Potawatomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty with the Potawatomi">Treaty with the Potawatomi</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Milwaukee_Potawatomi">Milwaukee Potawatomi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Milwaukee Potawatomi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Manamol<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Siggenauk (<span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Siginak</i></span>: "Le Tourneau" or "Blackbird")<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chicago_Potawatomi">Chicago Potawatomi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Chicago Potawatomi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Caldwell" title="Billy Caldwell">Billy Caldwell</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as <a href="/wiki/Sauganash" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauganash">Sauganash</a> (<i>Zhagnash</i>: "Englishman") (1780–1841)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Des_Plaines_and_Fox_River_Potawatomi">Des Plaines and Fox River Potawatomi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Des Plaines and Fox River Potawatomi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aptakisic (<abbr title="floruit ('flourished' – known to have been active at a particular time or during a particular period)">fl.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1830s</span>, <span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Abtagizheg</i></span> "Half Day")<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mukatapenaise, a.k.a. <a href="/wiki/Black_Partridge_(chief)" title="Black Partridge (chief)">Black Partridge</a> (<span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Mkedébnés</i></span> "Blackbird")<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waubonsie" title="Waubonsie">Waubonsie</a> (Wabenizhi, 'He Causes Paleness,' related to 'waben' meaning dawn.)<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Waweachsetoh<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with La Gesse, Gomo or Masemo (Resting Fish)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Illinois_River_Potawatomi">Illinois River Potawatomi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Illinois River Potawatomi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shabbona_(chief)1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Shabbona_%28chief%291.jpg/170px-Shabbona_%28chief%291.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/17/Shabbona_%28chief%291.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="238" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shabbona" title="Shabbona">Shabbona</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Mucktypoke<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Makdébki</i></span>: "Black Partridge")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senachewine" class="mw-redirect" title="Senachewine">Senachewine</a><sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<abbr title="d.">died</abbr> 1831) (Petacho or <span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Znajjewan</i></span> "Difficult Current") was the brother of Gomo who was chief among the Lake Peoria Potawatomi</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kankakee_River_(Iroquois_and_Yellow_Rivers)_Potawatomi"><span id="Kankakee_River_.28Iroquois_and_Yellow_Rivers.29_Potawatomi"></span>Kankakee River (Iroquois and Yellow Rivers) Potawatomi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kankakee River (Iroquois and Yellow Rivers) Potawatomi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Main_Poc" title="Main Poc">Main Poc</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also known as Webebeset ("Crafty One")</li> <li>Micsawbee<sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 19th century</li> <li>Notawkah<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Rattlesnake) on the <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_(Indiana)" title="Yellow River (Indiana)">Yellow River</a></li> <li>Nuscotomeg<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Neshkademég</i></span>, "Mad Sturgeon") on the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_River_(Indiana-Illinois)" title="Iroquois River (Indiana-Illinois)">Iroquois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kankakee_River" title="Kankakee River">Kankakee Rivers</a></li> <li>Mesasa (<span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Mezsézed</i></span>, "Turkey Foot")<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="St._Joseph_and_Elkhart_Potawatomi">St. Joseph and Elkhart Potawatomi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: St. Joseph and Elkhart Potawatomi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Chebass<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Zhshibés</i></span>: "Little Duck") on the <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_River_(Lake_Michigan)" title="St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)">St. Joseph River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Medals" title="Five Medals">Five Medals</a> (<span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Wa-nyano-zhoneya</i></span>: "Five-coin")<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Elkhart_River" title="Elkhart River">Elkhart River</a></li> <li>Onaska<sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Elkhart_River" title="Elkhart River">Elkhart River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topinabee_(I)" title="Topinabee (I)">Topinbee</a> (He who sits Quietly) (<abbr title="d.">died</abbr> 1826)<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tippecanoe_and_Wabash_River_Potawatomi">Tippecanoe and Wabash River Potawatomi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tippecanoe and Wabash River Potawatomi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aubenaubee<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1761–1837/8) on the <a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_River" title="Tippecanoe River">Tippecanoe River</a></li> <li>Askum<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (More and More) on the <a href="/wiki/Eel_River_(Wabash_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Eel River (Wabash River)">Eel River</a></li> <li>George Cicott<sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1800?–1833)</li> <li>Keesass on the <a href="/wiki/Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash River</a></li> <li>Kewanna<sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1790?–1840s?) (Prairie Chicken) Eel River</li> <li>Kinkash<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see Askum)</li> <li>Magaago</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monoquet_(Potawatomi_chief)" title="Monoquet (Potawatomi chief)">Monoquet</a><sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1790s–1830s) on the <a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_River" title="Tippecanoe River">Tippecanoe River</a></li> <li>Tiosa<sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the <a href="/wiki/Tippecanoe_River" title="Tippecanoe River">Tippecanoe River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winamac#Winamac_(American_period,_I)" title="Winamac">Winamac</a> (<span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Winmég</i></span>, "Catfish")<sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—allied with the British during the War of 1812</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winamac#Winamac_(American_period,_II)" title="Winamac">Winamac</a> (<span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Winmég</i></span>, "Catfish")<sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—allied with the Americans during the War of 1812</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fort_Wayne_Potawatomi">Fort Wayne Potawatomi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Fort Wayne Potawatomi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Me-Te-A,_A_Pottawatomie_Chief._(15247213874).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Me-Te-A%2C_A_Pottawatomie_Chief._%2815247213874%29.jpg/170px-Me-Te-A%2C_A_Pottawatomie_Chief._%2815247213874%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Me-Te-A%2C_A_Pottawatomie_Chief._%2815247213874%29.jpg/255px-Me-Te-A%2C_A_Pottawatomie_Chief._%2815247213874%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Me-Te-A%2C_A_Pottawatomie_Chief._%2815247213874%29.jpg/340px-Me-Te-A%2C_A_Pottawatomie_Chief._%2815247213874%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="745" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Metea" title="Metea">Metea</a> lithograph (1842)</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metea" title="Metea">Metea</a><sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (1760?–1827) (<span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Mdewé</i></span>, "Sulks")</li> <li>Wabnaneme<sup id="cite_ref-edmunds_5-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mcpherson_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcpherson-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the Pigeon River</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_removal_period_(1830–1840)"><span id="American_removal_period_.281830.E2.80.931840.29"></span>American removal period (1830–1840)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: American removal period (1830–1840)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The removal period of Potawatomi history began with the treaties of the late 1820s, when the United States created reservations. <a href="/wiki/Billy_Caldwell" title="Billy Caldwell">Billy Caldwell</a> and Alexander Robinson negotiated for the United Nations of Chippewa, Ottawa and Potowatomi in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien">Second Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a> (1829), by which they ceded most of their lands in Wisconsin and Michigan. Some Potawatomi became religious followers of the "Kickapoo Prophet", <a href="/wiki/Kennekuk" title="Kennekuk">Kennekuk</a>. Over the years, the US reduced the size of the reservations under pressure for land by incoming European Americans. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The final step followed the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chicago" title="Treaty of Chicago">Treaty of Chicago</a>, negotiated in 1833 for the tribes by Caldwell and Robinson. In return for land cessions, the US promised new lands, annuities and supplies to enable the peoples to develop new homes. The Illinois Potawatomi were removed to <a href="/wiki/Nebraska" title="Nebraska">Nebraska</a> and the Indiana Potawatomi to <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, both west of the Mississippi River. Often annuities and supplies were reduced, or late in arrival, and the Potawatomi suffered after their relocations. Those in Kansas were later removed to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Territory" title="Indian Territory">Indian Territory</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a>). The removal of the Indiana Potawatomi was documented by a Catholic priest, <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Petit" title="Benjamin Petit">Benjamin Petit</a>, who accompanied the Indians on the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_Trail_of_Death" title="Potawatomi Trail of Death">Potawatomi Trail of Death</a> in 1838. Petit died while returning to Indiana in 1839. His diary was published in 1941, over 100 years after his death, by the Indiana Historical Society.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many Potawatomi found ways to remain, primarily those in Michigan. Others fled to their <a href="/wiki/Odawa" title="Odawa">Odawa</a> neighbors or to Canada to avoid removal to the west. </p> <ul><li><i>Iowa</i>, <a href="/wiki/Wabash_River" title="Wabash River">Wabash River</a></li> <li><i>Maumksuck</i> (<span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Mangzed</i></span>, "Big Foot") at <a href="/wiki/Lake_Geneva,_Wisconsin" title="Lake Geneva, Wisconsin">Lake Geneva</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mecosta" title="Mecosta">Mecosta</a></i> (<span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Mkozdé</i></span>, "Having a Bear's Foot")</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leopold_Pokagon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Leopold_Pokagon.jpg/170px-Leopold_Pokagon.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Leopold_Pokagon.jpg/255px-Leopold_Pokagon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Leopold_Pokagon.jpg/340px-Leopold_Pokagon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="360" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Pokagon" title="Leopold Pokagon">Leopold Pokagon</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Menominee" title="Chief Menominee">Chief Menominee</a> (1791?–1841) Twin Lakes of Marshall County</li> <li><i>Pamtipee</i> of Nottawasippi</li> <li><i>Mackahtamoah</i> (<span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Mkedémwi</i></span>, "Black Wolf") of Nottawasippi</li> <li><i>Pashpoho</i> of <a href="/wiki/Yellow_River_(Indiana)" title="Yellow River (Indiana)">Yellow River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Indiana" title="Rochester, Indiana">Rochester, Indiana</a></li> <li><i>Pepinawah</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Pokagon" title="Leopold Pokagon">Leopold Pokagon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1775</span>–1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Pokagon" title="Simon Pokagon">Simon Pokagon</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1830</span>–1899)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauganash" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauganash">Sauganash</a></i> (Billy Caldwell) removed his band ultimately to what would become <a href="/wiki/Council_Bluffs,_Iowa" title="Council Bluffs, Iowa">Council Bluffs, Iowa</a> in 1838, where they lived at what was known as Caldwell's Camp. Father <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Jean_De_Smet" title="Pierre-Jean De Smet">Pierre-Jean De Smet</a> established a mission there that was active in 1837–1839.</li> <li><i>Shupshewahno</i> (19th century – 1841) or <span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Shipshewana</i></span> (Vision of a Lion) at <a href="/wiki/Shipshewana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shipshewana">Shipshewana</a> Lake.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>Topinbee</i> (The Younger) on the <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph_River_(Lake_Michigan)" title="St. Joseph River (Lake Michigan)">St. Joseph River</a></li> <li><i>Wabanim</i> (<span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Wabnem</i></span>, "White Dog") on the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_River_(Indiana-Illinois)" title="Iroquois River (Indiana-Illinois)">Iroquois River</a></li> <li><span title="Potawatomi-language text"><i lang="pot">Michicaba</i></span> (Snapping Turtle) on the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois_River_(Indiana-Illinois)" title="Iroquois River (Indiana-Illinois)">Iroquois River</a></li> <li><i>Wanatah</i></li> <li><i>Weesionas</i> (see Ashkum)</li> <li><i>Wewesh</i></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bands">Bands</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ed_pigeon_gun_lake_pot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ed_pigeon_gun_lake_pot.jpg/170px-Ed_pigeon_gun_lake_pot.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Ed_pigeon_gun_lake_pot.jpg/255px-Ed_pigeon_gun_lake_pot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/Ed_pigeon_gun_lake_pot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>Ed Pigeon, Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish cultural coordinator and language instructor, with son, 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Potawatomi_rain_dance.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Potawatomi_rain_dance.gif/220px-Potawatomi_rain_dance.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Potawatomi_rain_dance.gif/330px-Potawatomi_rain_dance.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Potawatomi_rain_dance.gif/440px-Potawatomi_rain_dance.gif 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Rain_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Rain dance">Rain dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1920</span></figcaption></figure> <p>There are several active bands of Potawatomi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Federally_recognized_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Federally recognized tribe">Federally recognized</a> Potawatomi tribes in the United States: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest_County_Potawatomi_Community" title="Forest County Potawatomi Community">Forest County Potawatomi Community</a>, Wisconsin;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannahville_Indian_Community" title="Hannahville Indian Community">Hannahville Indian Community</a>, Michigan;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band">Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band</a> of Pottawatomi (also known as the <a href="/wiki/Gun_Lake_(Michigan)" title="Gun Lake (Michigan)">Gun Lake</a> tribe), based in <a href="/wiki/Dorr,_Michigan" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorr, Michigan">Dorr</a> in <a href="/wiki/Allegan_County,_Michigan" title="Allegan County, Michigan">Allegan County, Michigan</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottawaseppi_Huron_Band_of_Potawatomi" title="Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi">Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi</a>, based in <a href="/wiki/Calhoun_County,_Michigan" title="Calhoun County, Michigan">Calhoun County, Michigan</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokagon_Band_of_Potawatomi_Indians" title="Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians">Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians</a>, Michigan and Indiana; and</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Band_of_Potawatomi_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation">Prairie Band of Potawatomi Nation</a>, Kansas (and since 2024 Illinois).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Citizen Potawatomi Nation">Citizen Potawatomi Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada_–_First_Nations_with_Potawatomi_people"><span id="Canada_.E2.80.93_First_Nations_with_Potawatomi_people"></span>Canada – First Nations with Potawatomi people</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Canada – First Nations with Potawatomi people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caldwell_First_Nation" title="Caldwell First Nation">Caldwell First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Point_Pelee" class="mw-redirect" title="Point Pelee">Point Pelee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pelee_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelee Island">Pelee Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chippewas_of_Nawash_Unceded_First_Nation" title="Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation">Chippewas of Nawash Unceded First Nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Peninsula" title="Bruce Peninsula">Bruce Peninsula</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saugeen_First_Nation" title="Saugeen First Nation">Saugeen First Nation</a>, Ontario (<a href="/wiki/Bruce_Peninsula" title="Bruce Peninsula">Bruce Peninsula</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_Point_44,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Kettle Point 44, Ontario">Chippewas of Kettle and Stony Point</a>, Ontario;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moose_Deer_Point_First_Nation" title="Moose Deer Point First Nation">Moose Deer Point First Nation</a>, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpole_Island_First_Nation" title="Walpole Island First Nation">Walpole Island First Nation</a> on an <a href="/wiki/Unceded_territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Unceded territory">unceded</a> island between the United States and Canada</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasauksing_First_Nation" title="Wasauksing First Nation">Wasauksing First Nation</a>, Parry Island, Ontario</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beausoleil_First_Nation" title="Beausoleil First Nation">Beausoleil First Nation</a>, Christian Island, Georgian Bay, Ontario</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Population">Population</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Population"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Total</th> <th>United<br />States</th> <th>Canada </th></tr> <tr> <td>1667<sup id="cite_ref-Tolatsga_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolatsga-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">4,000</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1765<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">1,500</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1766<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">1,750</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1778<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">2,250</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1783<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">2,000</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1795<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_11-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">1,200</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1812<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_11-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">2,500</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1820<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_11-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">3,400</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1843<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_11-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td align="right">1,800</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1854<sup id="cite_ref-Tolatsga_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolatsga-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">4,440</td> <td align="right">4,040</td> <td align="right">400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1889<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">1,582</td> <td align="right">1,416</td> <td align="right">166 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1908<sup id="cite_ref-Hodges_11-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hodges-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">2,742</td> <td align="right">2,522</td> <td align="right">220 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1910<sup id="cite_ref-Tolatsga_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolatsga-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">2,620</td> <td align="right">2,440</td> <td align="right">180 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">25,000</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1998<sup id="cite_ref-Tolatsga_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tolatsga-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">28,000</td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2006<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td align="right">21,000</td> <td align="right">17,000</td> <td align="right">4,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2010</td> <td align="right">23,400</td> <td align="right">21,000<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td align="right">2,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2014<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (October 2019)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></td> <td align="right"></td> <td align="right"></td> <td align="right">4,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2018</td> <td align="right"></td> <td align="right"></td> <td align="right">6,700<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Clans">Clans</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Clans"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_clan_system" title="Anishinaabe clan system">Anishinaabe clan system</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Michel_Maray_de_La_Chauvignerie" title="Michel Maray de La Chauvignerie">La Chauvignerie</a> (1736) and Morgan (1877) mention among the Potawatomi <a href="/wiki/Doodem" class="mw-redirect" title="Doodem">doodems</a> (clans) being: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><i>Bené</i> (Turkey)</li> <li><i>Gagagshi</i> (Crow)</li> <li><i>Gnew</i> (Golden Eagle)</li> <li><i>Jejakwe'</i> (Thunderer, i.e. Crane)</li> <li><i>Mag</i> (Loon)</li> <li><i>Mekchi</i> (Frog)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><i>Mek</i> (Beaver)</li> <li><i>Mewi'a</i> (Wolf)</li> <li><i>Mgezewa</i> (Bald Eagle)</li> <li><i>Mkedésh-gékékwa</i> (Black Hawk)</li> <li><i>Mko</i> (Bear)</li> <li><i>Mshéwé</i> (Elk)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-3"> <ul><li><i>Mshike'</i> (Turtle)</li> <li><i>Nme'</i> (Sturgeon)</li> <li><i>Nmébena</i> (Carp)</li> <li><i>Shage'shi</i> (Crab)</li> <li><i>Wabozo</i> (Rabbit)</li> <li><i>Wakeshi</i> (Fox) </li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnobotany">Ethnobotany</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Ethnobotany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>They regard <i><a href="/wiki/Epigaea_repens" title="Epigaea repens">Epigaea repens</a></i> as their tribal flower and consider it to have come directly from their divinity.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Allium_tricoccum" title="Allium tricoccum">Allium tricoccum</a> </i> is consumed in traditional Potawatomi cuisine.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They mix an <a href="/wiki/Infusion" title="Infusion">infusion</a> of the root of <i><a href="/wiki/Uvularia_grandiflora" title="Uvularia grandiflora">Uvularia grandiflora</a> </i> with lard and use it as salve to massage sore muscles and tendons.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They use <i><a href="/wiki/Symphyotrichum_novae-angliae" title="Symphyotrichum novae-angliae">Symphyotrichum novae-angliae</a></i> as a fumigating reviver.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Vaccinium_myrtilloides" title="Vaccinium myrtilloides">Vaccinium myrtilloides</a></i> is part of their traditional cuisine, and is eaten fresh, dried, and canned.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They also use the root bark of the plant for an unspecified ailment.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Location">Location</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Location"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trail_of_Death_Warren_County.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trail_of_Death_Warren_County.png/220px-Trail_of_Death_Warren_County.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trail_of_Death_Warren_County.png/330px-Trail_of_Death_Warren_County.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Trail_of_Death_Warren_County.png/440px-Trail_of_Death_Warren_County.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_Trail_of_Death" title="Potawatomi Trail of Death">Trail of Death</a> marker in <a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_Indiana" title="Warren County, Indiana">Warren County, Indiana</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Potawatomi first lived in Lower Michigan, then moved to northern Wisconsin and eventually settled into northern Indiana and central Illinois. In the early 19th century, major portions of Potawatomi lands were seized by the US government. Following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Chicago" title="Treaty of Chicago">Treaty of Chicago</a> in 1833, by which the tribe ceded its lands in Illinois, most of the Potawatomi people were removed to Indian Territory, west of the Mississippi River. Many perished en route to new lands in the west on their journey through <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, Kansas, and Indian Territory, following what became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_Trail_of_Death" title="Potawatomi Trail of Death">Trail of Death</a>". </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year or Century </th> <th>Location<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1615 </td> <td>East of Michilimackinac, MI </td></tr> <tr> <td> </td> <td>Islands of Door Peninsula, WI (1st Fr) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1640 </td> <td>(until) with Hochunk (Winnebago) west of Green Bay, WI </td></tr> <tr> <td>1641 </td> <td>Sault Ste. Marie, MI </td></tr> <tr> <td>1670 </td> <td>Mouth of Green Bay, WI/MI </td></tr> <tr> <td>17th century </td> <td>Milwaukee River, WI </td></tr> <tr> <td>1780s </td> <td>on St. Joseph River, MI/IN </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi language</a></div> <p>Potawatomi (also spelled Pottawatomie; in Potawatomi <i>Bodéwadmimwen</i> or <i>Bodéwadmi Zheshmowen</i> or <i>Neshnabémwen</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Central_Algonquian_languages" title="Central Algonquian languages">Central</a> <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian language</a> and is spoken around the <a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a> in Michigan and Wisconsin. It is also spoken by Potawatomi in <a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a>, Oklahoma, and in southern <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2001, there were fewer than 1,300 people who speak Potawatomi as a first language, most of them elderly.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The people are working to <a href="/wiki/Language_revival" class="mw-redirect" title="Language revival">revitalize the language</a>, as evidenced by recent efforts such as the online <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi language</a> <a href="/wiki/Dictionary" title="Dictionary">Dictionary</a> created by the <a href="/wiki/Citizen_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Citizen Potawatomi Nation">Citizen Potawatomi Nation</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or the various resources available through the <a href="/wiki/Pokagon_Band_of_Potawatomi_Indians" title="Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians">Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Potawatomi language is most similar to the <a href="/wiki/Odawa_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Odawa language">Odawa language</a>; it also has borrowed a considerable amount of vocabulary from <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a>. Like the Odawa language, or the Ottawa dialect of the <a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Anishinaabe language">Anishinaabe language</a>, the Potawatomi language exhibits a great amount of vowel <a href="/wiki/Syncope_(phonetics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syncope (phonetics)">syncope</a>. </p><p>Many places in the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwest</a> have names derived from the Potawatomi language, including <a href="/wiki/Waukegan" class="mw-redirect" title="Waukegan">Waukegan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muskegon" class="mw-redirect" title="Muskegon">Muskegon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oconomowoc" class="mw-redirect" title="Oconomowoc">Oconomowoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pottawattamie_County,_Iowa" title="Pottawattamie County, Iowa">Pottawattamie County</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kalamazoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Kalamazoo">Kalamazoo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Skokie,_Illinois" title="Skokie, Illinois">Skokie</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Potawatomi_people">Potawatomi people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Potawatomi people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Baker_(basketball)" title="Ron Baker (basketball)">Ron Baker</a>: played for the New York Knicks and the Washington Wizards.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Standing_Buffalo" title="Tank Standing Buffalo">Tank Standing Buffalo</a>, artist and animator</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Chaput" title="Charles J. Chaput">Charles J. Chaput</a> (born 1944 – son of a Potawatomi woman): Catholic <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="Archbishop of Philadelphia">Archbishop of Philadelphia</a> from 2011 to 2020.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelly_Church" title="Kelly Church">Kelly Church</a> (Potawatomi/Odawa/Ojibwe): basket maker, painter, and educator.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Wall_Kimmerer" title="Robin Wall Kimmerer">Robin Wall Kimmerer</a>: botanist and writer – author of <i><a href="/wiki/Braiding_Sweetgrass" title="Braiding Sweetgrass">Braiding Sweetgrass</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Pokagon" title="Simon Pokagon">Simon Pokagon</a>: the "Hereditary and Last Chief" of the Pokagon Band.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leopold_Pokagon" title="Leopold Pokagon">Leopold Pokagon</a>: head of the Potawatomi in the Saint Joseph River Valley.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeri_Redcorn" title="Jeri Redcorn">Jeri Redcorn</a>: the Oklahoman artist who revived traditional Caddo pottery.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_R._Riley" title="Angela R. Riley">Angela R. Riley</a>: chief justice of Citizen Potawatomi Nation (2010–present).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topinabee_(I)" title="Topinabee (I)">Topinabee</a>: head of the Potawatomi of the Saint Joseph River Valley.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/30px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/45px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg/60px-MAYA-g-log-cal-D10-Ok.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="319" data-file-height="299" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Portal:Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Commission" title="Cherokee Commission">Cherokee Commission</a> (allotment of Cherokee Outlet reservation)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_Trail_of_Death" title="Potawatomi Trail of Death">Potawatomi Trail of Death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_with_the_Potawatomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty with the Potawatomi">Treaty with the Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prairie_Band_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation">Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Citizen Potawatomi Nation">Citizen Potawatomi Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokagon_Band_of_Potawatomi_Indians" title="Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians">Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match-e-be-nash-she-wish_Band_of_Pottawatomi_Indians_of_Michigan" title="Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan">Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_County_Potawatomi_Community" title="Forest County Potawatomi Community">Forest County Potawatomi Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottawaseppi_Huron_Band_of_Potawatomi" title="Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi">Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannahville_Indian_Community" title="Hannahville Indian Community">Hannahville Indian Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wasauksing_First_Nation" title="Wasauksing First Nation">Wasauksing First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walpole_Island_First_Nation" title="Walpole Island First Nation">Walpole Island First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiikwemkoong_First_Nation" title="Wiikwemkoong First Nation">Wiikwemkoong First Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_Marsh" title="Theresa Marsh">Theresa Marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabozho" title="Nanabozho">Nanabozho</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFReference-OED-Potawatomi" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/search/dictionary/?q=Potawatomi">"Potawatomi"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a></i> (Online ed.). <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Potawatomi&rft.btitle=Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.edition=Online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fsearch%2Fdictionary%2F%3Fq%3DPotawatomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotawatomi" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:0.95em; font-size:95%; color: var( --color-subtle, #555 )">(Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/public/login/loggingin#withyourlibrary">participating institution membership</a> required.)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clifton, James A. (1978). "Potawatomi." In <i>Northeast</i>, ed. Bruce G. Trigger. Vol. 15 of <i>Handbook of North American Indians</i>, ed. William C. Sturtevant. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, pg. 725</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.potawatomiheritage.com/encyclopedia/three-fires-council/">"Three Fires Council – CPN Cultural Heritage Center"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230929065610/https://www.potawatomiheritage.com/encyclopedia/three-fires-council/">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-09-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Three+Fires+Council+%E2%80%93+CPN+Cultural+Heritage+Center&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.potawatomiheritage.com%2Fencyclopedia%2Fthree-fires-council%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotawatomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphriesVerbos2014" class="citation journal cs1">Humphries, Maria; Verbos, Amy Klemm (2014-08-01). "A Native American Relational Ethic: An Indigenous Perspective on Teaching Human Responsibility". <i>Journal of Business Ethics</i>. <b>123</b> (1): 1–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs10551-013-1790-3">10.1007/s10551-013-1790-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143379265">143379265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Business+Ethics&rft.atitle=A+Native+American+Relational+Ethic%3A+An+Indigenous+Perspective+on+Teaching+Human+Responsibility&rft.volume=123&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-9&rft.date=2014-08-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs10551-013-1790-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143379265%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Humphries&rft.aufirst=Maria&rft.au=Verbos%2C+Amy+Klemm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotawatomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-edmunds-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-19"><sup><i><b>t</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-20"><sup><i><b>u</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-21"><sup><i><b>v</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-22"><sup><i><b>w</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-edmunds_5-23"><sup><i><b>x</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Edmunds, R. David (1988). <i>The Potawatomis: Keepers of the Fire</i>. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press (Civilization of the American Indian Series); <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8061-2069-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8061-2069-X">0-8061-2069-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lakecountyhistory.blogspot.com/2011/03/aptakisic-half-day.html">"Aptakisic"</a>. <i>Lake County, Illinois History</i>. 25 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lake+County%2C+Illinois+History&rft.atitle=Aptakisic&rft.date=2011-03-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flakecountyhistory.blogspot.com%2F2011%2F03%2Faptakisic-half-day.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotawatomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcpherson-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcpherson_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">McPherson, Alan (1993). <i>Indian Names in Indiana</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="petit" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Petit, Benjamin (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/trailofdeathlett141peti"><i>The trail of death; letters of Benjamin Marie Petit</i></a> (in English and French). Indianapolis, IN: Indiana Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+trail+of+death%3B+letters+of+Benjamin+Marie+Petit&rft.place=Indianapolis%2C+IN&rft.pub=Indiana+Historical+Society&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Petit&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftrailofdeathlett141peti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotawatomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDunn2018" class="citation web cs1">Dunn, Jacob Piatt (28 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6v1OAAAAMAAJ&q=potawatomi+Vision+of+a+Lion&pg=PA100">"True Indian stories: with glossary of Indiana Indian names"</a>. Sentinel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023223223/https://books.google.com/books?id=6v1OAAAAMAAJ&q=potawatomi+Vision+of+a+Lion&pg=PA100">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 November</span> 2020</span> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=True+Indian+stories%3A+with+glossary+of+Indiana+Indian+names&rft.pub=Sentinel&rft.date=2018-03-28&rft.aulast=Dunn&rft.aufirst=Jacob+Piatt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6v1OAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dpotawatomi%2BVision%2Bof%2Ba%2BLion%26pg%3DPA100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotawatomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tolatsga-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tolatsga_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tolatsga_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tolatsga_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tolatsga_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSultzman1998" class="citation web cs1">Sultzman, Lee (18 December 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611144959/http://www.tolatsga.org/pota.html">"Potawatomi History"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolatsga.org/pota.html">the original</a> on 11 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Potawatomi+History&rft.date=1998-12-18&rft.aulast=Sultzman&rft.aufirst=Lee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tolatsga.org%2Fpota.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotawatomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hodges-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_11-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_11-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_11-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_11-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hodges_11-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHodge1910" class="citation book cs1">Hodge, Frederick Webb, ed. 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Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_euEeAAAAMAAJ/page/n290">291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+American+Indians+North+of+Mexico%3A+N-Z&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=291&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1910&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_euEeAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotawatomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1891" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Powell" title="John Wesley Powell">Powell, John Wesley</a> (1891). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/26568/26568-h/linguistic.html#page050"><i>Indian linguistic families of America north of Mexico</i></a>. Washington. p. 50. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181213224853/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/26568/26568-h/linguistic.html#page050">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-12-13<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-07-05</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+linguistic+families+of+America+north+of+Mexico&rft.place=Washington&rft.pages=50&rft.date=1891&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=John+Wesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F26568%2F26568-h%2Flinguistic.html%23page050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotawatomi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pot">"Potawatomi"</a>. <i>Ethnologue</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240518142147/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/pot/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">5 July</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue&rft.atitle=Potawatomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Fpot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotawatomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.firstnationsseeker.ca/Potawatomi.html">"Nishnabek Potawatomi Portal Websites"</a>. <i>First Nation Seekers</i>. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060109033138/http://www.firstnationsseeker.ca/Potawatomi.html">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2006<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=First+Nation+Seekers&rft.atitle=Nishnabek+Potawatomi+Portal+Websites&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.firstnationsseeker.ca%2FPotawatomi.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotawatomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Smith">Smith</a>, p. 118</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Smith">Smith</a>, p. 104</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Smith">Smith</a>, pp. 56, 57 64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Smith">Smith</a>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Smith">Smith</a>, p. 99</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Smith">Smith</a>, p. 57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kubiak, William J. (1970). <i>Great Lakes Indians: A Pictorial Guide</i>. Baker Book House Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moseley, Christopher (2007). <i>Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages</i>, p. 74. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7007-1197-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7007-1197-X">0-7007-1197-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hinton, Leanne and Hale, Kenneth (2001). <i>The Green Book of Language Revitalization in Practice</i>, p. 342. Emerald Group Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-12-349353-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-12-349353-6">0-12-349353-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.potawatomidictionary.com/">"Potawatomi Language Dictionary"</a>. <i>www.potawatomidictionary.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.potawatomidictionary.com&rft.atitle=Potawatomi+Language+Dictionary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.potawatomidictionary.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotawatomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pokagonband-nsn.gov/departments/education/higher-education/learning-the-language/">"Learning the Language – Pokagon Band of Potawatomi"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-22</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Learning+the+Language+%E2%80%93+Pokagon+Band+of+Potawatomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pokagonband-nsn.gov%2Fdepartments%2Feducation%2Fhigher-education%2Flearning-the-language%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotawatomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cited_sources">Cited sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Cited sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Smith" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Huron H. (1933). "Ethnobotany of the Forest Potawatomi Indians". <i>Bulletin of the Public Museum of the City of Milwaukee</i>. <b>7</b>: 1–230.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+Public+Museum+of+the+City+of+Milwaukee&rft.atitle=Ethnobotany+of+the+Forest+Potawatomi+Indians&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=1-230&rft.date=1933&rft.au=Smith%2C+Huron+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotawatomi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Potawatomi&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Potawatomi" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerbermann1913" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Catholic Encyclopedia (1913)/Potawatomi Indians"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia_(1913)/Potawatomi_Indians">"Potawatomi Indians" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i>. New York: Robert Appleton Company.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Potawatomi+Indians&rft.btitle=Catholic+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Robert+Appleton+Company&rft.date=1913&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APotawatomi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180202002051/http://www.hannahville.net/">Hannahville Indian Community; Wilson, MI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.potawatomi.org/">Citizen Potawatomi Nation</a>, official website</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tolatsga.org/pota.html">First Nations Compact Histories: Potawatomi History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080611144959/http://www.tolatsga.org/pota.html">Archived</a> 2008-06-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fcpotawatomi.com/">Forest County Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kettlepoint.org">Kettle & Stony Point First Nation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gunlaketribe-nsn.gov/">Match-E-Be-Nash-She-Wish Band of Pottawatomi</a> (Gun Lake)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130624000448/http://moosedeerpoint.com/">Moose Deer Point First Nation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nhbpi.com/">Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pokagon.com">Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nativeblog.typepad.com/">Potawatomi Author Larry Mitchell</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbpindiantribe.com/">Prairie Band Potawatomi Nation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kansasheritage.org/PBP/books/treaties/title.html#toc">Treaties with the Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wdl.org/en/item/2746/">Treaty Between the Ottawa, Chippewa, Wyandot, and Potawatomi Indians</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geni.com/projects/Potawatomi-Migration-from-Wisconsin-Michigan-to-Canada/31326">Potawatomi Migration from Wisconsin and Michigan to Canada</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Michigan" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Michigan"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_Tribes_in_Michigan" title="Template talk:Native American Tribes in Michigan"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Michigan" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native American Tribes in Michigan"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Michigan&#124;link=Michigan_Native_American_tribes_in_Michigan" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan"><img alt="Michigan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Flag_of_Michigan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Michigan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="685" data-file-height="457" /></a></span></span> Native American tribes in Michigan</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Native_American_recognition_in_the_United_States" title="Native American recognition in the United States">Federally recognized</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Mills_Indian_Community" title="Bay Mills Indian Community">Bay Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Traverse_Band_of_Ottawa_and_Chippewa_Indians" title="Grand Traverse Band of Ottawa and Chippewa Indians">Grand Traverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannahville_Indian_Community" title="Hannahville Indian Community">Hannahville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_Indian_Reservation" title="L'Anse Indian Reservation">L'Anse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_Vieux_Desert_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Lac Vieux Desert Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Lac Vieux Desert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_River_Band_of_Ottawa_Indians" title="Little River Band of Ottawa Indians">Little River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_Traverse_Bay_Bands_of_Odawa_Indians" title="Little Traverse Bay Bands of Odawa Indians">Little Traverse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Match-e-be-nash-she-wish_Band_of_Pottawatomi_Indians_of_Michigan" title="Match-e-be-nash-she-wish Band of Pottawatomi Indians of Michigan">Match-e-be-nash-she-wish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottawaseppi_Huron_Band_of_Potawatomi" title="Nottawaseppi Huron Band of Potawatomi">Nottawaseppi Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pokagon_Band_of_Potawatomi_Indians" title="Pokagon Band of Potawatomi Indians">Pokagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Chippewa_Tribal_Nation" title="Saginaw Chippewa Tribal Nation">Saginaw Chippewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sault_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians">Sault</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/State-recognized_tribes_in_the_United_States" title="State-recognized tribes in the United States">State recognized</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>None</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Oklahoma&#124;link=Oklahoma_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Template talk:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native American Tribes in Oklahoma"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Oklahoma&#124;link=Oklahoma_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma"><img alt="Oklahoma" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg/45px-Flag_of_Oklahoma.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Native_American_tribes_in_Oklahoma" title="List of Native American tribes in Oklahoma">Native American tribes</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_federally_recognized_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of federally recognized tribes">Federally<br />recognized<br />tribes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absentee_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Absentee Shawnee Tribe of Indians">Absentee Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alabama%E2%80%93Quassarte_Tribal_Town" title="Alabama–Quassarte Tribal Town">Alabama-Quassarte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plains_Apache" title="Plains Apache">Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo" title="Caddo">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_Nation" title="Cherokee Nation">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_and_Arapaho_Tribes" title="Cheyenne and Arapaho Tribes">Cheyenne and Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_Nation" title="Chickasaw Nation">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Choctaw Nation of Oklahoma">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citizen_Potawatomi_Nation" title="Citizen Potawatomi Nation">Citizen Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche" title="Comanche">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Nation" title="Delaware Nation">Delaware Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Delaware Tribe of Indians">Delaware Tribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Shawnee_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Eastern Shawnee Tribe of Oklahoma">Eastern Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sill_Apache_Tribe" title="Fort Sill Apache Tribe">Fort Sill Apache</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Iowa Tribe of Oklahoma">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaw_people" title="Kaw people">Kaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kialegee_Tribal_Town" title="Kialegee Tribal Town">Kialegee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Kickapoo Tribe of Oklahoma">Kickapoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa" title="Kiowa">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Miami Tribe of Oklahoma">Miami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modoc_Nation" title="Modoc Nation">Modoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_Nation" title="Muscogee Nation">Muscogee (Creek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otoe%E2%80%93Missouria_Tribe_of_Indians" title="Otoe–Missouria Tribe of Indians">Otoe-Missouria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Ottawa Tribe of Oklahoma">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_people" title="Pawnee people">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoria_people" title="Peoria people">Peoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponca_Tribe_of_Indians_of_Oklahoma" title="Ponca Tribe of Indians of Oklahoma">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sac_and_Fox_Nation" title="Sac and Fox Nation">Sac and Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Nation_of_Oklahoma" title="Seminole Nation of Oklahoma">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca%E2%80%93Cayuga_Nation" title="Seneca–Cayuga Nation">Seneca-Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_Tribe" title="Shawnee Tribe">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thlopthlocco_Tribal_Town" title="Thlopthlocco Tribal Town">Thlopthlocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkawa" title="Tonkawa">Tonkawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Keetoowah_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians">United Keetoowah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_people" title="Wichita people">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandotte_Nation" title="Wyandotte Nation">Wyandotte</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Tribal languages</a><br />(still spoken)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_language" title="Alabama language">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_language" title="Arapaho language">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caddo_language" title="Caddo language">Caddo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_language" title="Cayuga language">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chickasaw_language" title="Chickasaw language">Chickasaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiwere_language" title="Chiwere language">Chiwere (Iowa and Otoe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choctaw_language" title="Choctaw language">Choctaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_languages" title="Delaware languages">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koasati_language" title="Koasati language">Koasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikasuki_language" title="Mikasuki language">Hitchiti-Mikasuki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero-Chiricahua_language" title="Mescalero-Chiricahua language">Mescalero-Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Fox (Meskwaki, Sauk, and Kickapoo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muscogee_language" title="Muscogee language">Muscogee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osage_language" title="Osage language">Osage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pawnee_language" title="Pawnee language">Pawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omaha%E2%80%93Ponca_language" title="Omaha–Ponca language">Ponca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quapaw" title="Quapaw">Quapaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_language" title="Seneca language">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawnee_language" title="Shawnee language">Shawnee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wichita_language" title="Wichita language">Wichita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyandot_language" title="Wyandot language">Wyandot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuchi_language" title="Yuchi language">Yuchi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Wisconsin&#124;link=Wisconsin_Native_American_tribes_in_Wisconsin" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Wisconsin" title="Template:Native American Tribes in Wisconsin"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Native_American_Tribes_in_Wisconsin" title="Template talk:Native American Tribes in Wisconsin"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Native_American_Tribes_in_Wisconsin" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Native American Tribes in Wisconsin"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=Wisconsin&#124;link=Wisconsin_Native_American_tribes_in_Wisconsin" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin"><img alt="Wisconsin" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg/45px-Flag_of_Wisconsin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></span> Native American tribes in <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bad_River_Band_of_the_Lake_Superior_Tribe_of_Chippewa_Indians" title="Bad River Band of the Lake Superior Tribe of Chippewa Indians">Bad River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fond_du_Lac_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Fond du Lac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forest_County_Potawatomi_Community" title="Forest County Potawatomi Community">Forest County</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk_Nation_of_Wisconsin" title="Ho-Chunk Nation of Wisconsin">Ho-Chunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_Courte_Oreilles_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa_Indians" title="Lac Courte Oreilles Band of Lake Superior Chippewa Indians">Lac Courte Oreilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lac_du_Flambeau_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Lac du Flambeau Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Lac du Flambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Nation_of_Wisconsin" title="Oneida Nation of Wisconsin">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Cliff_Band_of_Lake_Superior_Chippewa" title="Red Cliff Band of Lake Superior Chippewa">Red Cliff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Croix_Chippewa_Indians_of_Wisconsin" title="St. Croix Chippewa Indians of Wisconsin">St. Croix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sokaogon_Chippewa_Community" title="Sokaogon Chippewa Community">Sokaogon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockbridge%E2%80%93Munsee_Community" title="Stockbridge–Munsee Community">Stockbridge–Munsee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Black_Hawk_War_of_1832" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Template:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Template talk:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Black_Hawk_War_(1832)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Black Hawk War (1832)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Black_Hawk_War_of_1832" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War of 1832</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Native people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/British_Band" title="British Band">British Band</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Black Hawk (Sauk leader)">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checokalako" title="Checokalako">Checokalako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapope" title="Neapope">Neapope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamisseu" title="Pamisseu">Pamisseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towaunonne" title="Towaunonne">Towaunonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabokieshiek" title="Wabokieshiek">Wabokieshiek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Dakota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wapasha_II" title="Wapasha II">Wapasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waukon_Decorah" title="Waukon Decorah">Waukon Decorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Oshkosh" title="Chief Oshkosh">Oshkosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Potawatomi people">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Caldwell" title="Billy Caldwell">Billy Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbona" title="Shabbona">Shabbona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waubonsie" title="Waubonsie">Waubonsie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Keokuk (Sauk leader)">Keokuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapello_(chief)" title="Wapello (chief)">Wapello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">U.S. people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Atkinson_(soldier)" title="Henry Atkinson (soldier)">Henry Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Brady_(general)" title="Hugh Brady (general)">Hugh Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">Militia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Giles_Adams" title="John Giles Adams">John Giles Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Alexander" title="Milton Alexander">Milton Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bailey_(militia_officer)" title="David Bailey (militia officer)">David Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Brigham" title="Ebenezer Brigham">Ebenezer Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dement" title="John Dement">John Dement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dodge" title="Henry Dodge">Henry Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Hamilton" title="William S. Hamilton">William S. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Henry" title="James D. Henry">James D. Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Posey_(general)" title="Alexander Posey (general)">Alexander Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Rountree" title="John H. Rountree">John H. Rountree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Stillman" title="Isaiah Stillman">Isaiah Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Stephenson" title="James W. Stephenson">James W. Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whiteside" title="Samuel Whiteside">Samuel Whiteside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Davenport" title="George Davenport">George Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gratiot" title="Henry Gratiot">Henry Gratiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_LeClaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine LeClaire">Antoine LeClaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Street" title="Joseph M. Street">Joseph M. Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_St._Vrain" title="Felix St. Vrain">Felix St. Vrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Throckmorton" title="Joseph Throckmorton">Joseph Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satterlee_Clark" title="Satterlee Clark">Satterlee Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apple_River_Fort" title="Apple River Fort">Apple River Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois" title="Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois">Buffalo Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dixon%27s_Ferry" title="Dixon's Ferry">Dixon's Ferry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Armstrong_(Illinois)" title="Fort Armstrong (Illinois)">Fort Armstrong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Beggs" title="Fort Beggs">Fort Beggs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galena,_Illinois" title="Galena, Illinois">Galena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_(Fox_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Creek (Fox River)">Indian Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Kellogg's Grove">Kellogg's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plum_River" title="Plum River">Plum River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site" title="Black Hawk State Historic Site">Saukenuk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Stillman Creek (Illinois)">Stillman Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman%27s_Run_Battle_Site" title="Stillman's Run Battle Site">Stillman's Run Battle Site</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waddams_Grove,_Illinois" title="Waddams Grove, Illinois">Waddams Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Yellow Creek (Illinois)">Yellow Creek</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bad_Axe_River" title="Bad Axe River">Bad Axe River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mounds_Fort" title="Blue Mounds Fort">Blue Mounds Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Crawford" title="Fort Crawford">Fort Crawford</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Defiance_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Defiance (Wisconsin)">Fort Defiance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hamilton_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Hamilton (Wisconsin)">Fort Hamilton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jackson_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Jackson (Wisconsin)">Fort Jackson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Koshkonong" title="Fort Koshkonong">Fort Koshkonong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Union (Wisconsin)">Fort Union</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gratiot%27s_Grove_(Wisconsin)" title="Gratiot's Grove (Wisconsin)">Gratiot's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Wisconsin" title="Helena, Wisconsin">Helena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wiota,_Wisconsin" title="Wiota, Wisconsin">Hamilton's Diggings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pecatonica_River" title="Pecatonica River">Pecatonica River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Wisconsin" title="Roxbury, Wisconsin">Roxbury</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa,_Wisconsin" title="Sinsinawa, Wisconsin">Sinsinawa Mound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Grove,_Wisconsin" title="Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin">Soldiers Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victory,_Wisconsin" title="Victory, Wisconsin">Victory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Heights_Battlefield" title="Wisconsin Heights Battlefield">Wisconsin Heights Battlefield</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_attacks_of_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Minor attacks of the Black Hawk War">Minor engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Battle of Stillman's Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_ambush" title="Buffalo Grove ambush">Buffalo Grove ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_River_raid" title="Plum River raid">Plum River raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_massacre" title="Indian Creek massacre">Indian Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre" title="St. Vrain massacre">St. Vrain massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_at_Fort_Blue_Mounds" title="Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds">Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spafford_Farm_massacre" title="Spafford Farm massacre">Spafford Farm massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waddams_Grove" title="Battle of Waddams Grove">Battle of Waddams Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove">Battle of Kellogg's Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Ament%27s_Cabin" title="Attack at Ament's Cabin">Attack at Ament's Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apple_River_Fort" title="Battle of Apple River Fort">Battle of Apple River Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa_Mound_raid" title="Sinsinawa Mound raid">Sinsinawa Mound raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisconsin_Heights" title="Battle of Wisconsin Heights">Battle of Wisconsin Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe" title="Battle of Bad Axe">Battle of Bad Axe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Purchase" title="Black Hawk Purchase">Black Hawk Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Tree" title="Black Hawk Tree">Black Hawk Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk%27s_Reserve" title="Keokuk's Reserve">Keokuk's Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1804)" title="Treaty of St. Louis (1804)">Treaty of St. Louis (1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">First Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien">Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warrior_(steamboat)" title="Warrior (steamboat)">Warrior</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Anishinaabe_culture" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Anishinaabe_Culture" title="Template:Anishinaabe Culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Anishinaabe_Culture" title="Template talk:Anishinaabe Culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Anishinaabe_Culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Anishinaabe Culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Anishinaabe_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe" title="Anishinaabe">Anishinaabe</a> <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Family" title="Family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_clan_system" title="Anishinaabe clan system">Clan system</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Myth" title="Myth">myth and stories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aayaase" title="Aayaase">Aayaase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baykok" title="Baykok">Baykok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deer_Woman" title="Deer Woman">Deer Woman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamcatcher" title="Dreamcatcher">Dreamcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumkeeper" title="Drumkeeper">Drumkeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gitche_Manitou" title="Gitche Manitou">Gitche Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midewiwin" title="Midewiwin">Grand Medicine Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiibayaabooz" title="Jiibayaabooz">Jiibayaabooz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jingle_dress" title="Jingle dress">Jingle dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Little_people_(mythology)" title="Little people (mythology)">Little people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitou" title="Manitou">Manitou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medicine_wheel" title="Medicine wheel">Medicine wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horned_Serpent" title="Horned Serpent">Mishi-ginebig ("great snake")</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudjekeewis" title="Mudjekeewis">Mudjekeewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanabozho" title="Nanabozho">Nanabozho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nokomis" title="Nokomis">Nokomis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powwow" title="Powwow">Powwow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pukwudgie" title="Pukwudgie">Pukwudgie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_fires_prophecy" title="Seven fires prophecy">Seven fires prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingebis" title="Shingebis">Shingebis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teachings_of_the_Seven_Grandfathers" title="Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers">Teachings of the Seven Grandfathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_Island_(Indigenous_North_American_folklore)" class="mw-redirect" title="Turtle Island (Indigenous North American folklore)">Turtle Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anishinaabe_traditional_beliefs" title="Anishinaabe traditional beliefs">Traditional beliefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underwater_panther" title="Underwater panther">Underwater panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendigo" title="Wendigo">Wendigo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_languages_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous languages of the Americas">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiigwaasabak" title="Wiigwaasabak">Birch bark scrolls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ojibwe_language" title="Ojibwe language">Ojibwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottawa_dialect" title="Ottawa dialect">Ottawa dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_language" title="Potawatomi language">Potawatomi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Visual_arts_of_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Visual arts of the Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birchbark_biting" title="Birchbark biting">Birchbark biting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quillwork" title="Quillwork">Quillwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_work" title="Ribbon work">Ribbon work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wampum" title="Wampum">Wampum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residential</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Indian_boarding_schools" title="American Indian boarding schools">U.S. residential schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">Canadian residential schools</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Primary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary Education">Primary</a>/<a href="/wiki/Secondary_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary Education">Secondary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig_School" title="Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School">Bug-O-Nay-Ge-Shig School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannahville_Indian_School" title="Hannahville Indian School">Hannahville Indian School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_K._Lumsden_Bahweting_Anishnabe_School" title="Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School">Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting Anishnabe School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tertiary_education" title="Tertiary education">Tertiary</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anishinabek_Educational_Institute" title="Anishinabek Educational Institute">Anishinabek Educational Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_Mills_Community_College" title="Bay Mills Community College">Bay Mills Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keweenaw_Bay_Ojibwa_Community_College" title="Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College">Keweenaw Bay Ojibwa Community College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saginaw_Chippewa_Tribal_College" title="Saginaw Chippewa Tribal College">Saginaw Chippewa Tribal College</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_architecture" title="Indigenous architecture">Housing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wigwam" title="Wigwam">Wigwam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1065583#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" 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