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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Assessment as Sauk leader</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assessment_as_Sauk_leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Last_days" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Last_days"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Last days</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Last_days-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> 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class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" 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class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Black Hawk (Sauk leader)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%83_(%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%A9)" title="بلاك هوك (زعيم قبيلة) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلاك هوك (زعيم قبيلة)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qara_%C5%9Eahin" title="Qara Şahin – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qara Şahin" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%82_%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Черният ястреб – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черният ястреб" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk" title="Black Hawk – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Black Hawk" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%BD_jest%C5%99%C3%A1b" title="Černý jestřáb – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černý jestřáb" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_(H%C3%A4uptling)" title="Black Hawk (Häuptling) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Black Hawk (Häuptling)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halc%C3%B3n_Negro_(jefe_tribal)" title="Halcón Negro (jefe tribal) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Halcón Negro (jefe tribal)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belatz_Beltz" title="Belatz Beltz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Belatz Beltz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87_(%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A8%D8%B1)" title="شاهین سیاه (رهبر) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شاهین سیاه (رهبر)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_(chef_am%C3%A9rindien)" title="Black Hawk (chef amérindien) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Black Hawk (chef amérindien)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak" title="Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Falco_Nero_(capo_indiano)" title="Falco Nero (capo indiano) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Falco Nero (capo indiano)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%83_(%D8%B2%D8%B9%D9%8A%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7)" title="بلاك هوك (زعيم قبيله من امريكا) – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلاك هوك (زعيم قبيله من امريكا)" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_(indianenleider)" title="Black Hawk (indianenleider) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Black Hawk (indianenleider)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_(H%C3%B6%C3%B6ftling)" title="Black Hawk (Hööftling) – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Black Hawk (Hööftling)" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarny_Jastrz%C4%85b" title="Czarny Jastrząb – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarny Jastrząb" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_Hawk_(l%C3%ADder_Sauk)" title="Black Hawk (líder Sauk) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Black Hawk (líder Sauk)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1" title="Чёрный Ястреб – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрный Ястреб" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta_Haukka" title="Musta Haukka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musta Haukka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kara_%C5%9Eahin_(%C5%9Fef)" title="Kara Şahin (şef) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kara Şahin (şef)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%AF%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D1%83%D0%B1" title="Чорний Яструб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорний Яструб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%B7%B9_(%E9%85%8B%E9%95%B7)" title="黑鷹 (酋長) – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑鷹 (酋長)" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Black Hawk</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Catlin_-_M%C3%BAk-a-tah-mish-o-k%C3%A1h-kaik,_Black_Hawk,_Prominent_Sac_Chief_-_1985.66.2_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/George_Catlin_-_M%C3%BAk-a-tah-mish-o-k%C3%A1h-kaik%2C_Black_Hawk%2C_Prominent_Sac_Chief_-_1985.66.2_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/220px-George_Catlin_-_M%C3%BAk-a-tah-mish-o-k%C3%A1h-kaik%2C_Black_Hawk%2C_Prominent_Sac_Chief_-_1985.66.2_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/George_Catlin_-_M%C3%BAk-a-tah-mish-o-k%C3%A1h-kaik%2C_Black_Hawk%2C_Prominent_Sac_Chief_-_1985.66.2_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/330px-George_Catlin_-_M%C3%BAk-a-tah-mish-o-k%C3%A1h-kaik%2C_Black_Hawk%2C_Prominent_Sac_Chief_-_1985.66.2_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/George_Catlin_-_M%C3%BAk-a-tah-mish-o-k%C3%A1h-kaik%2C_Black_Hawk%2C_Prominent_Sac_Chief_-_1985.66.2_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg/440px-George_Catlin_-_M%C3%BAk-a-tah-mish-o-k%C3%A1h-kaik%2C_Black_Hawk%2C_Prominent_Sac_Chief_-_1985.66.2_-_Smithsonian_American_Art_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1155" data-file-height="1400" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/George_Catlin" title="George Catlin">George Catlin</a>, 1832</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Mu-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak</div><br />c. 1767<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site" title="Black Hawk State Historic Site">Saukenuk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Country" title="Illinois Country">Illinois Country</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a><br />(modern-day <a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island, Illinois</a>, U.S.)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 3, 1838<span style="display:none">(1838-10-03)</span> (aged 70–71)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Davis_County,_Iowa" title="Davis County, Iowa">Davis County, Iowa</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Monuments</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Statue" title="Black Hawk Statue">Black Hawk Statue</a>, <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site" title="Black Hawk State Historic Site">Black Hawk State Historic Site</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">Black Sparrow Hawk</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role"><a href="/wiki/Chieftain" class="mw-redirect" title="Chieftain">Chieftain</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Black Hawk</b>, born <i><b>Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak</b></i> (Sauk: <i><b>Mahkatêwe-meshi-kêhkêhkwa</b></i>) (c. 1767 – October 3, 1838), was a <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> leader and warrior who lived in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Midwestern_United_States" title="Midwestern United States">Midwestern United States</a>. Although he had inherited an important historic <a href="/wiki/Sacred_bundle" title="Sacred bundle">sacred bundle</a> from his father, he was not a hereditary civil chief. Black Hawk earned his status as a war chief or captain by his actions: leading raiding and war parties as a young man and then a band of Sauk warriors during the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a> of 1832. </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, Black Hawk fought on the side of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">British</a> against the US in the hope of pushing <a href="/wiki/White_American" class="mw-redirect" title="White American">white American</a> settlers away from Sauk territory. Later, he led a band of Sauk and Fox warriors, known as the <a href="/wiki/British_Band" title="British Band">British Band</a>, against white settlers in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and present-day <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> during the 1832 Black Hawk War. After the war, he was captured by US forces and taken to the Eastern US, where he and other war leaders were taken on a tour of several cities. </p><p>Shortly before being released from custody, Black Hawk told his story to an interpreter. Aided also by a newspaper reporter, he published <i>Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak, or Black Hawk, Embracing the Traditions of his Nation...</i> in 1833. The first Native American autobiography to be published in the US, his book became an immediate bestseller and has gone through several editions. Black Hawk died in 1838, at age 70 or 71, in what is now southeastern <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>. He has been honored by an enduring legacy: his book, many eponyms, and other tributes. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Black Hawk, or Black Sparrow Hawk (<a href="/wiki/Fox_language" title="Fox language">Sauk</a> Ma-kat-tai-me-she-kia-kiak [<i>Mahkate:wi-meši-ke:hke:hkwa</i>], "be a large black hawk")<sup id="cite_ref-bright_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bright-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was born in about 1767 in the village of <i><a href="/wiki/Saukenuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Saukenuk">Saukenuk</a></i> on the <a href="/wiki/Rock_River_(Illinois)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock River (Illinois)">Rock River</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Rock_Island,_Illinois" title="Rock Island, Illinois">Rock Island, Illinois</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.13">: p.13 </span></sup> Black Hawk's father <i>Pyesa</i> was the tribal <a href="/wiki/Medicine_man" title="Medicine man">medicine man</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Little is known about Black Hawk's youth. He was said to be a descendant of <i>Nanamakee</i> (Thunder), a Sauk chief who, according to tradition, met an early French explorer, possibly <a href="/wiki/Samuel_de_Champlain" title="Samuel de Champlain">Samuel de Champlain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nichols_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichols-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.4, p.12">: p.4, p.12 </span></sup> At about age 15, Black Hawk distinguished himself by wounding an enemy and was placed in the ranks of the braves. Shortly after this Black Hawk accompanied his father Pyesa on a raid against the <a href="/wiki/Osage_Nation" title="Osage Nation">Osage</a>. He won approval by killing and <a href="/wiki/Scalping" title="Scalping">scalping</a> his first enemy.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp.19-20">: pp.19-20 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nichols_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichols-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.14">: p.14 </span></sup> The young Black Hawk tried to establish himself as a war captain by leading other raids. He had limited success until, at about age 19, he led 200 men in a battle against the Osage, in which he personally killed five men and one woman.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.21">: p.21 </span></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Nichols_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichols-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p.16">: p.16 </span></sup> Soon after, he joined his father in a raid against <a href="/wiki/Cherokee" title="Cherokee">Cherokee</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Meramec_River" title="Meramec River">Meramec River</a> in Missouri. After Pyesa died from wounds received in the battle, Black Hawk inherited the Sauk sacred bundle which his father had carried, giving him an important role in the tribe.<sup id="cite_ref-Nichols_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nichols-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: pp. 16–17">: pp. 16–17 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_leader">War leader</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: War leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After an extended period of mourning for his father, Black Hawk resumed leading raiding parties over the next years, usually targeting the traditional enemy, the Osage. Black Hawk did not belong to a clan that provided the Sauk with hereditary civil leaders, or <a href="/wiki/Tribal_chief" title="Tribal chief">"chiefs."</a> He achieved status through his exploits as a warrior and by leading successful raiding parties. Men like Black Hawk are sometimes called "war chiefs," but historian Patrick Jung writes, "It is more accurate to call them 'war leaders' since the nature of their office and the power that it wielded was much different from that of a civil chief."<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-first-century historians such as John W. Hall have suggested the term "war captain" for this role.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_of_1812">War of 1812</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: War of 1812"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fort_Madison_1810.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fort_Madison_1810.jpg/250px-Fort_Madison_1810.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="384" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fort_Madison_1810.jpg/375px-Fort_Madison_1810.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Fort_Madison_1810.jpg/500px-Fort_Madison_1810.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2065" data-file-height="3169" /></a><figcaption>Plans of the original <a href="/wiki/Fort_Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Madison">Fort Madison</a>, 1810. Black Hawk participated in the 1809 and 1812 sieges; the fort was captured by British-supported Indians in 1813.</figcaption></figure> <p>During the War of 1812, Black Hawk, then 45, served as a war leader of a Sauk band at their village of Saukenuk, which fielded about 200 warriors. He supported the invalidity of <a href="/wiki/Quashquame" title="Quashquame">Quashquame</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1804)" title="Treaty of St. Louis (1804)">Treaty of St. Louis (1804)</a> between the Sauk and <a href="/wiki/Fox_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox (tribe)">Fox</a> nations and then-governor <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Territory" title="Indiana Territory">Indiana Territory</a> that ceded territory, including Saukenuk, to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation cites a broad range of pages. Page ranges should be limited to one or two pages when possible. (August 2021)"><span class="nowrap">page range too broad</span></span></a></i>]</sup> The Sauk and Fox are <a href="/wiki/Consensus_decision-making" title="Consensus decision-making">consensus</a>-based decision makers and those representatives sent to the meeting with the US government did not have the power to cede tribal territory, although Quashquame did. The lack of the consensus aspect by each of the Sauk and Fox councils meant that the treaty could never be considered valid by Black Hawk and other traditionalists.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black Hawk took part in skirmishes against US forces at the newly constructed <a href="/wiki/Fort_Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Madison">Fort Madison</a> in the disputed land; this was the first time he fought directly against the U.S. Army.<sup id="cite_ref-mckusick2009_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mckusick2009-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the forces of Great Britain and its colonies in present-day Canada were engaged against those of the U.S., with major battles on the Great Lakes and surrounding remote lands. The British depended upon alliances with the Native American population to wage war in this area since the British were occupied with <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a> in Europe. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Dickson_(fur_trader)" title="Robert Dickson (fur trader)">Robert Dickson</a>, a Scottish <a href="/wiki/North_American_fur_trade" title="North American fur trade">fur trader</a>, amassed a sizable force of Native Americans at <a href="/wiki/Green_Bay_(Lake_Michigan)" title="Green Bay (Lake Michigan)">Green Bay</a> to assist the British in operations around the Great Lakes. Most were from the <a href="/wiki/Potawatomi" title="Potawatomi">Potawatomi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottawa (tribe)">Ottawa</a> tribes. Black Hawk and his band of about 200 Sauk warriors were included in this group of allies.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Dickson commissioned Black Hawk at the rank of <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">brevet</a> <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general" title="Brigadier general">brigadier general</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-smith_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with command over all native allies at Green Bay, and presented him with a silk flag, a medal, and a written certificate of good behavior and alliance with the British. The war leader preserved the certificate for 20 years; it was found by U.S. forces after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe" title="Battle of Bad Axe">Battle of Bad Axe</a>, along with a flag similar in description to that which Dickson gave to Black Hawk.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the war, Black Hawk and Native warriors fought in several engagements alongside Major-General <a href="/wiki/Henry_Procter_(British_Army_officer)" title="Henry Procter (British Army officer)">Henry Procter</a> on the borders of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Erie" title="Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Black Hawk was at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown" title="Battle of Frenchtown">Battle of Frenchtown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Meigs" title="Fort Meigs">Fort Meigs</a>, and the attack on <a href="/wiki/Fort_Stephenson" title="Fort Stephenson">Fort Stephenson</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trask_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trask-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lewisb1_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewisb1-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a> was able to inflict a significant defeat on <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_Confederacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tecumseh's Confederacy">Tecumseh's Confederacy</a> by killing <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh" title="Tecumseh">Tecumseh</a> during the war. </p><p>Black Hawk despaired over the many killed in the fighting; soon after, he quit the war to return home. Back in Saukenuk, he found that his rival, <i><a href="/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Keokuk (Sauk leader)">Keokuk</a></i>, had become the tribe's war chief.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Black Hawk rejoined the British effort toward the end of the war, fighting alongside British forces in campaigns along the Mississippi River near the <a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory" title="Illinois Territory">Illinois Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-trask_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trask-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Credit_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Credit Island">Battle of Credit Island</a>, and by harassing U.S. troops at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Johnson" title="Fort Johnson">Fort Johnson</a>, Black Hawk helped the British to push the Americans out of the upper <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a> valley.<sup id="cite_ref-nolan2009_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nolan2009-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black Hawk fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sink_Hole" title="Battle of the Sink Hole">Battle of the Sink Hole</a> (May 1815), leading an ambush on a group of Missouri Rangers. Conflicting accounts of the action were given by the Missouri leader John Shaw<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (August 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> and by Black Hawk.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_of_Black_Hawk_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_of_Black_Hawk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the end of the War of 1812, Black Hawk signed a peace treaty in May 1816 that re-affirmed the treaty of 1804. Later he said he was not aware of this stipulation.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis2_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Black_Hawk_War">Black Hawk War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Black Hawk War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_hawk_life_cast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Black_hawk_life_cast.jpg/180px-Black_hawk_life_cast.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Black_hawk_life_cast.jpg/270px-Black_hawk_life_cast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Black_hawk_life_cast.jpg/360px-Black_hawk_life_cast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1188" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Plaster <a href="/wiki/Lifecasting" title="Lifecasting">life cast</a> of Black Hawk, original ca. 1830, at <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site" title="Black Hawk State Historic Site">Black Hawk State Historic Site</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>As a consequence of the 1804 treaty, the American government believed that the Sauk and Fox tribes had ceded their lands in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and in 1828 were moved west of the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>. Black Hawk and other tribal members disputed the treaty, as noted above, and said leaders had signed it without full tribal authorization.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Angered by the loss of his birthplace, between 1830 and 1831 Black Hawk led a number of incursions across the Mississippi to Illinois. He was persuaded to return west each time without bloodshed. </p><p>In April 1832, encouraged by promises of alliance with other tribes and with <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">Britain</a>, he moved his so-called "<a href="/wiki/British_Band" title="British Band">British Band</a>" of more than 1500 people, both warriors and non-combatants, into Illinois.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Finding no allies, he tried to return to <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>, but the undisciplined Illinois <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> provoked open attack at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Battle of Stillman's Run</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wiscsr_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wiscsr-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of other violent engagements followed. The governors of <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a> and Illinois mobilized their militias to hunt down Black Hawk's Band. These actions led to the last Native American War fought on the east side of the Mississippi River.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The conflict became known as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a>. </p><p>When Black Hawk entered Illinois in April, his British Band was composed of about 500 warriors and 1,000 old men, women, and children.<sup id="cite_ref-nrhp2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nrhp2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lewis3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The group included members of the <a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox_(tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox (tribe)">Fox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kickapoo_people" title="Kickapoo people">Kickapoo</a> tribes. They crossed the river near the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_River" title="Iowa River">Iowa River</a> and followed the <a href="/wiki/Rock_River_(Illinois)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rock River (Illinois)">Rock River</a> northeast. Along the way, they passed the ruins of Saukenuk and headed for the village of <a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a> prophet <a href="/wiki/White_Cloud_(prophet)" class="mw-redirect" title="White Cloud (prophet)">White Cloud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As the war progressed, factions of other tribes joined, or tried to join Black Hawk. Other Native Americans and settlers carried out acts of violence for personal reasons amidst the chaos of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-wisc2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisc2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-matile2_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-matile2-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In one example, a band of hostile Ho-Chunk intent on joining Black Hawk's Band attacked and killed the party of <a href="/wiki/Felix_St._Vrain" title="Felix St. Vrain">Felix St. Vrain</a> in what Americans knew as the <a href="/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre" title="St. Vrain massacre">St. Vrain massacre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wisc_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisc-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This act was an exception as most Ho-Chunk sided with the U.S. during the Black Hawk War; the warriors who attacked St. Vrain's party had acted independently of the Ho-Chunk nation.<sup id="cite_ref-wisc_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wisc-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From April to August, Potawatomi warriors also joined with Black Hawk's Band.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis2d_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis2d-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The war stretched from April to August 1832, with a number of battles, skirmishes and massacres on both sides. Black Hawk led his men in another conflict, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisconsin_Heights" title="Battle of Wisconsin Heights">Battle of Wisconsin Heights</a>. Afterward, the Illinois and Michigan Territory militias caught up with Black Hawk's "British Band" for the final confrontation at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe" title="Battle of Bad Axe">Bad Axe</a>. At the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Bad_Axe_River" title="Bad Axe River">Bad Axe River</a>, pursuing soldiers, their Indian allies, and a U.S. <a href="/wiki/Gunboat" title="Gunboat">gunboat</a> killed hundreds of Sauk and Potawatomi men, women and children.<sup id="cite_ref-mil_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mil-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 27, 1832, Black Hawk and <i>Wabokieshiek</i> asked to surrender to the Indian agent <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Street" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Street">Joseph Street</a> but were instead taken to <a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a>. They surrendered to Lieutenant <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a>, future president of the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>, after hiding on an unnamed island in the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tour_of_the_East">Tour of the East</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tour of the East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_hawk_calumet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Black_hawk_calumet.jpg/180px-Black_hawk_calumet.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Black_hawk_calumet.jpg/270px-Black_hawk_calumet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Black_hawk_calumet.jpg/360px-Black_hawk_calumet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2309" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Calumet_(pipe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Calumet (pipe)">Calumet</a> (or "peace pipe") used by Black Hawk, on display at <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site" title="Black Hawk State Historic Site">Black Hawk State Historic Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the war, with most of the British Band killed and the rest captured or disbanded, the defeated Black Hawk was held in captivity at <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Barracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Jefferson Barracks">Jefferson Barracks</a> near <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">Saint Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> together with Neapope, White Cloud, and eight other leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis2d_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis2d-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After eight months, in April 1833 they were taken east, as ordered by <a href="/wiki/U.S._President" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. President">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a>. The men were taken by steamboat, carriage, and railroad, and met with large crowds wherever they went. Jackson wanted them to be impressed with the power of the United States. Once in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, they met with Jackson and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Cass" title="Lewis Cass">Lewis Cass</a>. Afterward, they were delivered to their final destination, prison at <a href="/wiki/Fortress_Monroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortress Monroe">Fortress Monroe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hampton,_Virginia" title="Hampton, Virginia">Hampton, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis2d_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis2d-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were held only a few weeks at the prison, during which they posed for portraits by different artists. </p><p>On June 5, 1833, the men were sent west by steamboat on a circuitous route that took them through many large cities. Again, the men were a spectacle everywhere they went, and were greeted by huge crowds of people in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis2d_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis2d-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the west, closer to the battle sites and history of conflict, the reception was much different. For instance, in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a>, a crowd burned and hanged <a href="/wiki/Effigies" class="mw-redirect" title="Effigies">effigies</a> of the prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis2d_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis2d-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_autobiography_by_Native_American">Early autobiography by Native American</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early autobiography by Native American"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Near the end of his captivity in 1833, Black Hawk told his <a href="/wiki/Autobiography" title="Autobiography">life story</a> to <a href="/wiki/Antoine_LeClaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine LeClaire">Antoine LeClaire</a>, a government interpreter. Edited by the local reporter J.B. Patterson, Black Hawk's account was one of the first Native American autobiographies published in the U.S.<sup id="cite_ref-gmu_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gmu-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-trask_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trask-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book immediately became a best seller and has gone through numerous editions.<sup id="cite_ref-trask_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trask-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its time, it was not without controversy. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Ford_(politician)" title="Thomas Ford (politician)">Thomas Ford</a>, governor of Illinois, disliked Black Hawk, Le Claire, and <a href="/wiki/George_Davenport" title="George Davenport">George Davenport</a>, and believed that Black Hawk had little to do with the writing of his autobiography, dismissing the book as a "catch-penny publication."<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The doubt surrounding the work’s authenticity is more than merited as the words were dictated by Black Hawk, translated into English by LeClaire, and written into manuscript form by Patterson. It is worth noting that both LeClaire and Patterson swore and signed a document verifying the authenticity of the work.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, Judge James Hall stated that Black Hawk had told him the autobiography was authentic.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1882, John B. Patterson released a new edition of the Black Hawk autobiography which included various changes to the wording and new material. This edition is often discredited due to the changes made indicating it was not what Black Hawk said word for word. A notable example of a difference in wording across editions is: "...by the utter annihilation, if possible, of all of their race (1833 edition)" vs "...by the utter annihilation, if possible, of the last remnant of their tribe (1882 edition)."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assessment_as_Sauk_leader">Assessment as Sauk leader</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Assessment as Sauk leader"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_hawk_statue.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Black_hawk_statue.jpg/220px-Black_hawk_statue.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Black_hawk_statue.jpg/330px-Black_hawk_statue.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Black_hawk_statue.jpg/440px-Black_hawk_statue.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Statue of Black Hawk at <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site" title="Black Hawk State Historic Site">Black Hawk State Historic Site</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Although not a hereditary chief, Black Hawk filled a leadership void within the Sauk community. When <a href="/wiki/Quashquame" title="Quashquame">Quashquame</a> ceded much of the Sauk homeland in 1804 to the United States, including the main village <a href="/wiki/Saukenuk" class="mw-redirect" title="Saukenuk">Saukenuk</a>, he was viewed as ineffective. Black Hawk wrote in his autobiography: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It subsequently appeared that they had been drunk the greater part of the time while at St. Louis. This was all myself and nation knew of the treaty of 1804. It has since been explained to me. I found by that treaty, that all of the country east of the Mississippi, and south of Jeffreon was ceded to the United States for one thousand dollars a year. I will leave it to the people of the United States to say whether our nation was properly represented in this treaty? Or whether we received a fair compensation for the extent of country ceded by these four individuals? I could say much more respecting this treaty, but I will not at this time. It has been the origin of all our serious difficulties with the whites.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Black_Hawk_illustration_from_old_book.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Black_Hawk_illustration_from_old_book.jpg/180px-Black_Hawk_illustration_from_old_book.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Black_Hawk_illustration_from_old_book.jpg/270px-Black_Hawk_illustration_from_old_book.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Black_Hawk_illustration_from_old_book.jpg/360px-Black_Hawk_illustration_from_old_book.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1832" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Black Hawk, from the <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">U.S. Library of Congress</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Because of his role in the disputed 1804 treaty, the tribe reduced its support of <i>Quashquame</i> and made him a minor chief. "Quasquawma, was chief of this tribe once, but being cheated out of the mineral country, as the Indians allege, he was denigrated from his rank and his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Taimah" title="Taimah">Taimah</a> elected in his stead."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Quashquame and Black Hawk were at odds, the younger man did not directly challenge the civil chief. They apparently remained on good terms as Black Hawk rose in importance and Quashquame faded. Quashquame avoided confrontation with the U.S., while Black Hawk did not. After Black Hawk led an aborted takeover of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Madison">Fort Madison</a> in the Spring of 1809, Quashquame worked to restore relations with the US Army the next day.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quashquame told Gen. <a href="/wiki/William_Clark_(explorer)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Clark (explorer)">William Clark</a> during a meeting in 1810 or 1811: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>My father, I left my home to see my great-grandfather, the president of the United States, but as I cannot proceed to see him, I give you my hand as to himself. I have no father to whom I have paid any attention but yourself. If you hear anything, I hope that you will let me know, and I will do the same. I have been advised several times to raise the tomahawk. Since the last war we have looked upon the Americans as friends, and I shall hold you fast by the hand. The <a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a> has not put us on the earth to war with the whites. We have never struck a white man. If we go to war it is with the red flesh. Other nations send belts among us, and urge us to war. They say that if we do not, the Americans will encroach upon us, and drive us off our lands.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chief_Black_Hawk3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chief_Black_Hawk3.jpg/220px-Chief_Black_Hawk3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chief_Black_Hawk3.jpg/330px-Chief_Black_Hawk3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Chief_Black_Hawk3.jpg/440px-Chief_Black_Hawk3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="912" data-file-height="1216" /></a><figcaption>An illustration of Black Hawk, from <i><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Indian_Tribes_of_North_America" title="History of the Indian Tribes of North America">History of the Indian Tribes of North America</a></i></figcaption></figure> <p>During the run up to the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>, the US viewed Quashquame as loyal, or at least neutral. They knew Black Hawk led those Sauk warriors allied with the British. Quashquame led all Sauk non-combatants during the war, and they retreated to Saint Louis. Black Hawk thought this was an ideal arrangement: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>... all the children and old men and women belonging to the warriors who had joined the British were left with them to provide for. A council had been called which agreed that Quashquame, the Lance, and other chiefs, with the old men, women and children, and such others as chose to accompany them, should descend the Mississippi to St. Louis, and place themselves under the American chief stationed there. They accordingly went down to St. Louis, were received as the friendly band of our nation, were sent up the Missouri and provided for, while their friends were assisting the British!<sup id="cite_ref-auto_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A rift developed among the Sauk after the war. In 1815 Quashquame was part of a large delegation who signed a treaty confirming a split between the Sauk along the Missouri River and the Sauk who lived along the Rock River at Saukenuk.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rock River group of Sauk was commonly known as the British Band; their warriors were the core of those Sauk who participated in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a>. About 1824, Quashquame sold a large Sauk village in Illinois to a trader Captain James White. White gave Quashquame "a little 'sku-ti-apo' [liquor] and two thousand bushels of corn" for the land, which later was developed as <a href="/wiki/Nauvoo,_Illinois" title="Nauvoo, Illinois">Nauvoo, Illinois</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This land sale likely aggravated Black Hawk and other Sauk who wanted to maintain their claim on Illinois. </p><p>As Quashquame was eclipsed by his son-in-law <i><a href="/wiki/Taimah" title="Taimah">Taimah</a></i> as the Sauk chief favored by the U.S., his compromise position lost standing compared to Black Hawk's resistance. When <a href="/wiki/Caleb_Atwater" title="Caleb Atwater">Caleb Atwater</a> wrote about his visit to Quashquame in 1829, he depicted the leader as feeble, more interested in art and leisure than politics, but still advocating diplomacy over conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the summer of 1830, Black Hawk began his incursions into the disputed territory of Illinois, which eventually leading to the Black Hawk War. </p><p>Black Hawk's frequent rival was <i><a href="/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Keokuk (Sauk leader)">Keokuk</a></i>, a Sauk war chief held in high esteem by the U.S. government. Officials believed that he was calm and reasonable, willing to negotiate, unlike Black Hawk. Black Hawk despised Keokuk, and viewed him as cowardly and self-serving, at one point threatening to kill him for not defending Saukenuk.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Black Hawk War, US officials designated Keokuk as the main Sauk leader and would only deal with him.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_days">Last days</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Last days"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackHawkGraveIowaville.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/BlackHawkGraveIowaville.JPG/220px-BlackHawkGraveIowaville.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/BlackHawkGraveIowaville.JPG/330px-BlackHawkGraveIowaville.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/BlackHawkGraveIowaville.JPG/440px-BlackHawkGraveIowaville.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="1938" /></a><figcaption>Putative Black Hawk grave at Iowaville Cemetery. There are conflicting accounts about what happened to his remains.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackHawkGravePlaque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BlackHawkGravePlaque.jpg/220px-BlackHawkGravePlaque.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BlackHawkGravePlaque.jpg/330px-BlackHawkGravePlaque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/BlackHawkGravePlaque.jpg/440px-BlackHawkGravePlaque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="826" /></a><figcaption>Black Hawk Memorial Plaque at Iowaville Cemetery</figcaption></figure> <p>After his tour of the east, Black Hawk lived with the Sauk along the <a href="/wiki/Iowa_River" title="Iowa River">Iowa River</a> and later the <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_River" title="Des Moines River">Des Moines River</a> near <a href="/wiki/Iowaville,_Iowa" title="Iowaville, Iowa">Iowaville</a><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in what is now southeast Iowa. He occasionally attended council meeting between the Sauks and the Foxes and the federal government, but had no real power or influence. At the end of his life, he tried to reconcile both with American settlers and with his Sauk rivals, including Keokuk. He spent some time in <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa" title="Burlington, Iowa">Burlington, Iowa</a> in the home of businessman and legislator <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Smith,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah Smith, Jr.">Jeremiah Smith, Jr.</a> An attorney with whom he shared a room recalled, "I roomed with Black Hawk for weeks, and observed him carefully and under all circumstances. He was uniformly kind and polite, especially at the table; but often silent, abstracted and melancholy.... He presented the noble spectacle of a warrior chief, conquered and disgraced with his tribe by his conquerors; but, resigned to his fate and covered with the scars of many battles, in the spirit of true heroism, breaking bread with and enjoying the hospitality of his destroyers."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ultimately, he blamed Keokuk for his and his people's fate.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In an 1838 address at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Madison" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Madison">Fort Madison</a> (now Old Settlers Park, Iowa), in the year of his death, he said the following: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>It has pleased the <a href="/wiki/Great_Spirit" title="Great Spirit">Great Spirit</a> that I am here today—I have eaten with my white friends. The earth is our mother—we are now on it, with the Great spirit above us; it is good. I hope we are all friends here. A few winters ago I was fighting against you. I did wrong, perhaps, but that is past—it is buried—let it be forgotten. </p><p>Rock River was a beautiful country. I liked my towns, my cornfields and the home of my people. I fought for it. It is now yours. Keep it as we did—it will produce you good crops. </p><p>I thank the Great Spirit that I am now friendly with my white brethren. We are here together, we have eaten together; we are friends; it is his wish and mine. I thank you for your friendship. </p><p> I was once a great warrior; I am now poor. Keokuk has been the cause of my present situation; but I do not attach blame to him. I am now old. I have looked upon the Mississippi since I have been a child. I love the great river. I have dwelt upon its banks from the time I was an infant. I look upon it now. I shake hands with you, and as it is my wish, I hope you are my friends.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Address by Black Hawk, July 4, 1838, at Fort Madison.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Black Hawk died on October 3, 1838, after two weeks of illness. He was buried on the farm of his friend James Jordan, on the north bank of the <a href="/wiki/Des_Moines_River" title="Des Moines River">Des Moines River</a> in <a href="/wiki/Davis_County,_Iowa" title="Davis County, Iowa">Davis County, Iowa</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In July 1839, his remains were stolen by James Turner, who prepared his skeleton for exhibition. Black Hawk's sons Nashashuk and Gamesett went to Governor <a href="/wiki/Robert_Lucas_(governor)" title="Robert Lucas (governor)">Robert Lucas</a> of <a href="/wiki/Iowa_Territory" title="Iowa Territory">Iowa Territory</a>, who used his influence to bring the bones to security in his offices in <a href="/wiki/Burlington,_Iowa" title="Burlington, Iowa">Burlington</a>. With the permission of Black Hawk's sons, the remains were held by the Burlington Geological and Historical Society. When the Society's building burned down in 1855, Black Hawk's remains were destroyed.<sup id="cite_ref-davlibrary_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-davlibrary-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An alternative account is that Governor Lucas passed Black Hawk's bones to Enos Lowe, a Burlington physician, who was said to have left them to his partner, Dr. McLaurens. After McLaurens moved to California, workers were reported to have found the bones at his house. They buried the remains in a potter's grave in Aspen Grove Cemetery in Burlington.<sup id="cite_ref-nyt_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nyt-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is a marker for him in the <a href="/wiki/Iowaville" class="mw-redirect" title="Iowaville">Iowaville</a> Cemetery on the hill over the river, although it is unknown if any of his remains are there. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Black Hawk's wife was known as As-she-we-qua<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Hawk_wife._47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Hawk_wife.-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (died August 28, 1846),<sup id="cite_ref-Native_peoples_A_to_Z_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Native_peoples_A_to_Z-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or Singing Bird (her English name was Sarah Baker) with whom he had five children. His oldest son and youngest daughter died in the same year, before 1820, and he mourned their passing following Sauk tradition for two years.<sup id="cite_ref-Black_Hawk_wife._47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Black_Hawk_wife.-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Sauk tradition, Black Hawk spent these two years of his life mourning the loss of his children by living alone and fasting.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His other children were a daughter Namequa (Running Fawn, Ailey Baker was her English name) and his sons Nasheakusk (aka Nashashuk) and Gamesett (aka Nasomsee).<sup id="cite_ref-Native_peoples_A_to_Z_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Native_peoples_A_to_Z-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Wesson_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wesson-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Through interpreter <a href="/wiki/Antoine_LeClair" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine LeClair">Antoine LeClair</a>, Black Hawk dictated an autobiography titled <i>Life of Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak</i> (or, <i>Life of Black Hawk</i>), originally published in 1833.<sup id="cite_ref-Life_of_Black_Hawk_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Life_of_Black_Hawk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BlackHawkStatue_003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BlackHawkStatue_003.jpg/220px-BlackHawkStatue_003.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BlackHawkStatue_003.jpg/330px-BlackHawkStatue_003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/BlackHawkStatue_003.jpg/440px-BlackHawkStatue_003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1760" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Statue" title="Black Hawk Statue">Eternal Indian</a></i>, a sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Lorado_Taft" title="Lorado Taft">Lorado Taft</a> inspired by Black Hawk.</figcaption></figure> <p>A sculpture by <a href="/wiki/Lorado_Taft" title="Lorado Taft">Lorado Taft</a> overlooks the Rock River in <a href="/wiki/Oregon,_Illinois" title="Oregon, Illinois">Oregon, Illinois</a>. Entitled <i>The Eternal Indian</i>, this statue is commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Statue" title="Black Hawk Statue">Black Hawk Statue</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-or_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-or-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In modern times Black Hawk is considered a tragic hero and numerous commemorations exist.<sup id="cite_ref-trask_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-trask-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are mostly in the form of <a href="/wiki/Eponym" title="Eponym">eponyms</a>; many roads, sports teams and schools are named after Black Hawk. Among the numerous wars in United States history, however, the Black Hawk War is one of few named for a person.<sup id="cite_ref-shannon_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-shannon-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to a widespread myth, the <a href="/wiki/Olympic_gold_medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympic gold medal">Olympic gold medal</a>-winning athlete <a href="/wiki/Jim_Thorpe" title="Jim Thorpe">Jim Thorpe</a> was said to be descended from Black Hawk.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a> born <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritualist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trance_medium" class="mw-redirect" title="Trance medium">trance medium</a> <a href="/wiki/Leafy_Anderson" title="Leafy Anderson">Leafy Anderson</a> claimed that Black Hawk was one of her major <a href="/wiki/Spirit_guides" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirit guides">spirit guides</a>. This spirit's guidance and protection are sought by the members of many churches within the loosely allied <a href="/wiki/Spiritual_Church_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual Church Movement">Spiritual Church Movement</a> which she founded.<sup id="cite_ref-berry_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berry-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-nola_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nola-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-spiritworld_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spiritworld-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Special "Black Hawk services" are held to invoke his assistance, and busts or statues representing him are kept on home and church altars by his devotees.<sup id="cite_ref-berry_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-berry-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_examples_of_eponyms">Notable examples of eponyms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notable examples of eponyms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Several place names, including <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_County,_Iowa" title="Black Hawk County, Iowa">Black Hawk County, Iowa</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Bridge" title="Black Hawk Bridge">Black Hawk Bridge</a> between Iowa and Wisconsin, and the historical <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Purchase" title="Black Hawk Purchase">Black Hawk Purchase</a> in Iowa.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>U.S. Navy vessels named <a href="/wiki/USS_Black_Hawk" title="USS Black Hawk">USS Black Hawk</a> include a mine hunter that served 1996 to 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The 2nd Squadron of the 1st US Cavalry Regiment (2-1 CAVALIER Urdu and the other side of the house are not related to the original</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Blackhawks" title="Chicago Blackhawks">Chicago Blackhawks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">National Hockey League</a> indirectly derive their name from Black Hawk. Their first owner, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_McLaughlin" title="Frederic McLaughlin">Frederic McLaughlin</a>, was a commander with the 333rd Machine Gun Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/86th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="86th Infantry Division (United States)">86th Infantry Division</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, nicknamed the "Black Hawk Division" after the war leader. McLaughlin named the hockey team in honor of his military unit.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Atlanta_Hawks" title="Atlanta Hawks">Atlanta Hawks</a> were named the Tri-Cities Blackhawks in the inaugural season of the <a href="/wiki/NBA" class="mw-redirect" title="NBA">NBA</a> in the Tri-Cities (now <a href="/wiki/Quad_Cities" title="Quad Cities">Quad Cities</a>) area in <a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>. The team was named for the <a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_War" title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_UH-60_Black_Hawk" title="Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk">Sikorsky UH-60 Black Hawk</a>, a four-blade, twin-engine, medium-lift utility helicopter manufactured by Sikorsky Aircraft, used by the US military and many armed forces around the world.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackhawk_Middle_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackhawk Middle School">Blackhawk Middle School</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Bensenville, Illinois</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_College" title="Black Hawk College">Black Hawk College</a>, a community college whose main campus is in <a href="/wiki/Moline,_IL" class="mw-redirect" title="Moline, IL">Moline, IL</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Blackhawk Country Club, a private golf club in Shorewood Hills, Wisconsin is named for Black Hawk.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The athletic teams of <a href="/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien_Area_School_District" title="Prairie du Chien Area School District">Prairie du Chien High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prairie_du_Chien,_Wisconsin" title="Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin">Prairie du Chien, Wisconsin</a> are nicknamed the <i>Blackhawks</i> in his honor.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The athletic teams of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Atkinson,_Wisconsin" title="Fort Atkinson, Wisconsin">Fort Atkinson</a> High School, Wisconsin are named "Blackhawks" for Black Hawk.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The athletic teams of <a href="/wiki/West_Aurora_High_School" title="West Aurora High School">West Aurora High School</a>, Illinois are named the <i>Blackhawks</i> for Black Hawk. Their mascot is also named "Chief Blackhawk".<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The film "Big Chief, Black Hawk", named after a Mardi Gras Indian Tribe, came from Terrance Williams Jr. naming his tribe "Black Hawk Hunters" in homage to Black Hawk.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Blackhawk Bank is named after Black Hawk.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Heights_Battlefield" title="Wisconsin Heights Battlefield">Wisconsin Heights Battlefield</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 33em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bright-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bright_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bright, William (2004). <i>Native American Place Names of the United States</i>, <a href="/wiki/Norman,_Oklahoma" title="Norman, Oklahoma">Norman, Oklahoma</a>: University of Oklahoma Press, p. 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JpBOAAAAMAAJ">Black Hawk, Antoine LeClair (interpreter), and J.B. Patterson, ed. <i>Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk, Embracing the tradition of his nation...</i>. Boston: Russell, Odiorn & Metcalf, 1834</a>. Retrieved: Dec 6, 2022.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFStevens2000" class="citation web cs1">Stevens, Frank Everett (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110822212206/http://myeducationresearch.org/databases/cgi-bin/kwq.asp?qu=@recnumber%20EBK30012662&FreeText=&sc=%2Fpierianp%2Febk%2F">"Black Hawk War, Part 02 – Black Hawk and His Times"</a>. <i>myeducationresearch.org</i>. The Pierian Press. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myeducationresearch.org/databases/cgi-bin/kwq.asp?qu=@recnumber%20EBK30012662&FreeText=&sc=%2Fpierianp%2Febk%2F">the original</a> on August 22, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 24,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=myeducationresearch.org&rft.atitle=Black+Hawk+War%2C+Part+02+%E2%80%93+Black+Hawk+and+His+Times&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Frank+Everett&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyeducationresearch.org%2Fdatabases%2Fcgi-bin%2Fkwq.asp%3Fqu%3D%40recnumber%2520EBK30012662%26FreeText%3D%26sc%3D%252Fpierianp%252Febk%252F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nichols-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nichols_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roger L. Nichols, <i>Black Hawk and the Warrior's Path</i> (Arlington Heights, Illinois: Harlan Davidson, 1992; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88295-884-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-88295-884-4">0-88295-884-4</a>).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See for example John W. Hall, <i>Uncommon Defense: Indian Allies in the Black Hawk War</i> (Harvard University Press, 2009), p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-smith-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smith_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-smith_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, William Rudolph. <i>The History of Wisconsin: In Three Parts, Historical, Documentary, and Descriptive</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historywisconsi00smitgoog/page/n221">Internet Archive</a>), B. Brown: 1854, pp. 221–406.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation cites a broad range of pages. Page ranges should be limited to one or two pages when possible. (August 2021)"><span class="nowrap">page range too broad</span></span></a></i>]</sup> Retrieved September 20, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis2-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewis2_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis2_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis2_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, James. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/background.html">"Background: The Black Hawk War of 1832"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080516083221/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/background.html">Archived</a> May 16, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project</i>, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mckusick2009-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mckusick2009_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKusick2009" class="citation book cs1">McKusick, Marshall B. (2009). "Fort Madison, 1808-1813". In William E. Whittaker (ed.). <i>Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862</i>. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. pp. 55–74. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58729-831-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58729-831-8"><bdi>978-1-58729-831-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fort+Madison%2C+1808-1813&rft.btitle=Frontier+Forts+of+Iowa%3A+Indians%2C+Traders%2C+and+Soldiers%2C+1682%E2%80%931862&rft.place=Iowa+City&rft.pages=55-74&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58729-831-8&rft.aulast=McKusick&rft.aufirst=Marshall+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-trask-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-trask_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trask_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trask_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trask_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-trask_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Trask,_Kerry_A." class="mw-redirect" title="Trask, Kerry A.">Trask, Kerry A.</a> <i>Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8ZIXkMBBLw0C&dq=Battle+of+Yellow+Creek+Black+Hawk&pg=PA221">Google Books</a>), Henry Holt: 2006, p. 109, 308, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0805077588" title="Special:BookSources/0805077588">0805077588</a>), pp. 220-221. Retrieved October 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewisb1-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lewisb1_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, James. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/pageb1.html">The Black Hawk War of 1832: FAQ</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070913122800/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/pageb1.html">Archived</a> September 13, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>". <i>Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project</i>, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved October 26, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nolan2009-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nolan2009_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2009" class="citation book cs1">Nolan, David J. (2009). "Fort Johnson, Cantonment Davis, and Fort Edwards". In William E. Whittaker (ed.). <i>Frontier Forts of Iowa: Indians, Traders, and Soldiers, 1682–1862</i>. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press. pp. 85–94. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58729-831-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58729-831-8"><bdi>978-1-58729-831-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Fort+Johnson%2C+Cantonment+Davis%2C+and+Fort+Edwards&rft.btitle=Frontier+Forts+of+Iowa%3A+Indians%2C+Traders%2C+and+Soldiers%2C+1682%E2%80%931862&rft.place=Iowa+City&rft.pages=85-94&rft.pub=University+of+Iowa+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-58729-831-8&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=David+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stevens-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Stevens_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens1921" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, Walter B. (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/centennialhist01instev"><i>Centennial History of Missouri (The Center State) One Hundred Years in the Union</i></a>. St. Louis: S. J. Clarke.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Centennial+History+of+Missouri+%28The+Center+State%29+One+Hundred+Years+in+the+Union&rft.place=St.+Louis&rft.pub=S.+J.+Clarke&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=Walter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcentennialhist01instev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Life_of_Black_Hawk-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Life_of_Black_Hawk_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Life_of_Black_Hawk_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack_Hawk1916" class="citation book cs1">Black Hawk (1916) [1834]. Milo M. Quaife (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JpBOAAAAMAAJ"><i>Life of Black Hawk, Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak</i></a>. Chicago: Lakeside Press. pp. 66–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780608437781" title="Special:BookSources/9780608437781"><bdi>9780608437781</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+of+Black+Hawk%2C+Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=66-68&rft.pub=Lakeside+Press&rft.date=1916&rft.isbn=9780608437781&rft.au=Black+Hawk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJpBOAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, James. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2c.html">The Black Hawk War of 1832</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090815021319/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2c.html">Archived</a> August 15, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, <i>Northern Illinois University</i>. Retrieved August 1, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wiscsr-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wiscsr_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002795.asp">May 14: Black Hawk's Victory at the Battle of Stillman's Run</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070814095355/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002795.asp">Archived</a> August 14, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," <i>Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War</i>, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved August 6, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blackhawkpark.org/History/Black_Hawk.html">"’I Am a Sauk... I Am a Warrior’</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160118110029/http://www.blackhawkpark.org/History/Black_Hawk.html">Archived</a> January 18, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." Black Hawk State Historic Site. Black Hawk Park & Foundation. Web. September 26, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrhp2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nrhp2_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harmet, "Apple River Fort," p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lewis3_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, James. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/scholarshipindex.html">Introduction</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090420194551/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/scholarshipindex.html">Archived</a> April 20, 2009, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," <i>The Black Hawk War of 1832</i>, Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project, Northern Illinois University. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated1-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated1_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, "Introduction."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wisc2-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-wisc2_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002816.asp">"May 21, Indian Creek, Ill.: Abduction of the Hall Sisters"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929103331/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002816.asp">Archived</a> September 29, 2007, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Historic Diaries: The Black Hawk War</i>, Wisconsin State Historical Society. Retrieved 20 September 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-matile2-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-matile2_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Matile, Roger. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ledgersentinel.com/article.asp?a=6216">The Black Hawk War: Massacre at Indian Creek</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928162419/http://www.ledgersentinel.com/article.asp?a=6216">Archived</a> 2007-09-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," <i>Ledger-Sentinel</i> (<a href="/wiki/Oswego,_Illinois" title="Oswego, Illinois">Oswego, Illinois</a>), May 31, 2007, Retrieved September 20, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-wisc-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wisc_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-wisc_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002832.asp">"The Killing of Felix St. Vrain"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221140524/http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/diary/002832.asp">Archived</a> February 21, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Historic Diaries: Black Hawk War</i>, Wisconsin Historical Society, Retrieved September 20, 2007</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis2d-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewis2d_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis2d_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis2d_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis2d_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis2d_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2d.html">Lewis, James. "The Black Hawk War of 1832"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619071514/http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk/page2d.html">Archived</a> 2009-06-19 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <i>Abraham Lincoln Digitization Project</i>, Northern Illinois University, p. 2D. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mil-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mil_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070502200209/http://www.jsonline.com/story/index.aspx?id=597233">McCann, Dennis. "Black Hawk's name, country's shame lives on"</a>, <i>Milwaukee Journal-Sentinel</i>, April 28, 2007. Retrieved July 30, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Smith, William C. <i>Jefferson Davis: The Man and His Hour</i>, pp. 842–843.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, p. 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trask, pp. 294–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lincoln.lib.niu.edu/blackhawk">"Lincoln/Net: The Black Hawk War"</a>. Lincoln/Net. Northern Illinois University. Retrieved: May 3, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gmu-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-gmu_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5817/">"Black Hawk Remembers Village Life Along the Mississippi</a>". <i>History Matters: The U.S. Survey Course on the Web</i>, George Mason University. Retrieved September 20, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFord1854" class="citation book cs1">Ford, Thomas (1854). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryillinoi00shiegoog"><i>A History of Illinois</i></a>. Chicago: Griggs and Co. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ahistoryillinoi00shiegoog/page/n110">110</a>–111<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">September 21,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Illinois&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pages=110-111&rft.pub=Griggs+and+Co.&rft.date=1854&rft.aulast=Ford&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fahistoryillinoi00shiegoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonHawk1955" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Donald; Hawk, Black (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackhawkautobio0000blac/"><i>An Autobiography</i></a>. Illinois: Urbana. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackhawkautobio0000blac/page/26/mode/2up">26</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Autobiography&rft.place=Illinois&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=Urbana&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Hawk%2C+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackhawkautobio0000blac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonHawk1955" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Donald; Hawk, Black (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackhawkautobio0000blac/"><i>An Autobiography</i></a>. Illinois: Urbana. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackhawkautobio0000blac/page/28/mode/2up">28</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Autobiography&rft.place=Illinois&rft.pages=28&rft.pub=Urbana&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Hawk%2C+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackhawkautobio0000blac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacksonHawk1955" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Donald; Hawk, Black (1955). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackhawkautobio0000blac/"><i>An Autobiography</i></a>. Illinois: Urbana. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/blackhawkautobio0000blac/page/26/mode/2up">29</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Autobiography&rft.place=Illinois&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Urbana&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=Donald&rft.au=Hawk%2C+Black&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fblackhawkautobio0000blac%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Atwater, Caleb. <i>Remarks Made of A Tour to Prairie du Chien: Thence to Washington City, in 1829.</i> Columbus, OH: Isaac N. Whiting, 1831</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van der Zee, Jacob (1913) "Old Fort Madison: Some Source Materials", <i>Iowa Journal of History and Politics</i> Vol. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnson, W.F. (1919) <i>History of Cooper County, Missouri.</i> Topeka: Historical Publishing Co., p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Indian Treaties 1795 to 1862 Vol. XX - Sauk & Fox</i> L.S. Watson (ed.) 1993</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell, James W. (1884) "Address of Capt. Jas. W. Campbell.", in <i>Report of the Organization and First Reunion of the Tri-State Old Settlers' Association of Illinois, Missouri and Iowa</i>, edited by J. H. Cole and J. M. Schaffer, pp. 33–38, Keokuk: IA, Tri-State Printing</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Caleb Atwater (1829) <i>Remarks Made of A Tour to Prairie du Chien: Thence to Washington City</i> (published 1831, pp. 60-62)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trask, Kerry (2006) <i>Black Hawk: The Battle for the Heart of America.</i> Henry Holt. pp. 75-80.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Andreas Atlas of Iowa", 1903, "Van Buren Co. Early History" and "Davis Co. Early History"</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antrobus, Augustine M. <i>History of Des Moines County Iowa and Its People</i> Volume 1. Chicago: The S. J. Clarke Publishing Company, 1915; pp. 110-111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Antrobus, Augustine M. (1915) <i>History of Des Moines County, Iowa: And Its People, Vol. 1</i>, p. 141 S.J. Clarke, Chicago.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-davlibrary-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-davlibrary_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928065048/http://www.qcmemory.org/Default.aspx?PageId=260&nt=207&nt2=229">"Makataimeshekiakiak: Black Hawk and his War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Davenport,_Iowa" title="Davenport, Iowa">Davenport</a> Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qcmemory.org/Default.aspx?PageId=260&nt=207&nt2=229">the original</a> on September 28, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Makataimeshekiakiak%3A+Black+Hawk+and+his+War&rft.pub=Davenport+Public+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qcmemory.org%2FDefault.aspx%3FPageId%3D260%26nt%3D207%26nt2%3D229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nyt-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nyt_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1891/09/25/archives/black-hawks-varnished-bones-they-are-believed-to-be-lying-unmarked.html">"BLACK HAWK'S VARNISHED BONES.; THEY ARE BELIEVED TO BE LYING UNMARKED IN A POTTER'S FIELD"</a>. <i>New York Times</i>. September 25, 1891<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Hamburg, Mich.: Native American Books. 2009. pp. 1784–785. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1878592736" title="Special:BookSources/978-1878592736"><bdi>978-1878592736</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Native+peoples+A+to+Z%3A+a+reference+guide+to+native+peoples+of+the+western+hemisphere%2C+Vol.+8&rft.place=Hamburg%2C+Mich.&rft.pages=1784-785&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Native+American+Books&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1878592736&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHx98AgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristina_Boggs" class="citation web cs1">Christina Boggs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://study.com/academy/lesson/chief-black-hawk-biography-facts.html">"Chief Black Hawk: Biography & Facts"</a>. <i>Study.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Davenport (Iowa) Public Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.davenportlibrary.com/genealogy-and-history/local-history-info/the-people/black-hawk/">the original</a> on June 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Clay. <i>Still Casting Shadows: A Shared Mosaic of U.S. History</i>, (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hBY_tIqFBysC&dq=named+after+Black+Hawk&pg=RA1-PA215">Google Books</a>), iUniverse, New York: 2006, p. 215, (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0595397239" title="Special:BookSources/0595397239">0595397239</a>). 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Retrieved October 4, 2007.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-berry-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berry_55-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-berry_55-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJason_Berry1995" class="citation book cs1">Jason Berry (1995). <i>The Spirit of Blackhawk: a Mystery of Africans and Indians</i>. 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The University of Tennessee Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57233-148-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-57233-148-8"><bdi>1-57233-148-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spiritual+Churches+of+New+Orleans+Origins%2C+Beliefs%2C+and+Rituals+of+an+African-American+Religion&rft.pub=The+University+of+Tennessee+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-57233-148-8&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Claude+F.&rft.au=Kaslow%2C+Andrew+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9780870497025&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spiritworld-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spiritworld_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1992" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Michael (1992). <i>Spirit World: Pattern in the Expressive Folk Culture of New Orleans</i>. Pelican Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88289-895-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88289-895-7"><bdi>978-0-88289-895-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Spirit+World%3A+Pattern+in+the+Expressive+Folk+Culture+of+New+Orleans&rft.pub=Pelican+Publishing&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-88289-895-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.nvr.navy.mil/nvr/getHull.htm?shipId=2131">[1]</a> nvr.navy.mil</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nvr.navy.mil/nvr/getHull.htm?shipId=2131">https://www.nvr.navy.mil/nvr/getHull.htm?shipId=2131</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blackhawks.nhl.com/club/page.htm?id=46778">"History"</a>. Chicago Blackhawks</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160920183720/http://www.sportsmemorabilia.com/resources/team-jerseys/tri-cities-blackhawks.html">"Tri-Cities Blackhawks Jersey History | Authentic Jerseys"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sportsmemorabilia.com/resources/team-jerseys/tri-cities-blackhawks.html">the original</a> on September 20, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tri-Cities+Blackhawks+Jersey+History+%26%23124%3B+Authentic+Jerseys&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sportsmemorabilia.com%2Fresources%2Fteam-jerseys%2Ftri-cities-blackhawks.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923194843/http://www.bsd2.org/index.aspx?nid=57">"Bensenville School District 2, IL - Website - Blackhawk Middle School"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bsd2.org/index.aspx?nid=57">the original</a> on September 23, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Southwest+Wisconsin+Conference&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.southwestwisconsinconference.org%2Fg5-bin%2Fclient.cgi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailyunion.com/news/article_7b52f32e-97de-11e3-93c3-001a4bcf6878.html">"Fort High won't drop 'Blackhawks' name"</a>. <i>Daily Jefferson County Union</i>. February 17, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 27,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daily+Jefferson+County+Union&rft.atitle=Fort+High+won%27t+drop+%27Blackhawks%27+name&rft.date=2014-02-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyunion.com%2Fnews%2Farticle_7b52f32e-97de-11e3-93c3-001a4bcf6878.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.offbeat.com/news/big-chief-black-hawk-debuts-at-american-black-film-fest/">"Local Filmmaker To Debut 'Big Chief, Black Hawk' At American Black Film Festival"</a>. October 5, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Filmmaker+To+Debut+%27Big+Chief%2C+Black+Hawk%27+At+American+Black+Film+Festival&rft.date=2021-10-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.offbeat.com%2Fnews%2Fbig-chief-black-hawk-debuts-at-american-black-film-fest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bacu.org/about/origin-name/">"The Origin of Our Name | Blackhawk Area Credit Union"</a>. <i>www.bacu.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 2,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bacu.org&rft.atitle=The+Origin+of+Our+Name+%7C+Blackhawk+Area+Credit+Union&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bacu.org%2Fabout%2Forigin-name%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Brown, Nicholas A. and Sarah E. Kanouse. <i>Re-Collecting Black Hawk: Landscape, Memory, and Power in the American Midwest</i>. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press, 2015.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Black_Hawk" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Black Hawk">Black Hawk</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Black_Hawk_(Sauk_leader)" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Black Hawk (Sauk leader)">Black Hawk (Sauk leader)</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JpBOAAAAMAAJ">Black Hawk, Antoine LeClair (interpreter), and J.B. Patterson, ed. <i>Autobiography of Ma-Ka-Tai-Me-She-Kia-Kiak or Black Hawk, Embracing the tradition of his nation--Indian wars in which he has been engaged--cause of joining the British in their late war with America, and its history--description of the Rock River village--manners and customs--encroachments by the whites, contrary to treaty--removal from his village in 1831. With an account of the cause and general history of the late war, his surrender and confinement at Jefferson Barracks, and travels through the United States</i>. Boston: Russell, Odiorn & Metcalf, 1834</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Hawk%2C%20Black%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Black%20Hawk%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hawk%2C%20Black%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Black%20Hawk%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Hawk%2C%20B%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Black%20Hawk%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Hawk%2C%20Black%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Black%20Hawk%22%29%20OR%20%28%221767-1838%22%20AND%20Hawk%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Black Hawk</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070629163715/http://www.gilcrease.org/images/Samples/0126.1007.jpg">Black Hawk with his son Whirling Thunder</a> (1833), by <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley_Jarvis" title="John Wesley Jarvis">John Wesley Jarvis</a>, Gilcrease Museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060803045405/http://www.illinoishistory.gov/hs/black_hawk.htm">"Black Hawk State Historic Site"</a>, Illinois History</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070715135822/https://usinfo.state.gov/usa/infousa/facts/democrac/12.htm">"Black Hawk Surrender Speech"</a>, State Department</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070717100036/http://history.alliancelibrarysystem.com/IllinoisAlive/files/wi/htm1/wi000002.cfm">"Black Hawk (Ma-ka-tai-me-she-kia-kiak)"</a>, in John E. Hallwas, ed. <i>Illinois Literature: The Nineteenth Century</i>, Macomb, IL: Illinois Heritage Press, 1986</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography/Black Hawk"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography/Black_Hawk">"Black Hawk" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Appletons%27_Cyclop%C3%A6dia_of_American_Biography" title="Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography">Appletons' Cyclopædia of American Biography</a></i>. 1900.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Black+Hawk&rft.btitle=Appletons%27+Cyclop%C3%A6dia+of+American+Biography&rft.date=1900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+Hawk+%28Sauk+leader%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div 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title="Black Hawk War">Black Hawk War of 1832</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Native people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/British_Band" title="British Band">British Band</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black Hawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Checokalako" title="Checokalako">Checokalako</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapope" title="Neapope">Neapope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamisseu" title="Pamisseu">Pamisseu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Towaunonne" title="Towaunonne">Towaunonne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabokieshiek" title="Wabokieshiek">Wabokieshiek</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sioux" title="Sioux">Dakota</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wapasha_II" title="Wapasha II">Wapasha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Ho-Chunk" title="Ho-Chunk">Ho-Chunk</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Waukon_Decorah" title="Waukon Decorah">Waukon Decorah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Menominee" title="Menominee">Menominee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Oshkosh" title="Chief Oshkosh">Oshkosh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Potawatomi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Potawatomi people">Potawatomi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Caldwell" title="Billy Caldwell">Billy Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabbona" title="Shabbona">Shabbona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waubonsie" title="Waubonsie">Waubonsie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Sauk_people" title="Sauk people">Sauk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meskwaki" title="Meskwaki">Meskwaki</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk_(Sauk_leader)" title="Keokuk (Sauk leader)">Keokuk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wapello_(chief)" title="Wapello (chief)">Wapello</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">U.S. people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">Army</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Atkinson_(soldier)" title="Henry Atkinson (soldier)">Henry Atkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Brady_(general)" title="Hugh Brady (general)">Hugh Brady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott" title="Winfield Scott">Winfield Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Militia_(United_States)" title="Militia (United States)">Militia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Giles_Adams" title="John Giles Adams">John Giles Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Alexander" title="Milton Alexander">Milton Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Bailey_(militia_officer)" title="David Bailey (militia officer)">David Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Brigham" title="Ebenezer Brigham">Ebenezer Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dement" title="John Dement">John Dement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Dodge" title="Henry Dodge">Henry Dodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Hamilton" title="William S. Hamilton">William S. Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Henry" title="James D. Henry">James D. Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln_in_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Abraham Lincoln in the Black Hawk War">Abraham Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Posey_(general)" title="Alexander Posey (general)">Alexander Posey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_H._Rountree" title="John H. Rountree">John H. Rountree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaiah_Stillman" title="Isaiah Stillman">Isaiah Stillman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_W._Stephenson" title="James W. Stephenson">James W. Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Whiteside" title="Samuel Whiteside">Samuel Whiteside</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Davenport" title="George Davenport">George Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gratiot" title="Henry Gratiot">Henry Gratiot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_LeClaire" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine LeClaire">Antoine LeClaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Street" title="Joseph M. Street">Joseph M. Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_St._Vrain" title="Felix St. Vrain">Felix St. Vrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Throckmorton" title="Joseph Throckmorton">Joseph Throckmorton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satterlee_Clark" title="Satterlee Clark">Satterlee Clark</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Apple_River_Fort" title="Apple River Fort">Apple River Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove,_Ogle_County,_Illinois" title="Buffalo Grove, Ogle County, Illinois">Buffalo Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dixon%27s_Ferry" title="Dixon's Ferry">Dixon's Ferry</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Armstrong_(Illinois)" title="Fort Armstrong (Illinois)">Fort Armstrong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Beggs" title="Fort Beggs">Fort Beggs</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Galena,_Illinois" title="Galena, Illinois">Galena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_(Fox_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Creek (Fox River)">Indian Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Kellogg's Grove">Kellogg's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Plum_River" title="Plum River">Plum River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_State_Historic_Site" title="Black Hawk State Historic Site">Saukenuk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Stillman Creek (Illinois)">Stillman Creek</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Stillman%27s_Run_Battle_Site" title="Stillman's Run Battle Site">Stillman's Run Battle Site</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Waddams_Grove,_Illinois" title="Waddams Grove, Illinois">Waddams Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Creek_(Illinois)" title="Yellow Creek (Illinois)">Yellow Creek</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wisconsin" title="Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a>)</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Bad_Axe_River" title="Bad Axe River">Bad Axe River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Blue_Mounds_Fort" title="Blue Mounds Fort">Blue Mounds Fort</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Crawford" title="Fort Crawford">Fort Crawford</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Defiance_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Defiance (Wisconsin)">Fort Defiance</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Hamilton_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Hamilton (Wisconsin)">Fort Hamilton</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Jackson_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Jackson (Wisconsin)">Fort Jackson</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Koshkonong" title="Fort Koshkonong">Fort Koshkonong</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Fort_Union_(Wisconsin)" title="Fort Union (Wisconsin)">Fort Union</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gratiot%27s_Grove_(Wisconsin)" title="Gratiot's Grove (Wisconsin)">Gratiot's Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Helena,_Wisconsin" title="Helena, Wisconsin">Helena</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wiota,_Wisconsin" title="Wiota, Wisconsin">Hamilton's Diggings</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pecatonica_River" title="Pecatonica River">Pecatonica River</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Roxbury,_Wisconsin" title="Roxbury, Wisconsin">Roxbury</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa,_Wisconsin" title="Sinsinawa, Wisconsin">Sinsinawa Mound</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Soldiers_Grove,_Wisconsin" title="Soldiers Grove, Wisconsin">Soldiers Grove</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Victory,_Wisconsin" title="Victory, Wisconsin">Victory</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_Heights_Battlefield" title="Wisconsin Heights Battlefield">Wisconsin Heights Battlefield</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_River" title="Wisconsin River">Wisconsin River</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Engagements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minor_attacks_of_the_Black_Hawk_War" title="Minor attacks of the Black Hawk War">Minor engagements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stillman%27s_Run" title="Battle of Stillman's Run">Battle of Stillman's Run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Grove_ambush" title="Buffalo Grove ambush">Buffalo Grove ambush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plum_River_raid" title="Plum River raid">Plum River raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Creek_massacre" title="Indian Creek massacre">Indian Creek massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Vrain_massacre" title="St. Vrain massacre">St. Vrain massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attacks_at_Fort_Blue_Mounds" title="Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds">Attacks at Fort Blue Mounds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spafford_Farm_massacre" title="Spafford Farm massacre">Spafford Farm massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1832)" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1832)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waddams_Grove" title="Battle of Waddams Grove">Battle of Waddams Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kellogg%27s_Grove" title="Battle of Kellogg's Grove">Battle of Kellogg's Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_at_Ament%27s_Cabin" title="Attack at Ament's Cabin">Attack at Ament's Cabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Apple_River_Fort" title="Battle of Apple River Fort">Battle of Apple River Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinsinawa_Mound_raid" title="Sinsinawa Mound raid">Sinsinawa Mound raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisconsin_Heights" title="Battle of Wisconsin Heights">Battle of Wisconsin Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bad_Axe" title="Battle of Bad Axe">Battle of Bad Axe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Purchase" title="Black Hawk Purchase">Black Hawk Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Hawk_Tree" title="Black Hawk Tree">Black Hawk Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keokuk%27s_Reserve" title="Keokuk's Reserve">Keokuk's Reserve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_St._Louis_(1804)" title="Treaty of St. Louis (1804)">Treaty of St. Louis (1804)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="First Treaty of Prairie du Chien">First Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Treaty_of_Prairie_du_Chien" title="Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien">Fourth Treaty of Prairie du Chien</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warrior_(steamboat)" title="Warrior (steamboat)">Warrior</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q714534#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/356267/">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqqxgmVxGBf7tPpDtDH4q">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119487152">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Black Hawk (Sauk chief), 1767-1838"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79060566">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14446252g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14446252g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001247259">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070314608">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/14067127">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810673037805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007424929105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group 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