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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_consciousness_(1963)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Views on consciousness (1963) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_consciousness_(1963)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_of_Creative_Intelligence_(1971)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_of_Creative_Intelligence_(1971)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Science of Creative Intelligence (1971) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_of_Creative_Intelligence_(1971)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maharishi_effect_(1974)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maharishi_effect_(1974)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Maharishi effect (1974) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maharishi_effect_(1974)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maharishi_Vedic_Science_(1981)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maharishi_Vedic_Science_(1981)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Maharishi Vedic Science (1981) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maharishi_Vedic_Science_(1981)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Maharishi_Ayurveda" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Maharishi_Ayurveda"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Maharishi Ayurveda </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Maharishi_Ayurveda-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Transcendental Meditation</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 32 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-32" aria-hidden="true" > 32 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%8A" title="تأمل تجاوزي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تأمل تجاوزي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meveria%C3%B1_trehontel" title="Meveriañ trehontel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Meveriañ trehontel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendent%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_meditace" title="Transcendentální meditace – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Transcendentální meditace" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myfyrdod_Trosgynnol" title="Myfyrdod Trosgynnol – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Myfyrdod Trosgynnol" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Transcendental Meditation" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transzendentale_Meditation" title="Transzendentale Meditation – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Transzendentale Meditation" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Υπερβατικός διαλογισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπερβατικός διαλογισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditaci%C3%B3n_trascendental" title="Meditación trascendental – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Meditación trascendental" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="درون‌پویی متعالی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="درون‌پویی متعالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9ditation_transcendantale" title="Méditation transcendantale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Méditation transcendantale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%B4%88%EC%9B%94%EB%AA%85%EC%83%81" title="초월명상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="초월명상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meditazione_trascendentale" title="Meditazione trascendentale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Meditazione trascendentale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%99%D7%98%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%A1%D7%A6%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מדיטציה טרנסצנדנטלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מדיטציה טרנסצנדנטלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentin%C4%97_meditacija" title="Transcendentinė meditacija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Transcendentinė meditacija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transzcendent%C3%A1lis_medit%C3%A1ci%C3%B3" title="Transzcendentális meditáció – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Transzcendentális meditáció" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B2%D9%89" title="تأمل تجاوزى – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="تأمل تجاوزى" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendente_meditatie" title="Transcendente meditatie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Transcendente meditatie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E8%B6%8A%E7%9E%91%E6%83%B3" title="超越瞑想 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="超越瞑想" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_meditasjon" title="Transcendental meditasjon – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Transcendental meditasjon" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medytacja_transcendentalna" title="Medytacja transcendentalna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Medytacja transcendentalna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Medita%C3%A7%C3%A3o_transcendental" title="Meditação transcendental – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Meditação transcendental" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Трансцендентальная медитация – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Трансцендентальная медитация" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation" title="Transcendental Meditation – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Transcendental Meditation" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendent%C3%A1lna_medit%C3%A1cia" title="Transcendentálna meditácia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Transcendentálna meditácia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendentalna_meditacija" title="Transcendentalna meditacija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Transcendentalna meditacija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transsendenttinen_meditaatio" title="Transsendenttinen meditaatio – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Transsendenttinen meditaatio" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transcendental_meditation" title="Transcendental meditation – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Transcendental meditation" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81" title="การทำสมาธิแบบพ้นโลก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การทำสมาธิแบบพ้นโลก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transandantal_Meditasyon" title="Transandantal Meditasyon – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Transandantal Meditasyon" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%86%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%86%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Трансцендентальна медитація – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Трансцендентальна медитація" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n_si%C3%AAu_vi%E1%BB%87t" title="Thiền siêu việt – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thiền siêu việt" 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class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Form of mantra meditation</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maharishi_Huntsville_Jan_1978A.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Maharishi_Huntsville_Jan_1978A.JPG/200px-Maharishi_Huntsville_Jan_1978A.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Maharishi_Huntsville_Jan_1978A.JPG/300px-Maharishi_Huntsville_Jan_1978A.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Maharishi_Huntsville_Jan_1978A.JPG/400px-Maharishi_Huntsville_Jan_1978A.JPG 2x" data-file-width="422" data-file-height="559" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a>, developer of the Transcendental Meditation technique.<a href="#cite_note-Bromley-Cowan_2015-1">[1]</a></figcaption></figure> Transcendental Meditation (TM) is a form of silent <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a> developed by <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a>. The TM technique involves the silent repetition of a <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> or sound, and is practiced for 15–20 minutes twice per day. It is taught by certified teachers through a standard course of instruction, with a cost which varies by country and individual circumstance. According to the Transcendental Meditation movement, it is a non-religious method that promotes relaxed <a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">awareness</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stress_relief" class="mw-redirect" title="Stress relief">stress relief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-development" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-development">self-development</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">higher states of consciousness</a>. The technique has been variously described as both religious<a href="#cite_note-transcendental_deception-2">[2]</a> and non-religious.<a href="#cite_note-7">[nb 1]</a> Maharishi began teaching the technique in India in the mid-1950s.<a href="#cite_note-Bromley-Cowan_2015-1">[1]</a> Building on the teachings of his master, the <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Hindu Advaita</a> monk <a href="/wiki/Brahmananda_Saraswati" title="Brahmananda Saraswati">Brahmananda Saraswati</a> (known honorifically as Guru Dev), the Maharishi taught thousands of people during a series of world tours from 1958 to 1965, expressing his teachings in spiritual and religious terms.<a href="#cite_note-Bromley-Cowan_2015-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> TM became more popular in the 1960s and 1970s as the Maharishi shifted to a more secular presentation, and his meditation technique was practiced by celebrities, most prominently members of <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">the Beach Boys</a>. At this time, he began training TM teachers. The worldwide TM <a href="/wiki/Organization" title="Organization">organization</a> had grown to include educational programs, health products, and related services. Following the Maharishi's death in 2008, leadership of the TM organization passed to <a href="/wiki/Neuroscientist" title="Neuroscientist">neuroscientist</a> <a href="/wiki/Tony_Nader" title="Tony Nader">Tony Nader</a>. Research on TM began in the 1970s. A 2012 <a href="/wiki/Meta-analysis" title="Meta-analysis">meta-analysis</a> of the psychological impact of meditation found that Transcendental Meditation had a comparable overall effectiveness to other meditation techniques in improving general wellbeing, but might have distinctive effects on specific psychological variables.<a href="#cite_note-Sed12a-9">[8]</a> A 2017 overview of systematic reviews and meta-analyses indicates TM practice may lower blood pressure, an effect comparable with other health interventions. Because of a potential for bias and conflicting findings more research is needed.<a href="#cite_note-J._Hum._Hypertens.-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Complement._Ther._Med.-11">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_Meditation&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Transcendental_Meditation" title="History of Transcendental Meditation">History of Transcendental Meditation</a></div> The Transcendental Meditation program and the Transcendental Meditation movement originated with their founder <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a> and continued beyond his death in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Bromley-Cowan_2015-1">[1]</a> In 1955,<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> "the Maharishi began publicly teaching a traditional meditation technique"<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> learned from his master <a href="/wiki/Brahmananda_Saraswati" title="Brahmananda Saraswati">Brahmananda Saraswati</a> that he called Transcendental Deep Meditation<a href="#cite_note-Williamson_2010-16">[15]</a> and later renamed Transcendental Meditation.<a href="#cite_note-Russell-17">[16]</a> The Maharishi initiated thousands of people, then developed a TM teacher training program as a way to accelerate the rate of bringing the technique to more people.<a href="#cite_note-Russell-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Needleman-18">[17]</a> He also inaugurated a series of tours that started in India in 1955 and went international in 1958 which promoted Transcendental Meditation.<a href="#cite_note-History-of-transcendental-meditation-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Philosophers-20">[19]</a> These factors, coupled with endorsements by celebrities who practiced TM and claims that scientific research had validated the technique, helped to popularize TM in the 1960s and 1970s. By the late 2000s, TM had been taught to millions of individuals and the Maharishi was overseeing a large multinational movement.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Despite organizational changes and the addition of advanced meditative techniques in the 1970s,<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> the Transcendental Meditation technique has remained relatively unchanged. Among the first organizations to promote TM were the Spiritual Regeneration Movement and the International Meditation Society. In modern times, the movement has grown to encompass schools and universities that teach the practice,<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> and includes many associated programs based on the Maharishi's interpretation of the <a href="/wiki/Vedic" class="mw-redirect" title="Vedic">Vedic</a> traditions. In the U.S., non-profit organizations included the <a href="/wiki/Students_International_Meditation_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Students International Meditation Society">Students International Meditation Society</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Chryssides-24">[23]</a> AFSCI,<a href="#cite_note-Craze-25">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Plan_Executive_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="World Plan Executive Council">World Plan Executive Council</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Vedic_Education_Development_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharishi Vedic Education Development Corporation">Maharishi Vedic Education Development Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_Country_of_World_Peace" title="Global Country of World Peace">Global Country of World Peace</a>, Transcendental Meditation for Women, and <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharishi Foundation">Maharishi Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> The successor to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, and leader of the Global Country of World Peace, is <a href="/wiki/Tony_Nader" title="Tony Nader">Tony Nader</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Technique">Technique</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_Meditation&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Technique">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_technique" title="Transcendental Meditation technique">Transcendental Meditation technique</a></div> The meditation practice involves the use of a silently-used <a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">mantra</a> for 15–20 minutes twice per day while sitting with the eyes closed.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Epi06-30">[29]</a> It is reported to be one of the most widely practiced,<a href="#cite_note-google138-31">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-Total_Heart_Health-32">[31]</a> and among the most widely researched, meditation techniques,<a href="#cite_note-Murphy-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Relaxation_Response-34">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sinatra-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bushell-36">[35]</a> with hundreds of published research studies.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal_2011_14-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-Freeman2009-39">[38]</a> The technique is made available worldwide by certified TM teachers in a seven-step course,<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> and fees vary from country to country.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Beginning in 1965, the Transcendental Meditation technique has been incorporated into selected schools, universities, corporations, and prison programs in the US, Latin America, Europe, and India. In 1977, a US district court ruled that a curriculum in TM and the Science of Creative Intelligence (SCI) being taught in some New Jersey schools was religious in nature and in violation of the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment" class="mw-redirect" title="First Amendment">First Amendment</a> of the United States Constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Praeger-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> The technique has since been included in a number of educational and social programs around the world.<a href="#cite_note-Humes_page_69-44">[43]</a> The Transcendental Meditation technique has been described as both religious and non-religious, as an aspect of a new religious movement, as rooted in Hinduism,<a href="#cite_note-Bainbridge-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Aghiorgoussis_21,_34-46">[45]</a> and as a non-religious practice for self-development.<a href="#cite_note-Chryssides_2001_301–303-47">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Rosenthal_2011_4-49">[48]</a> The public presentation of the TM technique over its 50-year history has been praised for its high visibility in the mass media and effective global propagation, and criticized for using celebrity and scientific endorsements as a marketing tool. Also, advanced courses supplement the TM technique and include an advanced meditation program called the <a href="/wiki/TM-Sidhi" class="mw-redirect" title="TM-Sidhi">TM-Sidhi</a> program,<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> the unveiling of which created media controversy and a time of crisis for the movement’s image.<a href="#cite_note-Thursby-51">[50]</a> In 2014, a meta-analysis of research found insufficient evidence that meditation such as TM "had an effect on any of the psychological stress and well-being outcomes".<a href="#cite_note-Rohrlich-52">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Movement">Movement</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_Meditation&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Movement">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation movement</a></div> The Transcendental Meditation movement consists of the programs and organizations connected with the Transcendental Meditation technique and founded by Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. Transcendental Meditation was first taught in the 1950s in India and has continued since the Maharishi's death in 2008. The organization was estimated to have 900,000 participants worldwide in 1977,<a href="#cite_note-Stark_1986_page_287-53">[52]</a> a million by the 1980s,<a href="#cite_note-Petersen,_William_J._1982_p_123-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-Occhiogrosso,_Peter_1996_p_66-55">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bainbridge,_William_Sims_1997_page_189-56">[55]</a> and 5 million in more recent years.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">when?</a>]<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-61">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi_1955-63">[62]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Bundling_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">excessive citations</a>] Programs include the Transcendental Meditation technique, an advanced meditation practice called the TM-Sidhi program ("Yogic Flying"), an alternative health care program called <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Ayurveda" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharishi Ayurveda">Maharishi Ayurveda</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sharma_1998_loc=Preface-64">[63]</a> and a system of building and architecture called Maharishi Sthapatya Ved.<a href="#cite_note-Argus-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-Spivack-66">[65]</a> The TM movement's past and present media endeavors include a publishing company (MUM Press), a television station (<a href="/wiki/KSCI" title="KSCI">KSCI</a>), a radio station (<a href="/wiki/KHOE" class="mw-redirect" title="KHOE">KHOE</a>), and a satellite television channel (Maharishi Channel). During its 50-year history, its products and services have been offered through a variety of organizations, which are primarily nonprofit and educational. These include the Spiritual Regeneration Movement, the International Meditation Society, World Plan Executive Council, Maharishi Vedic Education Development Corporation, Transcendental Meditation for Women, the <a href="/wiki/Global_Country_of_World_Peace" title="Global Country of World Peace">Global Country of World Peace</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/David_Lynch_Foundation" title="David Lynch Foundation">David Lynch Foundation</a>. The TM movement also operates a worldwide network of Transcendental Meditation teaching centers, schools, universities, health centers, herbal supplements, solar panel, and home financing companies, plus several TM-centered communities. The global organization is reported to have an estimated net worth of <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a> 3.5 billion.<a href="#cite_note-Times0882-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The TM movement has been characterized in a variety of ways and has been called a spiritual movement, a <a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">new religious movement</a>,<a href="#cite_note-books.google.com-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-TM_and_cult_mania-70">[69]</a> a millenarian movement, a world affirming movement,<a href="#cite_note-Dawson-71">[70]</a> a new social movement,<a href="#cite_note-Blatter-72">[71]</a> a guru-centered movement,<a href="#cite_note-Olson,_Carl_2007_page_345-73">[72]</a> a personal growth movement,<a href="#cite_note-Shakespeare-74">[73]</a> a religion, and a <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TM_and_cult_mania-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Market85-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sagan,_Carl_1997_16-76">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-Szimhart-77">[76]</a> Additional sources contend that TM and its movement are not a cult.<a href="#cite_note-Harrison-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-heraldscotland.com-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hannaford,_Alex_2010-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lyster,_Samantha_2000-81">[80]</a> Participants in TM programs are not required to adopt a belief system; it is practiced by atheists, agnostics and people from a variety of religious affiliations.<a href="#cite_note-Liebler_2009-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-theguardian.com-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-concordmonitor.com-84">[83]</a> The organization has been the subject of controversies that includes being labelled a <a href="/wiki/Cult" title="Cult">cult</a> by several parliamentary inquiries or <a href="/wiki/Anti-cult_movement" title="Anti-cult movement">anti-cult movements</a> in the world.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-TM_and_cult_mania-70">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-Market85-75">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sagan,_Carl_1997_16-76">[75]</a> Some notable figures in pop-culture practicing TM include <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">the Beach Boys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kendall_Jenner" title="Kendall Jenner">Kendall Jenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Jackman" title="Hugh Jackman">Hugh Jackman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_Hanks" title="Tom Hanks">Tom Hanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Lopez" title="Jennifer Lopez">Jennifer Lopez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mick_Jagger" title="Mick Jagger">Mick Jagger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eva_Mendes" title="Eva Mendes">Eva Mendez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moby" title="Moby">Moby</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Aniston" title="Jennifer Aniston">Jennifer Aniston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicole_Kidman" title="Nicole Kidman">Nicole Kidman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Andr%C3%A9" title="Eric André">Eric André</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Seinfeld" title="Jerry Seinfeld">Jerry Seinfeld</a>, <a href="/wiki/Howard_Stern" title="Howard Stern">Howard Stern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Fox" title="Julia Fox">Julia Fox</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clint_Eastwood" title="Clint Eastwood">Clint Eastwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Martin_Scorsese" title="Martin Scorsese">Martin Scorsese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russell_Brand" title="Russell Brand">Russell Brand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nick_Cave" title="Nick Cave">Nick Cave</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Health_effects">Health effects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_Meditation&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Health effects">edit</a>]</div> The first studies of the health <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_meditation" title="Effects of meditation">effects of Transcendental Meditation</a> appeared in the early 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> There is no good evidence that TM reduces anxiety, or has any beneficial effect on forms of psychological stress or well-being.<a href="#cite_note-pmid16437509-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-goyal-2014-ahrq-91">[90]</a> A 2012 review found that Transcendental Meditation performed no better overall than other meditation techniques.<a href="#cite_note-Sed12a-9">[8]</a> The authors' analysis of a subset of these studies, those that studied specific categories of outcome, found that TM might perform better in reducing negative emotions, trait anxiety, and neuroticism and improving markers of learning, memory, and <a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">self-actualization</a>, but performs more poorly in reducing negative personality traits, reducing stress, improving attention and mindfulness and cognition, in comparison with other meditation approaches.<a href="#cite_note-Sed12b-92">[91]</a> A statement from the <a href="/wiki/American_Heart_Association" title="American Heart Association">American Heart Association</a> said that TM could be considered as a treatment for <a href="/wiki/Hypertension" title="Hypertension">hypertension</a>, although other interventions such as exercise and device-guided breathing were more effective and better supported by clinical evidence.<a href="#cite_note-AHA-93">[92]</a> TM may reduce <a href="/wiki/Blood_pressure" title="Blood pressure">blood pressure</a> according to a review that compared TM to <a href="/wiki/Treatment_and_control_groups" title="Treatment and control groups">control groups</a>. A trend over time indicates practicing TM may lower blood pressure. Such effects are comparable to other <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle_medicine" title="Lifestyle medicine">lifestyle interventions</a>. Conflicting findings across reviews and a potential risk of <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">bias</a> indicated the necessity of further evidence, conducted by researchers without bias. <a href="#cite_note-J._Hum._Hypertens.-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Complement._Ther._Med.-11">[10]</a> By 2004, the US government had given more than $20 million to Maharishi International University to study the effect of meditation on health.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_and_claims">Views and claims</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_Meditation&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Views and claims">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Views_on_consciousness_(1963)">Views on consciousness (1963)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_Meditation&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Views on consciousness (1963)">edit</a>]</div> In his 1963 book, The Science of Being and Art of Living, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi says that, over time, through the practice of the TM technique, the conscious mind gains familiarity with deeper levels of the mind, bringing the subconscious mind within the capacity of the conscious mind, resulting in expanded awareness in daily activity. He also teaches that the Transcendental Meditation practitioner transcends all mental activity and experiences the 'source of thought', which is said to be pure silence, 'pure awareness' or 'transcendental Being', 'the ultimate reality of life'.<a href="#cite_note-Science_of_Being-95">[94]</a>: pp 44–53 <a href="#cite_note-Phelan-96">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> TM is sometimes self described as a technology of consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-Hunt-98">[97]</a> According to author Michael Phelan, "The fundamental premise of the psychology of fulfillment is that within every person exists a seemingly inexhaustible center of energy, intelligence, and satisfaction... To the extent that our behavior depends on the degree of energy and intelligence available to us, this center of pure creative intelligence may be described as that resource which gives direction to all that we experience, think and do."<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> According to the Maharishi, there are seven levels of consciousness: (i) deep sleep; (ii) dreaming; (iii) waking; (iv) transcendental consciousness; (v) cosmic consciousness; (vi) God consciousness; and, (vii) unity consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The Maharishi says that transcendental consciousness can be experienced through Transcendental Meditation, and that those who meditate regularly over time could become aware of cosmic consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> An indication of cosmic consciousness is "ever present wakefulness" present even during sleep.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh_R,_Shapiro_SL_2006_227–39-102">[101]</a> Research on long-term TM practitioners experiencing what they describe as cosmic consciousness, has identified unique EEG profiles, muscle tone measurements, and REM indicators that suggest physiological parameters for this self described state of consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-Walsh_R,_Shapiro_SL_2006_227–39-102">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shapiro-103">[102]</a> However, the Cambridge Handbook of Consciousness notes that it is premature to say that the EEG coherence found in TM is an indication of a higher state of consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-Lutz-104">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_of_Creative_Intelligence_(1971)">Science of Creative Intelligence (1971)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_Meditation&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Science of Creative Intelligence (1971)">edit</a>]</div> In 1961, the Maharishi created the "International Meditation Society for the Science of Creative Intelligence".<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-105">[104]</a> In 1971 the Maharishi inaugurated "Maharishi's Year of Science of Creative Intelligence" and described SCI as the connection of "modern science with ancient Vedic science".<a href="#cite_note-Hume2005-106">[105]</a> Author Philip Goldberg describes it as Vedanta philosophy that has been translated into scientific language.<a href="#cite_note-Philip_Goldberg2-107">[106]</a> A series of international symposiums on the Science of Creative Intelligence were held between 1970 and 1973 and were attended by scientists and "leading thinkers", including <a href="/wiki/Buckminster_Fuller" title="Buckminster Fuller">Buckminster Fuller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Calvin" title="Melvin Calvin">Melvin Calvin</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> winner in chemistry, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Selye" title="Hans Selye">Hans Selye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marshal_McLuhan" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal McLuhan">Marshal McLuhan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Philip_Goldberg2-107">[106]</a> These symposiums were held at universities such as <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt State University">Humboldt State University</a> and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Massachusetts" title="University of Massachusetts">University of Massachusetts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Una_Kroll-111">[110]</a> The following year, the Maharishi developed a World Plan to spread his teaching of SCI around the world.<a href="#cite_note-Una_Kroll-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> The theoretical part of SCI is taught in a 33-lesson video course.<a href="#cite_note-maharishi.org-113">[112]</a> In the early 1970s, the SCI course was offered at more than 25 American universities including <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado" title="University of Colorado">University of Colorado</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oregon_State_University" title="Oregon State University">Oregon State University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Una_Kroll-111">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-TM_ABC_guide-114">[113]</a>: p 125 <a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> Until 2009, <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_University_of_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharishi University of Management">Maharishi University of Management</a> (MUM) required its undergraduate students to take SCI classes,<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-JME-117">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> and both MUM and <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_European_Research_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharishi European Research University">Maharishi European Research University</a> (MERU) in Switzerland have awarded degrees in the field.<a href="#cite_note-DePalma-120">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a> reports that children at <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_School,_Lancashire" title="Maharishi School, Lancashire">Maharishi School</a> learn SCI principles such as "the nature of life is to grow" and "order is present everywhere".<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> SCI is reported to be part of the curriculum of TM related lower schools in Iowa, <a href="/wiki/Wheaton,_Maryland" title="Wheaton, Maryland">Wheaton, Maryland</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skelmersdale" title="Skelmersdale">Skelmersdale</a>, UK.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> In 1975 SCI was used as the call letters for a TM owned television station in <a href="/wiki/San_Bernardino,_California" title="San Bernardino, California">San Bernardino, California</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> The Science of Creative Intelligence is not science.<a href="#cite_note-sci-125">[124]</a> Theologian <a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Price" title="Robert M. Price">Robert M. Price</a>, writing in the Creation/Evolution Journal (the journal of the <a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Science_Education" title="National Center for Science Education">National Center for Science Education</a>), compares the Science of Creative Intelligence to <a href="/wiki/Creationism" title="Creationism">Creationism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Price-126">[125]</a> Price says instruction in the Transcendental Meditation technique is "never offered without indoctrination into the metaphysics of 'creative intelligence'".<a href="#cite_note-Price-126">[125]</a> Skeptic <a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a> says SCI has "no scientific characteristics."<a href="#cite_note-randi.org-127">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Astrophysicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Astrophysicist">Astrophysicist</a> and sceptic <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a> writes that the "Hindu doctrine" of TM is a <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Sagan,_1997_p16-128">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irving_Hexham" title="Irving Hexham">Irving Hexham</a>, a professor of religious studies, describes the TM teachings as "pseudoscientific language that masks its religious nature by mythologizing science".<a href="#cite_note-Kennedy-105">[104]</a> Sociologists <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Stark" title="Rodney Stark">Rodney Stark</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Sims_Bainbridge" title="William Sims Bainbridge">William Sims Bainbridge</a> describe the SCI videotapes as largely based on the <a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a>, and say that they are "laced with parables and metaphysical postulates, rather than anything that can be recognized as conventional science".<a href="#cite_note-Stark-129">[128]</a> In 1979, the court case Malnak v Yogi determined that although SCI/TM is not a theistic religion, it deals with issues of ultimate concern, truth, and other ideas analogous to those in well-recognized religions.<a href="#cite_note-Merriman-130">[129]</a> Maharishi biographer Paul Mason suggests that the scientific terminology used in SCI was developed by the Maharishi as part of a restructuring of his philosophies in terms that would gain greater acceptance and increase the number of people starting the TM technique. He says that this change toward a more academic language was welcomed by many of the Maharishi's American students.<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maharishi_effect_(1974)">Maharishi effect (1974)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_Meditation&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Maharishi effect (1974)">edit</a>]</div> Maharishi Mahesh Yogi claimed that the quality of life would noticeably improve if at least the square root of one per cent (1%) of the population practised the Transcendental Meditation technique. This is known as the "Maharishi effect" and according to the Maharishi, it was perceived in 1974 after an analysis of crime statistics in 16 cities.<a href="#cite_note-Science_of_Being-95">[94]</a>: 329 <a href="#cite_note-Karam-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wager-133">[132]</a> With the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/TM-Sidhi_program" class="mw-redirect" title="TM-Sidhi program">TM-Sidhi program</a> including Yogic Flying, the Maharishi proposed that the square root of 1 per cent of the population (around 6325 people, the square root of 40 million (1% of the global population of about 4 billion people in 1974<a href="#cite_note-worldpop1974-134">[133]</a>)) practicing this advanced program together at the same time and in the same place would create benefits in society. This was referred to as the "Extended Maharishi Effect".<a href="#cite_note-Karam-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maharishi_University_of_Management-135">[134]</a> Author Ted Karam claims that there have been numerous studies on the Maharishi effect including a gathering of over 4,000 people (just under two thirds of the square root of 1% of the population as of 1974) in Washington, D.C. in the summer of 1993.<a href="#cite_note-Karam-132">[131]</a> The effect has been examined in 42 scientific studies.<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> The TM organisation has linked the fall of the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> and a reduction in global terrorism, US inflation and crime rates to the Maharishi effect.<a href="#cite_note-137">[136]</a> The Maharishi effect has been endorsed by the former President of Mozambique <a href="/wiki/Joaquim_Chissano" title="Joaquim Chissano">Joaquim Chissano</a>.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> As the theories proposed by TM practitioners<a href="#cite_note-Park-139">[138]</a> go beyond modern science[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words">weasel words</a>], the Maharishi effect still lacks a <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">causal basis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fales-140">[139]</a> Moreover, the evidence has been said to result from <a href="/wiki/Cherry_picking_(fallacy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cherry picking (fallacy)">cherry-picked data</a><a href="#cite_note-Schrodt-141">[140]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Credulity" title="Credulity">credulity</a> of believers.<a href="#cite_note-Fales-140">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-SFGate-142">[141]</a> Critics, such as <a href="/wiki/James_Randi" title="James Randi">James Randi</a>, have called this research <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> Randi says that he investigated comments made by former Maharishi International University faculty member Robert Rabinoff in 1978. He spoke to the <a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Iowa" title="Fairfield, Iowa">Fairfield</a> Chief of Police who said local crime levels were the same and the regional Agriculture Department who reportedly deemed that farm yields for <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_Iowa" title="Jefferson County, Iowa">Jefferson County</a> matched the state average.<a href="#cite_note-Randi106-144">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maharishi_Vedic_Science_(1981)">Maharishi Vedic Science (1981)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_Meditation&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Maharishi Vedic Science (1981)">edit</a>]</div> The Maharishi proclaimed 1981 as the Year of Vedic Science.<a href="#cite_note-Science_of_Being-95">[94]</a>: 336  It is based on the Maharishi's interpretation of ancient Vedic texts and includes subjective technologies like the Transcendental Meditation technique and the TM-Sidhi program plus programs like Maharishi Sthapatya Veda (MSV) and Maharishi Vedic Astrology (MVA) services which apply Vedic science to day-to-day living.<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> Vedic science studies the various aspects of life and their relationship to the Veda. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Maharishi_Ayurveda">Maharishi Ayurveda</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_Meditation&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Maharishi Ayurveda">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Vedic_Approach_to_Health" title="Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health">Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health</a></div> Maharishi Ayurveda<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-harvnb|Sharma|Clark|1998-148">[147]</a> or Maharishi Vedic Medicine<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> is a form of <a href="/wiki/Alternative_medicine" title="Alternative medicine">alternative medicine</a> founded in the mid-1980s by Maharishi.<a href="#cite_note-Sharma_1998_loc=Preface-64">[63]</a> Distinct from traditional <a href="/wiki/Ayurveda" title="Ayurveda">ayurveda</a>, it emphasizes the role of consciousness, and gives importance to positive emotions.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> Maharishi Ayurveda has been variously characterized as emerging from, and consistently reflecting, the <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a> school of <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a>, representing the entirety of the ayurvedic tradition.<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sharma95-152">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_Meditation&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">Sociologists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Religious_studies" title="Religious studies">religion scholars</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a> judge and court are among those who have expressed views on it being religious or non-religious.<a href="#cite_note-Bromley-Cowan_2015-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Praeger-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-American_Bar_Association_1978_144-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Third_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit</a> upheld the federal ruling that TM was essentially "religious in nature" and therefore could not be taught in public schools.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Evans2000-6">[6]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_Meditation&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bromley-Cowan_2015-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bromley-Cowan_2015_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromley-Cowan_2015_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromley-Cowan_2015_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromley-Cowan_2015_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromley-Cowan_2015_1-4">e</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCowanBromley2015" class="citation book cs1">Cowan, Douglas E.; <a href="/wiki/David_G._Bromley" title="David G. Bromley">Bromley, David G.</a>, eds. (2015) [2007]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p_xgBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA38">"Transcendental Meditation: The Questions of Science and Therapy"</a>. Cults and New Religions: A Brief History. Blackwell Brief Histories of Religion (2nd ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>. pp. 38–58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-72350-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-72350-0"><bdi>978-1-118-72350-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/2015005385">2015005385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Transcendental+Meditation%3A+The+Questions+of+Science+and+Therapy&rft.btitle=Cults+and+New+Religions%3A+A+Brief+History&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.series=Blackwell+Brief+Histories+of+Religion&rft.pages=38-58&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F2015005385&rft.isbn=978-1-118-72350-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp_xgBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA38&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-transcendental_deception-2"><a href="#cite_ref-transcendental_deception_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegel2018" class="citation book cs1">Siegel, Aryeh (2018). Transcendental Deception: Behind the TM Curtain. Los Angeles, CA: Janreg Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9996615-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9996615-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9996615-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcendental+Deception%3A+Behind+the+TM+Curtain&rft.place=Los+Angeles%2C+CA&rft.pub=Janreg+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-9996615-0-5&rft.aulast=Siegel&rft.aufirst=Aryeh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Praeger-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Praeger_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Praeger_3-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalo2008" class="citation book cs1">Calo, Zachary (2008). "Chapter 4: The Internationalization of Church-State Issues". In Duncan, Ann; Jones, Steven (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zzOn09EaETgC">Church-State Issues in America Today</a>. Westport, Connecticut: <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Praeger Publishers</a>. p. 159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99368-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-275-99368-9"><bdi>978-0-275-99368-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+4%3A+The+Internationalization+of+Church-State+Issues&rft.btitle=Church-State+Issues+in+America+Today&rft.place=Westport%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=159&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-275-99368-9&rft.aulast=Calo&rft.aufirst=Zachary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzzOn09EaETgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-American_Bar_Association_1978_144-4"><a href="#cite_ref-American_Bar_Association_1978_144_4-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshman1978" class="citation journal cs1">Ashman, Allan (January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eDu0e8buVPAC&pg=PA124">"What's New in the Law"</a>. <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="American Bar Association Journal">American Bar Association Journal</a>. 64. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/American_Bar_Association" title="American Bar Association">American Bar Association</a>: 124–144. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7596">0002-7596</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Bar+Association+Journal&rft.atitle=What%27s+New+in+the+Law&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=124-144&rft.date=1978-01&rft.issn=0002-7596&rft.aulast=Ashman&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeDu0e8buVPAC%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leagle.com/decision/1979789592F2d197_1763/MALNAK%20v.%20YOGI">"Malnak v. Yogi"</a>. Leagle. 1979. Retrieved 19 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Leagle&rft.atitle=Malnak+v.+Yogi&rft.date=1979&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.leagle.com%2Fdecision%2F1979789592F2d197_1763%2FMALNAK%2520v.%2520YOGI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Evans2000-6"><a href="#cite_ref-Evans2000_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBette_Novit_Evans2000" class="citation book cs1">Bette Novit Evans (9 November 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7lzMCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA65">Interpreting the Free Exercise of Religion: The Constitution and American Pluralism</a>. Univ of North Carolina Press. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-6134-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8078-6134-9"><bdi>978-0-8078-6134-9</bdi></a>. <q>Proponents of the program denied that Transcendental Meditation was a religion; the Third Circuit concluded that it was.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Interpreting+the+Free+Exercise+of+Religion%3A+The+Constitution+and+American+Pluralism&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Univ+of+North+Carolina+Press&rft.date=2000-11-09&rft.isbn=978-0-8078-6134-9&rft.au=Bette+Novit+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7lzMCQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawson2003" class="citation book cs1">Dawson, Lorne (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cultsnewreligiou00daws">Cults and New Religious Movements</a>. Hoboken, New Jersey: <a href="/wiki/Blackwell_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Blackwell Publishing">Blackwell Publishing</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cultsnewreligiou00daws/page/n61">54</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781405143493" title="Special:BookSources/9781405143493"><bdi>9781405143493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cults+and+New+Religious+Movements&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pages=54&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781405143493&rft.aulast=Dawson&rft.aufirst=Lorne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcultsnewreligiou00daws&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sed12a-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sed12a_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sed12a_9-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedlmeierEberthSchwarzZimmerman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sedlmeier, Peter; Eberth, Juliane; Schwarz, Marcus; Zimmerman, Doreen; Haarig, Frederik; Jaeger, Sonia; Kunze, Sonja; et al. (May 2012). "The Psychological Effects of Meditation: A Meta-Analysis". <a href="/wiki/Psychological_Bulletin" title="Psychological Bulletin">Psychological Bulletin</a>. 138 (6): 1139–1171. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1037%2Fa0028168">10.1037/a0028168</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22582738">22582738</a>. <q>The global analysis yielded quite comparable effects for TM, mindfulness meditation, and the other meditation procedures...So, it seems that the three categories we identified for the sake of comparison, TM, mindfulness meditation, and the heterogeneous category we termed other meditation techniques, do not differ in their overall effects. For most of the specific categories that could be analyzed, we found quite a variation in effects. These results indicate that different approaches to meditation might have differential effects. To date, it is difficult, however, to deduce any consistent differences therefrom.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychological+Bulletin&rft.atitle=The+Psychological+Effects+of+Meditation%3A+A+Meta-Analysis&rft.volume=138&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1139-1171&rft.date=2012-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1037%2Fa0028168&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22582738&rft.aulast=Sedlmeier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Eberth%2C+Juliane&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+Marcus&rft.au=Zimmerman%2C+Doreen&rft.au=Haarig%2C+Frederik&rft.au=Jaeger%2C+Sonia&rft.au=Kunze%2C+Sonja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-J._Hum._Hypertens.-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-J._Hum._Hypertens._10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-J._Hum._Hypertens._10-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaiChangChenLi2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bai, Z; Chang, J; Chen, C; Li, P; Yang, K; Chi, I (February 2015). "Investigating the effect of transcendental meditation on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis". <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Human_Hypertension" title="Journal of Human Hypertension">Journal of Human Hypertension</a>. 29 (11). <a href="/wiki/Nature_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Nature Publishing Group">Nature Publishing Group</a>: 653–662. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fjhh.2015.6">10.1038/jhh.2015.6</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1476-5527">1476-5527</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25673114">25673114</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22261">22261</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Human+Hypertension&rft.atitle=Investigating+the+effect+of+transcendental+meditation+on+blood+pressure%3A+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=653-662&rft.date=2015-02&rft.issn=1476-5527&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22261%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25673114&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fjhh.2015.6&rft.aulast=Bai&rft.aufirst=Z&rft.au=Chang%2C+J&rft.au=Chen%2C+C&rft.au=Li%2C+P&rft.au=Yang%2C+K&rft.au=Chi%2C+I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Complement._Ther._Med.-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Complement._Ther._Med._11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Complement._Ther._Med._11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOoiGiovinoPak2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ooi, Soo Liang; Giovino, Melisa; Pak, Sok Chean (October 2017). 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Journal of Modern Science and Vedic Science. 5 (1–2): 200. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527120152/http://www.mum.edu/pdf_msvs/v05/morris.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Modern+Science+and+Vedic+Science&rft.atitle=Maharishi%27s+Vedic+Science+and+Technology%3A+The+Only+Means+to+Create+World+Peace&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=200&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Morris&rft.aufirst=Bevan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mum.edu%2Fpdf_msvs%2Fv05%2Fmorris.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRooney2008" class="citation news cs1">Rooney, Ben (6 February 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/1577866/Maharishi-Mahesh-Yogi-guru-to-Beatles-dies.html">"Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, guru to Beatles, dies"</a>. 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New York: NYU Press. pp. 97–99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780814794500" title="Special:BookSources/9780814794500"><bdi>9780814794500</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcendent+in+America%3A+Hindu-Inspired+Meditation+Movements+as+New+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=97-99&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780814794500&rft.aulast=Williamson&rft.aufirst=Lola&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOxD1SYaelLAC%26q%3DKriya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Russell_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell1977" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Peter (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TZ89AAAAIAAJ&q=maharishi+%22transcendental+deep+meditation%22">The TM Technique: An Introduction to Transcendental Meditation and the Teachings of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a>. London: Routledge. pp. 25–26. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8539-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7100-8539-9"><bdi>978-0-7100-8539-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+TM+Technique%3A+An+Introduction+to+Transcendental+Meditation+and+the+Teachings+of+Maharishi+Mahesh+Yogi&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25-26&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=978-0-7100-8539-9&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTZ89AAAAIAAJ%26q%3Dmaharishi%2B%2522transcendental%2Bdeep%2Bmeditation%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Needleman-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Needleman_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeedleman1970" class="citation book cs1">Needleman, Jacob (1970). 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Indo-Asian News Service. 12 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hindustan+Times&rft.atitle=Maharishi%27s+ashes+immersed+in+Sangam&rft.date=2008-02-12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tm.org/meditation-techniques">"The Transcendental Meditation Program"</a>. Tm.org. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Transcendental+Meditation+Program&rft.pub=Tm.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tm.org%2Fmeditation-techniques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Epi06-30"><a href="#cite_ref-Epi06_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanskySt_Louis2006" class="citation journal cs1">Lansky, Ephraim; St Louis, Erik (November 2006). "Transcendental meditation: a double-edged sword in epilepsy?". Epilepsy & Behavior. 9 (3): 394–400. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2006.04.019">10.1016/j.yebeh.2006.04.019</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16931164">16931164</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:31764098">31764098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Epilepsy+%26+Behavior&rft.atitle=Transcendental+meditation%3A+a+double-edged+sword+in+epilepsy%3F&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=394-400&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A31764098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16931164&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yebeh.2006.04.019&rft.aulast=Lansky&rft.aufirst=Ephraim&rft.au=St+Louis%2C+Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-google138-31"><a href="#cite_ref-google138_31-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCotton1990" class="citation book cs1">Cotton, Dorothy H. G. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oLsECokSFHwC">Stress management: An integrated approach to therapy</a>. New York: Brunner/Mazel. p. 138. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87630-557-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-87630-557-5"><bdi>0-87630-557-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stress+management%3A+An+integrated+approach+to+therapy&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=138&rft.pub=Brunner%2FMazel&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-87630-557-5&rft.aulast=Cotton&rft.aufirst=Dorothy+H.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoLsECokSFHwC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Total_Heart_Health-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Total_Heart_Health_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchneiderFields2006" class="citation book cs1">Schneider, Robert; Fields, Jeremy (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EWXz0Y9maukC&q=transcendental+meditation+seven+steps&pg=PA148">Total Heart Health: How to Prevent and Reverse Heart Disease with the Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health</a>. Laguna Beach, CA: Basic Health Publications. pp. 148–149. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1458799247" title="Special:BookSources/1458799247"><bdi>1458799247</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Total+Heart+Health%3A+How+to+Prevent+and+Reverse+Heart+Disease+with+the+Maharishi+Vedic+Approach+to+Health&rft.place=Laguna+Beach%2C+CA&rft.pages=148-149&rft.pub=Basic+Health+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1458799247&rft.aulast=Schneider&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.au=Fields%2C+Jeremy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEWXz0Y9maukC%26q%3Dtranscendental%2Bmeditation%2Bseven%2Bsteps%26pg%3DPA148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy-33"><a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_33-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphyDonovanTaylor1997" class="citation book cs1">Murphy, M; Donovan, S; Taylor, E (1997). The Physical and Psychological Effects of Meditation: A review of Contemporary Research with a Comprehensive Bibliography 1931–1996. Sausalito, California: Institute of Noetic Sciences.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Physical+and+Psychological+Effects+of+Meditation%3A+A+review+of+Contemporary+Research+with+a+Comprehensive+Bibliography+1931%E2%80%931996&rft.place=Sausalito%2C+California&rft.pub=Institute+of+Noetic+Sciences&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Donovan%2C+S&rft.au=Taylor%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Relaxation_Response-34"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Relaxation_Response_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBensonKlipper2001" class="citation book cs1">Benson, Herbert; Klipper, Miriam Z. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TJDGTP9Sa5UC&q=transcendental%20meditation&pg=PA61">The Relaxation Response</a>. New York, NY: Quill. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-380-81595-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-380-81595-1"><bdi>978-0-380-81595-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Relaxation+Response&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Quill&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-380-81595-1&rft.aulast=Benson&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.au=Klipper%2C+Miriam+Z.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTJDGTP9Sa5UC%26q%3Dtranscendental%2520meditation%26pg%3DPA61&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sinatra-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Sinatra_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinatraRobertsZucker2007" class="citation book cs1">Sinatra, Stephen T.; Roberts, James C.; Zucker, Martin (20 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4TfJqNA8sOIC&q=transcendental+meditation&pg=PA192">Reverse Heart Disease Now: Stop Deadly Cardiovascular Plaque Before It's Too Late</a>. Wiley. p. 192. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-22878-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-22878-4"><bdi>978-0-470-22878-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reverse+Heart+Disease+Now%3A+Stop+Deadly+Cardiovascular+Plaque+Before+It%27s+Too+Late&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2007-12-20&rft.isbn=978-0-470-22878-4&rft.aulast=Sinatra&rft.aufirst=Stephen+T.&rft.au=Roberts%2C+James+C.&rft.au=Zucker%2C+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4TfJqNA8sOIC%26q%3Dtranscendental%2Bmeditation%26pg%3DPA192&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bushell-36"><a href="#cite_ref-Bushell_36-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBushell2009" class="citation journal cs1">Bushell, William (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TMJRynOxsisC&q=Transendental+Meditation&pg=PA20">"Longevity Potential Life Span and Health Span Enhancement through Practice of the Basic Yoga Meditation Regimen"</a>. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 1172: 20–7. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2009.04538.x">10.1111/j.1749-6632.2009.04538.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781573316774" title="Special:BookSources/9781573316774"><bdi>9781573316774</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19735236">19735236</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:222086314">222086314</a>. <q>Transcendental Meditation (TM), a concentrative technique ... has been the most extensively studied meditation technique.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+the+New+York+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Longevity+Potential+Life+Span+and+Health+Span+Enhancement+through+Practice+of+the+Basic+Yoga+Meditation+Regimen&rft.volume=1172&rft.pages=20-7&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1749-6632.2009.04538.x&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A222086314%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19735236&rft.isbn=9781573316774&rft.aulast=Bushell&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTMJRynOxsisC%26q%3DTransendental%2BMeditation%26pg%3DPA20&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOspinaBondKarkhaneh2007" class="citation journal cs1">Ospina MB, Bond K, Karkhaneh M, et al. (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780968">"Meditation practices for health: state of the research"</a>. Evid Rep Technol Assess (Full Rep) (155): 62. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4780968">4780968</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17764203">17764203</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evid+Rep+Technol+Assess+%28Full+Rep%29&rft.atitle=Meditation+practices+for+health%3A+state+of+the+research&rft.issue=155&rft.pages=62&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4780968%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17764203&rft.aulast=Ospina&rft.aufirst=MB&rft.au=Bond%2C+K&rft.au=Karkhaneh%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4780968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenthal_2011_14-38"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_2011_14_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2011" class="citation book cs1">Rosenthal, Norman (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ssJ6jU0YeNEC&q=340&pg=PT12">Transcendence: Healing and Transformation through Transcendental Meditation</a>. New York: Tarcher/Penguin. p. 14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58542-873-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58542-873-1"><bdi>978-1-58542-873-1</bdi></a>. <q>By my latest count, there have been 340 per-reviewed articles published on TM, many of which have appeared in highly respected journals.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcendence%3A+Healing+and+Transformation+through+Transcendental+Meditation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Tarcher%2FPenguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58542-873-1&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Norman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DssJ6jU0YeNEC%26q%3D340%26pg%3DPT12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freeman2009-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Freeman2009_39-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2009" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Lyn (2009). Mosby's Complementary & Alternative Medicine: A Research-Based Approach. Mosby Elsevier. p. 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780323053464" title="Special:BookSources/9780323053464"><bdi>9780323053464</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mosby%27s+Complementary+%26+Alternative+Medicine%3A+A+Research-Based+Approach&rft.pages=176&rft.pub=Mosby+Elsevier&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780323053464&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Lyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tm.org/learn-tm">"How To Learn"</a>. Tm.org. Retrieved 17 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+To+Learn&rft.pub=Tm.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tm.org%2Flearn-tm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120523183618/http://www.tm.org/tuition">"TM Course Fee"</a>. TM.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tm.org/tuition">the original</a> on 23 May 2012. Retrieved 30 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=TM+Course+Fee&rft.pub=TM.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tm.org%2Ftuition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121010161859/http://www.t-m.org.uk/learning.shtml">"Transcendental Meditation Fees and Course Details"</a>. Transcendental Meditation: Official website for the UK. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.t-m.org.uk/learning.shtml">the original</a> on 10 October 2012. Retrieved 31 January 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Transcendental+Meditation+Fees+and+Course+Details&rft.pub=Transcendental+Meditation%3A+Official+website+for+the+UK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.t-m.org.uk%2Flearning.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmerican_Bar_Association1978" class="citation journal cs1">American Bar Association (January 1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eDu0e8buVPAC&q=Transcendental+Meditation+was+held+to+be+a+religion+in+a+New+Jersey+court+case&pg=PA124">"Constitutional Law ... Separating Church and State"</a>. ABA Journal. 64: 144.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=ABA+Journal&rft.atitle=Constitutional+Law+...+Separating+Church+and+State&rft.volume=64&rft.pages=144&rft.date=1978-01&rft.au=American+Bar+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeDu0e8buVPAC%26q%3DTranscendental%2BMeditation%2Bwas%2Bheld%2Bto%2Bbe%2Ba%2Breligion%2Bin%2Ba%2BNew%2BJersey%2Bcourt%2Bcase%26pg%3DPA124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humes_page_69-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Humes_page_69_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumes2005" class="citation book cs1">Humes, C.A. (2005). "Maharishi Mahesh Yogi: Beyond the T.M. Technique". In Forsthoefel, Thomas A.; Humes, Cynthia Ann (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ugSb7mArJlYC">Gurus in America</a>. SUNY Press. p. 69. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-6573-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-6573-X"><bdi>0-7914-6573-X</bdi></a>. <q>This lawsuit was the most significant setback for TM in the United States ... Since then TM has made a comeback of sorts with some governmental sponsorship</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maharishi+Mahesh+Yogi%3A+Beyond+the+T.M.+Technique&rft.btitle=Gurus+in+America&rft.pages=69&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7914-6573-X&rft.aulast=Humes&rft.aufirst=C.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DugSb7mArJlYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bainbridge-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Bainbridge_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBainbridge1997" class="citation book cs1">Bainbridge, William Sims (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eCKbw8QuhEkC&q=tm">The Sociology of Religious Movements</a>. New York: Routledge. p. 188. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-91202-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-91202-4"><bdi>0-415-91202-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sociology+of+Religious+Movements&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=188&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-91202-4&rft.aulast=Bainbridge&rft.aufirst=William+Sims&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeCKbw8QuhEkC%26q%3Dtm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aghiorgoussis_21,_34-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Aghiorgoussis_21,_34_46-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAghiorgoussis1999" class="citation journal cs1">Aghiorgoussis, Maximos (Spring 1999). "The challenge of metaphysical experiences outside Orthodoxy and the Orthodox response". Greek Orthodox Theological Review. 44 (1–4). Brookline: 21, 34.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Greek+Orthodox+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=The+challenge+of+metaphysical+experiences+outside+Orthodoxy+and+the+Orthodox+response&rft.ssn=spring&rft.volume=44&rft.issue=1%E2%80%934&rft.pages=21%2C+34&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Aghiorgoussis&rft.aufirst=Maximos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chryssides_2001_301–303-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Chryssides_2001_301–303_47-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChryssides2001" class="citation book cs1">Chryssides, George D. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vyX1sL8-0gMC&pg=PA292">Exploring New Religions</a>. Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 301–303. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780826459596" title="Special:BookSources/9780826459596"><bdi>9780826459596</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+New+Religions&rft.pages=301-303&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780826459596&rft.aulast=Chryssides&rft.aufirst=George+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvyX1sL8-0gMC%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988">"Although one can identify the Maharishi's philosophical tradition, its teachings are in no way binding on TM practitioners. There is no public worship, no code of ethics, no scriptures to be studied, and no rites of passage that are observed, such as dietary laws, giving to the poor, or pilgrimages. In particular, there is no real TM community: practitioners do not characteristically meet together for public worship, but simply recite the mantra, as they have been taught it, not as religious obligation, but simply as a technique to benefit themselves, their surroundings and the wider world." </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPartridge200" class="citation book cs1">Partridge, Christopher (200). New Religions: A Guide To New Religious Movements, Sects and Alternative Spiritualities. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 184. <q>It is understood in terms of the reduction of stress and the charging of one's mental and physical batteries.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+Religions%3A+A+Guide+To+New+Religious+Movements%2C+Sects+and+Alternative+Spiritualities&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=184&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=200&rft.aulast=Partridge&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rosenthal_2011_4-49"><a href="#cite_ref-Rosenthal_2011_4_49-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenthal2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Norman_E._Rosenthal" title="Norman E. Rosenthal">Rosenthal, Norman E.</a> (2011). <a href="/wiki/Transcendence:_Healing_and_Transformation_Through_Transcendental_Meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendence: Healing and Transformation Through Transcendental Meditation">Transcendence: Healing and Transformation Through Transcendental Meditation</a>. Tarcher Penguin. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/transcendencehea00mdno/page/n18">4</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58542-873-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58542-873-1"><bdi>978-1-58542-873-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transcendence%3A+Healing+and+Transformation+Through+Transcendental+Meditation&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=Tarcher+Penguin&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-58542-873-1&rft.aulast=Rosenthal&rft.aufirst=Norman+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShear2006" class="citation book cs1">Shear, Jonathan, ed. (2006). Experience of Meditation: Experts Introduce the Major Traditions. St Paul, MN: Paragon House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55778-857-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55778-857-3"><bdi>978-1-55778-857-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experience+of+Meditation%3A+Experts+Introduce+the+Major+Traditions&rft.place=St+Paul%2C+MN&rft.pub=Paragon+House&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-55778-857-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thursby-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Thursby_51-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThursby1995" class="citation cs2">Thursby, Gene (1995), "Hare Krishna In America: Growth, Decline, and Accommodation", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americasalternat00mill">America's Alternative Religions</a>, Albany: <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>, pp. 193–195, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780791423981" title="Special:BookSources/9780791423981"><bdi>9780791423981</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hare+Krishna+In+America%3A+Growth%2C+Decline%2C+and+Accommodation&rft.btitle=America%27s+Alternative+Religions&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=193-195&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9780791423981&rft.aulast=Thursby&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericasalternat00mill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rohrlich-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Rohrlich_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohrlich2018" class="citation web cs1">Rohrlich, Justin (14 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/ivanka-trumps-gurus-say-their-techniques-can-end-war-and-make-you-fly">"Ivanka Trump's Gurus Say Their Techniques Can End War and Make You Fly"</a>. thedailybeast.com. The Daily Beast Company LLC. Retrieved 21 May 2024. <q>TM has its own set of scientists, viewed with skepticism by the mainstream scientific community.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thedailybeast.com&rft.atitle=Ivanka+Trump%27s+Gurus+Say+Their+Techniques+Can+End+War+and+Make+You+Fly&rft.date=2018-10-14&rft.aulast=Rohrlich&rft.aufirst=Justin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fivanka-trumps-gurus-say-their-techniques-can-end-war-and-make-you-fly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stark_1986_page_287-53"><a href="#cite_ref-Stark_1986_page_287_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStarkBainbridge1986" class="citation book cs1">Stark, Rodney; Bainbridge, William, Sims (1986). The Future Of Religion. University of California Press. p. 287. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0520057319" title="Special:BookSources/978-0520057319"><bdi>978-0520057319</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Future+Of+Religion&rft.pages=287&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0520057319&rft.aulast=Stark&rft.aufirst=Rodney&rft.au=Bainbridge%2C+William%2C+Sims&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) "Time magazine in 1975 estimated that the U.S. total had risen to 600,000 augmented by half that number elsewhere" =[900,000 worldwide] "Annual Growth in TM Initiations in the U.S. [chart] Cumulative total at the End of Each Year: 1977, 919,300" </li> <li id="cite_note-Petersen,_William_J._1982_p_123-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Petersen,_William_J._1982_p_123_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeterson1982" class="citation book cs1">Peterson, William (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thosecuriousnewc0000pete/page/123">Those Curious New Cults in the 80s</a>. New Canaan, Connecticut: Keats Publishing. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thosecuriousnewc0000pete/page/123">123</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879833176" title="Special:BookSources/9780879833176"><bdi>9780879833176</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Those+Curious+New+Cults+in+the+80s&rft.place=New+Canaan%2C+Connecticut&rft.pages=123&rft.pub=Keats+Publishing&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780879833176&rft.aulast=Peterson&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthosecuriousnewc0000pete%2Fpage%2F123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> claims "more than a million" in the USA and Europe. </li> <li id="cite_note-Occhiogrosso,_Peter_1996_p_66-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Occhiogrosso,_Peter_1996_p_66_55-0">^</a> Occhiogrosso, Peter. The Joy of Sects: A Spirited Guide to the World's Religious Traditions. New York: Doubleday (1996); p 66, citing "close to a million" in the USA. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bainbridge,_William_Sims_1997_page_189-56"><a href="#cite_ref-Bainbridge,_William_Sims_1997_page_189_56-0">^</a> Bainbridge, William Sims (1997) Routledge, The Sociology of Religious Movements, page 189 "the million people [Americans] who had been initiated" </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Analysis: Practice of requiring probationers to take lessons in transcendental meditation sparks religious controversy, NPR All Things Considered, 1 February 2002 | ROBERT SIEGEL "TM's five million adherents claim that it eliminates chronic health problems and reduces stress." </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Martin Hodgson, The Guardian (5 February 2008) "He [Maharishi] transformed his interpretations of ancient scripture into a multimillion-dollar global empire with more than 5m followers worldwide" </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Stephanie van den Berg, Sydney Morning Herald, Beatles guru Maharishi Mahesh Yogi dies, (7 February 2008) "the TM movement, which has some five million followers worldwide" </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Meditation a magic bullet for high blood pressure – study, Sunday Tribune (South Africa), (27 January 2008) "More than five million people have learned the technique worldwide, including 60,000 in South Africa." </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-61"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_61-0">^</a> Maharishi Mahesh Yogi - Transcendental Meditation founder's grand plan for peace, The Columbian (Vancouver, WA), 19 February 2006 | ARTHUR MAX Associated Press writer "transcendental meditation, a movement that claims 6 million practitioners since it was introduced." </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBickerton2003" class="citation news cs1">Bickerton, Ian (8 February 2003). "Bank makes an issue of mystic's mint". Financial Times. London (UK). p. 09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Times&rft.atitle=Bank+makes+an+issue+of+mystic%27s+mint&rft.pages=09&rft.date=2003-02-08&rft.aulast=Bickerton&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> the movement claims to have five million followers, </li> <li id="cite_note-Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi_1955-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi_1955_63-0">^</a> Maharishi Mahesh Yogi, Spiritual Leader Dies, New York Times, By LILY KOPPEL, Published: 6 February 2008 "Since the technique's inception in 1955, the organization says, it has been used to train more than 40,000 teachers, taught more than five million people" </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma_1998_loc=Preface-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_1998_loc=Preface_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharma_1998_loc=Preface_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharmaClark1998">Sharma & Clark 1998</a>, Preface harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSharmaClark1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Argus-65"><a href="#cite_ref-Argus_65-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://download.tmnews.org/2005_08_05_RockIsArgus_ltr.pdf">"Welvaert, Brandy, "Vedic homes seek better living through architecture", Rock Island Argus, (5 August 2005)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100326064802/http://download.tmnews.org/2005_08_05_RockIsArgus_ltr.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 26 March 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Welvaert%2C+Brandy%2C+%22Vedic+homes+seek+better+living+through+architecture%22%2C+Rock+Island+Argus%2C+%285+August+2005%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdownload.tmnews.org%2F2005_08_05_RockIsArgus_ltr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spivack-66"><a href="#cite_ref-Spivack_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpivack2008" class="citation news cs1">Spivack, Miranda (12 September 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/12/11/AR2008121103497.html">"Bricks Mortar and Serenity"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Bricks+Mortar+and+Serenity&rft.date=2008-09-12&rft.aulast=Spivack&rft.aufirst=Miranda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2008%2F12%2F11%2FAR2008121103497.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times0882-67"><a href="#cite_ref-Times0882_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100524223404/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3320882.ece">"Maharishi Mahesh Yogi"</a>. The Times. London (UK). 7 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/comment/obituaries/article3320882.ece">the original</a> on 24 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Maharishi+Mahesh+Yogi&rft.date=2008-02-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesonline.co.uk%2Ftol%2Fcomment%2Fobituaries%2Farticle3320882.ece&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.answers.com/topic/maharishi-mahesh-yogi">"Maharishi Mahesh Yogi"</a>. Britannica Concise Encyclopedia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maharishi+Mahesh+Yogi&rft.btitle=Britannica+Concise+Encyclopedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.answers.com%2Ftopic%2Fmaharishi-mahesh-yogi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.com-69"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.com_69-0">^</a> For new religious movement see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckford1985" class="citation book cs1">Beckford, James A. (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0pc9AAAAIAAJ">Cult controversies: the societal response to new religious movements</a>. Tavistock Publications. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-422-79630-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-422-79630-9"><bdi>978-0-422-79630-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cult+controversies%3A+the+societal+response+to+new+religious+movements&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=Tavistock+Publications&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-422-79630-9&rft.aulast=Beckford&rft.aufirst=James+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0pc9AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParsons1994" class="citation book cs1">Parsons, Gerald (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tlKkZoNPi0oC&pg=PA288">The Growth of Religious Diversity: Traditions</a>. The Open University/Methuen. p. 288. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08326-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08326-3"><bdi>978-0-415-08326-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Growth+of+Religious+Diversity%3A+Traditions&rft.pages=288&rft.pub=The+Open+University%2FMethuen&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08326-3&rft.aulast=Parsons&rft.aufirst=Gerald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtlKkZoNPi0oC%26pg%3DPA288&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> For neo-Hindu, see: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlper1991" class="citation book cs1">Alper, Harvey P. (December 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V8Upy4ApG_oC&pg=PA442">Understanding mantras</a>. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 442. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0746-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-0746-4"><bdi>978-81-208-0746-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Understanding+mantras&rft.pages=442&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass&rft.date=1991-12&rft.isbn=978-81-208-0746-4&rft.aulast=Alper&rft.aufirst=Harvey+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV8Upy4ApG_oC%26pg%3DPA442&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRajWilliam_P._Harman2007" class="citation book cs1">Raj, Selva J.; William P. Harman (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ov2oltTLinkC&pg=PA129">Dealing With Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia</a>. SUNY Press. p. 129. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6708-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-6708-4"><bdi>978-0-7914-6708-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dealing+With+Deities%3A+The+Ritual+Vow+in+South+Asia&rft.pages=129&rft.pub=SUNY+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-6708-4&rft.aulast=Raj&rft.aufirst=Selva+J.&rft.au=William+P.+Harman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOv2oltTLinkC%26pg%3DPA129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TM_and_cult_mania-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TM_and_cult_mania_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TM_and_cult_mania_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TM_and_cult_mania_70-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPersingerCarreySuess1980" class="citation book cs1">Persinger, Michael A.; Carrey, Normand J.; Suess, Lynn A. (1980). TM and cult mania. North Quincy, Mass.: Christopher Pub. House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8158-0392-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8158-0392-3"><bdi>0-8158-0392-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=TM+and+cult+mania&rft.place=North+Quincy%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Christopher+Pub.+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-8158-0392-3&rft.aulast=Persinger&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft.au=Carrey%2C+Normand+J.&rft.au=Suess%2C+Lynn+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dawson-71"><a href="#cite_ref-Dawson_71-0">^</a> Dawson, Lorne L. (2003) Blackwell Publishing, Cults and New Religious Movements, Chapter 3: Three Types of New Religious Movement by Roy Wallis (1984), page 44-48 </li> <li id="cite_note-Blatter-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Blatter_72-0">^</a> Christian Blatter, Donald McCown, Diane Reibel, Marc S. Micozzi, (2010) Springer Science+Business Media, Teaching Mindfulness, Page 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-Olson,_Carl_2007_page_345-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Olson,_Carl_2007_page_345_73-0">^</a> Olson, Carl (2007) Rutgers University Press, The Many Colors of Hinduism, page 345 </li> <li id="cite_note-Shakespeare-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Shakespeare_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShakespeare2014" class="citation news cs1">Shakespeare, Tom (24 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-27554640">"A Point of View"</a>. BBC News. Retrieved 31 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=A+Point+of+View&rft.date=2014-05-24&rft.aulast=Shakespeare&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-27554640&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Market85-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Market85_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Market85_75-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStark,_RodneyBainbridge,_William_Sims1985" class="citation book cs1">Stark, Rodney; Bainbridge, William Sims (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lTzPyvT2yusC&q=public+relations+Transcendental+meditation&pg=PA285">The future of religion: secularization, revival, and cult formation</a>. Berkeley, Calif: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-05731-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-05731-7"><bdi>0-520-05731-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+future+of+religion%3A+secularization%2C+revival%2C+and+cult+formation&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+Calif&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0-520-05731-7&rft.au=Stark%2C+Rodney&rft.au=Bainbridge%2C+William+Sims&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlTzPyvT2yusC%26q%3Dpublic%2Brelations%2BTranscendental%2Bmeditation%26pg%3DPA285&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sagan,_Carl_1997_16-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sagan,_Carl_1997_16_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sagan,_Carl_1997_16_76-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSagan,_Carl1997" class="citation book cs1">Sagan, Carl (1997). The demon-haunted world: science as a candle in the dark. New York: Ballantine Books. p. 16. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-345-40946-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-345-40946-9"><bdi>0-345-40946-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+demon-haunted+world%3A+science+as+a+candle+in+the+dark&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=16&rft.pub=Ballantine+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-345-40946-9&rft.au=Sagan%2C+Carl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Szimhart-77"><a href="#cite_ref-Szimhart_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzimhart2019" class="citation journal cs1">Szimhart, Joseph (2019). "A look into the Transcendental Deception". Skeptical Inquirer. 43 (2): 61–63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=A+look+into+the+Transcendental+Deception&rft.volume=43&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=61-63&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Szimhart&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harrison-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Harrison_78-0">^</a> Harrison, Shirley (1990). Cults: The Battle for God. Kent: Christopher Helm. pp. 93–103 "none of the other 'cultic qualities' defined by cult watchers can be fairly attributed to TM." </li> <li id="cite_note-heraldscotland.com-79"><a href="#cite_ref-heraldscotland.com_79-0">^</a> Rowson, Jonathan (23 April 2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.heraldscotland.com/meditation-for-old-hippies-or-a-better-way-of-life-1.839896">Meditation: for old hippies or a better way of life?</a> Sunday Herald (Scotland) " the TM movement is not a cult", accessed 2 Feb 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hannaford,_Alex_2010-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Hannaford,_Alex_2010_80-0">^</a> Hannaford, Alex (27 December 2010). "Mantra with a mission; Feature Om or ominous? The maverick film director David Lynch wants to bring Transcendental Meditation to our classrooms, and believes in 'yogic flying'. Can he get it off the ground?". The Sunday Times (London). </li> <li id="cite_note-Lyster,_Samantha_2000-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Lyster,_Samantha_2000_81-0">^</a> Lyster, Samantha (21 October 2000) Samantha Lyster finds herself in holistic heaven with new-found happiness and tranquillity after learning the art of transcendental meditation, The Birmingham Post (England), "TM is not a religion, a cult or a philosophy" </li> <li id="cite_note-Liebler_2009-82"><a href="#cite_ref-Liebler_2009_82-0">^</a> Liebler, Nancy and Moss, Nancy (2009) Healing Depression the Mind-Body Way: Creating Happiness with Meditation ["the TM technique does not require adherence to any belief system—there is no dogma or philosophy attached to it, and it does not demand any lifestyle changes other than the practice of it."] <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ac0g-v6gpjkC&q=Transcendental+Meditation">[1]</a> accessed 25 May 2013 </li> <li id="cite_note-theguardian.com-83"><a href="#cite_ref-theguardian.com_83-0">^</a> "Its proponents say it is not a religion or a philosophy."The Guardian 28 March 2009 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2009/mar/29/schools-pupils-meditation-courses">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-concordmonitor.com-84"><a href="#cite_ref-concordmonitor.com_84-0">^</a> "It's used in prisons, large corporations and schools, and it is not considered a religion." <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.concordmonitor.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20090331/NEWS01/903310312/0/FRONTPAGE">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303195556/http://www.concordmonitor.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F20090331%2FNEWS01%2F903310312%2F0%2FFRONTPAGE">Archived</a> 3 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Concord Monitor </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.assemblee-nationale.fr/rap-enq/r2468.asp">"Commission d'enquête sur les sectes – Assemblée nationale"</a>. www.assemblee-nationale.fr. 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"Meditation therapy for anxiety disorders". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (1): CD004998. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD004998.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD004998.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16437509">16437509</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Meditation+therapy+for+anxiety+disorders&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=CD004998&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD004998.pub2&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16437509&rft.aulast=Krisanaprakornkit&rft.aufirst=T&rft.au=Krisanaprakornkit%2C+W&rft.au=Piyavhatkul%2C+N&rft.au=Laopaiboon%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goyal-2014-ahrq-91"><a href="#cite_ref-goyal-2014-ahrq_91-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoyalSinghSibingaGould2014" class="citation book cs1">Goyal M, Singh S, Sibinga EM, Gould NF, Rowland-Seymour A, Sharma R, Berger Z, Sleicher D, Maron DD, Shihab HM, Ranasinghe PD, Linn S, Saha S, Bass EB, Haythornthwaite JA (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0063263/">Meditation Programs for Psychological Stress and Well-Being</a>. AHRQ Comparative Effectiveness Reviews. <a href="/wiki/Agency_for_Healthcare_Research_and_Quality" title="Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality">Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24501780">24501780</a>. <q>Our review finds that the mantra meditation programs do not appear to improve any of the psychological stress and well-being outcomes we examined, but the strength of this evidence varies from low to insufficient.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Meditation+Programs+for+Psychological+Stress+and+Well-Being&rft.series=AHRQ+Comparative+Effectiveness+Reviews&rft.pub=Agency+for+Healthcare+Research+and+Quality&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24501780&rft.aulast=Goyal&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Singh%2C+S&rft.au=Sibinga%2C+EM&rft.au=Gould%2C+NF&rft.au=Rowland-Seymour%2C+A&rft.au=Sharma%2C+R&rft.au=Berger%2C+Z&rft.au=Sleicher%2C+D&rft.au=Maron%2C+DD&rft.au=Shihab%2C+HM&rft.au=Ranasinghe%2C+PD&rft.au=Linn%2C+S&rft.au=Saha%2C+S&rft.au=Bass%2C+EB&rft.au=Haythornthwaite%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmedhealth%2FPMH0063263%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sed12b-92"><a href="#cite_ref-Sed12b_92-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSedlmeierEberthSchwarzZimmerman2012" class="citation journal cs1">Sedlmeier, Peter; Eberth, Juliane; Schwarz, Marcus; Zimmerman, Doreen; Haarig, Frederik; Jaeger, Sonia; Kunze, Sonja; et al. 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Comparatively strong effects for TM...were found in reducing negative emotions, trait anxiety, and neuroticism and being helpful in learning and memory and in self-realization...For mindfulness meditation, such comparatively strong effects were identified in reducing negative personality traits, reducing stress, and improving attention and mindfulness...(other meditation techniques) yielded a comparatively large effect in the category of cognition...TM yielded noticeably larger effects than mindfulness meditation for the categories negative emotions, neuroticism, trait anxiety, learning and memory, and self-realization. The opposite results were found for negative personality traits and self-concept, where the effects of mindfulness meditation were larger...For most of the specific categories that could be analyzed, we found quite a variation in effects. These results indicate that different approaches to meditation might have differential effects. 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A Revitalization of the American Civil Religion". <a href="/wiki/Archives_de_sciences_sociales_des_religions" title="Archives de sciences sociales des religions">Archives de sciences sociales des religions</a>. 1 (48).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+de+sciences+sociales+des+religions&rft.atitle=Transcendental+Meditation.+A+Revitalization+of+the+American+Civil+Religion&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=48&rft.date=1979-07%2F1979-09&rft.aulast=Phelan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Williams, Patrick Gresham (2000) The Spiritual Recovery Manual: Vedic Knowledge and Yogic Techniques to Accelerate Recovery, page 202 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dkuHUWYnW80C&dq=maharishi+%22god+consciousness%22&pg=PA66">Tillery, Gary, The Cynical Idealist; A Spiritual Biography of John Lennon</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140304013412/http://books.google.com/books?id=dkuHUWYnW80C&pg=PA66&dq=maharishi+%22god+consciousness%22">Archived</a> 2014-03-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Quest Books, 2009 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8356-0875-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8356-0875-1">0-8356-0875-1</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0875-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0875-6">978-0-8356-0875-6</a> pp 66-67 </li> <li id="cite_note-Walsh_R,_Shapiro_SL_2006_227–39-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_R,_Shapiro_SL_2006_227–39_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Walsh_R,_Shapiro_SL_2006_227–39_102-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalshShapiro2006" class="citation journal cs1">Walsh R, Shapiro SL (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7885t0n6">"The meeting of meditative disciplines and Western psychology: a mutually enriching dialogue"</a>. 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Oxford University Press. p. 30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198604433" title="Special:BookSources/9780198604433"><bdi>9780198604433</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voodoo+science%3A+The+road+from+foolishness+to+fraud&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780198604433&rft.aulast=Park&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxzCK6-Kqs6QC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fales-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fales_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fales_140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFalesMarkovsky1997" class="citation journal cs1">Fales, Evan; Markovsky, Barry (1997). "Evaluating Heterodox Theories". Social Forces. 76 (2): 511–525. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2580722">10.2307/2580722</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2580722">2580722</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Social+Forces&rft.atitle=Evaluating+Heterodox+Theories&rft.volume=76&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=511-525&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2580722&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2580722%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fales&rft.aufirst=Evan&rft.au=Markovsky%2C+Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schrodt-141"><a href="#cite_ref-Schrodt_141-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchrodt1990" class="citation journal cs1">Schrodt, Phillip A. (1990). "A methodological critique of a test of the Maharishi technology of the unified field". Journal of Conflict Resolution. 34 (4): 745–755. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0022002790034004008">10.1177/0022002790034004008</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/174187">174187</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145426830">145426830</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Conflict+Resolution&rft.atitle=A+methodological+critique+of+a+test+of+the+Maharishi+technology+of+the+unified+field&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=745-755&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145426830%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F174187%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0022002790034004008&rft.aulast=Schrodt&rft.aufirst=Phillip+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SFGate-142"><a href="#cite_ref-SFGate_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1995" class="citation news cs1">Epstein, Edward (29 December 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?file=/chronicle/archive/1995/12/29/MN65432.DTL">"Politics and Transcendental Meditation"</a>. San Francisco Chronicle.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Politics+and+Transcendental+Meditation&rft.date=1995-12-29&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ffile%3D%2Fchronicle%2Farchive%2F1995%2F12%2F29%2FMN65432.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCALAMAI2004" class="citation news cs1">CALAMAI, PETER (9 October 2004). "Stop the bleeping pseudoscience; Quantum physics film drowns in its own bunk science High point in What The Bleep is stunning animation sequence". Toronto Star. p. J.13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toronto+Star&rft.atitle=Stop+the+bleeping+pseudoscience%3B+Quantum+physics+film+drowns+in+its+own+bunk+science+High+point+in+What+The+Bleep+is+stunning+animation+sequence&rft.pages=J.13&rft.date=2004-10-09&rft.aulast=CALAMAI&rft.aufirst=PETER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Randi106-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Randi106_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandi,_James1982" class="citation book cs1">Randi, James (1982). Flim-flam!: psychics, ESP, unicorns, and other delusions. Buffalo, N.Y.: Prometheus Books. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87975-198-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-87975-198-3"><bdi>0-87975-198-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flim-flam%21%3A+psychics%2C+ESP%2C+unicorns%2C+and+other+delusions&rft.place=Buffalo%2C+N.Y.&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Prometheus+Books&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-87975-198-3&rft.au=Randi%2C+James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBonshekBonshekFergusson2007" class="citation book cs1">Bonshek, Anna; Bonshek, Corrina; Fergusson, Lee (2007). The Big Fish: Consciousness as Structure, Body and Space. (Consciousness, Literature the Arts). Rodopi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2172-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-420-2172-3"><bdi>978-90-420-2172-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Big+Fish%3A+Consciousness+as+Structure%2C+Body+and+Space.+%28Consciousness%2C+Literature+the+Arts%29&rft.pub=Rodopi&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-90-420-2172-3&rft.aulast=Bonshek&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft.au=Bonshek%2C+Corrina&rft.au=Fergusson%2C+Lee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChandler" class="citation web cs1">Chandler, Kenneth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527213259/https://www.mum.edu/msvs/Chandler1.html">"Modern Science and Vedic Science: An Introduction"</a>. Modern Science and Vedic Science, Volume 1. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mum.edu/msvs/Chandler1.html">the original</a> on 27 May 2010. Retrieved 15 November 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modern+Science+and+Vedic+Science%3A+An+Introduction&rft.pub=Modern+Science+and+Vedic+Science%2C+Volume+1&rft.aulast=Chandler&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mum.edu%2Fmsvs%2FChandler1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWallace1993">Wallace 1993</a>, pp. 64–66 </li> <li id="cite_note-harvnb|Sharma|Clark|1998-148"><a href="#cite_ref-harvnb|Sharma|Clark|1998_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharmaClark1998">Sharma & Clark 1998</a> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFSharmaClark1998 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReddyEgenes2002">Reddy & Egenes 2002</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> For a brief history of traditional ayurveda, and selected translations from the original Sanskrit sources, see <a href="#CITEREFWujastyk2003">Wujastyk 2003</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Cynthia Ann Humes, "Maharishi Ayur-Veda", chapter 17 in <a href="#CITEREFWujastykSmith2008">Wujastyk & Smith 2008</a>, pp. 309 and 326 </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharma95-152"><a href="#cite_ref-Sharma95_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSharma1995">Sharma 1995</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_Meditation&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReddyEgenes2002" class="citation cs2">Reddy, Kumuda; Egenes, Linda (2002), Conquering Chronic Disease Through Maharishi Vedic Medicine, New York: Lantern Books, p. 10, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-930051-55-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-930051-55-3"><bdi>978-1-930051-55-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conquering+Chronic+Disease+Through+Maharishi+Vedic+Medicine&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=10&rft.pub=Lantern+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-930051-55-3&rft.aulast=Reddy&rft.aufirst=Kumuda&rft.au=Egenes%2C+Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSharma1995" class="citation cs2">Sharma, Hari (1995), "Maharishi Ayur-VedaAn Ancient Health Paradigm in a Modern World", Alternative and Complementary Therapies, 1 (6): 364, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1089%2Fact.1995.1.364">10.1089/act.1995.1.364</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alternative+and+Complementary+Therapies&rft.atitle=Maharishi+Ayur-VedaAn+Ancient+Health+Paradigm+in+a+Modern+World&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=364&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1089%2Fact.1995.1.364&rft.aulast=Sharma&rft.aufirst=Hari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace1993" class="citation cs2">Wallace, Robert Keith (1993), The physiology of consciousness, Fairfield, Iowa: Maharishi International University Press, pp. 64–66, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-923569-02-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-923569-02-0"><bdi>978-0-923569-02-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+physiology+of+consciousness&rft.place=Fairfield%2C+Iowa&rft.pages=64-66&rft.pub=Maharishi+International+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-923569-02-0&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Robert+Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWujastyk2003" class="citation book cs1">Wujastyk, Dominik (2003). The Roots of Ayurveda: Selections from Sanskrit Medical Writings. London, New York, etc.: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044824-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-044824-5"><bdi>978-0-14-044824-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Roots+of+Ayurveda%3A+Selections+from+Sanskrit+Medical+Writings&rft.place=London%2C+New+York%2C+etc.&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-14-044824-5&rft.aulast=Wujastyk&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWujastykSmith2008" class="citation book cs1">Wujastyk, Dagmar; Smith, Frederick M. (2008). Modern and global Ayurveda: Pluralism and Paradigms. Albany: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7489-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7489-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-7489-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+and+global+Ayurveda%3A+Pluralism+and+Paradigms&rft.place=Albany&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7489-1&rft.aulast=Wujastyk&rft.aufirst=Dagmar&rft.au=Smith%2C+Frederick+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATranscendental+Meditation" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_Meditation&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bloomfield, Harold H., Cain, Michael Peter, Jaffe, Dennis T. (1975) TM: Discovering Inner Energy and Overcoming Stress <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-440-06048-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-440-06048-6">0-440-06048-6</a></li> <li>Denniston, Denise, The TM Book, Fairfield Press 1986 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-931783-02-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-931783-02-X">0-931783-02-X</a></li> <li>Forem, Jack (2012) Hay House UK Ltd, Transcendental Meditation: The Essential Teachings of Maharishi Mahesh Yogi <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84850-379-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-84850-379-2">1-84850-379-2</a></li> <li>Roth, Robert (1994) Primus, Transcendental Meditation <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55611-403-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-55611-403-6">1-55611-403-6</a></li> <li>Maharishi Mahesh Yogi (1968) (Bantam Books) Transcendental Meditation: Serenity Without Drugs <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-451-05198-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-451-05198-X">0-451-05198-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcendental_Meditation&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style 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class="mw-redirect" title="Template talk:Transcendental Meditation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Transcendental_Meditation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Transcendental Meditation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Transcendental_Meditation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transcendental Meditation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Programs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Transcendental_Meditation" title="History of Transcendental Meditation">History of Transcendental Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Peace_Palace" title="Maharishi Peace Palace">Maharishi Peace Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Vedic_Approach_to_Health" title="Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health">Maharishi Vedic Approach to Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_in_education" title="Transcendental Meditation in education">Transcendental Meditation in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_technique" title="Transcendental Meditation technique">Transcendental Meditation technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch_Foundation" title="David Lynch Foundation">David Lynch Foundation</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Country_of_World_Peace" title="Global Country of World Peace">Global Country of World Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Heaven_on_Earth_Development" title="Maharishi Heaven on Earth Development">Maharishi Heaven on Earth Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party" title="Natural Law Party">Natural Law Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_of_Canada" title="Natural Law Party of Canada">Natural Law Party of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(United_States)" title="Natural Law Party (United States)">Natural Law Party (United States)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_Law_Party_(Trinidad_and_Tobago)" title="Natural Law Party (Trinidad and Tobago)">Natural Law Party (Trinidad and Tobago)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendental_Meditation_movement" title="Transcendental Meditation movement">Transcendental Meditation movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Institute_of_Management" title="Maharishi Institute of Management">Maharishi Institute of Management</a> (IN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi_Vedic_University" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Vedic University">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi Vedic University</a> (IN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_School,_Lancashire" title="Maharishi School, Lancashire">Maharishi School</a> (UK)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_School_(US)" title="Maharishi School (US)">Maharishi School of the Age of Enlightenment</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_University_of_Management_and_Technology" title="Maharishi University of Management and Technology">Maharishi University of Management and Technology</a> (IN)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_International_University" title="Maharishi International University">Maharishi International University</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Vidya_Mandir_Schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools">Maharishi Vidya Mandir Schools</a> (IN)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Ashley Deans</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bevan_Morris" title="Bevan Morris">Bevan Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmananda_Saraswati" title="Brahmananda Saraswati">Brahmananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Orme-Johnson" title="David Orme-Johnson">David Orme-Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deepak_Chopra" title="Deepak Chopra">Deepak Chopra</a></li> <li>John Fagan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hagelin" title="John Hagelin">John Hagelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Cooke_de_Herrera" title="Nancy Cooke de Herrera">Nancy Cooke de Herrera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Mahesh_Yogi" title="Maharishi Mahesh Yogi">Maharishi Mahesh Yogi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Lonsdorf" title="Nancy Lonsdorf">Nancy Lonsdorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudence_Farrow" title="Prudence Farrow">Prudence Farrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Nader" title="Tony Nader">Tony Nader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles_in_Bangor" title="The Beatles in Bangor">In Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles_in_India" title="The Beatles in India">In India</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fairfield,_Iowa" title="Fairfield, Iowa">Fairfield, Iowa</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Domes" title="Golden Domes">Golden Domes</a> (US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hararit" title="Hararit">Hararit</a> (IL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolleg_St._Ludwig" title="Kolleg St. Ludwig">Kolleg St. Ludwig</a> (NL)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maharishi_Vedic_City,_Iowa" title="Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa">Maharishi Vedic City, Iowa</a> (US)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catching_the_Big_Fish" title="Catching the Big Fish">Catching the Big Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Wants_to_Fly" title="David Wants to Fly">David Wants to Fly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KSCI" title="KSCI">KSCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TM_and_Cult_Mania" title="TM and Cult Mania">TM and Cult Mania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendence:_Healing_and_Transformation_Through_Transcendental_Meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendence: Healing and Transformation Through Transcendental Meditation">Transcendence: Healing and Transformation Through Transcendental Meditation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Meditation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Meditation" title="Template:Meditation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Meditation" title="Template talk:Meditation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Meditation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Meditation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Meditation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brain_activity_and_meditation" title="Brain activity and meditation">Brain activity and meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="History of meditation">History of meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation_in_popular_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Meditation in popular culture">Meditation in popular culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%E2%80%93body_interventions" title="Mind–body interventions">Mind–body interventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Effects_of_meditation" title="Effects of meditation">Research on meditation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Traditions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati (Buddhist breathing meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Buddhist meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_meditation" title="Christian meditation">Christian meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_meditation" title="Taoist meditation">Taoist meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dancemeditation" title="Dancemeditation">Dancemeditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna (Buddhist meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Hinduism" title="Dhyana in Hinduism">Dhyāna (Hindu meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henosis" title="Henosis">Henosis (Neoplatonic meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic meditation">Islamic meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_meditation" title="Jain meditation">Jain meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_meditation" title="Jewish meditation">Jewish meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqabah" title="Muraqabah">Muraqabah (Sufi meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation#New_Age" title="Meditation">New Age meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo (Sikism meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neigong" title="Neigong">Neigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pranayama" title="Pranayama">Pranayama (yoga breathing practice)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silva_Method" title="Silva Method">Silva Method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Transcendental meditation (TM)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha-vipassana">Vipassanā (Silent meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen (Zen Buddhist seated meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhan_zhuang" title="Zhan zhuang">Zhan zhuang (tai chi standing meditation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5Rhythms" title="5Rhythms">5Rhythms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofeedback" title="Biofeedback">Biofeedback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brainwave_entrainment" title="Brainwave entrainment">Brainwave entrainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaphragmatic_breathing" title="Diaphragmatic breathing">Breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chanting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dh%C4%81ra%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Dhāraṇā">Concentration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conscious_breathing" title="Conscious breathing">Conscious breathing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Emptiness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guided_meditation" class="mw-redirect" title="Guided meditation">Guided meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_consciousness" title="Higher consciousness">Higher consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation_music" title="Meditation music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Oneness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_poetry" title="Meditative poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditative_postures" title="Meditative postures">Postures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relaxation_technique" title="Relaxation technique">Relaxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samyama" title="Samyama">Samyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantric_sex" title="Tantric sex">Tantric sex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Samatha-vipassana">Silence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation#Sound-based_meditation" title="Meditation">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trance" title="Trance">Trance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_image" title="Mental image">Visualization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Focused attention <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thich Nhat Hanh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Open awareness <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Kabat-Zinn" title="Jon Kabat-Zinn">Jon Kabat-Zinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Harris" title="Sam Harris">Sam Harris</a></li></ul></li> <li>Multiple methods <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pema_Ch%C3%B6dr%C3%B6n" title="Pema Chödrön">Pema Chödrön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Piver" title="Susan Piver">Susan Piver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._N._Goenka" title="S. N. Goenka">S. N. Goenka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goldstein_(writer)" title="Joseph Goldstein (writer)">Joseph Goldstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuval_Noah_Harari" title="Yuval Noah Harari">Yuval Harari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthieu_Ricard" title="Matthieu Ricard">Matthieu Ricard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharon_Salzberg" title="Sharon Salzberg">Sharon Salzberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Goleman" title="Daniel Goleman">Daniel Goleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thubten_Chodron" title="Thubten Chodron">Thubten Chodron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martine_Batchelor" title="Martine Batchelor">Martine Batchelor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Batchelor_(author)" title="Stephen Batchelor (author)">Stephen Batchelor</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Works</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Varieties_of_the_Meditative_Experience" title="The Varieties of the Meditative Experience">The Varieties of the Meditative Experience</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meditation_and_pain" title="Meditation and pain">Meditation and pain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, 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