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.mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Western Digital MCP-1600</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:WD16_on_AM-100.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/WD16_on_AM-100.jpg/250px-WD16_on_AM-100.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/WD16_on_AM-100.jpg/330px-WD16_on_AM-100.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/WD16_on_AM-100.jpg/500px-WD16_on_AM-100.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">MCP-1600 microprocessor with WD16 microcode in five 40-pin packages.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">General information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">1975<span class="noprint">; 50 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1975</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Common manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Performance</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. <a href="/wiki/Central_processing_unit" title="Central processing unit">CPU</a> <a href="/wiki/Clock_rate" title="Clock rate">clock rate</a></th><td class="infobox-data">to 3.3 MHz</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Data width</th><td class="infobox-data">8 (microdata), 18 (microcode), 16 (macrodata)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Address width</th><td class="infobox-data">11 (microcode), 16 (macrodata)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Architecture and classification</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Number of instructions</th><td class="infobox-data">98</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Physical specifications</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Package</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>4 or 5 x 40-pin <a href="/wiki/Dual_in-line_package" title="Dual in-line package">DIP</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">History</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">none</td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="font-size:88%;width:34em;"> <caption>MCP-1600 registers </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup>1</sup><sub>5</sub> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup>1</sup><sub>4</sub> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup>1</sup><sub>3</sub> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup>1</sup><sub>2</sub> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup>1</sup><sub>1</sub> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup>1</sup><sub>0</sub> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>9</sub> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>8</sub> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>7</sub> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>6</sub> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>5</sub> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>4</sub> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>3</sub> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>2</sub> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>1</sub> </td> <td style="text-align:center;"><sup>0</sup><sub>0</sub> </td> <td><i>(bit position)</i> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="16"><b>Register file</b> <br /> </td> <td colspan="1">LSI-11 use<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">R3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">R2 </td> <td style="width:auto; background:white; color:black;">PSW </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">R5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">R4 </td> <td style="width:auto; background:white; color:black;">Destination </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">R7 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">R6 </td> <td style="width:auto; background:white; color:black;">Source </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">R9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">R8 </td> <td style="width:auto; background:white; color:black;">Bus address </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">RB </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">RA </td> <td style="width:auto; background:white; color:black;">Instruction register </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">RD/GD </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">RC/GC </td> <td style="width:auto; background:white; color:black;">R7 (PC) </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">RF/GF </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">RE/GE </td> <td style="width:auto; background:white; color:black;">R6 (SP) </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">GB </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">GA </td> <td style="width:auto; background:white; color:black;">R5 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">G9 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">G8 </td> <td style="width:auto; background:white; color:black;">R4 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">G7 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">G6 </td> <td style="width:auto; background:white; color:black;">R3 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">G5 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">G4 </td> <td style="width:auto; background:white; color:black;">R2 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">G3 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">G2 </td> <td style="width:auto; background:white; color:black;">R1 </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">G1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">G0 </td> <td style="width:auto; background:white; color:black;">R0 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17"><b>Control registers</b> <br /> </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center; background:white" colspan="13">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3">G </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;">Register Pointer </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center; background:white" colspan="5">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="11">LC </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;">Location Counter </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center; background:white" colspan="5">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="11">RR </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;">Return Register </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">TR1 </td> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="8">TR0 </td> <td style="background:white; color:black;">Translation Register </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="17"><b>Status register</b> </td></tr> <tr style="background:silver;color:black"> <td style="text-align:center; background:white" colspan="8">  </td> <td style="text-align:center;">NB </td> <td style="text-align:center;">ZB </td> <td style="text-align:center;">C4 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">C8 </td> <td style="text-align:center;">N </td> <td style="text-align:center;">Z </td> <td style="text-align:center;">V </td> <td style="text-align:center;">C </td> <td style="background:white; color:black">ALU status/Flags </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>MCP-1600</b> is a multi-chip <a href="/wiki/16-bit" class="mw-redirect" title="16-bit">16-bit</a> <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> introduced by <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital" title="Western Digital">Western Digital</a> in 1975 and produced through the early 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Used in the <a href="/wiki/Pascal_MicroEngine" title="Pascal MicroEngine">Pascal MicroEngine</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Western_Digital_WD16" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Digital WD16">WD16</a> processor in the <a href="/wiki/Alpha_Microsystems" title="Alpha Microsystems">Alpha Microsystems</a> AM-100, and the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="/wiki/PDP-11#LSI-11" title="PDP-11">LSI-11</a> microcomputer,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a cost-reduced and compact implementation of the DEC <a href="/wiki/PDP-11" title="PDP-11">PDP-11</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCP-1600&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are three types of chips in the chip-set: </p> <ul><li>CP1611 RALU - Register <a href="/wiki/Arithmetic_logic_unit" title="Arithmetic logic unit">ALU</a> chip</li> <li>CP1621 CON - Control chip</li> <li>CP1631 MICROM - Mask-programmed <a href="/wiki/Microcode" title="Microcode">microcode</a> <a href="/wiki/Read-only_memory" title="Read-only memory">ROM</a> chip (512 – 22 bit words)</li></ul> <p>The chips use a 3.3<a href="/wiki/MHz" class="mw-redirect" title="MHz">MHz</a> <a href="/wiki/Clock_signal#4-phase_clock" title="Clock signal">four phase clock</a> and three power supply voltages (+5V, +12V, and -5V), as required by the <a href="/wiki/N-channel" class="mw-redirect" title="N-channel">N-channel</a> <a href="/wiki/Self-aligned_gate" title="Self-aligned gate">silicon gate</a> process then available at Western Digital. Internally the MCP-1600 is a (relatively fast) 8-bit processor that can be micro-programmed to emulate a 16-bit CPU. All byte operations execute in one clock period; word operations and branches take two clocks. Up to four MICROMs are supported, but usually two or three could hold the needed microprogram for a processor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The register file consists of 26 8-bit registers. Ten may be addressed directly by the microinstruction (Rx), four may be addressed either directly or indirectly (Rx/Gx), and the remaining 12 may be addressed only indirectly (Gx). Indirect addressing is via a 3-bit G register which is usually loaded with the register field of the PDP-11 instruction.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most significant feature of the MCP-1600 is its Programmable Translation Array (PTA). The PTA serves to generate new microinstruction fetch addresses as a function of several parameters. These parameters are those which are normally considered during the decode of a macroinstruction. The PTA was designed specifically to eliminate most of the overhead of macroinstruction translation. Essentially a macroinstruction opcode is quickly translated into an address that is loaded onto the Location Counter, creating a jump to the appropriate microcode to handle the macroinstruction.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>John Wallace was the Project Manager and designed the 1621, Mike Briner designed the 1611, and later became a Senior VP at <a href="/wiki/Silicon_Storage_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon Storage Technology">Silicon Storage Technology</a>. Bill Pohlman was the design engineering manager and he later was Project Manager for the <a href="/wiki/Intel_8086" title="Intel 8086">Intel 8086</a> processor. </p><p>Microcode could be developed using a <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">DEC</a> <a href="/wiki/LSI-11" class="mw-redirect" title="LSI-11">LSI-11</a> computer with the KUV11-AA <a href="/wiki/Writable_control_store" class="mw-redirect" title="Writable control store">Writable Control Store</a> (WCS) option. This option allowed programming of the internal 8-bit micromachine to create application-specific extensions to the instruction set. The WCS is a quad <a href="/wiki/Q-Bus" title="Q-Bus">Q-Bus</a> board with a ribbon cable connecting to an open MCP-1600 microcode ROM socket.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1976, the three-chip minimum MCP-1600 configuration was offered at $159 ($880 in 2024) in 100-999 quantities.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1976, it was announced that <a href="/wiki/National_Semiconductor" title="National Semiconductor">National Semiconductor</a> would second-source the MCP-1600. It is unclear whether any were produced by National.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A clone of the CP1611 and CP1621 was manufactured in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> under the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_integrated_circuit_designation" title="Soviet integrated circuit designation">designation</a> KR581IK1 and KR581IK2 (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <i lang="ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A581" class="extiw" title="ru:К581">КР581ИК1</a> and КР581ИК2</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-cpuworld_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cpuworld-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet 581 series included other members of the MCP-1600 family as well.<sup id="cite_ref-kozak_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kozak-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Simulator">Simulator</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCP-1600&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Simulator"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>cp16sim</i> is an open source MCP-1600 simulator. Written in <a href="/wiki/C_(programming_language)" title="C (programming language)">C</a>, it emulates the MCP-1600 processor and its PTA executing the code found on the WD9000 Pascal Microengine processor. As of 2016 it is unfinished. "It works well enough to execute the first few dozen p-code instructions of the ACD PDQ-3 boot ROM before going into the weeds." It is released under the <a href="/wiki/GNU_General_Public_License" title="GNU General Public License">GNU General Public License</a> version 3.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCP-1600&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerycaption">Die photos from LSI-11 chip set</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 229.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 227.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Digital_1611_die.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="CP1611 RALU chip"><img alt="CP1611 RALU chip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Western_Digital_1611_die.JPG/341px-Western_Digital_1611_die.JPG" decoding="async" width="228" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Western_Digital_1611_die.JPG/512px-Western_Digital_1611_die.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Western_Digital_1611_die.JPG/682px-Western_Digital_1611_die.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3336" data-file-height="2934" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CP1611 RALU chip</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 210px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 208px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Digital_2007_die.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="CP1621 Control chip"><img alt="CP1621 Control chip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Western_Digital_2007_die.JPG/312px-Western_Digital_2007_die.JPG" decoding="async" width="208" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Western_Digital_2007_die.JPG/468px-Western_Digital_2007_die.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Western_Digital_2007_die.JPG/624px-Western_Digital_2007_die.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3307" data-file-height="3182" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CP1621 Control chip</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 214px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 212px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Western_Digital_3010_die.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="CP1631 MICROM chip"><img alt="CP1631 MICROM chip" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Western_Digital_3010_die.JPG/318px-Western_Digital_3010_die.JPG" decoding="async" width="212" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Western_Digital_3010_die.JPG/476px-Western_Digital_3010_die.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Western_Digital_3010_die.JPG/635px-Western_Digital_3010_die.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2756" data-file-height="2603" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">CP1631 MICROM chip</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=MCP-1600&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBell1978" class="citation book cs1">Bell, C. Gordon (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gordonbell.azurewebsites.net/computer_engineering/contents.html"><i>Computer Engineering: A DEC View of Hardware Systems Design</i></a> (4th Printing ed.). Digital Equipment Corporation. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-483207-67-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-483207-67-6"><bdi>1-483207-67-6</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 July</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computer+Engineering%3A+A+DEC+View+of+Hardware+Systems+Design&rft.edition=4th+Printing&rft.pub=Digital+Equipment+Corporation&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=1-483207-67-6&rft.aulast=Bell&rft.aufirst=C.+Gordon&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgordonbell.azurewebsites.net%2Fcomputer_engineering%2Fcontents.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMCP-1600" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nMHHJQxdDHYC&pg=RA1-PA26">"Western Digital adds MCP-1600 Micro"</a>. <i>Computerworld</i>. 26 November 1975.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Computerworld&rft.atitle=Western+Digital+adds+MCP-1600+Micro&rft.date=1975-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnMHHJQxdDHYC%26pg%3DRA1-PA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMCP-1600" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170103021205/http://www.antiquetech.com/?page_id=782">"Western Digital 1600"</a>. 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March 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Data&rft.atitle=MCP+1600+Second+Sourced&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=40&rft.date=1976-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.decromancer.ca%2Fbitsavers.org%2Fmagazines%2FModern_Data%2FModern_Data_1976_03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMCP-1600" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cpuworld-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cpuworld_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cpu-world.com/info/exUSSR-chips.html">"Soviet microprocessors, microcontrollers, FPU chips and their western analogs"</a>. CPU-world<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Soviet+microprocessors%2C+microcontrollers%2C+FPU+chips+and+their+western+analogs&rft.pub=CPU-world&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cpu-world.com%2Finfo%2FexUSSR-chips.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMCP-1600" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kozak-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kozak_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFКозак2014" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Козак, Виктор Романович (24 May 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.inp.nsk.su/~kozak/adv/advh1.htm">"Номенклатура интегральных микросхем — Микропроцессоры: серии 580 - 589"</a> [Nomenclature of integrated circuits — Microprocessors: Series 580 - 589] (in Russian)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0+%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC+%E2%80%94+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%8B%3A+%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8+580+-+589&rft.date=2014-05-24&rft.aulast=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA&rft.aufirst=%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.inp.nsk.su%2F~kozak%2Fadv%2Fadvh1.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMCP-1600" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSmith" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/brouhaha/cp16sim">"Microcode-Level Simulator for Western Digital MCP1600"</a>. <i>Github</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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