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data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Bird_colours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bird_colours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Bird colours</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bird_colours-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bird colours subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bird_colours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bird_camouflage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bird_camouflage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Bird camouflage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bird_camouflage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Noticeable_colours" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Noticeable_colours"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Noticeable colours</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Noticeable_colours-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Flight</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Flight-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Flight subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Types_of_flight" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_flight"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Types of flight</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_flight-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flocks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flocks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Flocks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flocks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flightless_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flightless_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Flightless birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flightless_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Preening</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Digestion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Digestion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Digestion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Digestion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Reproduction</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Reproduction subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Reproduction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mating" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mating"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Mating</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mating-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nesting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nesting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Nesting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nesting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hatching" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hatching"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hatching</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hatching-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Families" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Families"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Families</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Families-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Communication</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Communication-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Communication subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Songbirds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Songbirds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Songbirds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Songbirds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lorenz's_studies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lorenz's_studies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Lorenz's studies</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lorenz's_studies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Jackdaw_of_Altenberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Jackdaw_of_Altenberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>The Jackdaw of Altenberg</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Jackdaw_of_Altenberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_and_taxonomy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_and_taxonomy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Evolution and taxonomy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Evolution_and_taxonomy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Evolution and taxonomy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Evolution_and_taxonomy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Definition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Definition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_first_bird-like_creatures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_first_bird-like_creatures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>The first bird-like creatures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_first_bird-like_creatures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evolution_of_modern_birds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evolution_of_modern_birds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Evolution of modern birds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evolution_of_modern_birds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Birds_and_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Birds_and_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Birds and people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Birds_and_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bird_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bird_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Bird orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bird_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bird_population_decreasing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bird_population_decreasing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Bird population decreasing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bird_population_decreasing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Other websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bird</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 238 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-238" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">238 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cic%C3%A9m" title="Cicém – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Cicém" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%B1%D0%B7%D1%83%D1%85%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Къуалэбзухэр – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къуалэбзухэр" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B7%D1%8B%D1%83" title="Бзыу – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Бзыу" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C3%ABl" title="Voël – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Voël" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6gel" title="Vögel – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vögel" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%8D%8D" title="ወፍ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወፍ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodeh" title="Lodeh – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Lodeh" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title="पक्षी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पक्षी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugol" title="Fugol – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fugol" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="طائر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="طائر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%90" title="ܛܝܪܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܛܝܪܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pu%C4%BEiu" title="Puľiu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Puľiu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Us%C3%A9l" title="Usél – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Usél" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%87" title="চৰাই – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="চৰাই" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pirecic" title="Pirecic – Atikamekw" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Pirecic" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="Atikamekw" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guyra" title="Guyra – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Guyra" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%87%D3%80" title="ХӀинчӀ – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="ХӀинчӀ" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jamach%27i" title="Jamach'i – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jamach'i" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C5%9F" title="Quş – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Quş" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B4" title="قوش – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="قوش" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kedis" title="Kedis – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Kedis" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A6%BF" title="পাখি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাখি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" title="Burung – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Burung" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chi%C3%A1u" title="Chiáu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Chiáu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%A0%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Ҡоштар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ҡоштар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Птушкі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Птушкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D1%83%D1%88%D0%BA%D1%96" title="Птушкі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Птушкі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%88" title="चिरई – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="चिरई" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gamgam" title="Gamgam – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gamgam" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pijin" title="Pijin – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Pijin" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Птици – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Птици" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegl" title="Vegl – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vegl" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%96%E0%BE%B1%E0%BC%8D" title="བྱ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="བྱ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptice" title="Ptice – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ptice" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evn" title="Evn – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Evn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD" title="Шубуун – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Шубуун" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ocells" title="Ocells – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ocells" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%C4%95%C3%A7%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B9%C4%83%D0%BA" title="Вĕçенкайăк – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вĕçенкайăк" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langgam" title="Langgam – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Langgam" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt%C3%A1ci" title="Ptáci – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ptáci" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shiri" title="Shiri – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Shiri" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viyuni" title="Viyuni – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Viyuni" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aderyn" title="Aderyn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Aderyn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noo%C5%8Ba" title="Nooŋa – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Nooŋa" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugle" title="Fugle – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fugle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="طير – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="طير" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loddi" title="Loddi – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Loddi" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voggel" title="Voggel – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Voggel" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deitsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B6gel" title="Vögel – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vögel" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ts%C3%ADdii" title="Tsídii – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsídii" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pta%C5%A1ki" title="Ptaški – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Ptaški" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnud" title="Linnud – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Linnud" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%AC" title="Πτηνά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πτηνά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bird" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Нармунть – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Нармунть" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Birdoj" title="Birdoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Birdoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A1xaru" title="Páxaru – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Páxaru" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegazti" title="Hegazti – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegazti" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xewo" title="Xewo – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Xewo" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%87" title="پرنده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرنده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chirriya" title="Chirriya – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Chirriya" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuglur" title="Fuglur – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Fuglur" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oiseau" title="Oiseau – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Oiseau" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%BBgels" title="Fûgels – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fûgels" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ushag" title="Ushag – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Ushag" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eun" title="Eun – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Eun" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Оалхазараш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Оалхазараш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%80%E4%BB%94" title="雀仔 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="雀仔" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%95%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B7%E0%AB%80" title="પક્ષી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પક્ષી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C3%A2u" title="Tiâu – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Tiâu" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%B4" title="Шовуд – Kalmyk" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Шовуд" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmyk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Хальмг</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%88" title="새 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="새" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuntsu" title="Tsuntsu – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Tsuntsu" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B9%D5%BC%D5%B9%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Թռչուններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Թռչուններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title="पक्षी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पक्षी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptaki" title="Ptaki – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Ptaki" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptice" title="Ptice – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ptice" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ucelo" title="Ucelo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ucelo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Billit" title="Billit – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Billit" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" title="Burung – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Burung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ave" title="Ave – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Ave" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avie" title="Avie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Avie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%C5%8Bmiaq" title="Tiŋmiaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Tiŋmiaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%C3%A6%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8A%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Мæргътæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Мæргътæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugl" title="Fugl – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Fugl" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%AA" title="עופות – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עופות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuk" title="Manuk – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Manuk" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suma%C9%A3" title="Sumaɣ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Sumaɣ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B7%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪಕ್ಷಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಕ್ಷಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayup" title="Ayup – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Ayup" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%95%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ფრინველები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფრინველები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="جاناوار – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="جاناوار" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt%C3%B4ch%C3%AB" title="Ptôchë – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Ptôchë" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D2%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Құстар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Құстар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edhen" title="Edhen – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Edhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndege_(mnyama)" title="Ndege (mnyama) – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Ndege (mnyama)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zveri_(Aves)" title="Zveri (Aves) – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Zveri (Aves)" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwazo" title="Zwazo – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Zwazo" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zozo" title="Zozo – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Zozo" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Balinde" title="Balinde – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Balinde" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%83%D1%88" title="Куш – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Куш" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="Кек – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Кек" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кырык мары</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vicel" title="Vicel – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Vicel" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Лелуххи – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Лелуххи" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%81" title="ສັດປີກ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ສັດປີກ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ltg mw-list-item"><a href="https://ltg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putni" title="Putni – Latgalian" lang="ltg" hreflang="ltg" data-title="Putni" data-language-autonym="Latgaļu" data-language-local-name="Latgalian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latgaļu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Putni" title="Putni – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Putni" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vullen" title="Vullen – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vullen" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%83%D1%8C%D0%BA%D3%80" title="НуькӀ – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="НуькӀ" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauk%C5%A1%C4%8Diai" title="Paukščiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Paukščiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veugel" title="Veugel – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Veugel" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%C9%9Bk%C9%9B" title="Ndɛkɛ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ndɛkɛ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avia" title="Avia – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Avia" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnut" title="Linnut – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Linnut" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/lo_cipni" title="lo cipni – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="lo cipni" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madarak" title="Madarak – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Madarak" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Птици – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Птици" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vorona" title="Vorona – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Vorona" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF" title="പക്ഷി – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പക്ഷി" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C4%A7asfur" title="Għasfur – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Għasfur" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80" title="पक्षी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पक्षी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A4%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="მაფურინჯეეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მაფურინჯეეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="طير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA" title="مرغ – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="مرغ" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" title="Burung – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Burung" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8E%EA%AF%86%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9B" title="ꯎꯆꯦꯛ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯎꯆꯦꯛ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buruang" title="Buruang – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Buruang" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%93u" title="Cēu – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Cēu" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Нармоттне – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Нармоттне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%83%D1%83" title="Шувуу – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Шувуу" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%84%E1%80%BE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ငှက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ငှက်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manumanu_vuka" title="Manumanu vuka – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Manumanu vuka" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vogels" title="Vogels – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vogels" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voegel" title="Voegel – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Voegel" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="चरा – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="चरा" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%83" title="झंगः – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="झंगः" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%A5%E9%A1%9E" title="鳥類 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="鳥類" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auciello" title="Auciello – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Auciello" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88" title="Олхазарш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Олхазарш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr badge-Q17506997 badge-featuredlist mw-list-item" title="featured list badge"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B6gler" title="Fögler – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Fögler" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Berd" title="Berd – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Berd" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fugler" title="Fugler – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fugler" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuglar" title="Fuglar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fuglar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oua%C3%AEs%C3%A9" title="Ouaîsé – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Ouaîsé" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aus%C3%A8l" title="Ausèl – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ausèl" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Кайык – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Кайык" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%80" title="ପକ୍ଷୀ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପକ୍ଷୀ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allaattiiwan" title="Allaattiiwan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Allaattiiwan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qushlar" title="Qushlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Qushlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9B%E0%A9%80" title="ਪੰਛੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੰਛੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%DA%86%DA%BE%DB%8C" title="پنچھی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنچھی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%BA%D9%87" title="مرغه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مرغه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bod" title="Bod – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bod" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Кайез – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Кайез" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Перем коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%94%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B8" title="បក្សី – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="បក្សី" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oizo" title="Oizo – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Oizo" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Osej" title="Osej – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Osej" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vagels" title="Vagels – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vagels" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptaki" title="Ptaki – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ptaki" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qus" title="Qus – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Qus" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pas%C4%83re" title="Pasăre – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pasăre" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utschels" title="Utschels – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Utschels" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisqu" title="Pisqu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pisqu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%8B" title="Птахы – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Птахы" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Птицы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Птицы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D3%A9%D1%82%D3%A9%D1%80%D0%B4%D3%A9%D1%80" title="Көтөрдөр – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Көтөрдөр" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/paayam" title="paayam – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="paayam" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A3%E0%A4%83" title="पक्षिणः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पक्षिणः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AA%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%AC%E1%B1%AE" title="ᱪᱮᱬᱮ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱪᱮᱬᱮ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bird" title="Bird – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bird" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuugele" title="Fuugele – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Fuugele" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zogu" title="Zogu – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Zogu" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aceddu" title="Aceddu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Aceddu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%9D" title="කුරුල්ලෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කුරුල්ලෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="پکي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پکي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tinyoni" title="Tinyoni – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Tinyoni" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vt%C3%A1ky" title="Vtáky – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vtáky" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pti%C4%8Di" title="Ptiči – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ptiči" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pt%C5%8Fki" title="Ptŏki – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ptŏki" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimbir" title="Shimbir – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Shimbir" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%DB%95%D9%84" title="مەل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="مەل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B5" title="Птице – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Птице" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ptica" title="Ptica – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ptica" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuk" title="Manuk – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Manuk" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linnut" title="Linnut – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Linnut" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A5glar" title="Fåglar – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fåglar" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibon" title="Ibon – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ibon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88" title="பறவை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பறவை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ag%E1%B8%8Di%E1%B8%8D" title="Agḍiḍ – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Agḍiḍ" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aylal" title="Aylal – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Aylal" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Кошлар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Кошлар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89" title="ၼူၵ်ႉ – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၼူၵ်ႉ" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/qbhniq" title="qbhniq – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="qbhniq" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B7%E0%B0%BF" title="పక్షి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పక్షి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%81" title="สัตว์ปีก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สัตว์ปีก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Паранда – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Паранда" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%AF%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%8D%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8F%A5%E1%8F%8D%E1%8F%86" title="ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎯᎸᏍᎩ ᏥᏍᏆ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ve%27kese" title="Ve'kese – Cheyenne" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Ve'kese" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="Cheyenne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%BF" title="ಪಕ್ಕಿ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪಕ್ಕಿ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ku%C5%9F" title="Kuş – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kuş" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gu%C5%9F" title="Guş – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Guş" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nnomaa" title="Nnomaa – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Nnomaa" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BE" title="Тылобурдо – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Тылобурдо" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Птахи – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Птахи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%81" title="پرندہ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پرندہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%87%D8%B4%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="قۇشلار – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="قۇشلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duzroeg" title="Duzroeg – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Duzroeg" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aves" title="Aves – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Aves" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lindud" title="Lindud – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lindud" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chim" title="Chim – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chim" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%B6ds" title="Böds – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Böds" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsirk" title="Tsirk – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tsirk" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oujhea" title="Oujhea – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Oujhea" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B3%A5" title="鳥 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="鳥" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veugel" title="Veugel – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Veugel" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tamsi" title="Tamsi – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tamsi" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%9F" title="鸟 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="鸟" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%99%D7%92%D7%9C" title="פויגל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="פויגל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8y%E1%BA%B9" title="Ẹyẹ – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹyẹ" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%80" title="雀 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="雀" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%B1ri%C3%A7%C4%B1ki" title="Mıriçıki – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Mıriçıki" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Veugels" title="Veugels – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Veugels" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pauk%C5%A1t%C4%93" title="Paukštē – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Paukštē" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B8%9F" title="鸟 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鸟" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bdr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bdr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Memanuk" title="Memanuk – West Coast Bajau" lang="bdr" hreflang="bdr" data-title="Memanuk" data-language-autonym="Bajau Sama" data-language-local-name="West Coast Bajau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bajau Sama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tombolog" title="Tombolog – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Tombolog" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burung" title="Burung – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Burung" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A8%E1%A5%90" title="ᥘᥨᥐ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥘᥨᥐ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q5113#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bird" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bird" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" 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Follow the link for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Follow the link for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)">Birds<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Upper_Cretaceous" title="Upper Cretaceous">Upper Cretaceous</a>-<a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Present</a> <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">72–0 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:195.63076923077px; width:24.369230769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:195.63076923077px; width:24.369230769231px; background-color:#360; opacity:1;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:196.63076923077px; width:22.369230769231px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></span> <figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bird_Diversity_2013.png/300px-Bird_Diversity_2013.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="418" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bird_Diversity_2013.png/450px-Bird_Diversity_2013.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Bird_Diversity_2013.png/600px-Bird_Diversity_2013.png 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="1392" usemap="#ImageMap_3a686dd780cdcd23" resource="/wiki/File:Bird_Diversity_2013.png" /></span><map name="ImageMap_3a686dd780cdcd23"><area href="/wiki/Red-crested_turaco" shape="rect" coords="0,0,100,70" alt="Red-crested turaco" title="Red-crested turaco" /><area href="/wiki/Steller%27s_sea_eagle" shape="rect" coords="0,70,100,141" alt="Steller's sea eagle" title="Steller's sea eagle" /><area href="/wiki/Rock_dove" shape="rect" coords="0,209,100,141" alt="Rock dove" title="Rock dove" /><area href="/wiki/Southern_cassowary" shape="rect" coords="0,279,100,210" alt="Southern cassowary" title="Southern cassowary" /><area href="/wiki/Gentoo_penguin" shape="rect" coords="0,348,100,279" alt="Gentoo penguin" title="Gentoo penguin" /><area href="/wiki/Bar-throated_minla" shape="rect" coords="0,418,100,348" alt="Bar-throated minla" title="Bar-throated minla" /><area href="/wiki/Shoebill" shape="rect" coords="200,0,100,70" alt="Shoebill" title="Shoebill" /><area href="/wiki/Grey_crowned_crane" shape="rect" coords="200,70,100,141" alt="Grey crowned crane" title="Grey crowned crane" /><area href="/wiki/Anna%27s_hummingbird" shape="rect" coords="200,209,100,141" alt="Anna's hummingbird" title="Anna's hummingbird" /><area href="/wiki/Rainbow_lorikeet" shape="rect" coords="200,279,100,210" alt="Rainbow lorikeet" title="Rainbow lorikeet" /><area href="/wiki/Grey_heron" shape="rect" coords="200,348,100,279" alt="Grey heron" title="Grey heron" /><area href="/wiki/Eurasian_eagle-owl" shape="rect" coords="200,418,100,348" alt="Eurasian eagle-owl" title="Eurasian eagle-owl" /><area href="/wiki/White-tailed_tropicbird" shape="rect" coords="300,0,100,70" alt="White-tailed tropicbird" title="White-tailed tropicbird" /><area href="/wiki/Indian_peafowl" shape="rect" coords="300,70,100,141" alt="Indian peafowl" title="Indian peafowl" /><area href="/wiki/Atlantic_puffin" shape="rect" coords="300,209,100,141" alt="Atlantic puffin" title="Atlantic puffin" /><area href="/wiki/American_flamingo" shape="rect" coords="300,279,100,210" alt="American flamingo" title="American flamingo" /><area href="/wiki/Blue-footed_booby" shape="rect" coords="300,348,100,279" alt="Blue-footed booby" title="Blue-footed booby" /><area href="/wiki/Keel-billed_toucan" shape="rect" coords="300,418,100,348" alt="Keel-billed toucan" title="Keel-billed toucan" /></map><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Aves" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ornithurae" title="Ornithurae">Ornithurae</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Class: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Aves</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Linnaeus" title="Carl Linnaeus">Linnaeus</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_edition_of_Systema_Naturae" title="10th edition of Systema Naturae">1758</a><sup id="cite_ref-brands_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brands-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li>Neornithes <small>Gadow, 1883</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Birdmorphology.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Birdmorphology.svg/300px-Birdmorphology.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Birdmorphology.svg/450px-Birdmorphology.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Birdmorphology.svg/600px-Birdmorphology.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="430" /></a><figcaption>External anatomy of a bird (example: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yellow-wattled_lapwing&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yellow-wattled lapwing (not yet started)">yellow-wattled lapwing</a>): 1 Beak, 2 Head, 3 Iris, 4 Pupil, 5 Mantle, 6 Lesser <a href="/w/index.php?title=Covert_(feather)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Covert (feather) (not yet started)">coverts</a>, 7 Scapulars, 8 Median coverts, 9 Tertials, 10 Rump, 11 Primaries, 12 <a href="/wiki/Cloaca#Birds" title="Cloaca">Vent</a>, 13 Thigh, 14 Tibio-tarsal articulation, 15 Tarsus, 16 Foot, 17 Tibia, 18 Belly, 19 Flanks, 20 Breast, 21 Throat, 22 Wattle, 23 Eyestripe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BirdBeaksA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BirdBeaksA.svg/230px-BirdBeaksA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="692" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BirdBeaksA.svg/345px-BirdBeaksA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/BirdBeaksA.svg/460px-BirdBeaksA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="465" data-file-height="1400" /></a><figcaption>Bird <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beaks</a> as <a href="/wiki/Adaptations" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptations">adaptations</a></figcaption></figure> <p><b>Birds</b> (<b>Aves</b>) are a group of <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">animals with backbones</a>. They <a href="/wiki/Evolved" class="mw-redirect" title="Evolved">evolved</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>. Technically, birds are dinosaurs.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birds are <a href="/wiki/Thermoregulation" title="Thermoregulation">warm blooded</a>. Their <a href="/wiki/Feather" title="Feather">feathers</a> help prevent loss of body <a href="/wiki/Heat" title="Heat">heat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modern birds do not have <a href="/wiki/Tooth" title="Tooth">teeth</a>. They have <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beaked</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaw" title="Jaw">jaws</a>. Birds <a href="/wiki/Oviparous_animals" title="Oviparous animals">lay</a> <a href="/wiki/Cleidoic_egg" title="Cleidoic egg">hard-shelled</a> eggs. They have a high <a href="/wiki/Metabolic_rate" title="Metabolic rate">metabolic rate</a> and a strong but lightweight <a href="/wiki/Skeleton" title="Skeleton">skeleton</a>. Their <a href="/wiki/Heart" title="Heart">hearts</a> have four chambers. </p><p>Birds live all over the world. They range in size from the 5 cm (2 in) <a href="/wiki/Bee_hummingbird" title="Bee hummingbird">bee hummingbird</a> to the 2.70 m (9 ft) <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostrich</a>. There are about ten thousand <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> of birds. More than half of these are <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerines</a>, or perching birds. </p><p>Birds have <a href="/wiki/Wing" title="Wing">wings</a>. The wings develop differently in different species. The only known groups of birds without wings are the <a href="/wiki/Extinction" title="Extinction">extinct</a> <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Elephant_bird" title="Elephant bird">elephant birds</a>. Wings evolved from the forelimbs of birds. They give birds the ability to fly. Over time, many groups of birds evolved with smaller wings. These include <a href="/wiki/Ratites" class="mw-redirect" title="Ratites">ratites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Penguins" class="mw-redirect" title="Penguins">penguins</a> and many island species of birds. The <a href="/wiki/Digestive_system" title="Digestive system">digestive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Respiratory_system" title="Respiratory system">respiratory systems</a> of birds are also <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">adapted</a> for flight. Some bird species in <a href="/wiki/Marine_environment" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine environment">aquatic environments</a> have evolved as good swimmers. This is seen in <a href="/wiki/Seabirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Seabirds">seabirds</a> and some waterbirds. </p><p>In general, birds <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">inherit</a> their behaviour almost entirely. The key elements of their lives are inherited.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a great discovery that birds never learn to fly.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is wrong to say when a chick waves its wings in the nest that "it is learning to fly". What the chick is doing is exercising its <a href="/wiki/Muscle" title="Muscle">muscles</a>. If they are a species that flies, they develop the ability <i>automatically.</i> If they are species that <a href="/wiki/Migrate" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrate">migrates</a>, that behaviour is also inherited. Many species migrate over great distances each year. Other main features of their life may be inherited, though they can, and do, learn. Birds have good memories, An example of this is when they search for food. </p><p>Several bird species make and use <a href="/wiki/Tool" title="Tool">tools</a>. Some social species pass on some knowledge across generation. This is a form of <a href="/wiki/Culture" title="Culture">culture</a>. Birds are social animals. They <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communicate</a> with visual signals as well as with calls and <a href="/wiki/Bird_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird song">bird songs</a>. Most of their social behaviours are inherited. Examples of this include flocking, <a href="/wiki/Mobbing" title="Mobbing">mobbing</a> of predators and cooperative breeding and hunting, <sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-David_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most bird species are socially <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamous</a>; they usually mate for one breeding season at a time. They may mate for years. It is rare that these birds will mate for life. Other species are <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygyny">polygynous</a>, in these species, one male will mate with many females. Birds species are rarely <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyandry">polyandrous</a>. In these species, one female will mate with many males. Birds produce <a href="/wiki/Offspring" title="Offspring">offspring</a> by laying eggs. The eggs are <a href="/wiki/Fertilization" title="Fertilization">fertilised</a> by <a href="/wiki/Sexual_reproduction" title="Sexual reproduction">sexual reproduction</a>. The eggs are often laid in a nest and <a href="/wiki/Incubation" title="Incubation">incubated</a> by the parents. Most birds take care of their offspring after hatching. Some birds, such as <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chickens</a>, lay eggs even when not fertilised. Unfertilised eggs do not produce offspring. </p><p>Many species of birds are eaten by humans. <a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domesticated</a> and undomesticated birds are sources of eggs, meat and feathers. In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, domesticated birds are often called <a href="/wiki/Poultry" title="Poultry">poultry</a> and undomesticated birds are called <a href="/wiki/Game_bird" title="Game bird">game</a> birds. <a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">Songbirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a> and other types of birds are popular as <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a>. <a href="/wiki/Guano" title="Guano">Guano</a> is bird <a href="/wiki/Manure" title="Manure">manure</a>. It is harvested for use as a <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertiliser</a>. Birds figure throughout human culture. About 120–130 species of birds have become extinct because of human activity since the 17th century. Many more species had become extinct before then. Human activity threatens about 1,200 bird species with extinction, Things are being done to protect them.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recreational <a href="/wiki/Bird-watching" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird-watching">bird-watching</a> is an important part of the ecotourism industry. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bird_colours">Bird colours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Bird colours" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Bird colours"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Male_and_female_pheasant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Male_and_female_pheasant.jpg/230px-Male_and_female_pheasant.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Male_and_female_pheasant.jpg/345px-Male_and_female_pheasant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Male_and_female_pheasant.jpg/460px-Male_and_female_pheasant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Female (left) and male common <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasant</a>, illustrating the difference in colour (and also size)</figcaption></figure> <p>Birds come in many different colours.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These colours can be useful to a bird in two ways. <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">Camouflage</a> help to hide birds from predators. Brighter colours can also be useful to birds. They can be used to identify the bird to others of the same species. Male bird are often brightly coloured while the female is camouflaged. The logic is as follows: the female carries the "precious package" of developing eggs. The male has to defend a <a href="/wiki/Territory_(animal)" title="Territory (animal)">territory</a>. His colour and song are used to let others know that "this place is occupied".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bird_camouflage">Bird camouflage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Bird camouflage" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Bird camouflage"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perdix_perdix_(Marek_Szczepanek).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Perdix_perdix_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg/230px-Perdix_perdix_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Perdix_perdix_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg/345px-Perdix_perdix_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Perdix_perdix_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg/460px-Perdix_perdix_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="421" /></a><figcaption>Grey <a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">partridges</a> can hide in grass easily</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:African_Scops_owl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/African_Scops_owl.jpg/230px-African_Scops_owl.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/African_Scops_owl.jpg/345px-African_Scops_owl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/African_Scops_owl.jpg/460px-African_Scops_owl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>This Scops <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owl</a> is almost invisible against the tree</figcaption></figure> <p>Many birds are brown, green or grey. These colours make a bird harder to be seen: they <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflage</a> the bird.<sup id="cite_ref-Cott_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brown is the most common colour. Brown birds include: <a href="/wiki/Sparrow" title="Sparrow">sparrows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turdidae" title="Turdidae">thrushes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lark" title="Lark">larks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a> and the female birds of many species such as: <a href="/wiki/Wren" title="Wren">wrens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blackbird" class="mw-disambig" title="Blackbird">blackbirds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">peafowls</a>. When a brown bird is in long grass or among tree trunks or rocks, it is <i>camouflaged</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds that live in long grass often have brown feathers streaked with black which looks like shadows. A <a href="/wiki/Bittern" title="Bittern">bittern</a> is almost invisible in long reeds because its camouflage is helped by its posture (beak and head pointed upwards). Other birds, including <a href="/wiki/Starling" title="Starling">starlings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Myna" class="mw-redirect" title="Myna">mynas</a>, are quite dark in colour, but are flecked with little spots that look like raindrops on leaves. Bird may also camouflage their nests. </p><p>Many birds from hot countries are green or have some green feathers, particularly <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a>. Birds that live in green trees often have green backs, even if they have bright-coloured breasts. From the back, the birds are camouflaged. This is very useful when sitting on a nest.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bird's bright-coloured breast is hidden. <a href="/wiki/Budgerigar" title="Budgerigar">Budgerigars</a> are bred in different colours such as blue, white and mauve, but in the wild, they are nearly all green and yellow. Even though they fly very well, they normally spend a lot of time on the ground, eating <a href="/wiki/Grass" title="Grass">grass</a> seeds. Their yellow and black striped back helps to hide them in the shadows made by long dry grass, while their green breasts are a similar colour to the leaves of <a href="/wiki/Gum_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Gum tree">gum trees</a>. </p><p>Grey birds include most <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dove" title="Dove">doves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">storks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">herons</a>. Grey birds are often rock-living birds like pigeons or birds that sit on dead tree trunks looking like a broken branch. Water birds like herons often have a pale grey colour which makes it harder for a fish to notice that the bird is standing, looking down for something to catch. Water birds, no matter what colour they are on top, are often white underneath, so that when a fish looks up, the bird looks like part of the sky. </p><p>Black birds include <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">ravens</a> and male <a href="/wiki/Blackbird" class="mw-disambig" title="Blackbird">blackbirds</a>. Some birds that are dark colours spend quite a lot of time on the ground, hopping around in the shadows under bushes. Among these birds are the male blackbird and the <a href="/wiki/Satin_bowerbird" title="Satin bowerbird">satin bowerbird</a> which is not black but very dark blue. Crows and ravens often perch high on bare trees in the winter, where their black shape against the sky looks like the dark bare branches. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noticeable_colours">Noticeable colours</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Noticeable colours" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Noticeable colours"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pair_of_mandarin_ducks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pair_of_mandarin_ducks.jpg/250px-Pair_of_mandarin_ducks.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pair_of_mandarin_ducks.jpg/375px-Pair_of_mandarin_ducks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Pair_of_mandarin_ducks.jpg/500px-Pair_of_mandarin_ducks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2207" data-file-height="1656" /></a><figcaption>Pair of <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_duck" title="Mandarin duck">mandarin ducks</a>. A good example of a general rule: male birds are the showy ones, females are dowdy</figcaption></figure> <p>Many birds are not <a href="/wiki/Camouflaged" class="mw-redirect" title="Camouflaged">camouflaged</a>, but stand out with vivid colours. They are usually male birds whose females are dull and camouflaged. The function of the colours is two-fold.<sup id="cite_ref-Cott_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cott-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> First, the colours help them get mates, and second, the colours identify them to other males of the same species. Many birds are territorial, especially in the nesting season. They give out territory sounds and are easily seen. This lets other males know they will defend their territory. It sends out a "look elsewhere" signal to their competitors. </p><p>Some birds are famous for their colour and some are named for it, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bluebird" title="Bluebird">bluebird</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Azure_kingfisher" title="Azure kingfisher">azure kingfisher</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Golden_pheasant" title="Golden pheasant">golden pheasant</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scarlet_macaw" title="Scarlet macaw">scarlet macaw</a>. The <a href="/wiki/European_robin" title="European robin">European robin</a> is known popularly as the red robin. </p><p>Many other birds are very brightly coloured, in countless combinations. Some of the most colourful birds are quite common, like pheasants, peacocks, domestic fowl and parrots. Colourful small birds include <a href="/wiki/Blue_tit" title="Blue tit">blue tits</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Goldfinch" title="Goldfinch">goldfinches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hummingbirds" class="mw-redirect" title="Hummingbirds">hummingbirds</a>, fairy <a href="/wiki/Wren" title="Wren">wrens</a> and bee eaters (which are also called rainbow birds). Some birds, like those of the <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_paradise" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird of paradise">bird of paradise</a> in <a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> have such beautiful feathers that they have been hunted for them. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Peafowl" title="Peafowl">peafowl</a> is the best example of a display of colour to attract a mate. Also the male domestic fowl and <a href="/wiki/Junglefowl" title="Junglefowl">junglefowl</a> have long shiny feathers above his tail and also long neck feathers that may be a different colour to his wings and body. There are only a few species of birds (such as the <a href="/wiki/Eclectus_parrot" title="Eclectus parrot">eclectus parrot</a>) where the female is more colourful than the male. </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <p>''Pied birds'' are black and white. Black and white birds include <a href="/wiki/Magpie" title="Magpie">magpies</a>, pied <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a> and Australian <a href="/wiki/Magpie" title="Magpie">magpies</a> (which are not really magpies at all). Pied birds often have brightly coloured beaks and legs of yellow or red. The silver pheasant, with its long white tail striped with fine bars of black, has a brightly coloured face. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Austkingparrot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="King parrot, Australia"><img alt="King parrot, Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Austkingparrot.jpg/120px-Austkingparrot.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Austkingparrot.jpg/180px-Austkingparrot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Austkingparrot.jpg/240px-Austkingparrot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">King <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Common.shelduck.2.arp.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Common shelduck"><img alt="Common shelduck" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Common.shelduck.2.arp.750pix.jpg/120px-Common.shelduck.2.arp.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Common.shelduck.2.arp.750pix.jpg/180px-Common.shelduck.2.arp.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Common.shelduck.2.arp.750pix.jpg/240px-Common.shelduck.2.arp.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Common shel<a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">duck</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcedo_atthis_2_(Lukasz_Lukasik).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingfisher"><img alt="Kingfisher" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alcedo_atthis_2_%28Lukasz_Lukasik%29.jpg/120px-Alcedo_atthis_2_%28Lukasz_Lukasik%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alcedo_atthis_2_%28Lukasz_Lukasik%29.jpg/180px-Alcedo_atthis_2_%28Lukasz_Lukasik%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Alcedo_atthis_2_%28Lukasz_Lukasik%29.jpg/240px-Alcedo_atthis_2_%28Lukasz_Lukasik%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Kingfisher" title="Kingfisher">Kingfisher</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lightmatter_flamingo2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flamingo"><img alt="Flamingo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lightmatter_flamingo2.jpg/120px-Lightmatter_flamingo2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lightmatter_flamingo2.jpg/180px-Lightmatter_flamingo2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Lightmatter_flamingo2.jpg/240px-Lightmatter_flamingo2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Flamingo" title="Flamingo">Flamingo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oriole_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Golden oriole."><img alt="Golden oriole." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Oriole_2.jpg/120px-Oriole_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Oriole_2.jpg/180px-Oriole_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Oriole_2.jpg/240px-Oriole_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="450" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Golden <a href="/wiki/Oriole" title="Oriole">oriole</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarsiger_rufilatus_-_Doi_Inthanon.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Himalayan bluetail"><img alt="Himalayan bluetail" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tarsiger_rufilatus_-_Doi_Inthanon.jpg/120px-Tarsiger_rufilatus_-_Doi_Inthanon.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tarsiger_rufilatus_-_Doi_Inthanon.jpg/180px-Tarsiger_rufilatus_-_Doi_Inthanon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Tarsiger_rufilatus_-_Doi_Inthanon.jpg/240px-Tarsiger_rufilatus_-_Doi_Inthanon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="3494" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Himalayan bluetail</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hydrornis_irena_-_Sri_Phang_Nga.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Malayan banded pitta"><img alt="Malayan banded pitta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hydrornis_irena_-_Sri_Phang_Nga.jpg/120px-Hydrornis_irena_-_Sri_Phang_Nga.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hydrornis_irena_-_Sri_Phang_Nga.jpg/180px-Hydrornis_irena_-_Sri_Phang_Nga.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hydrornis_irena_-_Sri_Phang_Nga.jpg/240px-Hydrornis_irena_-_Sri_Phang_Nga.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4092" data-file-height="2728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Malayan banded pitta</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flight">Flight</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Flight" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Flight"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most birds can fly, and if they do, then the ability is inherited, not learnt.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They fly by pushing through the air with their wings. The curved surfaces of the wings cause air currents (wind) which lift the bird. Flapping keeps the air current moving to create lift and also moves the bird forward.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some birds can glide on air currents without flapping. Many birds use this method when they are about to land. Some birds can also hover in the air. This method is used by birds of prey such as <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a> that are looking for something to eat. Seagulls are also good at hovering, particularly if there is a strong breeze. The most expert hovering birds are tiny <a href="/wiki/Hummingbird" title="Hummingbird">hummingbirds</a> which can beat their wings both backwards and forwards and can stay quite still in the air while they dip their long beaks into flowers to feed on the sweet <a href="/wiki/Nectar" title="Nectar">nectar</a>. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flock-of-tundra-swans.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A flock of tundra swans fly in V-formation."><img alt="A flock of tundra swans fly in V-formation." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flock-of-tundra-swans.jpg/120px-Flock-of-tundra-swans.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flock-of-tundra-swans.jpg/180px-Flock-of-tundra-swans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flock-of-tundra-swans.jpg/240px-Flock-of-tundra-swans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="488" data-file-height="304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A flock of tundra <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swans</a> fly in V-formation.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:OspreyNASA.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="This osprey at Kennedy Space Centre is hovering."><img alt="This osprey at Kennedy Space Centre is hovering." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/OspreyNASA.jpg/120px-OspreyNASA.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/OspreyNASA.jpg/180px-OspreyNASA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/OspreyNASA.jpg/240px-OspreyNASA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1146" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">This <a href="/wiki/Osprey" title="Osprey">osprey</a> at Kennedy Space Centre is hovering. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wandering_Albatross_(van_Poppel).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A wandering albatross can sleep while flying."><img alt="A wandering albatross can sleep while flying." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Wandering_Albatross_%28van_Poppel%29.jpg/120px-Wandering_Albatross_%28van_Poppel%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Wandering_Albatross_%28van_Poppel%29.jpg/180px-Wandering_Albatross_%28van_Poppel%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Wandering_Albatross_%28van_Poppel%29.jpg/240px-Wandering_Albatross_%28van_Poppel%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="404" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A wandering <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">albatross</a> can sleep while flying.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathartes_aura_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The large broad wings of a vulture allow it to soar without flapping."><img alt="The large broad wings of a vulture allow it to soar without flapping." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cathartes_aura_2.jpg/88px-Cathartes_aura_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cathartes_aura_2.jpg/132px-Cathartes_aura_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Cathartes_aura_2.jpg/176px-Cathartes_aura_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The large broad wings of a <a href="/wiki/Vulture" title="Vulture">vulture</a> allow it to soar without flapping. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_barn_owl.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The soft feathers of an owl allow it to fly quietly."><img alt="The soft feathers of an owl allow it to fly quietly." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Australian_barn_owl.jpg/120px-Australian_barn_owl.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Australian_barn_owl.jpg/180px-Australian_barn_owl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Australian_barn_owl.jpg/240px-Australian_barn_owl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The soft feathers of an <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owl</a> allow it to fly quietly.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:California_Quail_with_babies.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Some birds, such as the quail, live mainly on the ground."><img alt="Some birds, such as the quail, live mainly on the ground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/California_Quail_with_babies.JPG/120px-California_Quail_with_babies.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/California_Quail_with_babies.JPG/180px-California_Quail_with_babies.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/California_Quail_with_babies.JPG/240px-California_Quail_with_babies.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Some birds, such as the <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">quail</a>, live mainly on the ground.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Casuarius_casuarius_-Brevard_Zoo-8a.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A cassowary cannot fly but it can defend itself."><img alt="A cassowary cannot fly but it can defend itself." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Casuarius_casuarius_-Brevard_Zoo-8a.jpg/120px-Casuarius_casuarius_-Brevard_Zoo-8a.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Casuarius_casuarius_-Brevard_Zoo-8a.jpg/180px-Casuarius_casuarius_-Brevard_Zoo-8a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Casuarius_casuarius_-Brevard_Zoo-8a.jpg/240px-Casuarius_casuarius_-Brevard_Zoo-8a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Cassowary" title="Cassowary">cassowary</a> cannot fly but it can defend itself. </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Schwimmender-Pinguin.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Penguin's flippers are good for swimming."><img alt="Penguin's flippers are good for swimming." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Schwimmender-Pinguin.jpg/120px-Schwimmender-Pinguin.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Schwimmender-Pinguin.jpg/180px-Schwimmender-Pinguin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Schwimmender-Pinguin.jpg/240px-Schwimmender-Pinguin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="590" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">Penguin</a>'s flippers are good for swimming.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_flight">Types of flight</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Types of flight" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Types of flight"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Different types of birds have different needs.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their wings have <a href="/wiki/Adaptation" title="Adaptation">evolved</a> to suit their <a href="/wiki/Lifestyle" title="Lifestyle">lifestyle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Large birds of prey, such as <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a>, spend a lot of time soaring on the wind. They have wings that are large and broad. The main flight feathers are long and wide. They help the eagle to stay on rising air currents without using much energy, while the eagle looks at the ground below, to find the next meal. When the eagle sees some small creature move, it can close its wings and fall from the sky like a missile, opening its great wings again to slow down as it comes to land. The world's largest eagle, the <a href="/wiki/Philippine_eagle" title="Philippine eagle">Philippine eagle</a> has a wingspan of about 2 m (6.7 ft) wide. </p><p>Birds that live in grassland areas or open forests and feed on fruit, insects and reptiles often spend a lot of time flying short journeys looking for food and water. They have wings that are shaped in a similar way to eagles, but rounder and not as good for soaring. These include many Australian birds like <a href="/wiki/Cockatoo" title="Cockatoo">cockatoos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-David_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-David-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Birds such as <a href="/wiki/Geese" class="mw-redirect" title="Geese">geese</a> that migrate from one country to another fly very long distances. Their wings are big and strong, because the birds are large. They stock up on food for the long flight.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Migration" title="Migration">Migrating</a> <a href="/wiki/Water_bird" title="Water bird">water birds</a> usually form family groups of 12–30 birds. They fly very high, making use of long streams of air that blow from north to south in different seasons. They are well organised, often flying in a V pattern. The geese at the back do not have to flap so hard; they are pulled on by the wind of the ones at the front. Every so often, they change the leader so that the front bird, who does most work and sets the pace, can have a rest. Geese and <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swans</a> are the highest-flying birds, reaching 8,000 metres or more when on migration. Geese often <i>honk</i> loudly while they are flying. It is thought that they do this to support the leader and help the young ones. </p><p>Birds that fly very quickly, such as <a href="/wiki/Swift" title="Swift">swifts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swallow" title="Swallow">swallows</a>, have long narrow pointed wings. These birds need great speed because they eat insects, catching most of them while they are flying. These birds also migrate. They often collect in huge flocks of thousands of birds that move together like a whirling cloud. </p><p>Birds that live in bushes and branches have triangular wings that help the bird change direction. Many forest birds are expert at getting up speed by flapping and then gliding steadily among the trees, tilting to avoid things as they go. </p><p>Birds such as owls that hunt at night have wings with soft rounded feathers so that they do not flap loudly. Birds that are awake at night are called <i>nocturnal</i> birds. Birds that are awake during the day are <i>diurnal</i>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Wandering_albatross" title="Wandering albatross">Wandering albatross</a> might spend several years without coming to land. They can sleep while gliding.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Arctic_tern" title="Arctic tern">Arctic terns</a> nest every one to three years.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flocks">Flocks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: Flocks" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Flocks"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Flocks of birds can be very highly organised in a way that takes care of all the flock members. Studies of small flocking birds like tree <a href="/wiki/Sparrow" title="Sparrow">sparrows</a> show that they clearly communicate with each other, as sometimes thousands of birds may fly in close formation and <a href="/wiki/Spiral" title="Spiral">spiral</a> patterns without colliding (or flying into each other).<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two common behaviours in flocking birds are guarding and reconnaissance. When a flock of birds is feeding it is common for one bird to perch on a high place to keep guard over the flock. In the same way, when a flock is asleep, often, one bird will remain awake. It is also common for large flocks to send one or two birds ahead of them when they are flying to a new area. The look-out birds can spy the lie of the land to find food, water and good places to perch.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mixed feeding flocks occur, and can help to spot predators.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Flightless_birds">Flightless birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Flightless birds" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Flightless birds"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some birds do not fly.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Flightlessness in birds has evolved many times. These include running birds like <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostriches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emus</a> and ocean-living birds, the large <a href="/wiki/Penguin" title="Penguin">penguin</a> family. Birds on islands have usually lost the power of flight. This is to their advantage because birds with the power of flight can be blown off their island during a storm. The same ability which got them to the island may later take them away in a storm.<sup id="cite_ref-Savol_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savol-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ostriches and emus do not need to fly because although they feed and nest on the ground, their great size and their speed is their protection. Some other ground-feeding birds have not been so lucky. Some birds such as the <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodo</a> and the kiwi were ground-feeding birds that lived in safety on islands where there was nothing dangerous to eat them. They lost the power of flight. Kiwis are endangered because European settlement to <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> brought animals like <a href="/wiki/Cat" title="Cat">cats</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dog" title="Dog">dogs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rat" title="Rat">rats</a> which kill <a href="/wiki/Kiwi" title="Kiwi">kiwis</a> and eat their eggs. However, kiwis and also the rare New Zealand ground parrot have survived. In the case of <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodos</a>, they were fat and disgusting in taste. All the same, they were killed and eaten by sailors until there was none left. Other flightless birds which have disappeared are the <a href="/wiki/Great_auk" title="Great auk">great auk</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Moa" title="Moa">moa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Savol_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savol-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Penguins are a very successful group of birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Ksepka_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ksepka-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are a <a href="/wiki/Clade" class="mw-redirect" title="Clade">clade</a>. They spend half their time on land. Their wings are adapted to life in the sea and have become flippers which let them in swim fast. They catch fish at sea, where they are in danger from <a href="/wiki/Pinniped" title="Pinniped">seals</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preening">Preening</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: Preening" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Preening"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preening is how birds keeps their feathers in order. They use their beak to position feathers, interlock feather barbules that have become separated, clean plumage, and keep <a href="/wiki/Ectoparasite" class="mw-redirect" title="Ectoparasite">ectoparasites</a> in check. </p><p>Feathers in good shape help the bird's <a href="/wiki/Insulation" class="mw-disambig" title="Insulation">insulation</a>, waterproofing and flight. Their condition is vital to the bid's survival. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Digestion">Digestion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Change section: Digestion" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Digestion"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Modern birds do not have teeth, and many swallow their prey whole. Nevertheless, they must break up food before it is digested. First of all, along their throat (<a href="/wiki/Oesophagus" title="Oesophagus">oesophagus</a>) they have a <b>crop</b>. This stores food items before <a href="/wiki/Digestion" title="Digestion">digestion</a>. That way a bird can eat several items, and then fly off to a quiet spot to digest them. </p><p>Their <a href="/wiki/Stomach" title="Stomach">stomach</a> comes next, with two very different parts. One part is like a straight hollow rod (the <i>proventriculus</i>) which secretes mild <a href="/wiki/Hydrochloric_acid" title="Hydrochloric acid">hydrochloric acid</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> to break down <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a>. The other part of the stomach is the <a href="/wiki/Gizzard" title="Gizzard">gizzard</a>. This is muscular, and grinds up the contents. In <a href="/wiki/Herbivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbivorous">herbivorous</a> birds the gizzard contains some <a href="/wiki/Gastrolith" title="Gastrolith">gastroliths</a> (small stones or pieces of grit). Bones of fish will mostly be dissolved by the stomach acid. The partly digested and ground-up food now goes to the intestine, where digestion is completed, and most contents are absorbed. Anything indigestible, for example remains of feathers, is <a href="/wiki/Regurgitate" class="mw-redirect" title="Regurgitate">regurgitated</a> via the mouth, not the <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The system is effective, and carnivorous birds can swallow quite large prey. A blue <a href="/wiki/Heron" title="Heron">heron</a> can swallow a fish as large as a <a href="/wiki/Carp" title="Carp">carp</a> successfully.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bird_of_prey" title="Bird of prey">Raptors</a> eat by holding the prey down with a foot, and tearing it apart with their <a href="/wiki/Beak" title="Beak">beak</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction">Reproduction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Change section: Reproduction" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Reproduction"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mating">Mating</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Change section: Mating" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Mating"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although birds are warm-blooded creatures like <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">mammals</a>, they do not give birth to live young. They lay <a href="/wiki/Cleidoic_egg" title="Cleidoic egg">eggs</a> as reptiles do, but the shell of a bird's egg is hard. The baby bird grows inside the egg, and after a few weeks hatches (breaks out of the egg). </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SwansHeart.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/SwansHeart.jpg/250px-SwansHeart.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/SwansHeart.jpg/375px-SwansHeart.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/SwansHeart.jpg/500px-SwansHeart.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="312" /></a><figcaption>Swans mate for life</figcaption></figure> <p>Birds in cold climates usually have a breeding season once a year in the spring. Migratory birds can have two springs and two mating seasons in a year. </p><p>Ninety-five per cent of bird species are socially <a href="/wiki/Monogamous" class="mw-redirect" title="Monogamous">monogamous</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These birds pair for at least the length of the breeding season. In some cases this arrangement lasts until the death of one of the pair. Monogamy clearly helps if females need males' help to raise a brood successfully.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has other practical advantages: the nest is never left without defence. Birds are generally small, and they have many potential enemies. </p><p>Some birds mate for life, like married couples. These birds include <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a>. Other birds look for new partners each year. For birds that choose new mates, part of the breeding season is display. The male bird will do all sorts of things to attract females. These include singing, dancing, showing off the feathers and building a beautiful nest. Some male birds have splendid feathers for attracting females. The most famous is the <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacock</a> who can spread the feathers above his tail into a huge fan. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pfau_imponierend.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A peacock display"><img alt="A peacock display" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pfau_imponierend.jpg/120px-Pfau_imponierend.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pfau_imponierend.jpg/180px-Pfau_imponierend.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Pfau_imponierend.jpg/240px-Pfau_imponierend.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A <a href="/wiki/Peacock" class="mw-redirect" title="Peacock">peacock</a> display </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sarus.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The sarus crane, like most cranes, mates for life and pairs dance"><img alt="The sarus crane, like most cranes, mates for life and pairs dance" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sarus.jpg/120px-Sarus.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sarus.jpg/180px-Sarus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Sarus.jpg/240px-Sarus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="425" data-file-height="319" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Sarus_crane" title="Sarus crane">sarus crane</a>, like most <a href="/wiki/Crane_(bird)" title="Crane (bird)">cranes</a>, mates for life and pairs dance </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SperlingG.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A nest of house sparrows"><img alt="A nest of house sparrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SperlingG.jpg/120px-SperlingG.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SperlingG.jpg/180px-SperlingG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/SperlingG.jpg/240px-SperlingG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="550" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A nest of <a href="/wiki/House_sparrow" class="mw-redirect" title="House sparrow">house sparrows</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emu_Gelege.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emu nest"><img alt="Emu nest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Emu_Gelege.jpg/120px-Emu_Gelege.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Emu_Gelege.jpg/180px-Emu_Gelege.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Emu_Gelege.jpg/240px-Emu_Gelege.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emu</a> nest </div> </li> </ul> <p>Other mating systems do occur in some species. <a href="/wiki/Polygyny" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygyny">Polygyny</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyandry">polyandry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">polygamy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polygynandry" title="Polygynandry">polygynandry</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Promiscuity" title="Promiscuity">promiscuity</a> do happen.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polygamous breeding systems arise when females are able to raise broods without the help of males.<sup id="cite_ref-Gill_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gill-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some species may use more than one system depending on the circumstances. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nesting">Nesting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Change section: Nesting" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Nesting"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once the birds have found partners, they find a suitable place to lay eggs. The idea of what is a suitable place differs between species, but most build <a href="/wiki/Bird_nest" title="Bird nest">bird nests</a>. The bird is driven by a hormone (<a href="/wiki/Estradiol" class="mw-redirect" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a> E2) to prepare a place for the eggs to hatch.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Birds' nests may be up a tree, in a cliff or on the ground according to species. When filled with eggs they are almost always guarded by one of the pair. In fact it is virtually impossible for the eggs to survive if one of the parents dies. </p><p>Robins will make a beautiful little round nest of woven grass and carefully line it with feathers, bits of fluff and other soft things. <a href="/wiki/Swallow" title="Swallow">Swallows</a> like to nest near other swallows. They make nests from little blobs of clay, often on a beam near the roof of a building where it is well sheltered. Many birds like a hollow tree to nest in. <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">Eagle</a>'s nests are often just piles of dead wood on the top of the tallest tree or mountain. Scrub <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkeys</a> scratch together a huge pile of leaves that may be 10 metres across. Guillemots lay their eggs on rock shelves with no nest at all. Their eggs are shaped so that they roll around in circles and do not fall off cliffs. A <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">cuckoo</a> does not make its own nest. It lays its egg in the nest of another bird and leaves it for them to care for. The cuckoo eggs are <a href="/wiki/Camouflage" title="Camouflage">camouflaged</a> to look like the host's eggs. </p><p>When the nest has been prepared, the birds mate so that the eggs are fertilised and the chicks will start growing. Unlike mammals, birds (and reptiles) only have one opening as the exit hole for body <a href="/wiki/Fluid" title="Fluid">fluids</a>, and for <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduction</a>. The opening is called the <a href="/wiki/Cloaca" title="Cloaca">cloaca</a>. A female bird, called a hen, has two ovaries, of which the left one usually produces eggs. </p><p>Most male birds have no sex organs that can be seen. But inside the male are two <a href="/wiki/Testicle" title="Testicle">testes</a> which produce <a href="/wiki/Sperm" title="Sperm">sperm</a> which is stored in the cloaca. Birds mate by rubbing their cloacas together, although with some birds, particularly large water birds, the male has a sort of a <a href="/wiki/Penis" title="Penis">penis</a> inside the cloaca. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hatching">Hatching</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Change section: Hatching" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Hatching"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once the hen has mated, she produces fertile eggs which have chicks growing inside them. She lays the eggs in the nest. There might be just one egg or a number of them, called a clutch. <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">Emus</a> might lay as many as fifteen huge dark green eggs in a clutch. After the eggs are laid, they are incubated, or kept warm so the chicks form inside. Most birds stay together for the whole nesting season, and one advantage is that the work is shared. Many birds take turns sitting on the eggs, so that each adult can feed. </p><p>This is not always the case. With emus, the male does all the sitting and all the baby-minding. With <a href="/wiki/Emperor_penguin" title="Emperor penguin">emperor penguins</a> it is also the male that cares for the egg. There is only one egg, which he keeps on his feet and under his feathers, standing in a big group of males without feeding until the chick is hatched. While the eggs are hatching, the females are at sea, catching fish, so that they can feed the chicks when they return. </p><p>Some birds put the eggs inside or on top of the mound of leaves and twigs. The mound acts like a <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a> heap. The <a href="/wiki/Decomposer" title="Decomposer">decomposition</a> of the rotting leaves causes the temperature to rise. This is heat released by the chemical action of <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacterial</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fungi" class="mw-redirect" title="Fungi">fungal</a> <a href="/wiki/Respiration" title="Respiration">respiration</a>. It is the same reaction as that which keeps mammals and birds at a high temperature. The parents leave the mound. When the chicks hatch, they are able to feed themselves. </p><p>Many small birds take 2–4 weeks to hatch eggs. <a href="/wiki/Albatross" title="Albatross">Albatrosses</a> take 80 days. During this time the female loses a lot of her body weight. </p><p>The quickest hatching time is for the <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">cuckoo</a>. Some types of cuckoos take only 10 days. This means that when they hatch in the nest of their ''foster parents'', the eggs that the parents have laid are not yet ready. Newborn cuckoos are naked, blind and ugly, but they are strong. They get under any eggs that are in the nest and throw them out before they hatch. That means that the cuckoo has the whole care of both parents. Baby cuckoos grow fast and often get bigger than the parents who feed them. </p><p>When baby birds hatch, in most types of birds, they are fed by both parents, and sometimes by older aunts as well. Their mouths are open all the time and are often very brightly coloured, which acts as a <i><a href="/wiki/Releaser" title="Releaser">releaser</a></i>, a trigger which stimulates the parent to feed them. For birds that eat grain and fruit, the parents eat and partly digest the food for the babies. It is then <a href="/wiki/Vomit" title="Vomit">vomited</a> carefully into the baby's mouth. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hausrotschwanz_Brutpflege_2006-05-24_211.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A black redstart feeding chicks"><img alt="A black redstart feeding chicks" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hausrotschwanz_Brutpflege_2006-05-24_211.jpg/120px-Hausrotschwanz_Brutpflege_2006-05-24_211.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hausrotschwanz_Brutpflege_2006-05-24_211.jpg/180px-Hausrotschwanz_Brutpflege_2006-05-24_211.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Hausrotschwanz_Brutpflege_2006-05-24_211.jpg/240px-Hausrotschwanz_Brutpflege_2006-05-24_211.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A black redstart feeding chicks</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cygnus_atratus_-adult_with_chicks_in_Australia-8.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Black swan and cygnets"><img alt="Black swan and cygnets" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cygnus_atratus_-adult_with_chicks_in_Australia-8.jpg/97px-Cygnus_atratus_-adult_with_chicks_in_Australia-8.jpg" decoding="async" width="97" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cygnus_atratus_-adult_with_chicks_in_Australia-8.jpg/145px-Cygnus_atratus_-adult_with_chicks_in_Australia-8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Cygnus_atratus_-adult_with_chicks_in_Australia-8.jpg/194px-Cygnus_atratus_-adult_with_chicks_in_Australia-8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="474" data-file-height="587" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Black_swan" title="Black swan">Black swan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cygnet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cygnet">cygnets</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A reed warbler feeding a baby cuckoo"><img alt="A reed warbler feeding a baby cuckoo" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg/85px-Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg/128px-Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg/170px-Reed_warbler_cuckoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="446" data-file-height="628" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A reed warbler feeding a baby <a href="/wiki/Cuckoo" title="Cuckoo">cuckoo</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Yellow-crested_Cockatoo.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Two sulphur crested cockatoos from a big flock are on the lookout"><img alt="Two sulphur crested cockatoos from a big flock are on the lookout" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yellow-crested_Cockatoo.jpg/120px-Yellow-crested_Cockatoo.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yellow-crested_Cockatoo.jpg/180px-Yellow-crested_Cockatoo.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Yellow-crested_Cockatoo.jpg/240px-Yellow-crested_Cockatoo.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="472" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Two <a href="/wiki/Sulphur_crested_cockatoo" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulphur crested cockatoo">sulphur crested cockatoos</a> from a big flock are on the lookout </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Families">Families</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Change section: Families" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Families"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many birds, particularly those that mate for life, are very sociable and keep together in a family group which might be anything from 4 or 6 adult birds and their young to a very large flock. </p><p>As chicks grow they change the fluffy down that covers them as babies for real feathers. At this stage they are called fledglings. Other family members may help care for fledgling chicks, feeding them and protecting them from attack while parents are feeding. When the fledglings have their new feathers, they come out of the nest to learn to fly. In some types of birds, like pigeons, the parents watch over this and as the young ones get stronger, will give them flying lessons, teaching them how to glide, how to fly in spirals and how to land like an expert. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communication">Communication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Change section: Communication" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Communication"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most birds are social animals, at least part of the time. They communicate to each other using sounds and <a href="/wiki/Display_(zoology)" title="Display (zoology)">displays</a>. </p><p>Almost all birds make <a href="/wiki/Bird_sound" title="Bird sound">sounds</a> to <a href="/wiki/Communication" title="Communication">communicate</a>. The types of noises that vary greatly. Some birds can sing, and they are called songbirds or <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerines</a>. Examples are <a href="/wiki/European_robin" title="European robin">robins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lark" title="Lark">larks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canary" title="Canary">canaries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turdidae" title="Turdidae">thrushes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nightingale" title="Nightingale">nightingales</a>. <a href="/wiki/Corvid" class="mw-redirect" title="Corvid">Corvids</a> are passerines, but they do not sing. Birds that are not songbirds include: <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seagull" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagull">seagulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Owl" title="Owl">owls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ducks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducks">ducks</a>. <a href="/wiki/Parrots" class="mw-redirect" title="Parrots">Parrots</a> are not songbirds, even though they can be taught to sing human songs. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Erithacus_rubecula_(Marek_Szczepanek).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A favourite songbird, the European robin."><img alt="A favourite songbird, the European robin." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Erithacus_rubecula_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg/120px-Erithacus_rubecula_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Erithacus_rubecula_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg/180px-Erithacus_rubecula_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Erithacus_rubecula_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg/240px-Erithacus_rubecula_%28Marek_Szczepanek%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="422" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A favourite songbird, the <a href="/wiki/European_robin" title="European robin">European robin</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rooster02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The crow of the rooster is a familiar bird call."><img alt="The crow of the rooster is a familiar bird call." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Rooster02.jpg/120px-Rooster02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Rooster02.jpg/180px-Rooster02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Rooster02.jpg/240px-Rooster02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1287" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The crow of the <a href="/wiki/Rooster" class="mw-redirect" title="Rooster">rooster</a> is a familiar bird call.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Currawong_in_peppercorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The pied currawong, an outstanding singer."><img alt="The pied currawong, an outstanding singer." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Currawong_in_peppercorn.jpg/120px-Currawong_in_peppercorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Currawong_in_peppercorn.jpg/180px-Currawong_in_peppercorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Currawong_in_peppercorn.jpg/240px-Currawong_in_peppercorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The pied <a href="/wiki/Currawong" title="Currawong">currawong</a>, an outstanding singer.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jackdaw.northdevon.arp-sh.750pix.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The jackdaws helped Lorenz to understand bird communication."><img alt="The jackdaws helped Lorenz to understand bird communication." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jackdaw.northdevon.arp-sh.750pix.jpg/120px-Jackdaw.northdevon.arp-sh.750pix.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jackdaw.northdevon.arp-sh.750pix.jpg/180px-Jackdaw.northdevon.arp-sh.750pix.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Jackdaw.northdevon.arp-sh.750pix.jpg/240px-Jackdaw.northdevon.arp-sh.750pix.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Jackdaw" title="Jackdaw">jackdaws</a> helped Lorenz to understand bird communication. </div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Songbirds">Songbirds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Change section: Songbirds" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Songbirds"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All birds make noises (''bird vocalisation''), but not all sing. Songbirds are <a href="/wiki/Passerine" title="Passerine">passerines</a>, many of which have beautiful melodic songs.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Songs have different functions. Danger cries are different from territorial songs and mating calls are a third type. Fledgling may also have different calls from adults. Recognition calls for partners are quite common. </p><p>As to where the song comes from, there are three kinds of <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a>: </p> <ol><li>Those where the song is mainly <a href="/wiki/Heredity" title="Heredity">inherited</a>, and the bird always sings the same song in the same situations. The capacity is inherited, and only details are learnt from its neighbours.</li> <li>Those where the song is partly inherited, but the bird tunes it in by copying others. In this case the slight differences between the calls of different birds may be used by partners for identification.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Those where the song is entirely learnt, and the bird often copies sounds from its <a href="/wiki/Environment" title="Environment">environment</a>. Only the capacity to sing is inherited. Some birds can mimic a sound almost perfectly.</li></ol> <p>Most singing birds that are kept as pets, like canaries, have several tunes and some variations. </p><p>The same species of bird may sing different songs in different regions. A good example of this is the <a href="/wiki/Currawong" title="Currawong">currawong</a>. This is an Australia bird which is like a black and white crow. In the autumn, families get together in large flocks and do a lot of singing. Currawongs from some areas sing much more complex songs than others. Generally, currawongs from the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Mountains_(New_South_Wales)" title="Blue Mountains (New South Wales)">Blue Mountains</a> are the finest singers. The song of the currawong can be sung as a solo, but is often performed as a <a href="/wiki/Choir_(music)" title="Choir (music)">choir</a>. One bird will take the lead and sing "Warble-warble-warble-warble!" All the other birds will join in and sing "Wooooooo!". When all the birds know the song, the choir will sing the "Warble" part and the soloist will sing the "Woo!". The song changes a bit from year to year and from place to place. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lorenz's_studies"><span id="Lorenz.27s_studies"></span>Lorenz's studies</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Change section: Lorenz's studies" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Lorenz's studies"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> naturalist <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz" title="Konrad Lorenz">Konrad Lorenz</a> studied the way in which birds communicate, or talk to each other. He found that each type of bird had a number of sounds which they made automatically, when ever they felt a certain way. Every sound had an action that went with it. So, if the bird was frightened, it acted frightened and made a frightened sound. This told the other birds around it that something frightening was happening. </p><p>If a flock of birds were flying over a field, they would be calling "Fly! Fly!" But a hungry bird, seeing something good to eat down below might start calling "Food! Food!" If other birds were also hungry, they would make the same call until more birds were calling "Food! Food!" than "Fly! Fly!". At this point, the mind of the flock would be changed. Some of the birds would start to yell "Fly downwards! Fly downwards!" as they sank from the sky, until the whole flock was all noisily calling the same thing. </p><p>These communication sounds are often short hard sounds like: chirps, squeaks, squawks and twitters. Sometimes the calls are longer and more musical. They include the "Rookety-coo" sound of a pigeon and the "Cockadoodledoo!" of a rooster. The bird cannot change these sounds. They always make them in the same way. The bird is locked into making each sound every time a particular idea comes into its head. The connection between how they feel and how they call is <a href="/wiki/Innate_behaviour" class="mw-redirect" title="Innate behaviour">innate</a>: they are born with it. Some calls in some species are learnt. Then, it is the tendency to learn which is inherited. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Jackdaw_of_Altenberg">The Jackdaw of Altenberg</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Change section: The Jackdaw of Altenberg" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: The Jackdaw of Altenberg"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Konrad Lorenz noticed that when birds sing, they often use a lot of their regular calls as part of the song. Lorenz had a flock of <a href="/wiki/Jackdaw" title="Jackdaw">jackdaws</a> which were scattered during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. One day, an old bird returned. For many months she sat on the chimney singing her song, but in the song she kept making the call which Lorenz knew meant "Come home! Come home!" One day, to the great surprise of Lorenz, a male bird flew from a passing flock and joined her on the chimney. Lorenz was sure that it was her long-lost "husband" who had found his way home at last.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evolution_and_taxonomy">Evolution and taxonomy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Change section: Evolution and taxonomy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Evolution and taxonomy"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671799">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See the main article: <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">Origin of birds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeopteryx_-_Eichst%C3%A4tt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Slab of stone with fossil bones and feather impressions" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeopteryx_-_Eichst%C3%A4tt.jpg/220px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeopteryx_-_Eichst%C3%A4tt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeopteryx_-_Eichst%C3%A4tt.jpg/330px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeopteryx_-_Eichst%C3%A4tt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeopteryx_-_Eichst%C3%A4tt.jpg/440px-Naturkundemuseum_Berlin_-_Archaeopteryx_-_Eichst%C3%A4tt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i>, the earliest known bird</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Confuciusornis_sanctus_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White slab of rock left with cracks and impression of bird feathers and bone, including long paired tail feathers" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Confuciusornis_sanctus_%282%29.jpg/220px-Confuciusornis_sanctus_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Confuciusornis_sanctus_%282%29.jpg/330px-Confuciusornis_sanctus_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Confuciusornis_sanctus_%282%29.jpg/440px-Confuciusornis_sanctus_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Confuciusornis" title="Confuciusornis">Confuciusornis</a></i>, a <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> bird from <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Palaeontologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontologists">Palaeontologists</a> have found some exceptional places (<a href="/wiki/Lagerst%C3%A4tte" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagerstätte">lagerstätten</a>) where <a href="/wiki/Fossils" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossils">fossils</a> of early birds are found. The preservation is so good that on the best examples impressions of their feathers can be seen, and sometimes even the remains of meals they have eaten. From these remains we know that birds evolved from small <a href="/wiki/Carnivorous" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnivorous">carnivorous</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a> (<a href="/wiki/Theropod" title="Theropod">theropods</a>) in the <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-Theropoda_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Theropoda-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They <a href="/wiki/Adaptive_radiation" title="Adaptive radiation">radiated</a> into a huge variety in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Cretaceous" title="Lower Cretaceous">Lower Cretaceous</a>. At the same time, their direct competitors, the <a href="/wiki/Pterosaur" title="Pterosaur">pterosaurs</a>, dwindled in numbers and variety, and became extinct at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a>. </p><p>Birds are classified by <a href="/wiki/Taxonomy" title="Taxonomy">taxonomists</a> as 'Aves' (<a href="/wiki/Avialae" title="Avialae">Avialae</a>). Birds are the only living descendants of dinosaurs (strictly speaking, they <i>are</i> dinosaurs). Birds and <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia</a> are the only living members of the once-dominant <a href="/wiki/Archosaur" title="Archosaur">Archosaur</a> <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">reptiles</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definition">Definition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Change section: Definition" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Definition"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Class_(biology)" title="Class (biology)">class</a> Aves is was defined (1990) as all the descendants of the most recent common ancestor of modern birds and <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx lithographica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But <i>Archaeopteryx</i> is almost certainly <i>not</i> the ancestor of modern birds. The transition to flight happened a number of times.<sup id="cite_ref-Gautier+_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gautier+-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The researchers offered four definitions. Birds can be: <sup id="cite_ref-Gautier+_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gautier+-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>All archosaurs closer to birds than crocodiles (<a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a>).</li> <li>Advanced archosaurs with feathers (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Avofilopluma&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avofilopluma (not yet started)">Avofilopluma</a>).</li> <li>Those feathered dinosaurs that fly (or <a href="/wiki/Avialae" title="Avialae">Avialae</a>)</li> <li>Aves can mean the last common ancestor of all living birds and all of its descendants (a "crown group", in this sense synonymous with <a href="/wiki/Neornithes" title="Neornithes">Neornithes</a>).</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_first_bird-like_creatures">The first bird-like creatures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Change section: The first bird-like creatures" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: The first bird-like creatures"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Archaeopteryx</i>, from the <a href="/wiki/Upper_Jurassic" title="Upper Jurassic">Upper Jurassic</a> some 150–145 million years ago (mya), was for a long time the earliest known bird which could fly. It is famous, because it was one of the first important fossils found after <a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a> published his ideas about <a href="/wiki/Evolution" title="Evolution">evolution</a> in the 19th century. By modern standards, <i>Archaeopteryx</i> could not fly very well.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other early fossil birds are, for example, <i><a href="/wiki/Confuciusornis" title="Confuciusornis">Confuciusornis</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anchiornis_huxlei" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchiornis huxlei">Anchiornis huxlei</a></i> and other <a href="/wiki/Paraves" title="Paraves">Paraves</a>. </p><p>Many <a href="/wiki/Fossil" title="Fossil">fossils</a> of early birds and small dinosaurs have been discovered in the Liaoning Province of Northeast <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These include <i><a href="/wiki/Anchiornis_huxlei" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchiornis huxlei">Anchiornis huxlei</a></i>, from about 160 mya.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fossils show that most small theropod dinosaurs had feathers. These deposits have preserved them so well that the impressions of their feathers can be clearly seen. This leads us to think that feathers evolved first as heat insulation and only later for flight. The <a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">origin of birds</a> lies in these small <a href="/wiki/Feathered_dinosaur" title="Feathered dinosaur">feathered dinosaurs</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Palaeontology" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeontology">Palaeontologists</a> now agree that birds are included in <a href="/wiki/Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a> group of <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaurs</a>. This explains why we say that birds are living dinosaurs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Evolution_of_modern_birds">Evolution of modern birds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Change section: Evolution of modern birds" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Evolution of modern birds"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Birds are the closest living relatives of the <a href="/wiki/Crocodilia" title="Crocodilia">Crocodilia</a>. This is because they are the two main survivors of a once huge group called the <a href="/wiki/Archosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosaurs">Archosaurs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benton_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern birds are <i>not</i> descended from <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i> specifically. According to <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> evidence, <i>modern</i> birds (Neornithes) evolved in the long <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent estimates showed that modern birds originated early in the Upper Cretaceous. </p><p>Primitive bird-like dinosaurs are in the broader group <a href="/wiki/Avialae" title="Avialae">Avialae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They have been found back in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Jurassic" title="Middle Jurassic">mid-Jurassic</a> period, around 170 million years ago. Many of these early "stem-birds", such as <i><a href="/wiki/Anchiornis" title="Anchiornis">Anchiornis</a></i>, were not yet capable of fully powered flight. Many had <a href="/wiki/Primitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Primitive">primitive</a> characteristics like teeth in their jaws and long bony tails.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Benton_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benton-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup>p274</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Palaeogene_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event</a> 66 million years ago killed off all the non-avian dinosaur lines. Birds, especially those in the southern continents, survived this event and then migrated to other parts of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diversification occurred around the <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous%E2%80%93Palaeogene_extinction_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event">Cretaceous–Palaeogene extinction event</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-cracraft_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cracraft-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A leading authority says "Most living birds have fossil representatives in the <a href="/wiki/Cenozoic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cenozoic">Cenozoic</a>"... "Key problems remain in understanding bird phylogeny... we seem to understand as little about the relationships among living birds as among Cretaceous birds".<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A useful source for modern birds is Clements J. 2007. <i>The Clements Checklist of Birds of the World</i>. Cornel University Press (6th ed). </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">Origin of birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraves" title="Paraves">Paraves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asteriornis" title="Asteriornis">Asteriornis</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birds_and_people">Birds and people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Change section: Birds and people" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Birds and people"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rune_i_bokhyllan_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Canaries are often kept as pets for their beautiful songs."><img alt="Canaries are often kept as pets for their beautiful songs." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rune_i_bokhyllan_5.JPG/120px-Rune_i_bokhyllan_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rune_i_bokhyllan_5.JPG/180px-Rune_i_bokhyllan_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Rune_i_bokhyllan_5.JPG/240px-Rune_i_bokhyllan_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Canary" title="Canary">Canaries</a> are often kept as pets for their beautiful songs.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Congo_African_Grey_pet_on_a_perch.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="The African grey parrot is a renowned talker."><img alt="The African grey parrot is a renowned talker." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Congo_African_Grey_pet_on_a_perch.JPG/90px-Congo_African_Grey_pet_on_a_perch.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Congo_African_Grey_pet_on_a_perch.JPG/135px-Congo_African_Grey_pet_on_a_perch.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Congo_African_Grey_pet_on_a_perch.JPG/179px-Congo_African_Grey_pet_on_a_perch.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1712" data-file-height="2288" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The African grey <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrot</a> is a renowned talker.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue-Winged_Teal.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue-winged teal ducks used to be shot for sport."><img alt="Blue-winged teal ducks used to be shot for sport." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Blue-Winged_Teal.jpg/120px-Blue-Winged_Teal.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Blue-Winged_Teal.jpg/180px-Blue-Winged_Teal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Blue-Winged_Teal.jpg/240px-Blue-Winged_Teal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blue-winged teal <a href="/wiki/Ducks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducks">ducks</a> used to be shot for sport.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mycteria_leucocephala2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="In many countries storks are thought to bring good luck."><img alt="In many countries storks are thought to bring good luck." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mycteria_leucocephala2.jpg/120px-Mycteria_leucocephala2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mycteria_leucocephala2.jpg/180px-Mycteria_leucocephala2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Mycteria_leucocephala2.jpg/240px-Mycteria_leucocephala2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="1512" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">In many countries <a href="/wiki/Storks" class="mw-redirect" title="Storks">storks</a> are thought to bring good luck. </div> </li> </ul> <p>Some birds are eaten as food. Most usually it is the <a href="/wiki/Chicken" title="Chicken">chicken</a> and its <a href="/wiki/Egg_(food)" title="Egg (food)">eggs</a>, but people often also eat <a href="/wiki/Goose" title="Goose">geese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey_(bird)" title="Turkey (bird)">turkeys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duck" title="Duck">ducks</a>. Other birds are sometimes eaten are: <a href="/wiki/Emu" title="Emu">emus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ostrich" title="Ostrich">ostriches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grouse" title="Grouse">grouse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quail" title="Quail">quails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dove" title="Dove">doves</a>, woodcocks and even <a href="/wiki/Songbird" title="Songbird">songbirds</a>. Some species have died out because they have been hunted for food, for example the <a href="/wiki/Dodo" title="Dodo">dodo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Passenger_pigeon" title="Passenger pigeon">passenger pigeon</a>. </p><p>Many species have learned how to get food from people. The number of birds of these species has grown because of it. <a href="/wiki/Seagull" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagull">Seagulls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crow" title="Crow">crows</a> find food from <a href="/wiki/Garbage" class="mw-redirect" title="Garbage">garbage</a> dumps. The <a href="/wiki/Feral" title="Feral">feral</a> <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">pigeon</a> (<i>Columba livia</i>), <a href="/wiki/Sparrow" title="Sparrow">sparrows</a> (<i>Passer domesticus</i> and <a href="/wiki/Starling" title="Starling">starlings</a> (<i>Sturnus vulgaris</i>) live in large numbers in <a href="/wiki/Town" title="Town">towns</a> and <a href="/wiki/City" title="City">cities</a> all over the world. </p><p>Sometimes people also use working birds. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pigeon" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigeon">homing pigeons</a> carry messages. Nowadays people sometimes race them for <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sport</a>. People also use <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a> for hunting, and <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorants</a> for fishing. In the past, people in <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mines</a> often used a <a href="/wiki/Canary" title="Canary">canary</a> to see if there were bad gas <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> in the air. </p><p>People often have colourful birds such as <a href="/wiki/Parrot" title="Parrot">parrots</a> and mynahs as <a href="/wiki/Pet" title="Pet">pets</a>. These intelligent birds are popular because they can copy human talking. Because of this, some people trap birds and take them to other countries to sell. This is not usually allowed these days. Most pet birds are specially bred and are sold in pet shops. </p><p>People can catch some bird diseases, for example: <a href="/wiki/Psittacosis" title="Psittacosis">psittacosis</a>, salmonellosis, <a href="/wiki/Campylobacter" title="Campylobacter">campylobacteriosis</a>, Newcastle's disease, mycobacteriosis, <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giardia_lamblia" title="Giardia lamblia">giardiasis</a> and cryptosporiadiosis. In 2005, there was an epidemic of bird influenza spreading through some parts of the world, often called <a href="/wiki/Avian_flu" class="mw-redirect" title="Avian flu">avian flu</a>. </p><p>Some people have <a href="/wiki/Birdbox" title="Birdbox">birdboxes</a> in their gardens to give birds a place to nest and bird tables where birds can get food and water in very cold or very dry weather. This lets people see some small birds close up which are normally hidden away in bushes and trees. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blue_Tit_aka.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Blue tit"><img alt="Blue tit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Blue_Tit_aka.jpg/120px-Blue_Tit_aka.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Blue_Tit_aka.jpg/180px-Blue_Tit_aka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Blue_Tit_aka.jpg/240px-Blue_Tit_aka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1120" data-file-height="1016" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Blue tit </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Passer_domesticus_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Male house sparrow"><img alt="Male house sparrow" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Passer_domesticus_02.jpg/120px-Passer_domesticus_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Passer_domesticus_02.jpg/180px-Passer_domesticus_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Passer_domesticus_02.jpg/240px-Passer_domesticus_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2800" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Male house sparrow </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fringilla_coelebs_chaffinch_male_edit2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Male chaffinch"><img alt="Male chaffinch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Fringilla_coelebs_chaffinch_male_edit2.jpg/85px-Fringilla_coelebs_chaffinch_male_edit2.jpg" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Fringilla_coelebs_chaffinch_male_edit2.jpg/127px-Fringilla_coelebs_chaffinch_male_edit2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Fringilla_coelebs_chaffinch_male_edit2.jpg/170px-Fringilla_coelebs_chaffinch_male_edit2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1416" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Male chaffinch </div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sitta-carolinensis-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="White-breasted nuthatch"><img alt="White-breasted nuthatch" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sitta-carolinensis-001.jpg/120px-Sitta-carolinensis-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sitta-carolinensis-001.jpg/180px-Sitta-carolinensis-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Sitta-carolinensis-001.jpg/240px-Sitta-carolinensis-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1024" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">White-breasted nuthatch</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bird_orders">Bird orders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Change section: Bird orders" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: Bird orders"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following is a listing of all bird orders: </p> <ul><li>Infraclass <a href="/wiki/Palaeognathae" title="Palaeognathae">Palaeognathae</a> <ul><li>Superorder Struthionimorphae <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Struthioniformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Struthioniformes">Struthioniformes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Superorder Notopalaeognathae <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhea_(bird)" title="Rhea (bird)">Rheiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinamiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Tinamiformes">Tinamiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuariiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Casuariiformes">Casuariiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apterygiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Apterygiformes">Apterygiformes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li>Infraclass <a href="/wiki/Neognathae" title="Neognathae">Neognathae</a> <ul><li>Superorder <a href="/wiki/Galloanserae" class="mw-redirect" title="Galloanserae">Galloanserae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galliformes" title="Galliformes">Galliformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anseriformes" title="Anseriformes">Anseriformes</a></li></ul></li> <li>Superorder <a href="/wiki/Neoaves" title="Neoaves">Neoaves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phoenicopteriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenicopteriformes">Phoenicopteriformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podicipediformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Podicipediformes">Podicipediformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbiformes" title="Columbiformes">Columbiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesitornithiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesitornithiformes">Mesitornithiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pteroclidiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Pteroclidiformes">Pteroclidiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apodiformes" title="Apodiformes">Apodiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caprimulgiformes" title="Caprimulgiformes">Caprimulgiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuculiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuculiformes">Cuculiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otidiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Otidiformes">Otidiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musophagiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Musophagiformes">Musophagiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opisthocomiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Opisthocomiformes">Opisthocomiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gruiformes" title="Gruiformes">Gruiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charadriiformes" title="Charadriiformes">Charadriiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaviiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaviiformes">Gaviiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procellariiformes" title="Procellariiformes">Procellariiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sphenisciformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Sphenisciformes">Sphenisciformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciconiiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciconiiformes">Ciconiiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suliformes" title="Suliformes">Suliformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelecaniformes" title="Pelecaniformes">Pelecaniformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurypygiformes" title="Eurypygiformes">Eurypygiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phaethontiformes" title="Phaethontiformes">Phaethontiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathartiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathartiformes">Cathartiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accipitriformes" title="Accipitriformes">Accipitriformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strigiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Strigiformes">Strigiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Coliiformes">Coliiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leptosomiformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Leptosomiformes">Leptosomiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trogoniformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Trogoniformes">Trogoniformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucerotiformes" title="Bucerotiformes">Bucerotiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coraciiformes" title="Coraciiformes">Coraciiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piciformes" title="Piciformes">Piciformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cariamiformes" title="Cariamiformes">Cariamiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falconiformes" title="Falconiformes">Falconiformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psittaciformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Psittaciformes">Psittaciformes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passeriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Passeriformes">Passeriformes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bird_population_decreasing">Bird population decreasing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Change section: Bird population decreasing" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Bird population decreasing"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A report produced by BirdLife International every five years measures the population of birds worldwide. One in every eight types of birds is now "in decline".<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_birds" title="Origin of birds">Origin of birds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" class="mw-redirect" title="Bird migration">Bird migration</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-brands-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-brands_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBrands2008" class="citation web cs1">Brands, Sheila (14 August 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1">"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification, Class Aves"</a>. <i>Project: The Taxonomicon</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080505214909/http://taxonomicon.taxonomy.nl/TaxonTree.aspx?id=80129&tree=0.1">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 June</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Project%3A+The+Taxonomicon&rft.atitle=Systema+Naturae+2000+%2F+Classification%2C+Class+Aves&rft.date=2008-08-14&rft.aulast=Brands&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftaxonomicon.taxonomy.nl%2FTaxonTree.aspx%3Fid%3D80129%26tree%3D0.1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chiappe L.M. & Dyke G.J. 2002. The Mesozoic radiation of birds. <i>Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics</i> <b>33</b>:91–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McNeil Alexander R. 1975. <i>The Chordates</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521204720" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0 521 20472 0</a>. Chapter 11: Birds.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prum, Richard O. 1999. Development and evolutionary origin of feathers. <i>Journal of Experimental Zoology</i> Part B: Molecular and Developmental Evolution. <b>285</b> (4): 291–306. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110409103417/http://ncsce.org/PDF_files/feathers/Prum%20feather.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Huxley, Julian 1930. <i>Bird-watching and bird behaviour</i>. London: Chatto & Windus, p83 et seq.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spalding D.A. 1872. Instinct in young birds. <i>Nature</i> <b>6</b>, 485–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spalding D.A. 1873. <i>Macmillan's Magazine</i> <b>27</b>, 282–293. Popular Science Monthly gives the same content: <a class="external autonumber" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_2/March_1873/Instinct_in_Young_Birds">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709181332/https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_2/March_1873/Instinct_in_Young_Birds">Archived</a> 2021-07-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Spalding D.A. 1876. Instinct and Acquisition. <i>Popular Science Monthly</i> <b>8</b>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorenz, Konrad 1966, Chapter 7. <i>Evolution and modification of behaviour</i>. London: Methuen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Burton R. 1985. <i>Bird behavior</i>. Alfred A. Knopf. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394539575" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-394-53957-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-David-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-David_11-0">11.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-David_11-1">11.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Attenborough, David 1998. <i>The Life of Birds</i>. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/069101633X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-691-01633-X</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Norris K. & Pain D. (eds) 2002. <i>Conserving bird biodiversity: general principles and their application</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780521789493" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-78949-3</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lysaght A.M. 1975. <i>The book of birds: five centuries of bird illustrations</i>. New York: Phaidon. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0714816671" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0 7148 1667 1</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Cott, Hugh B. 1940. <i>Adaptive colouration in animals</i>. London: Methuen, part II: Advertisement.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cott-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cott_15-0">15.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Cott_15-1">15.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Cott, Hugh B. 1940. <i>Adaptive colouration in animals</i>. London, Methuen.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Forbes P. 2009. <i>Dazzled and deceived: mimicry and camouflage</i>. New Haven. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300125399" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-300-12539-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wolf, Art 2005. <i>Vanishing act</i>. New York: Bullfinch. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0821257501" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8212-5750-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">The person who proved this was <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Spalding" title="Douglas Spalding">Douglas Spalding</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Alexander, David E. 2002. <i>Nature's flyers: birds, insects, and the biomechanics of flight</i>. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0801867568" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8018-6756-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baumel J.J. 1993. <i>Handbook of Avian Anatomy</i>: Nomina Anatomica Avium. Cambridge: Nuttall Ornithological Club. pp. 45–46, 128.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">As a matter of fact, we know that dinosaurs developed wings a number of times in their evolution from small dinosaur raptors. Benton, Michael <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9NMQf_RfZw">[3]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220224195134/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O9NMQf_RfZw">Archived</a> 2022-02-24 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Videler J.J. 2005. <i>Avian flight</i>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0198566034" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-856603-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carboneras, Carles 1992. Family Anatidae (ducks, geese and swans). In del Hoyo, Josep; Elliott, Andrew; Sargatal, Jordi (eds) <i>Handbook of Birds of the World. Volume 1: Ostrich to Ducks</i>. Barcelona: Lynx Edicions. pp. 536–629. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/8487334105" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 84-87334-10-5</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tickell W.L.N. 2000. <i>Albatrosses</i>. Sussex: Pica Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1873403941" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-873403-94-1</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hatch J.J. Arctic Tern (<i>Sterna paradisaea</i>), in Poole A. & Gill F. (eds) <i>The Birds of North America</i>. Philadelphia, PA. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Gill, Frank 2007. <i>Ornithology</i>. New York, NY: W.H. Freeman and Company.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">These two behaviours have often been observed in the Australian sulphur crested cockatoo which may have given its name "Cocky" to the person who keeps a look-out for the police during a <a href="/wiki/Burglary" title="Burglary">burglary</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Terborgh J 2005. Mixed flocks and polyspecific associations: costs and benefits of mixed groups to birds and monkeys. <i>American Journal of Primatology</i>. <b>21</b> (2): 87–100. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31963979/">[4]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210710013113/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31963979/">Archived</a> 2021-07-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Roots C. 2006. <i>Flightless birds</i>. Westport: Greenwood Press. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313335457" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-313-33545-7</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Savol-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Savol_30-0">30.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Savol_30-1">30.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Sayol F. et al. 2020. Anthropogenic extinctions conceal widespread evolution of flightlessness in birds. <i>Science Advances</i>. <b>6</b> (49):eabb6095, DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb6095. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/49/eabb6095/tab-pdf">[5]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210806025004/https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/6/49/eabb6095/tab-pdf">Archived</a> 2021-08-06 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ksepka-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Ksepka_31-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ksepka D.T; Bertelli, Sara & Giannini, Norberto P. 2006. The phylogeny of the living and fossil Sphenisciformes (penguins). <i>Cladistics</i>. <b>22</b> (#5): 412–441. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Zaher, Mostafa 2012. Anatomical, histological and histochemical adaptations of the avian alimentary canal to their food habits: I-Coturnix coturnix. <i>Life Science Journal</i> <b>9</b>: 252–275. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281656486_Anatomical_histological_and_histochemical_adaptations_of_the_avian_alimentary_canal_to_their_food_habits_I-Coturnix_coturnix">[6]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211029174228/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/281656486_Anatomical_histological_and_histochemical_adaptations_of_the_avian_alimentary_canal_to_their_food_habits_I-Coturnix_coturnix">Archived</a> 2021-10-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Blue heron swallows large prey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v5w0UK2SvE">[7]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200228170048/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1v5w0UK2SvE">Archived</a> 2020-02-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Freed, Leonard A. 1987. The long-term pair bond of tropical house wrens: advantage or constraint?. <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>130</b> (4): 507–525. doi:10.1086/284728</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGowaty1983" class="citation journal cs1">Gowaty, Patricia A. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_american-naturalist_1983-02_121_2/page/149">"Male parental care and apparent monogamy among Eastern Bluebirds (<i>Sialia sialis</i>)"</a>. <i>The American Naturalist</i>. <b>121</b> (2): 149–160. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F284047">10.1086/284047</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0147">0003-0147</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:84258620">84258620</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Naturalist&rft.atitle=Male+parental+care+and+apparent+monogamy+among+Eastern+Bluebirds+%28Sialia+sialis%29&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=149-160&rft.date=1983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A84258620%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-0147&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F284047&rft.aulast=Gowaty&rft.aufirst=Patricia+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_american-naturalist_1983-02_121_2%2Fpage%2F149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gill-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_36-0">36.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gill_36-1">36.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gill, Frank 1995. <i>Ornithology</i>. New York: Freeman. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0716724154" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-7167-2415-4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Meurisse J. Gonzalez A. Delsol, G. Caba M. Levy F. Poindron P. 2005. Estradiol receptor-α expression in hypothalamic and limbic regions of ewes is influenced by physiological state and maternal experience. <i>Hormones and Behavior</i>. <b>48</b> (1): 34–43. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15919383/">[8]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210710013657/https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15919383/">Archived</a> 2021-07-10 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lucy Hodson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/34jF1nwh8Z32sbB92dH23yf/listen-and-learn-a-beginner-s-guide-to-identifying-birdsong?xtor=CS8-1000-">[Discovery_Cards</a>-[Multi_Site]-[SL06]-[PS_SOUNDS~N~~A_ABeginnersGuideToBirdSong <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210702111024/https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/articles/34jF1nwh8Z32sbB92dH23yf/listen-and-learn-a-beginner-s-guide-to-identifying-birdsong?xtor=CS8-1000-%5BDiscovery_Cards%5D-%5BMulti_Site%5D-%5BSL06%5D-%5BPS_SOUNDS~N~~A_ABeginnersGuideToBirdSong">Archived</a> 2021-07-02 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Thorpe W.H. 1958. The learning of song patterns by birds, with especial reference to the song of the chaffinch <i>Fringilla coelebs</i>. <i>Birds</i> <b>100</b>, 4, p535-570. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1958.tb07960.x">[9]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185106/https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1474-919X.1958.tb07960.x">Archived</a> 2021-07-09 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorenz, Konrad 1952. <i>King Solomon's ring</i>. London: Methuen, chapter 11 The perennial retainers.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Theropoda-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Theropoda_41-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFLivezeyZusi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Livezey, BC; Zusi, RL (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2517308">"Higher-order phylogeny of modern birds (Theropoda, Aves: Neornithes) based on comparative anatomy. II. Analysis and discussion"</a>. <i>Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society</i>. <b>149</b> (1): 1–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2006.00293.x">10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00293.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0024-4082">0024-4082</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2517308">2517308</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18784798">18784798</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zoological+Journal+of+the+Linnean+Society&rft.atitle=Higher-order+phylogeny+of+modern+birds+%28Theropoda%2C+Aves%3A+Neornithes%29+based+on+comparative+anatomy.+II.+Analysis+and+discussion&rft.volume=149&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-95&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2517308%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0024-4082&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18784798&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1096-3642.2006.00293.x&rft.aulast=Livezey&rft.aufirst=BC&rft.au=Zusi%2C+RL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2517308&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Philip J. Currie & Kevin Padian (eds) 1997. "Bird Origins" in <i>Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs</i>, Academic Press, pages 41–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gautier+-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gautier+_43-0">43.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Gautier+_43-1">43.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Gauthier J., and de Queiroz K. 2001. Feathered dinosaurs, flying dinosaurs, crown dinosaurs, and the name Aves. pp. 7–41 in New perspectives on the origin and early evolution of birds: proceedings of the International Symposium in Honor of John H. Ostrom (J.A. Gauthier and L.F. Gall eds). Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, New Haven, CT.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Senter P. 2006. Scapular orientation in theropods and basal birds and the origin of flapping flight. <i>Acta Palaeontologica Polonica</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-45">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chatterjee, S. 1997. The rise of birds. The Johns Hopkins University Press. Baltimore. p. 150-151, 153, 158.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-46">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> Chatterjee, S.; Templin, R. J. 2002. "The flight of Archaeopteryx". Naturwissenschaften. 90 (1): 27–32. Bibcode:2003NW.....90...27C. doi:10.1007/s00114-002-0385-0. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12545240?dopt=Abstract">PMID 12545240</a>. S2CID 25382695.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-47">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Longrich, Nicholas R. 2012. Primitive wing feather arrangement in <i>Archaeopteryx lithographica</i> and <i>Anchiornis huxleyi</i>. <i>Current Biology</i> <b>22</b>, 23, 2262-2267. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(12)01194-3?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982212011943%3Fshowall%3Dtrue">[10]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200904233109/https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(12)01194-3?_returnURL=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0960982212011943%3Fshowall%3Dtrue">Archived</a> 2020-09-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benton-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Benton_48-0">48.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Benton_48-1">48.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Benton M.J. 4th ed. <i>Vertebrate palaeontology</i>. Wiley-Blackwell, p154 <i>et seq</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_49-0">49.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Lee_49-1">49.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, Michael SY; Cau, Andrea; Darren, Naish; Gareth J. & Dyke 2014. Morphological clocks in paleontology, and a mid-Cretaceous origin of crown Aves. <i>Systematic Biology</i>. <b>63</b> (1): 442–449.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFGauthier1986" class="citation book cs1">Gauthier, Jacques (1986). "Saurischian monophyly and the origin of birds". In Kevin Padian (ed.). <i>The origin of birds and the evolution of flight</i>. Memoirs of the California Academy of Science <b>8</b>. San Francisco, CA: Published by California Academy of Sciences. pp. 1–55. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-940228-14-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-940228-14-9"><bdi>0-940228-14-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Saurischian+monophyly+and+the+origin+of+birds&rft.btitle=The+origin+of+birds+and+the+evolution+of+flight&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+CA&rft.series=Memoirs+of+the+California+Academy+of+Science+%27%27%278%27%27%27&rft.pages=1-55&rft.pub=Published+by+California+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-940228-14-9&rft.aulast=Gauthier&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-51">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Influence of Earth's history on the dawn of modern birds. www.sciencedaily.com. <i>American Museum of Natural History</i> 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/151211145038.htm">[11]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190403152022/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2015/12/151211145038.htm">Archived</a> 2019-04-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cracraft-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-cracraft_52-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFClaramuntCracraft2015" class="citation journal cs1">Claramunt, S.; Cracraft, J. (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730849">"A new time tree reveals Earth history's imprint on the evolution of modern birds"</a>. <i>Sci Adv</i>. <b>1</b> (11): e1501005. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015SciA....1E1005C">2015SciA....1E1005C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.1501005">10.1126/sciadv.1501005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4730849">4730849</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26824065">26824065</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sci+Adv&rft.atitle=A+new+time+tree+reveals+Earth+history%27s+imprint+on+the+evolution+of+modern+birds&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=e1501005&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4730849%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26824065&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.1501005&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015SciA....1E1005C&rft.aulast=Claramunt&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Cracraft%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4730849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABird" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Benton M.J. 2015. <i>Vertebrate palaeontology</i>, 4th ed. Wiley-Blackwell, p274.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Devokaitis, Marc 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.allaboutbirds.org/2018-global-report-40-of-worlds-birds-are-in-decline/">Global Report: 40% of world’s birds are in decline</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190525230624/https://www.allaboutbirds.org/2018-global-report-40-of-worlds-birds-are-in-decline/">Archived</a> 2019-05-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>All About Birds</i></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_websites">Other websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bird&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Change section: Other websites" 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class="external text" href="http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp?lang=EN&pg=home">Avibase - The World Bird Database</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081020193845/http://www.bsc-eoc.org/avibase/avibase.jsp?lang=EN">Archived</a> 2008-10-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bird-hybrids.com/engine.php?LA=En">Bird Hybrids Database - Search by bird name, use Sibley classification</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.i-o-c.org/IOComm/index.htm">International Ornithological Committee</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100411072746/http://www.i-o-c.org/IOComm/index.htm">Archived</a> 2010-04-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <table class="navbox" align="center"> <tbody><tr> <th style="background: #ccccff"><a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">Vertebrates</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Amphibian" title="Amphibian">Amphibian</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bird</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">Fish</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mammal" title="Mammal">Mammal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Reptile" title="Reptile">Reptile</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Taxon_identifiers" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5113" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q5113">Q5113</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Aves" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Aves">Aves</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Animal_Diversity_Web" title="Animal Diversity Web">ADW</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Aves/">Aves</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australian_Faunal_Directory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Australian Faunal Directory (not yet started)">AFD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Aves">Aves</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Barcode_of_Life_Data_Systems" title="Barcode of Life Data Systems">BOLD</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boldsystems.org/index.php/TaxBrowser_TaxonPage?taxid=51">51</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Life" title="Encyclopedia of Life">EoL</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eol.org/pages/695">695</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=EPPO_Code&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EPPO Code (not yet started)">EPPO</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gd.eppo.int/taxon/1AVESC">1AVESC</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_Europaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fauna Europaea (not yet started)">Fauna Europaea</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eu-nomen.eu/portal/taxon.php?GUID=urn:lsid:faunaeur.org:taxname:10699">10699</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fauna_Europaea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fauna Europaea (not yet started)">Fauna Europaea (new)</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fauna-eu.org/cdm_dataportal/taxon/f2fd1555-ab1f-40f7-9cbf-abebff1ffbda">f2fd1555-ab1f-40f7-9cbf-abebff1ffbda</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Fossilworks" title="Fossilworks">Fossilworks</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/http://www.fossilworks.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?a=taxonInfo&taxon_no=36616">36616</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/212">212</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/INaturalist" title="INaturalist">iNaturalist</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inaturalist.org/taxa/3">3</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Interim_Register_of_Marine_and_Nonmarine_Genera" title="Interim Register of Marine and Nonmarine Genera">IRMNG</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irmng.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1142">1142</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Taxonomic_Information_System" title="Integrated Taxonomic Information System">ITIS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?search_topic=TSN&search_value=174371">174371</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Center_for_Biotechnology_Information" title="National Center for Biotechnology Information">NCBI</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=8782">8782</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">NZOR: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nzor.org.nz/names/dcced4e7-06b1-466e-9d85-5a384501dac2">dcced4e7-06b1-466e-9d85-5a384501dac2</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plazi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plazi (not yet started)">Plazi</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://treatment.plazi.org/id/E1E0B077-76F6-D736-3B27-36617A705C73">E1E0B077-76F6-D736-3B27-36617A705C73</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;">uBio: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ubio.org/browser/details.php?namebankID=21646">21646</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=World_Register_of_Marine_Species&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="World Register of Marine Species (not yet started)">WoRMS</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1836">1836</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=ZooBank&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ZooBank (not yet started)">ZooBank</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zoobank.org/NomenclaturalActs/AAFCA22F-1980-4B62-9149-8887F1C1FDC1">AAFCA22F-1980-4B62-9149-8887F1C1FDC1</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122492"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5113#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5113#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" 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