CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Bacteria - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-disabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )simplewikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat": "dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"e7a3cfe1-a7bc-468a-88d7-77401c31197f","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Bacteria","wgTitle":"Bacteria","wgCurRevisionId":9690353,"wgRevisionId":9690353,"wgArticleId":10861,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using the JsonConfig extension","CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list","Articles with 'species' microformats","Taxobox articles missing a taxonbar","Articles with BNE identifiers","Articles with GND identifiers","Articles with J9U identifiers","Articles with LCCN identifiers","Articles with NDL identifiers","Articles with NKC identifiers","Bacteria","Prokaryotes","Horizontal gene transfer"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext", "wgRelevantPageName":"Bacteria","wgRelevantArticleId":10861,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":true,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":10000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q10876","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"], "GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.refToolbar","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/1200px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1009"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/800px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="673"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/640px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="538"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Bacteria - Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//simple.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="change this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//simple.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.simple"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Bacteria rootpage-Bacteria skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Getting around </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_start" title="About the project, what you can do, where to find things"><span>Simple start</span></a></li><li id="n-Simple-talk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_talk"><span>Simple talk</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="The list of new changes in the wiki. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>New changes</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Show any page [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Show any page</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="The place to get help"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us"><span>Contact us</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-simple.svg" width="101" height="18" style="width: 6.3125em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_simple.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Give to Wikipedia</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bacteria" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bacteria" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="More options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_simple.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Give to Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Bacteria" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Bacteria" title="You are encouraged to log in; however, it is not mandatory [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about changes from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Beginning</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Reproduction_and_gene_transfer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reproduction_and_gene_transfer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Reproduction and gene transfer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reproduction_and_gene_transfer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Shape</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathogens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathogens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Pathogens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathogens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Extremophiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Extremophiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Extremophiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Extremophiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Viruses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_of_their_classification" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_of_their_classification"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>History of their classification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History_of_their_classification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_pages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_pages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Related pages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_pages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Bacteria</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 170 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-170" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">170 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A3%E1%8A%AD%E1%89%B4%E1%88%AA%E1%8B%AB" title="ባክቴሪያ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ባክቴሪያ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بكتيريا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بكتيريا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eubacteria" title="Eubacteria – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Eubacteria" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%92%DC%A9%DC%9B%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܒܩܛܝܪܝܐ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܒܩܛܝܪܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="বেক্টেৰিয়া – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="বেক্টেৰিয়া" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pokoka%27i" title="Pokoka'i – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Pokoka'i" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jisk%27a_laq%27u" title="Jisk'a laq'u – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Jisk'a laq'u" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriyalar" title="Bakteriyalar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bakteriyalar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE" title="ব্যাকটেরিয়া – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ব্যাকটেরিয়া" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8-kh%C3%BAn" title="Sè-khún – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Sè-khún" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Бактэрыі – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Бактэрыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%96" title="Бактэрыі – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бактэрыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bakterija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бактери – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Бактери" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteris" title="Bacteris – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bacteris" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8" title="Бактери – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бактери" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="باكتيرية – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="باكتيرية" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%84%DE%AC%DE%86%DE%B0%DE%93%DE%A9%DE%83%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7" title="ބެކްޓީރިޔާ – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ބެކްޓީރިޔާ" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterid" title="Bakterid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Bakterid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Βακτήριο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βακτήριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – English" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterioj" title="Bakterioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bakterioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria" title="Bateria – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Bateria" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bakterio" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9rie" title="Bactérie – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bactérie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktearje" title="Baktearje – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Baktearje" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baict%C3%A9ir" title="Baictéir – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Baictéir" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterias" title="Bacterias – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bacterias" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%88" title="НӀанкӀигаш – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="НӀанкӀигаш" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se-khi%C3%BBn" title="Se-khiûn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Se-khiûn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EA%B7%A0" title="세균 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세균" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kwayar_cutar_Bakteriya" title="Kwayar cutar Bakteriya – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kwayar cutar Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%BF%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Բակտերիաներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բակտերիաներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterio" title="Bakterio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bakterio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterio" title="Bacterio – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Bacterio" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Izinungwana" title="Izinungwana – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Izinungwana" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gerlar" title="Gerlar – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Gerlar" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%99%D7%93%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="חיידקים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיידקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A8ri" title="Baktèri – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Baktèri" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF" title="ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬ್ಯಾಕ್ಟೀರಿಯ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ბაქტერიები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაქტერიები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagiteri" title="Bagiteri – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Bagiteri" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijasumu" title="Vijasumu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vijasumu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9ri" title="Baktéri – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Baktéri" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter%C3%AE" title="Bakterî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bakterî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Бактерия – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бактерия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batere" title="Batere – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Batere" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%8A%E0%BA%B7%E0%BB%89%E0%BA%AD%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%9A%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%81%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%B5%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%A3%E0%BA%B1%E0%BA%8D" title="ເຊື້ອແບັກທີເຣັຍ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຊື້ອແບັກທີເຣັຍ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C4%93rijas" title="Baktērijas – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Baktērijas" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerien" title="Bakteerien – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Bakteerien" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%80" title="Бактерияр – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Бактерияр" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterijos" title="Bakterijos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bakterijos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteri%C3%AB" title="Bacterië – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Bacterië" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bateria" title="Bateria – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Bateria" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakitiiriya" title="Bakitiiriya – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Bakitiiriya" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9riumok" title="Baktériumok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Baktériumok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AF" title="ബാക്റ്റീരിയ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബാക്റ്റീരിയ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="जीवाणू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जीवाणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="ბაქტერიეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბაქტერიეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%83%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بكتيريا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بكتيريا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="باکتری – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="باکتری" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A1%CC%A4-k%E1%B9%B3%CC%84ng" title="Sá̤-kṳ̄ng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Sá̤-kṳ̄ng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D1%8F%D0%BD" title="Нян – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нян" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%98%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8" title="ဘက်တီးရီးယား – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဘက်တီးရီးယား" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteri%C3%ABn" title="Bacteriën – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bacteriën" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="जीवाणु – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="जीवाणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE" title="ब्याक्टेरिया – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="ब्याक्टेरिया" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerien" title="Bakteerien – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Bakteerien" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriar" title="Bakteriar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Bakteriar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9thie" title="Bactéthie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Bactéthie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A8ri" title="Bactèri – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bactèri" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A3%E0%AD%81" title="ବୀଜାଣୁ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ବୀଜାଣୁ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria)" title="Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria) – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Baakteeriyaa(Bacteria)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriyalar" title="Bakteriyalar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bakteriyalar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%86" title="ਬੈਕਟੀਰੀਆ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੈਕਟੀਰੀਆ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیکٹیریا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیکٹیریا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteria" title="Bakteria – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Bakteria" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%BC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="باکټريا – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="باکټريا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baktiiria" title="Baktiiria – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Baktiiria" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterien" title="Bakterien – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Bakterien" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterie" title="Bakterie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bakterie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bact%C3%A9ria" title="Bactéria – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bactéria" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriya" title="Bakteriya – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacterie" title="Bacterie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bacterie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%C3%B1aki" title="Añaki – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Añaki" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Бактерії – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Бактерії" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B8" title="Бактерии – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бактерии" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Бактериялар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бактериялар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%83" title="जीवाणुः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="जीवाणुः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batteriu" title="Batteriu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Batteriu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F" title="බැක්ටීරියා – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බැක්ටීරියා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A6%DA%AA%D9%BD%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بئڪٽيريا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بئڪٽيريا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9rie" title="Baktérie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Baktérie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterije" title="Bakterije – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bakterije" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteriya" title="Bakteriya – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Bakteriya" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بەکتریا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بەکتریا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Бактерије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бактерије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterija" title="Bakterija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bakterija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakt%C3%A9ri" title="Baktéri – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Baktéri" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteerit" title="Bakteerit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Bakteerit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterier" title="Bakterier – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bakterier" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE" title="பாக்டீரியா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பாக்டீரியா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D3%99%D1%80" title="Бактерияләр – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Бактерияләр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9F%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%BE" title="బాక్టీరియా – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాక్టీరియా" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2" title="แบคทีเรีย – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แบคทีเรีย" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%B3%D0%BE" title="Бактерияҳо – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Бактерияҳо" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A5%E1%8F%B3%E1%8E%A9_%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%B1%E1%8F%99%E1%8E%AF" title="ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᏱᏙᎯ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎥᏳᎩ ᏗᏱᏙᎯ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakteri" title="Bakteri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bakteri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%97" title="Бактерії – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Бактерії" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%B9%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="بیکٹیریا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیکٹیریا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigin" title="Sigin – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Sigin" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Bacteria" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterijad" title="Bakterijad – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Bakterijad" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vi_khu%E1%BA%A9n" title="Vi khuẩn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vi khuẩn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter" title="Bakter – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Bakter" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pisil%C3%A4ne" title="Pisiläne – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Pisiläne" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bactereye" title="Bactereye – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Bactereye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakterya" title="Bakterya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bakterya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A2" title="באקטעריע – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="באקטעריע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakit%C3%A9r%C3%AD%C3%A0" title="Bakitéríà – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Bakitéríà" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%8F%8C" title="細菌 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="細菌" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bakter%C4%97j%C4%97s" title="Bakterėjės – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bakterėjės" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%8F%8C" title="细菌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="细菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10876#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Change links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Page</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Bacteria" rel="discussion" title="Discussion about the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit" title="Edit this page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Change</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Change source</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Bacteria"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit" title="Edit this page [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Change</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit" title="Edit the source code of this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Change source</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Bacteria" title="A list of all wiki pages that link here [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Bacteria" rel="nofollow" title="New changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&oldid=9690353" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Bacteria&id=9690353&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBacteria"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBacteria"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:Book&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Bacteria"><span>Make a book</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Bacteria&action=show-download-screen"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Page for printing</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-species mw-list-item"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bacteria" hreflang="en"><span>Wikispecies</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10876" title="Link to connected data repository item [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Simple English Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="infobox biota" style="text-align: left; width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)">Bacteria<br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" class="mw-redirect" title="Archean">Archean</a> or earlier – <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">present</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; font-size:small; position:relative; z-index:0;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(174,2,126); left:0px; width:29.355417861756px;"><a href="/wiki/Hadean" title="Hadean">Had'n</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(218,3,127); left:29.355417861756px; width:23.591618680621px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(244,68,159); left:52.947036542377px; width:21.894773717514px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,104,169); left:74.841810259891px; width:21.894773717514px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(249,155,193); left:96.736583977405px; width:16.421080288135px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,4,127); left:29.355417861756px; width:83.802246403783px;"><a href="/wiki/Archean" class="mw-redirect" title="Archean">Archean</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,67,112); left:113.15766426554px; width:49.263240864406px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,180,98); left:162.42090512995px; width:32.84216057627px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(254,179,66); left:195.26306570622px; width:25.244674096293px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(247,53,99); left:113.15766426554px; width:107.35007553697px;"><a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(153,192,141); left:220.50773980251px; width:15.703916975018px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,197,202); left:236.21165677753px; width:10.175705559083px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:12px; top:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(242,249,29); left:246.38736233661px; width:3.6126376633897px;"></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:6px; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(154,217,221); left:220.50773980251px; width:29.492260197491px;"><a href="/wiki/Phanerozoic" title="Phanerozoic">Pha.</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:249px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:250px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"><div id="Range-border" style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:20.104875966107px; width:229.89512403389px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.42; filter:alpha(opacity=42);"></div> <div id="Range-border" style="position:absolute; height:8px; left:20.104875966107px; width:229.89512403389px; background-color:#360; opacity:0.{{{3}}}; filter:alpha(opacity={{{3}}});"></div> <div id="Range-Marker" style="position:absolute; height:6px; top:1px; left:21.104875966107px; width:227.89512403389px; background-color:#6c3;"></div> </div> </div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:E._coli_Bacteria_(7316101966).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/220px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/330px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg/440px-E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1766" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%"><a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_microscope" title="Scanning electron microscope">Scanning electron micrograph</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Escherichia_coli" title="Escherichia coli">Escherichia coli</a></i> <a href="/wiki/Bacillus_(shape)" title="Bacillus (shape)">rods</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Bacteria" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bacteria</a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Woese</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Kandler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Kandler (not yet started)">Kandler</a> & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_Wheelis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark Wheelis (not yet started)">Wheelis</a>, 1990</small> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)">Phyla </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gram_positive" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram positive">Gram positive</a>/no <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterial_outer_membrane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacterial outer membrane (not yet started)">outer membrane</a></b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" title="Actinobacteria">Actinobacteria</a> (high-<a href="/w/index.php?title=GC-content&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GC-content (not yet started)">G+C</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" title="Firmicutes">Firmicutes</a> (low-<a href="/w/index.php?title=GC-content&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GC-content (not yet started)">G+C</a>)<br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenericutes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tenericutes (not yet started)">Tenericutes</a> (no <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">wall</a>) </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Gram_negative" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram negative">Gram negative</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterial_outer_membrane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacterial outer membrane (not yet started)">outer membrane</a> present</b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Aquificae" title="Aquificae">Aquificae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Bacteroidetes" title="Bacteroidetes">Bacteroidetes</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fibrobacteres&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fibrobacteres (not yet started)">Fibrobacteres</a>–<a href="/wiki/Chlorobi" class="mw-redirect" title="Chlorobi">Chlorobi</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sphingobacteria_(phylum)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sphingobacteria (phylum) (not yet started)">FCB group</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Chlamydiae" title="Chlamydiae">Chlamydiae</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Deinococcus-Thermus" class="mw-redirect" title="Deinococcus-Thermus">Deinococcus-Thermus</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fusobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fusobacteria (not yet started)">Fusobacteria</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gemmatimonadetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gemmatimonadetes (not yet started)">Gemmatimonadetes</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nitrospirae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nitrospirae (not yet started)">Nitrospirae</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Planctomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planctomycetes (not yet started)">Planctomycetes</a>–<a href="/wiki/Verrucomicrobia" class="mw-redirect" title="Verrucomicrobia">Verrucomicrobia</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chlamydiae" title="Chlamydiae">Chlamydiae</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Planctobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Planctobacteria (not yet started)">PVC group</a>)<br /> <a href="/wiki/Proteobacteria" title="Proteobacteria">Proteobacteria</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Spirochaete" title="Spirochaete">Spirochaetes</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Synergistetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synergistetes (not yet started)">Synergistetes</a> </p> <ul><li><b>Unknown/ungrouped</b></li></ul> <p><a href="/wiki/Acidobacteria" title="Acidobacteria">Acidobacteria</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chloroflexi_(phylum)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chloroflexi (phylum) (not yet started)">Chloroflexi</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chrysiogenetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chrysiogenetes (not yet started)">Chrysiogenetes</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Deferribacteraceae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Deferribacteraceae (not yet started)">Deferribacteres</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dictyoglomi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dictyoglomi (not yet started)">Dictyoglomi</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermodesulfobacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermodesulfobacteria (not yet started)">Thermodesulfobacteria</a><br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Thermotogae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thermotogae (not yet started)">Thermotogae</a> </p> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="text-align: center; background-color: rgb(220,235,245)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <p>Eubacteria <small>Woese & Fox, 1977</small> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><b>Bacteria</b> (singular: <b>bacterium</b>) are very small <a href="/wiki/Organism" title="Organism">organisms</a>. They are <a href="/wiki/Prokaryotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryotic">prokaryotic</a> <a href="/wiki/Microorganisms" class="mw-redirect" title="Microorganisms">microorganisms</a>. </p><p>Bacterial <a href="/wiki/Cell" title="Cell">cells</a> do not have a <a href="/wiki/Cell_nucleus" title="Cell nucleus">nucleus</a>, and most have no <a href="/wiki/Organelles" class="mw-redirect" title="Organelles">organelles</a> with membranes around them. Most have a <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a>. They do have <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>, and their <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> is basically the same as other living things. They are amongst the simplest and the oldest organisms. </p><p>Almost all bacteria are so tiny they can only be seen through a <a href="/wiki/Microscope" title="Microscope">microscope</a>. Bacteria are made up of one <a href="/wiki/Cell" title="Cell">cell</a>, so they are a kind of <i><a href="/wiki/Unicellular_organism" title="Unicellular organism">unicellular organism</a></i>. They were one of the earliest forms of life, and are simple single-celled organisms. They include <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophiles</a>, which live in extreme <a href="/wiki/Habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Habitats">habitats</a>. </p><p>There are probably more individual bacteria than any other sort of organism on the planet, except <a href="/wiki/Viruses" class="mw-redirect" title="Viruses">viruses</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lots_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lots-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most bacteria live in the <a href="/wiki/Ground" title="Ground">ground</a> or in <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>, but many live inside or on the skin of other organisms, including humans. There are about as many bacterial cells as human cells in our bodies.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some bacteria cause <a href="/wiki/Disease" title="Disease">diseases</a>, but others help us in everyday activities like digesting food (<a href="/wiki/Gut_flora" title="Gut flora">gut flora</a>). Some we use in factories to make <a href="/wiki/Cheese" title="Cheese">cheese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a>. </p><p>The founder of <a href="/wiki/Bacteriology" title="Bacteriology">bacteriology</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">German</a> <a href="/wiki/Biologist" title="Biologist">biologist</a> called <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Cohn" title="Ferdinand Cohn">Ferdinand Cohn</a> (1828–1898). He published the first <a href="/wiki/Biological_classification" title="Biological classification">biological classification</a> of bacteria, based on their appearance.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reproduction_and_gene_transfer">Reproduction and gene transfer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Change section: Reproduction and gene transfer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Reproduction and gene transfer"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A bacterium <a href="/wiki/Reproduction" title="Reproduction">reproduces</a> (creates more bacteria) by <a href="/wiki/Cell_division" title="Cell division">dividing in half</a> and creating two "daughter" cells. Each daughter is identical in shape to the parent. </p><p>Bacteria do not have sexes, but they do transmit <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> by several kinds of <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a>. This is how they share resistance to <a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" title="Antibiotics">antibiotics</a> from one strain to another. The complete <a href="/wiki/DNA_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA sequence">DNA sequence</a> is known for many bacterial strains. Each bacterium has only one <a href="/wiki/Chromosome" title="Chromosome">chromosome</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Shape">Shape</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Change section: Shape" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Shape"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bacteria vary widely in size and shape, but in general they are at least ten times larger than viruses. A typical bacterium is about 1 µm (one <a href="/wiki/Micrometer" class="mw-redirect" title="Micrometer">micrometer</a>) in diameter, so a thousand bacteria lined up would be one millimeter long. There are about five nonillion (5×10<sup>30</sup>) bacteria on Earth.<sup id="cite_ref-lots_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lots-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bacteria are identified and grouped by their shapes. Bacilli are rod-shaped, cocci are ball-shaped, spirilla are spiral-shaped, and vibrio are shaped like a comma or a boomerang. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg/220px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg/330px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg/440px-Bacterial_morphology_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="825" data-file-height="762" /></a><figcaption>Different shapes of bacteria</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pathogens">Pathogens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Change section: Pathogens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Pathogens"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">Pathogenic</a> bacteria, the harmful kind, enter the human body from the air, water or food. Once inside, these bacteria attach themselves to or invade specific cells in our respiratory system, digestive tract or in any open wound. There they begin to reproduce and spread while using your body's food and nutrients to give them energy to help them reproduce. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extremophiles">Extremophiles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Change section: Extremophiles" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Extremophiles"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some bacteria are <a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">extremophiles</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Microbe" class="mw-redirect" title="Microbe">microbes</a> thrive inside rocks up to 580 meters below the sea floor under 2.6 kilometers of ocean off the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a> of the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-LS-20130317_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20130317-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-LS-20130314_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20130314-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to one of the researchers, "You can find microbes everywhere — they're extremely adaptable to conditions, and survive wherever they are."<sup id="cite_ref-LS-20130317_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LS-20130317-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Viruses">Viruses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Change section: Viruses" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Viruses"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Viruses were the first and are the most serious enemies of bacteria. Everywhere bacteria are, they get attacked by viruses. The viruses which attack bacteria are called <a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">bacteriophages</a>. </p><p>Something is now known about how bacteria protect themselves against viruses. Some bacteria and most <a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">archaea</a> have <a href="/wiki/CRISPR" title="CRISPR">CRISPR</a>–Cas systems as an <a href="/wiki/Adaptive" class="mw-redirect" title="Adaptive">adaptive</a> defence against viruses. These keep sections of viral <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a>. These are used to target and destroy later infections by the virus. The process is similar to <a href="/wiki/RNA_interference" title="RNA interference">RNA interference</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid24909109_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid24909109-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hille2018_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hille2018-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_of_their_classification">History of their classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Change section: History of their classification" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: History of their classification"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All modern ideas start with the <a href="/wiki/Sequence_analysis" title="Sequence analysis">sequence analysis</a> of DNA and RNA. In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Woese" title="Carl Woese">Carl Woese</a>, the forerunner of the <a href="/wiki/Molecular_phylogeny" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular phylogeny">molecular phylogeny</a> revolution, divided bacteria into 11 divisions based on 16S <a href="/wiki/Ribosomal_RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ribosomal RNA">ribosomal RNA</a> (SSU) sequences:<sup id="cite_ref-woese87_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-woese87-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Proteobacteria" title="Proteobacteria">Proteobacteria</a></b>: <a href="/wiki/Purple_bacteria" title="Purple bacteria">Purple bacteria</a> and their relatives <dl><dd><b>Alpha subdivision</b>: purple non-sulfur bacteria, rhizobacteria, <i>Agrobacterium</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bartonella" title="Bartonella">Bartonella</a></i>, <i>Rickettsiae</i>, <i>Nitrobacter</i>)</dd> <dd><b>Beta subdivision</b>: (<i>Rhodocyclus</i>, (some) <i>Thiobacillus</i>, <i>Alcaligenes</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spirillum" title="Spirillum">Spirillum</a></i>, <i>Nitrosovibrio</i></dd> <dd><b>Gamma subdivision</b>: enterics, fluorescent pseudomonads, purple sulfur bacteria, <i><a href="/wiki/Legionella" title="Legionella">Legionella</a></i>, (some) <i>Beggiatoa</i></dd> <dd><b>Delta subdivision</b>: Sulfur and sulfate reducers (<i>Desulfovibrio</i>), <a href="/wiki/Myxobacteria" title="Myxobacteria">Myxobacteria</a>, <i>Bdellovibrio</i></dd></dl></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Gram-positive" title="Gram-positive">Gram-positive</a> Eubacteria</b> <dl><dd>High-G+C species - <a href="/wiki/Actinobacteria" title="Actinobacteria">Actinobacteria</a> (<i>Actinomyces</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Streptomyces" title="Streptomyces">Streptomyces</a></i>, <i>Arthrobacter</i>, <i>Micrococcus</i>, <i>Bifidobacterium</i>)</dd> <dd>Low-G+C species - <a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" title="Firmicutes">Firmicutes</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a></i>, <i>Peptococcus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Bacillus" title="Bacillus">Bacillus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma" title="Mycoplasma">Mycoplasma</a></i>)</dd> <dd>Photosynthetic species (<i>Heliobacterium</i>)</dd> <dd>Species with gram-negative walls (<i>Megasphaera</i>, <i>Sporomusa</i>)</dd> <dd><b><a href="/wiki/Cyanobacteria" title="Cyanobacteria">Cyanobacteria</a></b> and chloroplasts (<i>Aphanocapsa</i>, <i>Oscillatoria</i>, <i>Nostoc</i>, <i>Synechococcus</i>, <i>Gleoebacter</i>, <i>Prochloron</i>)</dd></dl></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spirochaete" title="Spirochaete">Spirochaetes</a></b> and relatives <dl><dd>Spirochetes (<i>Spirochaeta</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Treponema" title="Treponema">Treponema</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Borrelia" title="Borrelia">Borrelia</a></i>)</dd> <dd>Leptospiras (<i><a href="/wiki/Leptospira" title="Leptospira">Leptospira</a></i>, <i>Leptonema</i>)</dd></dl></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Green_sulfur_bacteria" title="Green sulfur bacteria">Green sulfur bacteria</a></b> (<i>Chlorobium</i>, <i>Chloroherpeton</i>)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bacteroides" title="Bacteroides">Bacteroides</a>, Flavobacteria</b> and relatives <dl><dd>Bacteroides (<i><a href="/wiki/Bacteroides" title="Bacteroides">Bacteroides</a></i>, <i>Fusobacterium</i>)</dd> <dd>Flavobacterium group (<i>Flavobacterium</i>, <i>Cytophaga</i>, <i>Saprospira</i>, <i>Flexibacter</i>)</dd></dl></li> <li><b>Planctomyces</b> and relatives <dl><dd>Planctomyces group (<i>Planctomyces</i>, <i>Pasteuria</i>)</dd> <dd>Thermophiles (<i>Isocystis pallida</i>)</dd></dl></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Chlamydiae" title="Chlamydiae">Chlamydiae</a></b> (<i>Chlamydia psittaci</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Chlamydia_trachomatis" title="Chlamydia trachomatis">Chlamydia trachomatis</a></i>)</li> <li><b>Radioresistant micrococci</b> and relatives <dl><dd>Deinococcus group (<i><a href="/wiki/Deinococcus_radiodurans" title="Deinococcus radiodurans">Deinococcus radiodurans</a></i>)</dd> <dd>Thermophiles (<i>Thermus aquaticus</i>)</dd></dl></li> <li><b>Green non-sulfur bacteria</b> and relatives <dl><dd>Chloroflexus group (<i>Chloroflexus</i>, <i>Herpetosiphon</i>)</dd> <dd>Thermomicrobium group (<i>Thermomicrobium roseum</i>)</dd></dl></li> <li><b>Thermotogae</b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_pages">Related pages</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Change section: Related pages" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Related pages"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671870">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671876">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r8662964">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">The <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Simple_English_Wiktionary" title="Wikipedia:Simple English Wiktionary">Simple English Wiktionary</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Definition" title="Definition">definition</a> for: <i> <b><a href="https://simple.wiktionary.org/wiki/bacteria" class="extiw" title="wikt:bacteria">bacteria</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antibiotics" title="Antibiotics">Antibiotics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus" title="Enterococcus">Enterococcus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma" title="Mycoplasma">Mycoplasma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">Microorganism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archaea" title="Archaea">Archaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">Virus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Change section: References" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>change</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: References"><span>change source</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724317">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-lots-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lots_1-0">1.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-lots_1-1">1.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9724332">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWhitman_W,_Coleman_D,_Wiebe_W1998" class="citation journal cs1">Whitman W, Coleman D, Wiebe W (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33863">"Prokaryotes: the unseen majority"</a>. <i>Proc Natl Acad Sci USA</i>. <b>95</b> (12): 6578–83. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998PNAS...95.6578W">1998PNAS...95.6578W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.95.12.6578">10.1073/pnas.95.12.6578</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC33863">33863</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9618454">9618454</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proc+Natl+Acad+Sci+USA&rft.atitle=Prokaryotes%3A+the+unseen+majority&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=6578-83&rft.date=1998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33863%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1998PNAS...95.6578W&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9618454&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.95.12.6578&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.au=Whitman+W%2C+Coleman+D%2C+Wiebe+W&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC33863&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABacteria" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFCrew2018" class="citation web cs1">Crew, Bec (11 April 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencealert.com/how-many-bacteria-cells-outnumber-human-cells-microbiome-science">"Here's how many cells in your body aren't actually human"</a>. <i>ScienceAlert</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ScienceAlert&rft.atitle=Here%27s+how+many+cells+in+your+body+aren%27t+actually+human&rft.date=2018-04-11&rft.aulast=Crew&rft.aufirst=Bec&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencealert.com%2Fhow-many-bacteria-cells-outnumber-human-cells-microbiome-science&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABacteria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFYong2016" class="citation web cs1">Yong, Ed (2016-01-08). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2016/01/youre-probably-not-mostly-microbes/423228/">"You're probably not mostly microbes"</a>. <i>The Atlantic</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Atlantic&rft.atitle=You%27re+probably+not+mostly+microbes&rft.date=2016-01-08&rft.aulast=Yong&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theatlantic.com%2Fscience%2Farchive%2F2016%2F01%2Fyoure-probably-not-mostly-microbes%2F423228%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABacteria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/48314/bacteriology">Encyclopedia Britanniaca: Bacteriology</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencelearn.org.nz/resources/1900-bacterial-dna-the-role-of-plasmids">"Bacterial DNA – the role of plasmids"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bacterial+DNA+%E2%80%93+the+role+of+plasmids&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencelearn.org.nz%2Fresources%2F1900-bacterial-dna-the-role-of-plasmids&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABacteria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LS-20130317-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LS-20130317_6-0">6.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-LS-20130317_6-1">6.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFChoi2013" class="citation web cs1">Choi, Charles Q. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/27954-microbes-mariana-trench.html">"Microbes thrive in deepest spot on Earth"</a>. LiveScience<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Microbes+thrive+in+deepest+spot+on+Earth&rft.pub=LiveScience&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Choi&rft.aufirst=Charles+Q.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F27954-microbes-mariana-trench.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABacteria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LS-20130314-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-LS-20130314_7-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFOskin2013" class="citation web cs1">Oskin, Becky (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/27899-ocean-subsurface-ecosystem-found.html">"Intraterrestrials: Life thrives in ocean floor"</a>. LiveScience<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intraterrestrials%3A+Life+thrives+in+ocean+floor&rft.pub=LiveScience&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Oskin&rft.aufirst=Becky&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2F27899-ocean-subsurface-ecosystem-found.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABacteria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid24909109-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid24909109_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFvan_der_OostWestraJacksonWiedenheft2014" class="citation journal cs1">van der Oost J, Westra ER, Jackson RN, Wiedenheft B (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4225775">"Unravelling the structural and mechanistic basis of CRISPR-Cas systems"</a>. <i>Nature Reviews. Microbiology</i>. <b>12</b> (7): 479–92. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnrmicro3279">10.1038/nrmicro3279</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4225775">4225775</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24909109">24909109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Reviews.+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Unravelling+the+structural+and+mechanistic+basis+of+CRISPR-Cas+systems&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=479-92&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4225775%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24909109&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnrmicro3279&rft.aulast=van+der+Oost&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Westra%2C+ER&rft.au=Jackson%2C+RN&rft.au=Wiedenheft%2C+B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4225775&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABacteria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hille2018-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Hille2018_9-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHilleRichterWongBratovič2018" class="citation journal cs1">Hille F, Richter H, Wong SP, Bratovič M, Ressel S, Charpentier E (March 2018). "The biology of CRISPR-Cas: backward and forward". <i>Cell</i>. <b>172</b> (6): 1239–1259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cell.2017.11.032">10.1016/j.cell.2017.11.032</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hdl_(identifier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hdl (identifier) (not yet started)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/21.11116%2F0000-0003-FC0D-4">21.11116/0000-0003-FC0D-4</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29522745">29522745</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:3777503">3777503</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cell&rft.atitle=The+biology+of+CRISPR-Cas%3A+backward+and+forward&rft.volume=172&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=1239-1259&rft.date=2018-03&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F21.11116%2F0000-0003-FC0D-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A3777503%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29522745&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cell.2017.11.032&rft.aulast=Hille&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Richter%2C+H&rft.au=Wong%2C+SP&rft.au=Bratovi%C4%8D%2C+M&rft.au=Ressel%2C+S&rft.au=Charpentier%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABacteria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-woese87-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-woese87_10-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Woese C.R. 1987. Bacterial evolution. <i>Microbiological reviews</i> <b>51</b> (2): 221–71. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC373105/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9724332"><cite id="CITEREFHolland_L.1990" class="citation journal cs1">Holland L. (1990). "Woese, Carl in the forefront of bacterial evolution revolution". <i>Scientist</i>. <b>3</b> (10).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientist&rft.atitle=Woese%2C+Carl+in+the+forefront+of+bacterial+evolution+revolution&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=10&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Holland+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fsimple.wikipedia.org%3ABacteria" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122492">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Microbiology:_Bacteria" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9122447">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bacteria" title="Template:Bacteria"><abbr title="View this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Bacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Bacteria (not yet started)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Bacteria&action=edit"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="text-align: center;;;background:none transparent;border:none;box-shadow:none;padding:0;">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Microbiology:_Bacteria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Microbiology" title="Microbiology">Microbiology</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bacteria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Medical_microbiology" title="Medical microbiology">Medical<br />microbiology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathogenic_bacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pathogenic bacteria (not yet started)">Infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exotoxin" title="Exotoxin">Exotoxin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lysogenic_cycle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lysogenic cycle (not yet started)">Lysogenic cycle</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pathogenic_bacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pathogenic bacteria (not yet started)">Pathogenic bacteria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimicrobial resistance">Resistance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Biochemistry<br />and ecology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Oxygen<br />preference</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">Aerobic</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obligate_aerobe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obligate aerobe (not yet started)">Obligate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">Anaerobic</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Facultative_anaerobic_organism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Facultative anaerobic organism (not yet started)">Facultative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obligate_anaerobe" class="mw-redirect" title="Obligate anaerobe">Obligate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microaerophile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microaerophile (not yet started)">Microaerophile</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nanaerobe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nanaerobe (not yet started)">Nanaerobe</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aerotolerant_anaerobe&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aerotolerant anaerobe (not yet started)">Aerotolerant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Extremophile" title="Extremophile">Extremophile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_microbiome" title="Human microbiome">Human microbiome</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gut_microbiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gut microbiota (not yet started)"> Gut</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lung_microbiota&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lung microbiota (not yet started)">Lung</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oral_microbiology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oral microbiology (not yet started)">Mouth</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Skin_flora&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Skin flora (not yet started)">Skin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaginal_flora" title="Vaginal flora">Vaginal</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Vaginal_microbiota_in_pregnancy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vaginal microbiota in pregnancy (not yet started)">In pregnancy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Placental_microbiome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Placental microbiome (not yet started)">Placental</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Uterine_microbiome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Uterine microbiome (not yet started)">Uterine</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Salivary_microbiome&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Salivary microbiome (not yet started)"> Salivary</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microbial_metabolism&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microbial metabolism (not yet started)">Microbial metabolism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_fixation" title="Nitrogen fixation">Nitrogen fixation</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Microbial_ecology&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Microbial ecology (not yet started)">Microbial ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_nutritional_groups&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primary nutritional groups (not yet started)">Primary nutritional groups</a></li> <li>Substrate preference <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipophilic_bacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipophilic bacteria (not yet started)">Lipophilic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osmophile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osmophile (not yet started)">Saccharophilic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%">Shape</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterial_cellular_morphologies&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacterial cellular morphologies (not yet started)">Bacterial cellular morphologies</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterial_cell_structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacterial cell structure (not yet started)">cell structure</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterial_morphological_plasticity&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacterial morphological plasticity (not yet started)">plasticity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coccus" title="Coccus">Cocci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_(shape)" title="Bacillus (shape)">Bacilli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coccobacillus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coccobacillus (not yet started)">Coccobacilli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spiral_bacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spiral bacteria (not yet started)">Spiral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterial_cell_structure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacterial cell structure (not yet started)">Structure</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cell_envelope&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cell envelope (not yet started)">Cell<br />envelope</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cell_membrane" title="Cell membrane">Cell membrane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">Cell wall</a>: <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglycan" title="Peptidoglycan">Peptidoglycan</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Acetylmuramic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Acetylmuramic acid (not yet started)">NAM</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Acetylglucosamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Acetylglucosamine (not yet started)">NAG</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diaminopimelic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diaminopimelic acid (not yet started)">DAP</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gram-positive_bacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gram-positive bacteria (not yet started)">Gram-positive bacteria</a> only:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teichoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teichoic acid (not yet started)">Teichoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lipoteichoic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lipoteichoic acid (not yet started)">Lipoteichoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">Endospore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gram-negative_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-negative bacteria">Gram-negative bacteria</a> only:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterial_outer_membrane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacterial outer membrane (not yet started)">Bacterial outer membrane</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=General_bacterial_porin_family&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="General bacterial porin family (not yet started)">Porin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipopolysaccharide" title="Lipopolysaccharide">Lipopolysaccharide</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periplasmic_space&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periplasmic space (not yet started)">Periplasmic space</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mycobacterium" title="Mycobacterium">Mycobacteria</a> only:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabinogalactan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabinogalactan (not yet started)">Arabinogalactan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mycolic_acid&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mycolic acid (not yet started)">Mycolic acid</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Outside<br />envelope</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterial_capsule&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacterial capsule (not yet started)">Bacterial capsule</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Slime_layer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Slime layer (not yet started)">Slime layer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-layer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-layer (not yet started)">S-layer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Glycocalyx&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Glycocalyx (not yet started)">Glycocalyx</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pilus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pilus (not yet started)">Pilus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fimbria_(bacteriology)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fimbria (bacteriology) (not yet started)">Fimbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Non-motile_bacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Non-motile bacteria (not yet started)">Non-motile bacteria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Composite</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">Biofilm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="text-align: center;;width:1%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterial_taxonomy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacterial taxonomy (not yet started)">Taxonomy</a><br />and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Evolution_of_bacteria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Evolution of bacteria (not yet started)">evolution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Bacteria_(classifications)" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Bacteria (classifications)">Bacteria (classifications)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bacterial_phyla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bacterial phyla (not yet started)">Bacterial phyla</a></li> <li><i>Former groupings</i>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schizomycetes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schizomycetes (not yet started)">Schizomycetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monera" class="mw-redirect" title="Monera">Monera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prokaryota" class="mw-redirect" title="Prokaryota">Prokaryota</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gracilicutes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gracilicutes (not yet started)">Gracilicutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firmicutes" title="Firmicutes">Firmicutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mollicutes" title="Mollicutes">Mollicutes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mendosicutes&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mendosicutes (not yet started)">Mendosicutes</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="text-align: center;"><div> <ul><li>Related: <a href="/wiki/Binary_fission" title="Binary fission">Binary fission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r9122492"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10876#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX525557">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4004296-0">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007284499305171">Israel</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85010813">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00570000">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9671803">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><span title="bakterie" class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph114113&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&oldid=9690353">https://simple.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&oldid=9690353</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bacteria" title="Category:Bacteria">Bacteria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Prokaryotes" title="Category:Prokaryotes">Prokaryotes</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Category:Horizontal gene transfer">Horizontal gene transfer</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_JsonConfig_extension" title="Category:Pages using the JsonConfig extension">Pages using the JsonConfig extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_%27species%27_microformats" title="Category:Articles with 'species' microformats">Articles with 'species' microformats</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxobox_articles_missing_a_taxonbar" title="Category:Taxobox articles missing a taxonbar">Taxobox articles missing a taxonbar</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_BNE_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with BNE identifiers">Articles with BNE identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_GND_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with GND identifiers">Articles with GND identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_J9U_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with J9U identifiers">Articles with J9U identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_LCCN_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with LCCN identifiers">Articles with LCCN identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NDL_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NDL identifiers">Articles with NDL identifiers</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_NKC_identifiers" title="Category:Articles with NKC identifiers">Articles with NKC identifiers</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last changed on 9 August 2024, at 04:53.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_GNU_Free_Documentation_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the GNU Free Documentation License">GFDL</a>; additional terms may apply. See <a class="external text" href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use">Terms of Use</a> for details.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/simple.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//simple.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bacteria&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-694cf4987f-9qmmq","wgBackendResponseTime":164,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.621","walltime":"0.770","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12353,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":102082,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":24391,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":22,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":7,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":41747,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 687.424 1 -total"," 53.07% 364.823 1 Template:Automatic_taxobox"," 26.99% 185.518 1 Template:Long_fossil_range"," 24.20% 166.347 1 Template:All_time_250px"," 24.02% 165.106 1 Template:Reflist"," 23.52% 161.682 14 Template:Long_fossil_range/bar_250"," 19.82% 136.256 93 Template:Period_start"," 17.35% 119.277 94 Template:Period_id"," 16.90% 116.184 4 Template:Cite_journal"," 8.25% 56.692 1 Template:Bacteria"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.360","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":6000668,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-7f58d5dcf5-qbxg8","timestamp":"20241110191412","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Bacteria","url":"https:\/\/simple.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bacteria","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10876","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10876","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2005-06-12T16:10:27Z","dateModified":"2024-08-09T04:53:33Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/3\/3a\/E._coli_Bacteria_%287316101966%29.jpg","headline":"domain of micro-organisms"}</script> </body> </html>